Nnrtli  Olarnltna  Wtutt 


This  book  was  presented  by 

Howard   T.    Shell 


S00695789    1 


This  book  is  due  on  the  date  indicated 
below  and  is  subject  to  an  overdue  fine 
as  posted  at  the  Circulation   Desk. 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  AMERICAN    HORTICULTURE 


jTt^^^ 


Cyclopedia  of 
American  Horticulture 


COMPRISING  SUGGESTIONS  FOR  CULTIVATION  OF  HORTI- 
CULTURAL PLANTS,  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF 
FRUITS,  VEGETABLES,  FLOWERS  AND  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS 
SOLD  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA,  TOGETHER 
WITH    GEOGRAPHICAL   AND    BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCHES 


L.    H.    BAILEY 

fessor    of    Horticulture    in    Cornell    Univer 


WILHELM   MILLER,  Ph.D. 

Associate    Editor 

AND     MANY     EXPERT     CULTIVATORS     AND     BOTANISTS 


3IIUt9tratrti  biitl) 

Utoo  i:^ou3anb  (Eisftt  !f?untitcli 

iSDrtginal  d^nstabmss 


In  Four   Volumes 
Vol.  I-A-D 


FIFTH    EDITIOH 


jI3cto  j^orfe 
THE    MACMTLLAX    COMPANY 

LONDON:     MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Ltd. 
1006 

The  riuhts  nl  rrprntliii-Kfii  and  nf  Iranslalion  are  strictly  resereed 


COPTRIGHT,    1900 
THE     MACMILl.AX     COMPANY 


Set  np  and  eI<*Ptrotyppd.  .I:i 
liniilca  July,  la03.  .Mai.  llHil 


Anunt  Jlpaaaiif  ^rcs^ 


^  -#  PREFACE 


T  IS  THE  PURPOSE  OF  THIS  WORK  to  make  a  complete 
r(^cor(I  of  the  status  of  North  Aniei'it'aii  horticulture  as  it 
exists  at  the  close  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  work  dis- 
cusses the  cultivation  of  fruits,  ilowers  and  garden  vegetables, 
describes  all  the  species  which  are  known  to  be  in  the  hor- 
ticultural trade,  outlines  the  horticultural  possibilities  of  the 
various  states,  territories  and  provinces,  pi'esents  biographies 
of  those  persons  not  living  who  have  contributed  most  to  the 
horticultural  progress  of  North  America,  and  indicates  the  leading  mono- 
graphic works  relating  to  the  various   subjects. 

It  has  been  the  dream  of  years  to  close  the  century  with  a  comprehensive 
index  to  American  horticulture,  and  for  a  long  period  the  Editor,  therefore, 
has  collected  notes,  books,  plants  and  information  for  the  furtherance  of 
the  work.  Before  the  active  preparation  of  the  manuscript  was  begun,  a 
year  was  expended  in  making  indexes  and  references  to  plants  and  litera- 
ture. Every  prominent  plant  and  seed  catalogue  published  in  the  United 
States  and  Canad^  has  been  indexed,  and  the  horticultui-al  periodicals  have 
been  explored.  A  dozen  artists  have  been  employed  in  various  horticul- 
tural centers  to  draw  plants  as  they  grow.  Expert  cultivators  and  botanists 
have  contrilnited  on  their  various  specialties.  All  the  important  articles 
are  signed,  thus  giving  each  author  full  credit  for  his  work,  and  holding 
him  responsible  for  it. 

The  work  is  made  first-hand,  from  original  sources  of  information. 
So  far  as  possible,  the  botanical  matter  has  been  newly  elaborated  from 
the  plants  themselves  ;  and  in  all  cases  it  is  specially  prepared  directly  for 
this  Cyclopedia,  and  is  not  the  work  of  copyists  nor  of  space-writers.  In 
many  of  the  most  important  suljjects,  two  authors  have  contributed,  one 
writing  the  culture  and  the  other  the  l)otany ;  and  in  some  cases  the 
culture  is  presented  from  two  points  of  view.  When  it  has  been 
necessary  to  compile  in  comparatively  unfamiliar  groups,  the  greatest 
pains  has  been  taken  to  select  authentic  sources  of  information  ;  and  the 
proofs    always    have    been    submitted    to    recognized    specialists.      In     fact, 

(V) 


vi  PREFACE 

proofs  of  every  article  in  the  work  liave  been  read  by  experts  in  that 
subject. 

Every  effort  has  been  made  to  present  a  truthful  picture  of  American 
horticulture,  by  describing  those  plants  which  are  or  lately  have  been  in 
the  trade,  and  by  giving  cultural  directions  founded  upon  American 
experience.  Therefore  the  Old  Woi-ld  cyclopedias,  which  represent  other 
horticultural  floras  and  other  methods  of  cultivation,  have  not  been  fol- 
hjwcd.  Species  which  are  commonly  cultivated  in  the  Old  World,  or 
whi(!h  are  mentioned  prominently  in  horticultural  literature,  but  which  are 
not  known  to  be  in  North  American  connnerce,  are  briefly  recoi'ded  in 
smaller  type  in  supplementary  lists.  Tlx'  ()l)ject  has  been  to  make  the 
work   essentially  American   and  wholly  alive. 

Particular  attention  has  been  given  to  the  tropical  and  sub-ti'opical 
plants  which  are  now  being  introduced  in  southern  Florida  and  southern 
California.  These  plants  already  represent  the  larger  part  of  the  cultivated 
tropical  flora ;  and  a  knowledge  of  them  will  be  of  increasing  interest 
and  importance  with  tlie  enlargement  of  our  national  si)here.  The  work 
is  intended  to  cover  the  entire  field  fi-om  Key  West  and  the  Rio  Grande 
to   Quebec   and  Alaska. 

North  America  is  a  land  of  outdoor  horticulture,  and  the  hardy  fruits, 
trees,  shrubs  and  herbs  are  given  the  prominence  which  they  deserve.  In 
most  works  of  this  character,  the  glasshouse  and  fanciei-s'  plants  receive 
most  emphatic  attention. 

Since  it  is  hoped  that  the  work  will  be  of  permanent  value,  descriptions 
of  varieties  are  not  included  ;  for  such  descriptions  would  increase  the  bulk 
of  the  work  enormously,  and  the  information  would  be  out  of  date  with  the 
lapse  of  a  few  months  or  years.  If  the  work  finds  sufficient  patronage,  it 
is  hoped  that  a  small  supplemental  volume  may  be  issued  annually,  to 
I'ecord  the  new  species  and  varieties  and  the  general  progress  of  horticul- 
tural  business   and  science. 

The  illustrations  have  been  made  under  the  personal  supervision  of 
the  Editor  so  far  as  possible,  and,  with  few  exceptions,  they  are  owned 
and  controlled  by  the  publishers.  No  trade  cuts  have  been  pui'chased.  In 
various  confused  gi'oups,  copies  have  been  made  of  old  prints  for  the  pur- 
pose of  showing  the  original  or  native  form  of  a  plant,  and  thereby  to 
illustrate  the  course  of  its  evolution  ;  but  credit  is  given  to  the  source 
of   the    illustration. 

The   point   of   view   is   the   garden,  not   the   herbarium.      The    herbarium 


is  the  adjunct.  In  other  words,  the  stress  is  laid  upon  the  plants  as 
domesticated  and  cultivated  subjects.  Special  efforts  have  been  made  to 
portray  the  range  of  variation  under  domestication,  and  to  suggest  the 
course  of  the  evolution  of  the  greatly  modified  forms.  Garden  plants  are 
worthy  subjects  of  botanical  study,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  they 
have  been  neglected  by  systematists.  It  is  desired  to  represent  the 
plants  as  living,  growing,  varying  things,  rather  than  as  mere  species  or 
bibliographical  formulas. 

The  Editor  desires  to  say  that  he  considers  this  book  but  a  beginning. 
It  is  the  first  complete  survey  of  our  horticultural  activities,  and  it  is 
published  not  because  it  is  intended  to  be  complete,  but  that  it  may 
bring  together  the  scattered  data  in  order  that  further  and  better  studies 
may  be  made.  A  first  work  is  necessarily  crude.  We  must  ever  improve. 
To  the  various  ai'ticles  in  the  work,  the  teacher  of  horticulture  may  assign 
his  advanced  students.  The  Editor  hopes  that  every  entry  in  this  book 
will   be  worked    over   and   improved  within  the  next  quarter  century. 

Horticultural  Department,  ^'  ^-    -oAiLiiii  1 . 

College  of  Agriculture  of    Cornell  University, 
Ithaca,  New  York,  December  SO,   1S99. 


NOTE  TO  THE   SECOND   EDITION 

In  the  second  edition  sevei'al  changes  have  been  made  for  the  purpose 
of  reducing  typographical  errors  and  inconsistencies,  a  class  of  shortcomings 
which  is  to  be  found  chiefly  in  the  first  volume.  Perhaps  a  half-dozen  changes 
have  been  made  in  statements  of  fact  in  the  first  volume.  There  has 
been  no  attempt  at  a  revision,  since  it  is  the  purpose  of  the  Editor,  as 
explained  in  the  preface  to  Vol.  IV  of  the  original  issue,  to  let  the  work 
stand  as  an  expression  of  American  horticulture  at  the  time  it  was  made. 
This  expression  is  very  imperfect,  as  the  Editor  is  well  aware,  but  it  can- 
not be  greatly  improved  by  mere  changes  in  the  plates.  Therefore,  Crataegus 
and  other  subjects  which  recently  have  been  much  studied  are  left  as  they 
were  understood  by  their  authors  in  1900. 

In  typographical  matters  the  Editor  desired  to  use  such  forms  as  he 
thought  would   help  the  reader  in  consulting   the  articles,  without  making 


viii  PREFACE 

any  strenuous  effort  at  mere  uniformity  or  so-called  consistency  in  the  vari- 
ous entires.  For  example,  the  entry-word  or  caption  is  usually  capitalized 
in  its  own  article,  as  Cabbage  in  the  article  Cabbage,  Strawberry  in  the 
article  Strawberry.  This  enables  the  reader  readily  to  catch  the  word — and 
therefore  the  leading  thought — wherever  it  occurs.  In  other  articles  in  whicli 
the  same  word  occurs,  but  when  it  is  a  minor  note,  it  is  not  capitalized. 
In  some  instances  of  general  -  language  terms  which  are  used  repeatedly, 
this  rule  is  not  followed  (except,  perhaps,  at  the  beginning  of  the  article), 
as  it  would  be  of  no  distinct  service  to  the  reader.  The  article  Bulbs  is 
an  example.  In  general,  generic  names  of  plants,  when  used  in  a  semi- 
technical  or  botanical  sense,  have  been  capitalized;  when  used  in  a  general- 
language  or  incidental  way  they  have  not  been  capitalized.  In  all  cases, 
mere  rules  have  been  considered  to  be  of  very  secondary  importance,  and 
they  have  been  broken  whenever  the  interest  of  the  reader  seemed  to 
demand  it. 

The  Editor  cannot  hoj^e  that  all  the  errors  and  shoi-tcomings  have 
been  eliminated  in  this  second  edition.  He  will  be  glad  to  have  readei-s 
advise  him  of  needed  corrections. 

L.  H.  BAILEY. 

August    12,    7903. 


COLLABORATORS 


PARTIAL    LIST    OF    COSTRIBUTORS    TO    THE    CYCLOPEDIA 


risk   designates   the   contribittors 


iroofs  and 


Adams,  Geo.  E.,  Asst.  Horticulturist,  R.  I.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Kingston,  B.  I.  {Rhode  Island.) 
*Ames,  Oakes,  Asst.  Dir.  Botanic  Garden,  and 
Instructor  in  Botany  in  Harvard  Univ.,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.  {Many  genera  of  Orchids.) 
*Arnold,  Jr.,  Geo.,  Florist,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
{China  Asters.) 

Arthur,  Prof.  J.  C,  Purdue  Univ.,  Lafayette, 
Ind.     {Physiology  of  Plants.) 

Atkinson,  Geo.  F.,  Prof,  of  Botany,  Cornell  Univ., 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.     {Mushrooms.) 

Balmer,  Prof.  J.  A.,  Horticulturist,  Wash.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Pullman,  Wash.      {Washington.) 
*Barclav,  F.  W.,  Gardener,  Haverford,  Pa.     {Na- 
tive Asters.     Various  liardy  jtlatits.) 

Barnes,  Charles  R.,  Prof,  of  Plant  Physiology, 
Univ.  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  Ills.  {Fertiliza- 
tion.    Flower.) 

Batersdorfer,   H.,  Dealer  in  florists'  supplies, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.     {Everlasting  flowers.) 
*Beach,  Prof.   S.  A.,  Horticulturist,   N.  Y.  Exp. 

Sta.,  Geneva,  N.  Y.      {Corn.     Thinning.) 
*Beadle,  C.  D.,  Botanist  and  horticulturist,  Bilt- 
more,  N.  C.     {Bamboos.) 

Beal,  Prof.  W.  J.,  Mich.  Agric.  College,  Agri- 
cultural College,  Mich.     {Article  "Grasses.") 
*Beckert,  Theo.  F.,  Florist,  Allegheny  City,  Pa. 
{Botigainvillea.) 

BERCK.MANS,  P.  J.,  Pomologist  and  nurseryman, 
Augusta,  6a.  {Kaki.  Has  read  proof  of  van- 
ous  groujjs  of  importance  in  the  South.) 

Blair,  Prof.  J.  C,  Horticulturist,  HI.  Exp.  Sta., 
Champaign,  Ills.     {Glass.     Illinois.) 
*Bruckner,  Nichol  N.,   Dreer's  nursery,   Biver- 
tou,  N.  J.     {The  article  "Ferns."    Many  groups 
of  tender  ferns. ) 

BUFFUM,  Prof.  B.  C,  Horticulturist,  Wyo.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Laramie,  Wyo.     (  Wyoming.) 

Burnette,  Prof.  F.  H.,  Horticulturist,  La.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Baton  Rouge,  La.     {Louisiana.) 

BnsH  AND   Sons  and  Meissner,  Bushberg,  Mo. 
{Grape  Culture  in  the  Prairie  States.) 
*BuTZ,   Prof.   Geo.  C,   Asst.    Horticulturist,    Pa. 
Exp.    Sta.,    State    College,    Pa.       {Carnation. 
Pennsylvania. ) 


*Cameron,  Robert,  Gardener,  Botanic  Garden  of 
Harvard  Univ.  i  Various  articles  and  much  help 
on  rare  plants.     Alpinia.   Campanula,  etc.) 

•Canning,  Edward  J.,  Gardener,  Smith  College, 
Botanic  Gardens,  Northampton,  Mass.  {Many 
articles  and  much  help  on  rare  plants.  Anihu- 
rium,  Gloxinia,  etc.) 

*Card,  Prof.  Fred.  W.,  Horticulturist,  R.  I.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Kingston,  R.  I.  {Nebraska.  Botany  and 
culture  of  many  bush  fruits.  Amelanchier.  Ber- 
beris.  Blackberry .  Buffalo  Berry.  Currant.) 
Clinkaberrt,  Henry  T.,  Gardener,  Trenton,  N. 
J.     {Certain  orchids,  as  Lcelia,  Lycastc.) 

*CoOK,  O.  F.,  Div.  of  Botany,  Section  of  Seed  and 
Plant  Introduction,  Dept.  of  Agric,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.     {Coffee.) 
CoRBETT,  Prof.  L.  C,  Horticulturist,  W.  Va.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Morgantown,  W.  Va.     (  West  Virginia.) 

*CoDLTER,  John  M.,  Professor  and  Head  of  the 
Dept.  of  Botany,  Univ.  of  Chicago,  Chicago, 
Illinois. 

*Craig,  Prof.  John,  Horticulturist,  la.  Exp.  Sta., 
Ames,  la.     {Canada.     Gooseberry.) 

*Craig,  Robert,  Florist,  Philadelphia,  Pa.    (Arau- 
caria.     Ardisia.     Codiwum.) 
Craig,  W.  N.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

*Crandall,  Prof.  C.  S.,  Horticulturist,  Colo.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Fort  Collins,  Colo.      (Colorado.) 
CusHMAN,    E.    H.,    Gladiolus   specialist,    Euclid, 
Ohio.     {Gladiolus.) 

*Davis,  K.  C,  Science  teacher,  Ithaca,  X.  Y. 
{Ranunculacece.) 

*Davy,  J.  Burtt,  Assistant  Botanist,  Univ.  of 
Calif.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  Berkeley,  Calif. 
{Acacia.     Eucalyptus.     Myrtacece.) 

*DoRNER,  Fred.,  Carnation  specialist,   Lafayette, 
Ind.     {Carnation.) 
DoRSETT,  P. H.,  Associate  Physiologist  and  Patholo- 
gist Dept.  of  Agric,  Washington,  D.  C.(  Violet.) 
DuGGAR,  B.  M.,  formerly  Asst.  Cryptogamie  Bota- 
nist, Cornell  Exp.  Sta.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  {Pollen.) 

*Earle,   Prof.   F.    S.,  Horticulturist,   Ala.   Poly- 
technic Institute,  Auburn,  Ala.     {Alabama.) 
Earle,   Parker,   Horticulturist,  Koswell,   N.  M. 
{Xew  Mexico.) 


COLLABORATORS 


*ElSELE,  J.  D.,  Foreman  Dreei-'s  Nursery,  River- 
ton,  N.  .T.     [CordyUne..] 

*Elliott,   William    H.,  Florist,   Brighton,  Mass. 
{Asparagus  plumosus. ) 
Emery,  S.  M.,  Director  Mont.  Exp.  St  a.,  Boze- 
mau,  Mont.     {Montana.) 

*Endicott,  W.  E.,  Teacher,  Canton,  Mass.  (Aehim- 
enes.     Acidantliera.) 

*Evans,  Walter  H.,  Office  of  Exp.  Stations,  Dept. 
of  Agric,  Washington,  D.  C.     (Alaska.) 

*Fawcett,  Wm.,  Dir.  Dept.  Public  Gardens  and 
Plantations,  Kingston,  Jamaica.  (Trnpiml 
fruits,  as  Cherimnya,  Mangosteen,  etc. ) 

*Fernow,  Prof.  B.  E.,  Dir.  College  of  Forestry, 
Cornell  Univ.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Conifers.  For- 
estry.) 

*FiNLAYSON,  Kenneth,  Gardener,  Brookline, 
Mass.     (Diosma. ) 

*Fletcher,  S.  W. ,  Horticulturist,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
(Convolvulacew.     Helianthus.     Papavcr.) 

*Franceschi,  Dr.  F.,  Manager  S.  Calif.  Acclima- 
tizing   Ass'n,    Santa     Barbara,    Calif.      (Bare 
plants  of  S.  Calif.,  as  Dasylirimi,  etc.) 
■Garfield,  C    W.,   Horticulturist,  Grand  Kapids, 
Mich .     ( Michigan . ) 

*Gerard,  J.  N.,  Elizabeth,  N.  J.     {Many  articles, 
especially  on    bulbous   plant.':,   as    Crocus,  Iris, 
Narcissus. ) 
Gillett,  Edward,  Nurseryman,  Southwick,  Mass. 

(Hardy  Ferns.) 
OOFP,  Prof.  E.  S.,  Horticulturist,  Wis.  Exp.  Sta., 
Madison,  Wis.     (  fTisconsin .) 

*GouLD,  H.  P.,  Asst.  Entomologist  and  Horti- 
culturist, Maryland  Exp.  Sta.,  College  Park, 
Md.  (Brussels  Sprouts.  Celeriac. ) 
Green,  Prof.  S.  B.,  Horticulturist,  Minnesota 
Exp.  Sta.,  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn.  (Miuiie- 
sota.) 
Green,  Wm.  J.,  Horticulturist,  Ohio  Exp.  Sta., 
Wooster,  Ohio.     (Ohio.     Sub -irrigation.) 

*Greiner,  T.,  Specialist  in  vegetables,  La  Salle, 
K .  Y.  (  Garden  vegetables,  as  Artichoke,  As- 
paragus, Bean,  Cress.) 

*Grey,  Robert  M.,  Gardener,  North  Easton,  Mass. 
(Cypripedium  and  other  orchids.) 
Groef,  H.  H.,  Simcoe,  Ont.     (Gladiolus.) 

"^Gurney,  James,  Gardener,  Mo.  Botanical  Garden, 

St.  Louis,  Mo.     \Cacti.) 
*Hale,  J.  H.,  Nurseryman  and  pomologist,  South 
Glastonbury,  Conn.     (Connecticut.) 

^Halsted,    Prof.    B.    D.,    Rutgers    College,  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.     (Diseases.     Fungi.) 
Hansen,  Geo.,  Landscape  architect  and  botanist, 

Berkeley,  Calif.     (Epidendrum.) 
Hansen,     Prof.    N.    E.,    Horticulturist,   S.   Dak. 
Exp.       Sta.,      Brookings,      S.    Dak.       (South 
Dakota.) 


Hasselbring,  H.,  Instructor  in  Botany,  Cornell 
Univ.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Iris  and  certain  orchids, 
as  Gongora,  Odontoglossum.) 
*Hastings,  G.  T.,  Asst.  in  Botany,  Cornell  Univ., 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Some  tropical  plants,  as  Benia, 
Bertholletia.) 

Hatfield,  T.  D.,  Gardener,  Wellesley,  Mass. 
( Gesnera  and  various  articles. ) 

Hedrick,  U.  p.,  Asst.  Prof,  of  Horticulture, 
Agricultural  College, Mich.  (Evaporated Fruits  ) 

*Henderson  &  Co.,  Peter,  Seedsmen,  37  Cort- 
landt  St.,  New  Y'ork,  N.  Y.     (Biclbs. ] 

*Herrington,  a..  Gardener,  Florham  Farms, 
Madison,  N.  J.     (Chrysanthemum  coccineum.) 

Hexamer,  Dr.  F.  M.,  Editor  American  Agricul- 
turist, New  York,  N.  Y.     (A.  S.  Fuller. ) 
Hicks,  G.  H.,  late  of  Dept.  of  Agric,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.     {Seed  Testing.) 

*Hill,  E.  G.,  Florist,  Richmond,  Ind.     (Begonia.) 
HoopES,  Josiah,  Nurseryman,  West  Chester,  Pa. 
(Hedges.) 

*Horsford,  Fred.  H.,  Nurseryman,  Charlotte,  Vt. 
(Alpine  Gardens.     Mas  read  proof  of  many  ar- 
ticles on  native  J>lants.) 
HuNN,  Charles  E.,  Gardener,  Cornell  Exp.  Sta., 

Ithaca,  N.  Y.     (Forcing  of  vegetables.) 
Huntley,  Prof.  F.  A.,  Idaho  Exp.  Sta.,  Moscow, 

Idaho.     (Idaho.) 
HUTCHINS,  Rev.  W.  T.,  Sweet  Pea  specialist,  In- 
dian Orchard,  Mass.     (Sweet  Pea.) 

*Irish,  H.  C,  Horticulturist,  Mo.  Botanical  Gar- 
den, St.  Louis,  Mo.     (Capsicum.) 

*Jackson  &  Perkins  Co.,  Nurserymen,   Newark, 
N.  Y.     (Clematis.) 
Jordan,  A.  T.,  Asst.  Horticulturist,  New    Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.     (New  Jersey.) 

*Kains,  M.  G.,'Div.  of  Botany,  Dept.  of  Agric, 
Washington,  D.  C.  (Minor  vegetables.  Pot 
Herbs.     Importations.) 

*Keller,  J.  B.,  Florist,  Rochester,  N.  Y.     {Many 
groups  of  hardy  lierbaceous perennials.) 
Kelsey,  Harlan  P.,  Landscape  architect,  Boston, 
Mass.     (North   Carolina  plants,   as   Galax  and 
Leucolhoi;.) 

*Kennedy,   p.  Beveridge,   Div.    of   Agrostology, 
Dept.    of   Agric,    Washington,   D.  C.     (Many 
genera  of  grasses.     Begonia.) 
Kerr,  J.  W.,  Nurseryman,  Denton,  Md.     (Mary- 
land.) 

*KiFT,   Robert,  Florist,  Philadelphia,   Pa.     ( Cut- 
Jlowers. ) 
King,  F.  H.,  Prof,  of  Agricultural  Physics,  Madi- 
son, Wis.     (Irrigation.) 

*Kinney,  L.  F.,  Horticulturist,  Kingston,  R.  i. 
(Celei-y.) 

*Lager  &  Htjrrell,  Orchid  cultivators.  Summit, 
N.J.     (Cattleya.) 


COLLABORATORS 


i:iAKE,  Prof.  E.  R.,  Horticultuiist,  Ore.  E.xp.  Sta., 

Corvallis,  Ore.     (Oregon.) 
La'JMAN,  G.  N.,   Instructor  in  Horticulture,  Cor- 
nell Univ.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.     (Geranium.     Pelar- 
gonium.) 
^Lonsdale,  Edwin,  Florist,  Chestnut  Hill,   Phila- 
delphia, Pa.     {Conserraton/.) 
Lord  &  Burnham  Co.,  Horticultural    architects 
and    builders.    Irvington-on-Hudson,     N.   Y. 
( Crreenlioiise  Constriielion.) 
■^LoTHROP  &   HiGGiNs,    Dahlia     specialists.     East 

Bridgewater,  Mass. 
^Manning,  J.  Woodward,  Nurseryman,  Reading, 
Mass.     {Pyretlirum.     Has  read  proof  of  many 
groups  of  herbaceous  perennials.) 
Manning,    Warren    H.,     Landscape     architect, 
Boston,   Mass.      [Article,    "Herbaceous  Peren- 
nial.^') 
Massey,  Prof.  W.  F.,  Horticulturist,  N.  C.  Exp. 

Sta.,  Raleigh,  N.  C.     [Figs.    North  Carolina.) 
Mathews,  Prof.  C.  W.,   Horticulturist,  Ky.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Lexington,  Ky.     {Eentucki/.) 
*Mathews,   F.   Schl'yler,  Artist,   2    Morley    St., 
Boston,  Mass.     (Color.) 
Matnard,    Prof.     S.    T.,    Horticulturist,     Mass. 
Hatch   Exp.    Sta.,    Amherst,  Mass.      (Massa- 
chusetts. ) 
McDowell,  Prof.  R.  H.,  Reno,  Nev.     (Xevada.) 
*McFarland,   J.    Horace,    Horticultural    printer 
and    expert    in   photography,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
(Border.) 
*Mc William,  Geo.,  Gardener,  Wliitinsville,  Mass. 

(Dipladenia.) 
*Mead,  T.  L.,  Horticulturist,  Oviedo,  Fla.     (Cri- 
nu  n.     Has  helped  in  matters  of  extreme  southern 
horticulture. ) 
Morris,  O.  M.,  Asst.  Horticulturist,  Okla.  Exp. 

Sta.,  Stillwater,  Okla.     (Oklahoma.) 
Moon,  Samdel  C,  Nurseryman,  Morrisville,  Pa. 

(Trees  for  ornament.) 
Mdnson,  T.  v.,  Nurseryman  and  grape  hybridist, 

Deuison,  Tex.     (Grape  culture  in  the  South.) 
MuNSON,  Prof.  W.  M.,  Horticulturist,  Me.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Orono,  Me.     (Maine.) 
*Newell,  a.  J.,  Gardener,  Wellesley,  Mass.    ( Cer- 
tain orchids. ) 
Norton,  J.  B.  S.,  Botanical  Assistant,  Mo.  Botan- 
ical Garden,  St.  Louis,  Mo.     (Euphorbia.) 
*Ogston,    Colin,    Gardener,    Kimball    Conserva- 
tories, Rochester,  N.  Y.     (Dendrohium.) 
*Oliver,  G.  W.,  Gardener,  U.  S.  Botanic  Gardens, 
Washington,  D.    C.     (Many  articles  on  jmlms, 
aroids,  succulents  and  rare  plants,  andmuchhelp 
on  proofs.     Alstrcemeria.     Amaryllis.) 
*Orpet,   Edward  O.,   Gardener,    So.    Lancaster, 
Mass.  (Many  articles.  Border.  Cyclamen.  Dian- 
thus,  and  certain  orchids.) 


*Peacock,  Lawrence  K.,  Dahlia  specialist,  Ateo, 

N.  J.     (Dahlia.) 
*P0WELL,  Prof.  G.   Harold,    Horticulturist,    Del. 
Exp.  Sta.,  Newark,  Del.     (Cherry.    Delaware.) 

Price,  Prof.  R.  H.,  Horticulturist,  Tex.  Exp. 
Sta.,  College  Station,  Tex.     (^Xexas.) 

*PuRDT,  Carl,  Specialist  in  California  bulbs, 
TJkiah,  Calif.  (Californian  native  plants,  as 
Brodioea,  Calochortus,  Fritillaria.) 

Rane,  Prof.  F.  W.,  Horticulturist,  N.  H.  Exp. 
Si;i.,  Durliam,  N.  H.     (New  Hampshire.) 

*Raw.son,  W.  W.,  Seedsman  and  market-gardener, 
Boston,  Mass.     (Cucumber.) 

*Reasonee,  E.  N.,  Nurseryman  and  horticulturist, 
Oneco,  Fla.  (Many  articles,  and  much  help  on 
extreme  southern  horticulture.  Cwsalpinia. 
Cocos.) 

*Rehdee,  Alfred,  Specialist  in  hardy  trees  and 
shrubs,  Jamaica  Plain,  Mass.  (Botany  and 
culture  of  most  of  the  hardy  trees  atid  shrubs.) 

*Robeets,  Prof.  I.  P.,  Dir.  College  of  Agric, 
Cornell  Univ.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Drainage.  Fer- 
tility. Potato.) 
Rolfs,  Prof.  P.  H.,  Horticulturist,  S.  C.  E.\p. 
Sta.,  Clemson  College,  S.  C.  (Florida.  Egg- 
plant.) 

*R0SE,  J.  N.,  Asst.    Curator,    U.    S.    Nat.   Herb., 
Smithsonian       Inst.,       Washington,       D.      C. 
(Agave.) 
Rose,  N.  J.,  Landscape   gardener  to  New  York 
City  Parks,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

*RowLEE,  Prof.  W.  W.,  Asst.  Prof,  of  Botany, 
Cornell  Univ.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Nymphwa.  Nar- 
cissus.   Salix.    Definitions.) 

*Sargent,  Prof.  C.  S.,  Dir.  Arnold  Arboretum, 
Jamaica  Plain,  Mass.     (Abies.) 

*Scott,Wm.,  Florist,  Buffalo,  N.Y.  (Acacia.  Cy- 
iisus.    Convallaria.    Cyclamen.    Smilax,  etc.) 

*ScoTT,  Wm.,  Gardener,  Tarry  to  wn,  N.  Y.  (Berto- 
lonia  and  other  dwarf  tender  foliage  plants.) 

*Semple,  .James,  Specialist  in  China  Asters,  Belle- 
vue.  Pa.     (Aster.) 

*Shinn,  Charles  H.,  Inspector  of  Experiment  Sta- 
tions, Univ.  of  Calif.,  Berkeley,  Calif.  (Cali- 
fornia.   Fig,  etc.) 

*Shore,  Robert,  Gardener,  Botanical  Dept.,  Cor- 
nell Univ. ,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (  Various  articles,  as 
Acalypha,  Bedding,  Marguerites,  Dichorisandra, 
Fittonia.) 

*SiEBRECHT,  Henry  A.,  Florist  and  nurseryman. 
New  York  and  Rose  Hill  Nurseries,  New  Ro- 
chelle,  N.  Y.  (Draccena  and  various  articles. 
Much  help  on  rare  greenhouse  plants,  particularly 
orchids.) 
SiMONDS,  O.C,  Supt.  Graeeland  Cemetery,  Buena 
Ave.,  Chicago,  111.  (Cemeteries,  in  article  on 
L-jndscape  Gardeninp . ) 


COLLABORATORS 


SLrNGERLAND,  Prof.  M.  V.,  Asst.  Prof.  Economic 
Enfomology,  Cornell  Univ.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
( Insects.     Insecticides. ) 

*Smith,  a.  W.,  Cosmos  cultivator,  Americus,  Gii. 
{Cosmos.    Moonjfowcr.) 

*Smith,  Elmer  D.,  Clirysantheraum  specialist, 
Adrian,  Mich.     (Chrysanthemum.) 

*Smith,  JaredG.,  Div.  of  Botany,  Dept.  of  Agric, 
Washington,  D.  C.  (Nearly  all  jialms  and  rii- 
rious genera, as  Centaurea, Cemstium ,  Coii/leiloii . ) 
Spencer,  John  W.,  Pruit-growiM-,W,.stilHl.l,  Phnu- 
tauqna  Co.,  N.  Y.  {G-rapen.  Ililp  on  impor- 
tant fruits.) 
Starnes,  Prof.  Hugh  N.,  Horticulturist,  Ga.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Athens,  Ga.    (Georgia.) 

*Stinson,  Prof.  John  T.,  Dir.  Mo.  Fruit  Exp.  Sta., 
Mountain  Grove,  Mo.     (Arkansas.) 
Taft,  Prof.  L.  R.,   Horticulturist,   Mich.  Agric. 
Coll.,  Agricultural   College,   Mich.     (Heating. 
Hotbeds. ) 

*Taplin,  W.  H.,  Specialist  in  palms  and  ferns, 
Holmesburg,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  (Culture  of 
many  palms,  ferns  and  foliage  plants. ) 

■*Taylor,  Wm.  a.,  Asst.  Pomologist,  Div.  of  Po- 
mology, Dept.  of  Agric,  Washington,  D.  C. 
(Nuts.) 

♦Thompson,  C.  H.,  Assistant  Botanist,  Mo.  Botani- 
cal Garden,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (Many  genera  of 
Cacti.) 

*TouMEY,  Prof.  J.  W.,  Biologist,  Ariz.  Exp.  Sta., 
Tucson,  Ariz.     (Arizmia.     Date.) 
Tracy,  S.  M.,  Biloxi,  Miss.     (Mississippi.) 

*Tracy,  Prof.  W.  W.,  Seedsman,  Detroit,  Midi. 
( Cabbage.) 

*Trelease,  Dr.  Wm.,  Dir.  Mo.  Botanical  Garden, 
St.  Louis,  Mo.  (Aloe.  Apicra.  Oasleria.  Ha- 
worthia.) 

*Tricker,    Wm.,   Specialist   in    aquatics,    Dreer's 
Nursery,  Eiverton,  N.  J.     {Aquarium.     Aqua- 
tics.    Nymphtea.    Nelumbium.     Victoria,  etc.) 
Troop,  Prof.  James,  Horticulturist,  Ind.  Exp.  Sta., 

Lafayette,  Ind.     (Indiana.) 
Turner,    Wm.,     Gardener,     Tarrytown,     N.    Y. 
(Forcing  Fruits.) 


*Tuttle,  H.  B.,  Cranberry  grower.  Valley  Junc- 
tion, Wis.      (Cranberry.) 

*UNDER-svoon,  Prof.  L.  M.,  Columbia  University, 
New  York,  N.  Y.      (Botany  of  aU  ferns.) 

*Van   Deman,   H.   E.,   Pomologist,   Parksley,  Va. 
(Date.) 
Vaughan,   J.  C,  Seedsman  and  florist,  Chicago 

and  New  York.     (Cliristmas  Greens.) 
Voorhees,  Prof.  Edward  B.,  Dir.  N.  J.  Exp.  Sta., 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J.     (Fertili::ers.) 
Waldron,  Prof.  C.   B.,  Horticulturist,   N.   Dak. 
Exp.  Sta  ,  Fargo,  N.  Dak.     (North  Dakota.) 

*Walker,  Ernest,  Horticulturist,   Arkansas  Exp. 
Sta.,  Fayetteville,    Ark.         (Annuals.      Basket 
Plants.     Watering.) 
Watrous,  C.   L.,  Nurseryman,  Des   Moines,   la. 
(Iowa.) 

*Watson,  B.  M.,  Instructor  in  Horticulture,  Bus- 
sey  Inst.,  Jamaica  Plain,  Mass.     (Colchicum. 
Cuttage.     Forcing.     Bouse  Plants.) 
Watts,  R.  L.,  Horticulturist,   Tenn.  Exp.  Sta., 
Knoxville,  Tenn.      (Tennessee.) 

*Waugh,  Prof.  F.  A.,  Horticulturist,  Vt.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Burlington,  Vt.  ^Bcet.  Carrot.  Cucumber. 
Lilium.    Pentstemon.     Salad  Plants.    Vermont.) 

*Webber,   H.   J.,   In  charge    of    Plant    Breeding 

Laboratory,   Div.     of   Veg.    Phys.    and  Path., 

Dept.      of       Agric,       Washington,       D.    C. 

(Citrus.) 

Whitney,   Prof.   Milton,   Chief    Div.   of    Soils, 

Dept.  of  Agric,   Washington,  D.  C.     (.So(7.) 
Whitten,  Prof.  J.  C,   Horticulturist,  Mo.  Exp. 
Sta.,  Columbia,  Mo.     (Missouri.) 

*WlCKSON,  Edward  J.,  Prof,  of  Agricultural  Prac- 
tice, Univ.  of  Calif.,  and  Horticulturist,  Calif. 
Exp.  Sta.,  Berkeley,  Calif.  (Almond,  Apri- 
cot, Cherry,  Grape,  etc.,  in  California.) 

*Wiegand,  K.  M.,  Instructor  in  Botany,  Cornell 
Univ.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Coreopsis.  CordijUne. 
Cyperus.   Dracaina.) 

*Wyman,  a.  P.,  Asst.  to  Olmsted  Bros.,  Land- 
scape Architects,  Brookline,  Mass.  (Dirca, 
Epigcsa,  Halesia  and  other  hardy  trees  and 
.<<hrul)S. ) 


II.      PARTIAL    LIST   OF   THOSE    WHO   HAVE   ASSISTED    BY  BEADING    PROOF, 
AND   IN  OTHER    WAYS 


Andrews,  D.  M.,  Nurseryman,  Boulder,  Colo. 
(Na  five  western  plan ts, especially  n ew  hardy  Cacti . ) 

Ball,  CD.,  Wholesale  florist,  Holmesburg,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.  (Palms.  Ferns.  Foliage 
Plants.) 

Barker,  Michael,  Editor  "American  Florist," 
32+  Dearborn  St.,  Chicago,  111.  (Many  sug- 
gestions. ) 


Bassett,  Wm.  F.,  &  Son,  Hammonton,  N.  J. 
(Hibiscus  and  other  plants.) 

Berqer  &  Co.,  H.  H.,  New  York,  N.  Y.  (Japa- 
nese and  Californian  plants.) 

Blanc,  A. , Seedsman  and  plantsman,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.     ( Cacti.     Novelties,  i 

Breck  &  Sons,  Joseph,  Seedsmen,  Boston,  Mass. 
(Portrait  of  Joseph  Breck. ) 


COLLABORATORS 


BuDLOKG  Bros.,  Piekle  makers,  Providence,  R.  I. 
(CiicKmier.) 

Clare,  Miss  Josephine  A.,  Asst.  Librarian,  Dept. 
of  Agrie.,  Wasliington,  D.  C.  [Information  as 
to  species  since  Index  Keicensis  ) 

COATES,  Leonard,  Napa  City,  Calif.  {Fruit  Cul- 
ture in  California.) 

CoviLLE,  Frederick  v.,  Botanist,  Dept.  of  Agric, 
Washington,  D.  C.  {Suggestions  as  to  con- 
tributors.) 

CowEN,  J.  H.,  Horticulturist,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
{Colorado.) 

Day,  Miss  Mary  A.,  Librarian,  Gray  Herbarium 
of  Harvard  Univ.,  Cambridge,  Mass.  [Rare 
books.  ^ 

Deane,  Walter,  Cambridge,  Mass.  ( Various 
botanical  ivoblems.) 

Devron,  Dr.  G.,  Amateur  in  Bamboos,  New 
Orleans,  La.     {Bamboos.} 

Dock,  Miss  M.  L.,  Harrisburg,  Pa.     (Bartram.) 

Dreer,  H.  a..  Seedsmen  and  plantsmen,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.  ( Many  and  varied  services,  espe- 
cially in  aquatics,  ferns,  foliage  plants  and  rare 
annuals.) 

Egan,  W.  C.  Amateur,  Highland  Park,  Ills. 
{Plants  of  exceptional  hardiness.) 

Ellwanger  &  Barry,  Nurserymen,  Rochester, 
N.  Y.     {Hardy  plants.) 

Ganong,  W.  F.,  Prof,  of  Botany,  Smith  College, 
Northampton,  Mass.    {Cacti.) 

Halliday  Bros.,  Baltimore,  Md.,  Florists. 
{Azalea.     Camellia.) 

LuPTON,  J.  M.,  Market-gardener,  Gregory,  L.  I. 
( Cabbage. ) 

Makepeace,  A.  D.,  Cranberry  grower.  West  Barn- 
stable, Mass.     {Cranlerrij.) 

Manda,  W.  A.,  Nurseryman,  South  Orange,  N.  J. 
{Orchid  pictures.) 

Manning,  Jacob  W.,  Nurseryman,  Reading,  Mass. 
{Dried  specimens  of  herbaceous  perennial 
plants.) 

Manning,  Robert,  Sec.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc,  Boston, 
Mass.     ( Biographical  sketches. ) 


Mathews,  Wm.,  Florist,  Utica,  N.  Y.     ( Orchids. ) 

May,  John  N.,  Florist,  Summit,  N.  J.  {Florist.^' 
flowers. ) 

Meehan  &  Sons,  Thos.,  Nurserymen,  German- 
town,  Pa.     {Hardy  plants.) 

Pierson,  F.  R.,  Nurseryman,  Tarrytown-on- 
Hudson,  N.  Y.      {Bulbs.) 

Powell,  Geo.  T.,  Pomologi-st,  Ghent,  N.  Y. 
{Important  fruits.) 

Rider,    Prof.    A.    J.,   Trenton, 


N. 


{Cr 


her 


Robinson,  Dr.  B.  L.,  Curator  Gray  Herbarium  of 

Harvard  Univ.,   Cambridge,    Mass.      {Various 

articles.) 
ScooN,    C.    K.,     Fruit-grower,     Geneva,    N.    Y. 

(Cherry.) 
Sears,     Prof.    F.    C,    Wolfville,     Nova    Scotia. 

{Canada.) 
Shady  Hill  Nursery  Co.,  Boston,  Mass.     {Her- 
baceous 2ierennials.) 
Slaymaker,  a.   W.,  Fruit-grower,  Camden,  Del. 

{Delaware.) 
Storrs   &   Harrison,    Nurserymen,  Painesville, 

Ohio.     {Various  plants.) 
Suzuki  &  Iida,  Yokohama  Nursery  Co.,  11  Broad 

way.    New  Y'ork,  N.    Y.     [Japanese  plants.) 
Thorburn  &  Co.,  J.  M.,  Seedsmen,  New  York, 

N.    Y.     {Numerous  important  and  rare  plants, 

especially  annuals.) 
Todd,  Frederick  G.,  Landscape  architect,  Mon- 
treal, P.  Q.     {Hardy  trees  and  shrubs.) 
Vick's  Sons,  James,  Seedsmen,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

{Various  plants.) 
Ward,  C.  W.,  Florist,  Cottage  Gardens,   Queens, 

L.I.     (Carnation.) 
Webb,  Prof.  Wesley,  Dover,  Del.     (Delaware.) 
White,   J.   J.,   Cranberry  grower.   New    Lisbon, 

N.  J.     (Cranberry.) 
WiLLARD,    S.    D.,    Nurseryman,    Geneva,   N.   Y. 

(Important  fruits,  as  Cherry.) 
Wood,  E.  M.,  Florist,  Natick,  Mass. 
Wright,  Charles,   Horticulturist,  Seaford,  Del. 

(Delaioare.) 


EXPLANATIONS 


Horticulture  is  the  art  of  raising  fruits,  vege- 
tables, flowers  and  ornamental  plants.  The  lines 
of  demarcation  between  it  and  the  art  of  agricul- 
ture on  the  one  hand 'and  the  science  of  botany 
on  the  other,  are  purely  arbitrary.  In  this  work, 
the  word  horticulture  has  been  interpreted  liber- 
ally. Herein  are  included  discussions  of  land- 
scape gardening,  and  brief  notes  of  such  impor- 
tant agricultural  subjects  as  Coffee,  Cotton,  Flax, 
and  such  economic  subjects  as  Cinchona,  India 
Rubber.  Forage  and  medicinal  plants  are  men- 
tioned only  incidentally. 

fTHAT    IS    MEANT    BY  "THE    TRADE" 

It  is  the  design  of  the  Cyclopedia  to  describe 
fully  all  those  species  of  plants  which  are  in  the 
American  trade, — that  is,  the  species  that  are 
bought  and  sold.  In  order  to  determine  what 
species  are  in  the  trade,  catalogues  of  nurserymen, 
seedsmen  and  florists  have  been  indexed,  and 
other  commercial  literature  has  been  consulted; 
in  addition  to  this,  specialists  have  been  consulted 
freely  for  lists  of  plants.  The  work  includes  the 
plants  offered  by  foreign  dealers  who  have  Ameri- 
can agents,  and  who  circulate  in  America  cata- 
logues printed  in  the  English  language :  therefore, 
the  work  will  be  found  to  include  many  species 
offered  by  the  bulb  growers  of  Holland,  and  by 
most  other  large  European  concerns.  The  pur- 
pose is  to  make  a  live  record  of  the  real  status 
of  our  horticulture,  rather  than  a  mere  compila- 
tion from  the  other  literature.  However,  im- 
portant plants  which  are  not  in  the  American 
trade  are  mentioned,  for  they  may  be  expected  to 
appear  at  anytime:  but  these  plants  are  in  sup- 
plementary lists  in  smaller  type.  Thus,  the  size 
of  type  indicates  that  Abobra  riridiflora  is  in  the 
trade,  whereas  Abroma  augusta  is  not.  It  will  no 
doubt  be  a  surprise  to  the  reader,  as  it  has  been 
to  the  Editor,  to  discover  the  great  wealth  of 
American  horticulture  in  species  of  plants. 

NOMENCLATUEE 


The  Editor  has  desired  to  be  conservative  on  the 
vexed  question  of  nomenclature.  This  effort  is 
particularly  important  in  the  discussion  of  culti- 
vated  plants,  because  names   become  established 

(xiy) 


in  the  trade  and  are  worth  money.  A  plant  sells 
under  a  familiar  name,  but  it  may  be  a  commer- 
cial failure  under  a  new  or  strange  one.  Since 
plants  belong  as  much  to  the  horticulturist  as  to 
the  botanist,  it  is  only  fair  that  the  horticulturist 
be  consulted  before  wholesale  changes  are  made 
in  nomenclature. 

It  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  changes  in  the 
names  of  plants  proceed  from  two  general  causes, — 
(1)  from  new  conceptions  respecting  the  limits  of 
genera,  species,  varieties,  and  ( 2 )  from  new  ideas  in 
the  merely  arbitrary  fashions  or  systems  of  nomen- 
clature. Changes  of  the  former  kind  are  usually 
welcomed  by  horticulturists,  because  they  eluci- 
date our  understanding  of  the  plants,  but  changes 
of  the  latter  kind  are  usually  deplored.  At  the 
present  moment,  there  is  the  greatest  unrest  in 
respect  to  systems  of  nomenclature.  This  unrest 
is,  to  be  sure,  in  the  interest  of  the  fixity  or  per- 
manency of  names,  but  there  is  no  guarantee  —if, 
indeed,  there  is  any  hope— that  the  system  which 
may  be  adopted  to-day  will  be  accepted  by  the 
next  generation.  In  fact,  the  very  difficulty  of  ar- 
riving at  a  common  understanding  on  the  question 
is  itself  the  strongest  evidence  that  the  systems  do 
not  rest  on  fundamental  or  essential  principles, 
but  upon  expediency  and  personal  preference. 
There  is  no  evidence  that  names  which  are  mak- 
ing to-day  will  iit-rjiist  any  longer  than  have  those 
which  they  ;n.-   Mipiihiuting. 

So-calk-d  rtforins  in  nomenclature  are  largely 
national  or  racial  movements,  often  differing 
widely  between  different  peoples  :  consequently  it 
is  impossible  to  bring  together  under  one  system 
of  nomenclature  the  cultivated  plants  of  the  world 
without  making  wholesale  changes  in  names. 
Therefore,  the  Editor  has  accepted  the  most  ten- 
able names  which  the  plants  bring,  without  in- 
quiring into  the  system  under  which  they  are 
given.  In  general,  hosvever,  he  believes  that  the 
technical  name  of  a  plant  is  comprised  of  two 
words,  and  that  the  first  combination  of  these 
two  parts  should  be  accepted  as  the  name.  Such 
double  names  as  Catalpa  Oitalpa  and  Glaucium 
Glauciutn  are  the  results  of  carrying  arbitrary 
rules  to  the  utmost  limit,  but  their  ugliness  and 
arbitrariness  condemn  them.  It  is  t-o  be  expecttd 
that  in  the  names  of  plants,  as  in  everything  else, 
the  race  will  not  long  tolerate  inflexibility. 


EXPLANATIONS 


In  generic  names,  the  system  o£  Bentham  and 
Hooker  (Genera  Plantaruml  has  been  followed. 
This  system  makes  fewer  changes  in  accepted 
horticultural  names  than  any  other,  and  this  is 
considered  to  be  a  distinct  merit.  The  chief  rea- 
son for  adopting  the  British  ideas  of  genera,  how- 
ever, is  that  Index  Kewensis  affords  a  complete 
finding-list  of  species  under  those  genera.  It 
would  be  impossible,  in  a  work  like  the  present, 
to  follow  the  more  recent  system  of  Engler  and 
Prantl  (Die  Natiirliehen  Pflanzenfamilien),  be- 
cause there  is  no  index  or  finding-list  for  the 
species  under  those  genera,  and  to  make  the 
proper  combinations  of  generic  and  specific  names 
for  horticultural  plants  would  necessitate  a  compi- 
lation practically  equivalent  to  Index  Kewensis. 
However,  the  various  contributors  have  been  at 
liberty  to  adopt  their  own  ideas  of  generic  limita- 
tions, so  that  the  work  will  be  found  to  occupy  a 
somewhat  middle  ground  between  tlie  British  and 
German  ideas  of  genera. 

CHIEF  LITERARY  AIDS. 

In  the  compilation  of  this  work,  the  Editor  has 
had  access  to  most  of  the  important  world-floras, 
and  to  the  leading  geographical  floras.  In  the 
systematic  botany,  the  greatest  help  has  been 
derived  from  the  following  great  general  works  : 
Bentham  and  Hooker,  Genera  Plantarum  (1862- 
1883);  Hooker  &  Jackson,  Index  Kewensis  (1893- 
1895);  DeCandollc's  Prodromus  (1824-1873)- 
DeCandolle's  Monographias  Phanerogamarum 
(1878-1896,  and  continuing);  Engler  and  Prantl, 
Die  Naturliehen  Pflanzenfamilien  (begun  1889); 
Botanical  Magazine  (1786  to  the  present,  and  con- 
tinuing);  Botanical  Register  (1815-1847);  Revue 
Hortleole,  Paris  (1829  to  the  present,  and  continu- 
ing) ;  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  London  (1841,  and  con- 
tinuing);  Garden,  London  (1871,  and  continuing); 
Loddiges's  Botanical  Cabinet,  London  (1817-1833) ; 
Flore  des  Serres,  Ghent  (1845-1880) ;  L'lllustration 
Horticole,  Ghent  (1854-1896)  ;  Gartenflora,  Berlin 
(1852,  and  continuing);  Garden  and  Forest,  New 
York  (1888-1897);  Nicholson's  Illustrated  Diction- 
ary of  Gardening,  London  (1884-1887);  Mottet's 
translation  of  Nicholson,  Paris  (1892-1899) ;  Siebert 
and  Voss,  Vilmorin's  Blumengartneri  (189G). 

HOW  TO    USE    THE  KEYS 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  study  of  the  plants,  the 
species  have  been  arranged  systematically,  under 
the  genus,  rather  than  alphabetically.  However, 
in  all  genera  which  contain  15  or  more  species,  an 
alphabetical  index  has  been  supplied  for  purposes 
of  rapid  reference.  The  grouping  of  the  species 
is    founded    preferably    on     horticultural     rather 


than  on  botanical  characters,  so  that  the  ar- 
rangement does  not  always  express  botanical  re- 
lationships. The  grouping  and  the  keys  are 
arranged  primarily  to  aid  the  gardener  in  making 
determinations  of  species.  Every  effort  is  made 
sharply  to  contrast  the  species  rather  than  to  de- 
scribe them.  A  word  of  explanation  will  facilitate 
the  use  of  the  keys.  The  species  are  arranged  in 
coordinate  groups  of  various  ranks,  and  groups  of 
equal  rank  are  marked  by  the  same  letter.  Thus, 
group  A  is  coordinate  with  aa  and  with  AAA,  and 
B  with  BB  and  bbb.  Moreover,  whenever  possible, 
the  coordinate  keys  begin  with  the  same  catch- 
word :  thus,  if  A  begins  "flowers,"  so  do  aa  and 
AAA  ;  and  this  catchword  is  not  used  for  keys  of 
other  rank.  As  an  example,  refer  to  Acer,  page 
12.  Look  first  at  a,  beginning  "foliage;"  then  at 
AA  (p.  15),  also  beginning  "foliage."  Under  A 
are  the  coordinate  divisions  B  and  BB,  each  with 
"bloom"  for  the  catchword.  Under  B  there  are 
no  subdivisions,  but  under  BB  there  are  divisions 
o,  CO  and  ccc,  each  with  "fls."  for  a  catchword. 
Under  c  there  are  no  subdivisions,  but  cc  has 
four  coordinate  divisions,  D,  dd,  ddd,  dddd,  each 
with  "Ivs."  for  a  catchword,  and  so  on.  In  other 
words,  if  the  plant  in  hand  does  not  fall  under  A, 
the  inquirer  goes  at  once  to  aa.  If  it  falls  uuder 
A,  then  he  determines  whether  it  belongs  to  B  or 
to  BB,  and  so  on. 

A    diagrammatic    display   of     a   scheme    would 
stand  as  follows: 
A.    Leaves,  etc. 

B.    Flowers,  etc. 

c.    Fruits,  etc. 
c.    Fruits,  etc. 
BB.    Flowers,  etc. 
AA.    Leaves,  etc. 

B.    Roots,  etc. 

c.    Flowers,  etc. 

D.    Margins  of  leaves,  etc. 
DD.    Margins  of  leaves,  etc. 
c.    Flowers,  etc. 
BB.    Roots,  etc. 
BBB.    Roots,  etc. 
AAA.    Leaves,  etc. 

PROyUXCIATION 

Accent  marks  are  used  to  aid  the  reader  in  pro- 
nouncing the  name.  The  accent  designates  (1) 
stress,  or  the  emphatic  syllable,  and  (2)  the  length 
of  the  emphatic  vowel.  Following  the  American 
custom,  as  established  by  Gray  and  others,  a  grave 
accent  (  \  )  is  employed  to  designate  a  long  vowel, 
and  an  acute  accent  (' )  a  short  vowel.  Thus, 
officinale  is  pronounced  oflici-im//-li  :  iincrnfurpus 
is  pronounced  mieroearp'-us.  Ordiii;iiily  in  diph- 
thongs the  mark  is  placed  over  tlie  st-roTid  It-tter. 
Thus,  in  aitrea  the  an  is  meant  to  have  its  custo- 
mary long  sound,  as  if  written  aice.  Double  vow- 
els take  their  customary  English  sounds,  as  ee  and 


EXPLANATIONS 


00.  Thus,  the  oo  in  Hobkeri  is  to  be  pionouneed 
as  in  hook.  la  most  cases,  the  letters  oi  (from  the 
Greek,  meaning  like  to)  are  to  be  pronounced  sep- 
arately :  if  the  i  is  the  penultimate  syllable  (next 
to  the  last),  it  is  long,  as  in  yuccol-dcs  ;  if  the  i  is 
the  antepenultimate  syllable  (third  from  the  end) 
it  is  short,  as  in  rhoniboi-dea.  In  dioicus  and 
monoicus,  however,  the  oi  is  a  true  diphthong,  as 
in  moist.  It  should  be  remembered  that  the  final 
«  terminates  a  separate  syllable,  as  commu-ne, 
vuJga-re,  gran' -de.  This  final  c  takes  the  short 
sound  of  ?,  as  in  whip. 

These  pronunciations  follow,  in  general,  the 
common  English  method  of  pronouncing  Latin 
names.  However,  many  of  the  Latinized  forms 
of  substantive  and  personal  names  are  so  unlike 
Latin  in  general  construction  that  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  them  cannot  follow  the  rule.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  biological  nomenclature  is  a  language  of 
itself  thrown  into  a  Latin  form,  and  it  should  not 
be  a  source  of  regret  if  it  does  not  closely  follow 
classical  rules  in  its  pronunciation.  It  has  seemed 
best  to  make  an  exception  to  the  literary  rules  in 
the  ease  of  personal  commemorative  names  in  the 
genitive  :  we  retain,  so  far  as  possible,  the  pro- 
nunciation of  the  original  name.  Thus,  a  plant 
named  for  Carey  is  called  Ca-reiji,  not  Careij-i; 
for  Sprenger,  Spreng-eri,  not  Sprenger-i.  The 
original  spelling  (as  written  by  the  author  of  the 
name)  of  the  masculine  genitive  ending  is  usually 
retained,  whether  i  or  ii,  but  the  syllable  is  usually 
pronounced  as  if  the  i  were  single.     Whether  one 


J  or  two  is  used  in  the  making  of  a  masculine 
genitive,  is  largely  a  matter  of  euphony  and  per- 
sonal preference. 

It  may  be  well  to  add  what  are  understood  to  be 
the  long  and  short  sounds  of  the  i 


6  as  in  met. 
i  as  in  pine, 
i  as  in  pill. 


6  as  in  cone. 
6  as  in  con. 
ii  as  in  jute. 
A  as  in  jut. 


rowel  instead  of  i. 


SPELLING 

The  original  spelling  of  generic  and  specific 
names  is  preferred.  In  some  instances  this  origi- 
nal orthography  does  not  conform  to  the  etymology 
of  the  name,  particularly  if  the  name  is  made  from 
that  of  a  person.  Such  a  case  is  Diervilla,  named 
for  Dierville.  Ideally,  the  name  should  be  spelled 
DierviUea,  but  Tournefort  and  Linnseus  did  not 
spell  it  so,  and  a  name  is  a  name,  not  primarily  a 
monument  to  a  man. 

In  accordance  with  the  best  authorities,  the  di- 
graph <E  is  used  in  the  words  cferulea,  casrulescens, 
caespitosa,  esesia  ;  oe  is  used  in  coelestis  and  eoe- 
lestinum. 

Digraphs  (B  and  (e  have  been  dropped  from  Latin- 
made  names  which  have  come  into  the  vernacular. 
Thus,  as  a  common  or  English  name,  Spirtea  be- 
comes spirea,  Peonia  becomes  peonia  or  peony, 
Bougainvillsea  becomes  bougainvillea. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


1.    OF    UEXEEAL    EXriiESSIOyS 
cultivated,  etc. 


feet. 

inches. 
.  nortli. 
.  south. 

tropics,  tropi 
.  west. 


//.    OF  BOTANICAL   TERMS 

tl flower. 

fl.fi flowers. 

fill flowered. 

/;■ fruit. 

h height. 

If. leaf. 

Ift leaflet. 

Ics leaves 

St stem. 

sis stems. 

syn synonym. 

var variety. 

///.    OF  BOOKS    AXD    PERIODICALS 

7n  aid  the  student  in  the  verification  of  the 
work,  and  to  introduce  him  to  the  literature  of  the 
various  subjects,  citations  are  made  to  the  por- 
traits of  plants  in  the  leading  periodicals  to 
which  the  American  is  most  likely  to  have  access. 
TJiese  references  to  pictures  have  been  verified  as 
far  as  possible,  both  in  the  MS.  and  in  the  proof. 
A  uniform  method  of  citation  is  much  to  be  de- 
sired, but  is  extremely  difficult,  because  periodi- 
cals rarely  agree  in  methods.  With  great  reluc- 
tance it  was  decided  to  omit  the  year  in  most 
cases,  because  of  the  pressure  for  space,  but  the 
student  who  lacks  access  to  the  original  volumes 
may  generally  ascertain  the  year  by  consulting  the 
bibliographical  notes  below. 

An  arbitrary  and  brief  method  of  citation  has 
been  chosen.  At  the  outset  it  seemed  best  to  indi- 
cate whether  the  cited  picture  is  colored  or  not. 
This  accounts  for  the  two  ways  of  citing  certain 
publications  containing  both  kinds  of  pictures, 
as  The  Garden,  Eevue  Hortieole,  and  Gartenflora. 


The  figures  given  below  explain  the  method  of 
citation,  and  incidentally  give  some  hints  as  to 
the  number  of  volumes  to  date,  and  of  the  number 
of  pages  or  plates  in  one  of  the  latest  volumes. 

A  few  works  of  the  greatest  importance  are 
mentioned  elsewhere  by  way  of  acknowledgment 
(p.  XV.).  The  standard  works  on  the  bibliography 
of  botany  are  Pritzel's  Thesaurus  and  Jackson's 
Guide  to  the  Literature  of  Botany;  also,  Jackson's 
Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  the  Royal  Botanic 
Gardens,  Kew. 

A.  F.  .  .  .  The  American  Florist.  Chicago.  A  trade 
paper  fouucled  Augu.st  15, 1885.  The  vol- 
umes end  with  July.  Many  pictures  re- 
peated in  "Ung."  (14:1524=Tol.andpage). 

A.  G.    .    .    .  AmericanGardening.  New  York.  Represents 

14  extinct  horticultural  periodicals,  includ- 
ing The  American  Garden  (1888-1890). 
Founded  1879^   (20:89e  =  vol.  and  paee.) 

B The  Botanist.    Edited  by  Maund.    No  years 

on  title  pages.  Founded  18S9.  8  vols., 
50  colored  plates  in  each  vol.  (8:400  = 
vol.  and  col.  plate.)      Cumulative  index. 

B.  B.    .    .    .  Britton  &  Brown.     An  Illustrated  Flora  of 

the  Northern  U.  S.,  etc.  New  York. 
1896-1898.     (3:588=  vol.  and  page.) 

B.  H.  .  .  .La  Belgique  Hortieole.  Ghent.  35  vols. 
(1851-1885.) 

B.  M.  .  .  .  Curtis'  Botanical  Magazine.  London. 
Founded  1787.  The  oldest  current  peri- 
odical devoted  to  garden  plants.  The 
vol.  for  1899  is  vol.  125  of  the  whole 
work.  Index  to  first  107  volumes  by  E. 
Tonks.     London.     (7690  =  col.  plate. ) 

B.  R.  .  .  .  Botanical  Register  (1815-1847).  Vols.  1-14 
edited  by  Edwards :  vols.  15-33  by  Lind- 
ley.  In  vols.  1-23  the  plates  are  num- 
bered from  1-2014.  In  vols.  24-33  they 
are  numbered  independently  in  each  vol. 
There  are  688  plates  in  vols.  24-33.  "An 
Appendix  to  the  First  Twenty-three  Vol- 
umes "  (bound  separately  or  with  the 
25th  vol. ) ,  contains  an  index  to  the  first 
23  vols.  An  index  to  vols.  24-31  may  be 
found  in  vol.  31.  (33:70  =  vol.  and  col. 
plate.) 

D Dana.     How  to  Know  the   Wild    Flowers. 

New  York.     1893.     (298  =  page.) 

Em.  .  .  .  Emerson,  G.  B.  Trees  and  Shrubs  of  Mas- 
sachusetts.    Boston.     2  vols.    149  plates. 

F.  C.  .  .  .  Floral  Cabinet.  Knowles  &  Westcott.  Lon- 
don.    1837-1840.     3  vols.,  4to. 

F.  E.  .  .  .  The  Florists'  Exchange.  New  York.  A 
trade  paper,  whose  pictures  sometimes 
are  repeated  in  "A.G."  Pounded  Dec.  8, 
1888.     ( 11 :  1298  =  vol.  and  page. ) 

F.  M.  .  .  .  Floral  Magazine.  London.  Series  I.  1861- 
1871,  8vo.  Series  II.  1872-1881,  4to. 
(1881 :450  =  year  and  col.  plate. ) 

F.  R.  .  .  .  Florists'  Review.  Chicago.  A  trade  paper. 
Vol.  1,  Dec.  2,  1897,  to  May  26,  1898.  Two 
vols,  a  year.     (4:660  =  vo'l.  and  page.) 


XVI 11 

?.  S.  .  .  .  Plore  des  Serres.  Ghent.  (1845-1880.) 
Inconsistent  in  numbering,  but  the  plate 
numbers  are  always  found  on  the  plate 
itself  or  on  the  page  opposite.  Valuable 
but  perplexing  indexes  in  vols.  15  and  19. 
(23:2181  =  vol.  and  col.  plate.) 

C5.C.  .  .  .The  Gardeners'  Chronicle.  London.  Se- 
ries 1.(1841-1873)  is  cited  by  year  and 
page.  Series  II.  or  "New  Series "( 1874- 
1886),  is  cited  thus:  II.  26:  824  =  series, 
volume  and  page.  Series  III.  is  cited 
thus:  111.26:416.  Two  vols,  a  J-ear,  be- 
ginning 1874.  A  select  index  is  scattered 
through  1879  and  1880.  Consult  II, 
12:viii  (1879),  and  similar  places  in  sub- 
sequent vols. 

0.  F.    .    .    .  Garden  and  Forest.     New  York.    1888-1897. 

( 10 :518  =  vol.  and  page. ) 

G.  M.  .  .  .  Gardeners'  Magazine.  London.  Ed.  by 
Shirley  Hibberd.  Founded  1860.  Vols. 
31^2  are  cited.    (42 :872  =  vol.  and  page. ) 

Gn The  Garden.    London.   Founded  1871.   Two 

vols,  a  year.  ( 56 :  1254  =  vol.  and  col. 
plate.  56,  p.  458=  vol.  and  page  con- 
taining black  figure.)  An  Index  of  the 
first  20  vols,  was  separately  published. 
Complete  Index  of  Colored  Plates  to  end 
of  1888  in  vol.  54,  p.  334. 

Gng.  .  .  .  Gardening.  Chicago.  Founded  Sept.  15, 
1892.  Vols,  end  Sept.  1.  (7:.384  =  vol. 
and  page.) 

Gt Gartenflora.     Berlin.     Founded  1852.    (Gt. 

48:1470  =  vol.  and  col.  plate.  Gt.  48,  p. 
670=vol.  and  page  containing  black 
figure), 

G.  W.  F.  .  Goodale's  Wild  Flowers  of  America.  Bos- 
ton,    1880.     (50  =  col.  plate.) 

HBK.  .  .  Humboldt,  Bonpland  &  Kunth.  Nova 
<  lenera  et  Species,  etc.  Paris.  1815-25. 
7  vols.     Folio. 

1.  H.    .    .    .  L'IllustrationH..i-tir„l,..  (ilient.  (1854-1896.) 

(43:72  =  v.il.:,i,,l,-,.i,  phit,  .1  The  volumes 
were  numlH  M  ,|  hit  mi  >ii~lv,  but  there 
were  6  sfiir-  -.,;.-  [  ..  i,s54-63.  Se- 
ries II.=  lMil  (iM  >,  r.rs  III. =  1870-80. 
Series  IV.=  l.'<!Sl-w;.  Series  V,  =  1887- 
93.  Series  VI.  =  1894-96.  The  plates 
were  numbered  continuouslv  in  the  first 
16  vols,  from  1  to  614  :  in  vols.  17-33 
thev  run  from  1  to  619:  in  series  V.  from 
1  to'  I!in:  in  Series  VI.  tliev  betin  anew 
with  ea.'h  vol.  Valuable  indexes  in  vols. 
10  and  20.     Series  V.  in  4to.  the  rest  svo. 

J.  H.  .  .  .  Journal  of  Horticulture.  London.  Founded 
in  1848  as  The  Cottage  Gardener.  Series 
III.  only  is  cited,  beginning  1880.  (III. 
39:504  =  series,  vol.,  page.) 

L In  vol.   1  of  this  work,   sometimes  means 

Lindenia.  sometimes  Lowe's  Beautiful 
Leaved  Plants.     See  "Lind."and  "Lowe." 

L.  B.  C.  .  .  The  Botanical  Cabinet.  Loddiges.  1817- 
3.3.  100  plates  in  each  vol.  Complete 
index  in  last  vol.  (20:  2000  =  vol.  and 
col.  plate.) 

Lind.  .  .  .  Lindenia.  Ghent.  Founded  1885.  Folio. 
Devoted  to  orchids. 

Lowe  .  .  .  Beautiful  Leaved  Plants.  E.  J.  Lowe  and 
Howard.   Loudon.    1864.    (60  =  col.  plate.) 

M A.  B.  Freeman-Mitford.  The  Bamboo  Gar- 
den.    London.     1896.     (224  =  page.) 

M.  D.  G.  .  MoUer's  Deutsche  Giirtner-Zeitung.  Erfurt. 
Founded  1886.  ( 1897 :425  =  year  and  page. ) 

Jin.  .  .  .  Meehan's  Monthly.  Germantown.  Phila- 
delphia. Founded  1891.  (9:  192  =  vol. 
and  page  opposite  col.  plate.) 

N Nicholson.    Dictionarv  of  Gardening.    Vols. 

1-5  (1884-1901). 


ABBREVIATIONS 


P.  F.  G.  .  .  Lindley  &  Paxton.  Flower  Garden.  Lon- 
don.    1851-53.     3  vols.     4to. 

P.  G.  .  .  .  Popular  Gardening.  Buffalo.  1885-90. 
(5; 270  =  vol.  and  page.) 

P.  M.  .  .  .  Paxton's  Magazine  of  Botany.  London. 
1834-49.  (16: 376  =  vol.  and  page  oppo- 
site col.  plate.)  Vol.  15  has  index  of  first 
15  vols. 

R Reichenbachia.  Ed.  by  Fred.  Sander.  Lon- 
don.    Founded  1886.     Folio. 

R.  B.  .  .  .  Revue  de  I'Horticulture  Beige  et  Etrangere. 
Ghent.  Founded  1875  f  (23:  288  =  vol.  and 
page  opposite  col.  plate. )  In  the  first  vol.  of 
the  Cyclopedia  "R.B."  sometimes  means 
Belgique  Horticole,  but  the  confusion  is 
corrected  in  later  vols.,  where  Belgique 
Horticole  is  abbreviated  to  "B.H." 

R.  H.  .  .  .  Revue  Horticole.  Dates  from  1826,  but 
is  now  considered  to  have  been  founded  in 
1829.  (1899: 596  =  year  and  page  opposite 
col.  plate.  1899,  p.  590  =  year  and  page 
opposite  black  figure. ) 

S Schneider.      The  Book   of   Choice    Ferns. 

London.  In  3  vols.  Vol.  1,  1892.  Vol.  2, 
1893. 

S.  B.  F.G.  .  Sweet  British  Flower  Garden.  London. 
Series  I.,  1823-29,  3  vols.  Series  II., 
1831-38,  4  vols. 

S.  H.  .  .  .  Semaine  Horticole.  Ghent.  Founded  1897. 
(3 :  548  =  year  and  page. ) 

S.M.  .  .  .Semaine  Horticole.  Erroneously  cited  in 
this  fashion  a  few  times  in  first  vol. 

S.S.  .  .  .  Sargent.  The  Silva  of  North  America. 
13  vols.  Vol.  1,  1891.  Vol.  12,  1898. 
(12:620  =  vol.  and  plate,  not  colored.) 

S.  Z.  .  .  .  Siebold  &  Zuccarini.  Flora  Japonica.  Vol. 
1,  1835-t4.  Vol.  2  by  Miquel,  1870. 
(2:1.50  =  vol.  and  plate.) 

V.  or  V.  M.  Vick's  Magazine.  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Founded 
1878.  Vols,  numbered  continuously 
through  the  3  series.  Vols,  begin  with 
Nov.  (23:250=  vol.  and  page.)  Some- 
times cited  as  "Vick." 

ir.  OF  AUTHORS  OF  PLANT  NAMES 


By  common  consent,  the  Latin  name  of  a  plant, 
in  order  to  be  considered  l)y  botanists,  must  first  be 
regulai-ly  published  by  a  reputable  author  in  a  rep- 
utable book  or  periodical.  As  an  index  to  this 
name,  the  name  of  its  author  is  published  with  it 
whenever  an  accurate  account  of  the  species  is 
given.  Thus,  AheUa  Chinensis,  R.Br.,  means  that 
this  name  was  made  by  Kobert  Brown.  This  cita- 
tion at  once  distinguishes  Robert  Brown's  AbeUa 
Chinensis  from  any  other  Abelia  Chinensis  ;  for  it  is 
possible  that  some  other  author  may  have  given 
this  name  to  some  other  plant, — in  which  ease  the 
older  name  must  stand.  Thus,  the  Abelia  sermta  of 
Siebold  &  Zueearini  is  not  the  A.  serrala  of  Nich- 
olson. In  some  cases,  the  fact  that  there  are  two 
plants  passing  under  one  name  is  indicated  in  the 
citation:  Abelia  rupestris,  Hort.,  not  Lindl.,  means 
that  the  rupestris  of  horticulturists  is  not  the  rupes- 
tris  of  Lindley.  "Hort."  means  that  the  particular 
name  is  one  in  use  amongst  horticulturists, — that 
it  is  a  garden  name. 

The  citation  of  authorities  gives  a  clue  to  the 
time  and  place  of  publication  of  the  species.    It  is 


ABBREVIATIONS 


an  index  to  the  literature  of  the  subject.  It  is  no 
part  of  the  idea  merely  to  give  credit  or  honor  to 
the  man  who  made  the  name.  It  is  held  by  some 
that  the  authority  is  an  integral  part  of  the  name, 
and  should  always  go  with  it ;  but  common  usage 
dictates  otherwise,  for  tlie  authority  is  never  pro- 
nounced with  the  Latin  words  in  common  speech. 
The  authority  is  a  matter  of  bibliography,  not  of 
language. 

It  remains  to  be  said  (as  already  explained  un- 
der the  discussion  of  Nomenclature,  page  xiv.)  that 
the  Editor  holds  that  the  name  of  a  plant  is  of  two 
coordinate  words.  Therefore,  it  is  the  habit  of  this 
work  to  cite  the  author  who  first  made  the  combi- 
nation of  the  two,  not  the  one  who  first  invented 
the  specific  name.  Thus,  Llnnseus  called  a  certain 
plant  Eupatorium  coelestimim  ;  De  CandoUe,  however, 
prefers  to  put  this  plant  in  the  genus  Conoclinium, 
and  calls  it  Conoclinium  ccelestinum .  For  the  name 
in  Eupatorium,  Linnaeus  is  cited:  for  the  name  in 
Conoclinium,  De  Candolle  is  cited.  Some  writers 
would  cite  both  authors  under  Conoclinium,  thus: 
Conocliniicm  ccelestinum,  (hinn.)  DC.  The  authority 
in  parentheses  is  the  one  who  invented  the  specific 
name  itself:  the  other  is  the  one  who  made  the 
particular  combination.  This  double  citation  is 
bungling,  particularly  for  a  horticultural  work.  Its 
merit  is  the  fact  that  it  suggests  the  history  of  the 
name;  but  It  is  not  complete  in  this  respect,  for 
the  name  may  have  been  used  in  other  combina- 
tions, of  which  the  citation  gives  no  hint.  The  full 
history  of  a  name  can  appear  only  in  the  synonymy. 
Adans.  Michael  Adanson,  1727-1806.  France. 
Ait.  William  Alton,  1731-1793.  England. 
Ait.  f.    William  Townsend  Aiton,  the  son,  1766-1849. 

England. 
All.     Carlo  AUioni,  1725-1804.   Italy. 
Andr.     Henry  C.Andrews.botanical  artist  and  engraver, 

conducted  The  Botanists' Repository  from  1799-1811, 

and  illustrated  books  on  heaths,  geraniums  and  roses. 
AxDRE.     Edouard    Andrfi,  once    editor  of   Illustration 

Horticole,  now  editor-in-chief  of  Bevue  Horticole. 
Arn'.     George  Arnold  Walker  Arnott,  1799-1868.    Seot- 

Baill.     H.  Baillon,  author  of  the  great  natural  history 

of  plants  in  French. 
Baker.    John  Gilbert  Baker,  formerly  keeper  of  the  Her- 
barium of  the  Eoyal  Gardens,  Kew,  England. 
Balt.     Charles  Baltet,  frequent   contributor  to  Revue 

Horticole. 
Bean.    W.  J.  Bean,  recent  writer  from  Kew  in  Gard. 

Chron.  on  bamboos. 
BEAnv.    Ambroise  Marie  Francois  Joseph   Falisot  de 

Beauvois,  1755-1820.    France. 
Beissn.    L.  Beissner,  Inspector  of  the  Botanic  Gardens 

at  Bonn,  and  Instructor  at  Poppelsdorf,  pub.  Hand- 

buch  der  Nadelholzkunde. 
Benth.     George  Bentham,  1800-1884,  one  of  England's 

most  distinguished  botanists. 


Ludwig    Blume,    b.     1796    at    Braun- 
1862  at  Leyden.    Wrote  much  on  Javan 


Ben'th.  &  Hook.  George  Bentham  and  J.  D.  Hooker, 
authors  of  Genera  Plantarum.    England. 

Bernh.    Johann  Jacob  Bernhardi,  1774-1850.  Germany. 

Bert.  Carlo  Giuseppe  Bertero,  1789-1831.  Died  be- 
tween Tahiti  and  Chile. 

BiEB.  Friedrich  August  Marschall  von  Bieberstein, 
1768-1826.    German  botanist;  lived  later  in  Russia. 

BiGEL.    Jacob  Bigelow,  1787-1879.   Massachusetts. 

Bl.     See  Blume. 

Blcme.  Karl 
schweig,  d. 
plants. 

Boiss.     Edmond  Boissier,  1810-1886.    Switzerland. 

Bojer.  W.  Bojer,  1800-1856,  author  of  a  Flora  of  Mau- 
ritius.   Austria. 

Britton.  Nathaniel  Lord  Britton,  Director  New  York 
Botanic  Garden,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Brojjgn.  Adolphe  Theodore  Brongniart,  1801-1876. 
Prance. 

Bull.    William  Bull,  plant  merchant,  London. 

Bull.  Pierre  BuUiard,  1742-1793,  author  of  the  great 
fferbier  de  la  France  in  12  folio  vols.,  with  600 
plates. 

Bunge.     Alexander  von  Bunge,  1803-1890.     Russia. 

BuBM.  Johannes  Burmann,  1706-1779,  Prof,  at  Amster- 
dam, wrote  on  plants  of  Ceylon  and  Malabar. 

BuRM.  f.  Niekolaus  Laurens  Burmann,  1734-1793.  Son 
of  Johannes. 

Carr.  Elie  Abel  Carri&re,  1818-1896,  distinguished 
French  botanist  and  horticulturist,  editor  of  Revue 
Horticole. 

Cass.  Alexandre  Henri  Gabriel  Cassini,  Comte  de, 
1781-1832.    France. 

Cav.    Antonio  JosiS  Cavanilles,  1745-1804.    Spain. 

Cerv.     Vicente  Cervantes,  1759  ( ?)-1829.   Mexico. 

Cham.  Adalbert  von  Chamisso,  poet  and  naturalist, 
1781-1838.    Germany. 

Chapm.  Alvan  Wentworth  Chapman,  1809-1899,  author 
of  Flora  of  the  Southern  United  States. 

Chois.    Jacques  Denys  Choisy,  1799-1859.    Switzerland. 

CuNN.  Richard  Cunningham,  1793-1835.  Colonial  bot- 
anist in  Australia. 

CuNN.,  A.  Allan  Cunningham,  b.  1791,  Scotland,  d. 
1839,  Sidney,  Australia.    Brother  of  Richard. 

CoRT.  William  Curtis,  1746-1799.  England.  Founder 
of  the  Botanical  Magazine,  now  known  as  Curtis' 
Botanical  Magazine. 

Curtis.  MoscsAshley  Curtis,  1808-1873.  North  Carolina. 

DC.  Augustin  Pyramus  De  Candolle,  1778-1841,  projec- 
tor of  the  Prodromus,  and  head  of  a  distinguished 
family.  Alphonse  De  Candolle,  the  son  (1806-1893), 
and  Casimir  De  Candolle,  the  grandson,  are  also 
quoted  in  this  work. 

Decne.    Joseph  Decaisne,  1809-1882.    Prance. 

Desf.     Ren^  Louiche  Desfontaines,  1750-1833.    France. 

Desv.     Augustin  Nicaise  Desvaux,  1784-1856.    France. 

DeVr.  Willem  Hendrik  de  Vriese,  1807-1862,  Prof, 
of  Botany  at  Leyden.  Wrote  on  medical  plants  and 
plants  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies. 

Dicks.  James  Dickson,  1738-1822,  Scotch  writer  on 
flowerless  plants. 

Dipp.  Dr.  L.  Dippel,  of  Darmstadt,  Germany.  Den- 
drologist;  pub.  Handbuch  der  Laubholzkunde. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


D.  Don.  David  Don,  brother  of  George,  1800-1841. 
Scotland. 

Don.     George  Don,  1798-lS."iG.     England. 

DoNN.  James  Donn,  1758-1813,  author  of  Hortus  Can- 
tabrigiensis.     England. 

Douglas.  David  Douglas,  1799-18.'!4,  collector  in  north- 
western America.     Scotland. 

Drude.     Prof.  O.  Drude,  of  Dresden,  Germany. 

Duchesne.  Antoine  Nicolas  Duchesne,  1747-1827. 
France. 

DUMORT.  Barth^lemy  Charles  Dumortier,  1707-1878. 
Belgium. 

DUNAL.     Michel  Felix  Dunal,  1789-1856.     France. 

Dyer.  W.  T.  Thi.stleton-Dyer.  Director  of  Kew  Gar- 
dens, present  editor  of  the  Flora  of  Tropical  Africa, 

Eaton,  A.  Amos  Eaton,  1776-1842,  author  of  a  Manual 
of  Botany  for  North  America,  1st  ed.  1817,  Sth  ed. 
1841. 

Eaton,  D.  C.  Daniel  Cady  Eaton,  Prof,  at  Yale  Col- 
lege, and  writer  on  fem.s. 

Ehrh.     Friedrich  Ehrhart,  1742-1793.     Germany. 

Ell.     Stephen  Elliott,  1771-18.30.     South  Carolina. 

Ellis.    John  Ellis,  1711-1770.     England. 

Endl.  Stephan  Ladislaus  Endlicher,  1804-1849,  Prof, 
at  Vienna.   Numerous  works. 

Engelm.     George  Engelmann,  1809-1884.     Missouri. 

Engler.  Prof.  A.  Engler,  of  Berlin,  joint  author  of 
Engler  and  Prantl's  Naturlichen  Pflanzenfamilien. 

F.  C.  Lehm.     See  Lehm.,  F.  C. 

Fee.  Antoine  Laurent  Apollinaire  F^e,  1789-1874. 
France. 

FisCH.  Friedrich  Ernst  Ludwigvon  Fischer,  1782-1854. 
Russia. 

FoRB.  John  Forbes,  catalogued  heaths,  willows,  coni- 
fers, and  other  plants  at  Woburn  Abbey. 

FORSK.  Pehr  Forskal,  173G-1768,  collected  in  Egypt 
and  Arabia. 

PoRST.  Johann  Reinhold  Forster,  1729-1798.  Germany. 
(Also  Georg  Forster,  the  son.) 

Pbaser.  John  Fraser,  1750-1811,  traveled  in  America 
1785-9G.     Had  a  son  of  same  name. 

Prcel.    Joseph  Aloys  Froelich,  17GG-1841.     Germany. 

P.  V.  M.  Ferdinand  von  Mueller,  Royal  botanist  of 
Australia,  author  of  many  works  on  economic 
plants.    See  Muell. 

Gaertn.     Joseph  Gaertner,  1732-1791.     Germany. 

Gaud.  Charles  Gaudichaud-Beaupre,  1789-1864. 
France. 

Gawl.     See  Ker. 

Gsiel.     Samuel  Gottlieb  Gmelin,  1743-1774.     Russia. 

GoEPP.  Heinrich  Robert  Goeppert,  1800-1884,  Prof,  at 
Breslau.     Wrote  much  on  fossil  botany. 

GoRD.  George  Gordon,  1806-1879,  author  of  the  Pine- 
tum,  London,  1858. 

Gray.  Asa  Gray,  1810-1888,  Harvard  University, 
Massachusetts.     America's  most  noted  botanist. 

Greenm.  J.  M.  Greenman,  writes  from  Harvard  Uni- 
versity on  Mexican  plants. 

Griseb.,  Gris.  Heinrich  Rudolph  August  Grisebach, 
1814-1879.     Germany. 

Hassk.    Justus  Karl  Hasskarl,  181 1-        .    Germany. 

Hayne.  Friedrich  Gottlob  Hayne,  170.3-1832,  Prof,  at 
Berlin.    Medicinal  plants;  trees  and  shrubs. 


Haw.     Adrian  Hardy  Haworth,  1772-1833.    England. 

HBK.  Friedrich  Alexander  von  Humboldt,  1796-1859. 
Germ.any.  Aim^  Bonpland,  177.3-1858.  France.  Karl 
Sigismund  Kuuth,  1788-1850.  Germany.  Authors  of 
a  great  work  on  plants  of  the  New  World. 

Hemsi..  W.  Rotting  Hemsley,  Keeper  at  Kew,  has 
wi'Mrt,  hi  II:  rrviews  of  genera  of  horticultural 
»  '  '  lii-on.  and  elsewhere. 

Ill  1^         "     .     : I.  II.  rl.prt,  1778-1847.    England. 

H...  ii-r  Lin  i:!;iii  Friedrich  Hochstetter,  1787-1860, 
described  many  African  plants. 

HOFFM.     Georg  Franz  Hoffmann,  1761-1826.    Germany. 

Hook.     William  Jackson  Hooker,   1785-1865.    England. 

Hook.  f.    Joseph  Dalton  Hooker,  the    son,   1817- 
England. 

HoRT.  Hortorum,  literally  of  the  gardens.  Placed  af- 
ter names  current  among  horticulturists,  but  not 
necessarily  ;dl  horticulturists.  Often  used  with  less 
exactness  than  names  of  authors.  Frequently  in- 
dicates giinlon  or  unknown  origin.  Many  of  these 
plants  have  never  been  sufficiently  described. 

Jacij.     Nicolaus  Joseph  Jacquin,  1727-1817.     Austria. 

Juss.  Antoine  Laure:it  Jussieu,  1748-1830,  the  fir.st  to 
introduce  the  natural  families  of  plants.    Prance. 

Karw.  Wilhelm  Karwinsky  von  Karwin,  d.  1853,  col- 
lector in  Brazil. 

Kaulf.  Georg  Friedrich  Kaulfuss,  Prof,  at  Halle,  d. 
1830.     He  described  the  ferns  collected  by  Chamisso. 

Ker.  John  Bellenden  Ker,  17G5  (!)-1871,  botanist,  wit 
and  man  of  fashion.  First  known  as  John  Gawler. 
In  1793  was  compelled  to  leave  army  because  of  sym- 
pathy with  French  Rev.  His  name  was  changed  in 
1804  to  John  Ker  Bellenden,  but  he  was  known  to  his 
friends  as  Bellenden  Ker.  First  editor  of  Eihvar.ls' 
Botanical  Register. 

Ker-Gawl.     See  Ker. 

Klatt.  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Klatt,  a  contemporaneous 
botanist.     Germany. 

Klotzsch.  Johann  Friedrich  Klotzsch,  1805-1860,  cu- 
rator of  Royal  herbarium  at  Berlin,  monographer  of 
Begoniacefe. 

Koch.     Karl  Koch,  1809-1879.     Germany. 

KOEHNE.  Eniil  Koehne,  Prof,  at  Berlin.  Pub.  Deutsche 
DendroluL-ir. 

KoTSCHY.  'I'iii  -ill  .!■  I\"t-i  liy,  Asst.  curator  at  Vienna, 
181.3-18r.h.     \Vr..;.    -II  .iii.-ntal  plants. 

Kraxzl.  F.  KraiizliTi,  I'.niin,  writes  on  orchids  in  The 
Gardeners'  Chronicle. 

KuNTH.     See  HBK. 

Lag.  Mariano  Lagasca.  177G-1839,  one  of  Spain's  most 
distinguislic.l  liMtani-ts. 

Lam.  Jean  l;:[iiti-ii  Ant  line  Pierre  Monnet  Lamarck, 
1744-182'.t.  ail  hur  uf  the  Lamarckian  philosophy  of 
organic  ev.jkniuu.     France. 

Langs.  Georg  Heinrich  von  Langsdorf,  1774-1852, 
Russian  consul-general  in  Brazil. 

Lauth.  Thomas  Lauth,  1758-1826,  Prof,  of  Anatomy 
at  Strassburg,  wrote  a  40-page  monograph  on  Acer 
in  1781. 

Lecij.  Henry  Lecoq.  b.  1802,  once  Prof,  at  Clermont- 
Ferrand,  wrote  an  elementary  botany,  a  dictionary 
of  botanical  terms,  a  book  on  hybridization,  etc. 

LeCoste.  John  Eaton  LeConte.  1784-18110.  Pennsyl- 
vania. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


Ledeh.     Karl     Friedrich     von     Ledebour,     1785-1851. 

Russia. 
Lehm.     Johann    Georg    Christian  Lehmann,  1792-1860, 

Prof,  at  Hamburg,  wrote  several  monographs,  and 

described  many  new  plants. 
Lehm.,  P.  C.     F.  C.  Lehmann,  living  German  collector 

in  South  America. 
Leicht.    Max   Leichtlin,  horticulturist,   Baden-Baden, 

Germany. 
Lem.     Charles  Lemaire,  1800-1871.     Belgium. 
L'Her.      C.    L.     L'H^ritier     de  Brutelle,     1746-1800. 

France. 
LiND.  &  Rod.     L.  Linden  and  E.  Rodigas,  once  adminis- 
trator and  editor,  respectively,  of  L'lllustration  Hor- 

ticole. 
Linden.    J.   Linden,    1817-1898.     Belgium.     For  many 

years  director  of  L'lllustration  Horticole. 
LiND.,  L.     Lucien Linden,  associated  with  J.  Linden  for 

some  years  on  L'lllustration  Horticole. 
LiNDL.     John    Lindley,     1799-1865,    one    of    the    most 

illustrious  of  English  horticulturists. 
Link.     Heinrich  Friedrich  Link,  1707-1851.     Germany. 
Linn.     Carolus   Linna>us  (Carl  von  Linn^),  1707-1778, 

the  "Father   of  Botany,"  and    author    of   binomial 

nomenclature.     Sweden. 
LlNiN-.  f.     Carl  von  Linn^,  the  son,  1741-1783.     Sweden. 
LoDD.     Conrad   Loddiges,   nurseryman    near  London, 

conducted  Loddiges'  Botanical  Cabinet  from  1817-33, 

20  vols.,  2,000  colored  plates. 
LoisEL.    Jean  Louis  Auguste  Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 

1774-1849.     France. 
LoiiD.     John  Claudius  Loudon,  1783-1843,  an  extremely 

prolific  English  writer. 
Lour.    Juan  Loureiro,  1715-1796,  missionary  in  China. 

Portugal. 
Marsh.     Humphrey  Marshall,  1722-1801.   Pennsylvania. 
Mart.     Karl  Friedrich  Philipp  von  Martius,  1794-1868, 

Prof,  at  Munich,  monographer  of  palms,  founder  of 

the  great  Flora   Brasiliensis,  and  author  of   many 

Mast.  Maxwell  T.  Masters,  editor  of  The  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,  wherein  he  has  described  great  numbers 
of  new  plants  of  garden  value ;  author  of  Vegetable 
Teratology,  etc. 

Max.  or  Maxim.  Karl  Johann  Maximowicz,  1827-1891, 
one  of  the  most  illustrious  Russian  systematic  bota- 
nists; wrote  much  on  Asian  plants. 

Medic.  Friedrich  Casmir  Medikus,  173G-1808,  director 
of  the  garden  at  Mannheim,  wrote  a  book  of  96  pages 
in  German  on  North  American  plants  in  1792. 

Meisn.     Karl   Friedrich    Meisner,  1800-1874.     Switzer- 

Mett.     Georg  Heinrich  Mettenius,  1823-1806,   Prof,   at 

Leipzig,  wrote  on  flowerless  plants. 
Met.     Ernst     Heinrich     Friedrich    Meyer,    1791-1851. 

Prussia. 
Mey.,  C.  a.     Carl  Anton    Meyer,   1795-1855,    director 

botanic  garden  at  St.  Petersburg,  wrote  on  Russian 

botany. 
aiiCHX.    Andr6    Michaux,  1746-1802.     France,  but   for 

ten  years  a  resident  of  North  America. 
MiCHX.  f.     Francois  Andr^  Michaux,  the  son,  1770-1855. 

Prance. 


Mill.     Phillip  Miller,  1691-1771,  of   Chelsea,  England. 

author  of     a    celebrated    dictionary  of    gardening, 

which  had  many  editions. 
MiQ.     Friedrich    Anton    Wilhelm    Miquel,     1811-1871. 

Holland. 
MiTFORD.    A.  B.   Freeman-Mitford,  English    amateur, 

author  of  The  Bamboo  Garden. 
MoENCH.     Konrad  Moench,  1744-1805.     Germany. 
MoNCH.     See  Moench. 
Moore.     Thomas  Moore,  1821-1887,  curator  of  Chelsea 

Botanic  Garden,  author  of  Index  Filicura,  and  other 

well  known  works. 
MOQ.     Alfred      Moquin-Tandon,     1804-1863.        France. 
MORREN.     Charles  Jacques  Edouard  Morren,  of  Ghent. 


MOTT.  S.  Mottet,  frequent  contributor  to  Revue  Hor- 
ticole, translator  of  Nicholson's  Dictionary  of 
Gardening. 

MuELL.  Arg.  Jean  Mueller,  of  Aargau,  wrote  for 
De  Candolle's  Prodromus,  vol.  16. 

MuELL.,  C.  Carl  Mueller,  1817-1870,  who  edited  vols. 
4-6  of  Walpers'  Annals. 

MtTELL.,  F.  Ferdinand  von  Mueller,  Royal  botanist  at 
Melbourne,  has  written  much  on  Australian  and 
economic  botany. 

MUHL.  Henry  Ludwig  Muhlenberg,  17.50-1817.  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MuRR.    Johann  Andreas  Murray,  1740-1791.     Germany. 

Mure.,  A.  Andrew  Murray,  1812-1878,  author  of  Thp 
Pines  and  Firs  of  Japan.     London,  1863. 

Naud.  Charles  Naudin,  1815-1899,  botanist,  frequent 
contributor  to  Revue  Horticole. 

Ndn.     See  Naud. 

N.E.  Br.  N.  E.  Brown  describes  many  new  plants  in 
Gardeners'  Chronicle. 

Nees.  Christian  Gottfried  Nees  von  Esenbeck,  1776- 
1858.     Prussia. 

Nichols.  George  Nicholson,  Curator  at  Kew,  author 
of  The  Dictionary  of  Gardening. 

NuTT.     Thomas  Nuttall,  1786-1859.     Massachusetts. 

O'Brien.  James  O'Brien,  current  writer  on  orchids  in 
Gardeners'  Chronicle. 

Oliv.  Daniel  Oliver,  once  Curator  at  Kew,  and  founder 
of  the  Flora  of  Tropical  Africa. 

Orph.  Theodor  Georg  Orphanides,  Prof,  of  Botany  at 
Athens.     D.  1886. 

Ortega,    Oet.     Casimiro     Gomez    Ortega,    1740-1818. 

Otto.     Friedrich  Otto,  1782-1856.     Germany. 

Pall.     Peter   Simon    Pallas,  1741-1811,  professor  and 

explorer  in  Russia.     Germany. 
Pas.     Ferdinand  Pax,  German  botanist.     Breslau. 
Past.     Joseph  Paxton,  1802-1805.     England. 
Pers.     Christian   Hendrick   Persoon,    175.5-1837.     Ger- 

Planch.    Jules  Emile   Planchon,    professor   at   Mont- 

pellier.     France. 
POHL.    Johann   Emmanuel    Pohl,   1782-1834,    Prof,   at 

Vienna,  wrote  a  large  book  on  travels  in  Brazil. 
PoiR.  Jean  Louis  Marie  Poiret,  1755-1834.  France. 
Presl.  Karel  Boriweg  Presl,  1794-1852.  Bohemia. 
PURSH.     Frederick    T.  Pursh    (or  PurschI,    1774-1820 

Siberia,  but  for  12  years  in  the  United  States. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


Eaddi.     Giuseppe  Raddi,  1770-1829.     Italy. 

Kaf.     Constantino  .Samuel  Raflnesque-Schmaltz,  1784- 

1842.     Prof,  of  Nat.  Hist.  Transylvania  Univ.,  Lex- 
ington, Ky. 
K.  Br.     Robert   Brown,  b.   Scotland,  1773,  d.   London, 

1858.     Author  of  many  important  works. 
Kegel.     Eduard  von  Kegel,  1815-1892,  German,  founder 

of  Gartenflora;  Dir.  Bot.  Garden  at  St.  Petersburg. 
Reich.     Heinrich  Gottlieb  Ludwig  Reichenbach,  1793- 

1879.    Germany. 
Reich,  f.     Heinrich  Gustav,  1823-1889,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding.   Orchids. 
KicH.    John  Richardson,  1787-1865.  Scotland.    [France. 
Richard.     Louis     Claude    Marie    Richard,    1754-1821. 
RiDDELL.     John    Leonard    Kiddell.    1807-18G5,  Prof,    of 

Chemistry  in  Cincinnati  and  New  Orleans. 
Rob.     Dr.  B.  L.  Robinson,  Director  Gray  Herbarium  of 

Harvard  Univ.,  is  editing  The   Synoptical  Flora  of 

North  America. 
Rod.     Emile  Rodigas,  for  some  years  connected  with 

L'lllustration  Horticole. 
KoEM.     Johann  Jacob  Roemer,  1763-1819.    Switzerland. 

Also  M.  J.  Roemer. 
RoscOE.     William  Roscoe,  1753-1831.    England. 
KosE.    J.  N.  Rose,  Asst.    Curator,  U.   S.  Nat.  Herb., 

Smithsonian  Institution.     Mexican  plants. 
Roth.    Albrecht  Wilhelm  Roth,  1757-1834,  Physician  at 

Vegesack,  near  Bremen. 
ROXBG.     William  Roxburgh,  1759-1815.    India. 
RoYLE.    John  Forbes  Royle,  b.    1800  at  Cawnpore,  d. 

London,  1858.    Prof,  in  London.    Plants  of  India. 
Rciz  &  Pav.     Hipolito  Ruiz  Lopez,  17G4-1815,  and  Jos(5 

Pavon,  authors  of  a  Flora  of  Peru  and  Chile.    Spain. 
KUPK.     Franz  J.  Ruprecht,  1814-1870.    Russia. 
S.  &  Z.     See  Sieb.  &  Zucc. 

Sabine.  Joseph  Sabine,  1770-1837.  England.  [land. 
Salisb.  Richard  Anthony  Salisbury,  1761-1829.  Eng- 
Salm-Dtck.    Joseph,  Prince   and    High    Count   Salm- 

Reifferscheidt-Dyck,  b.  at  Dyck,  1773,  d.  1861.   Wrote 

on  Aloe,  Cactus,  Mesembryanthemum. 
Sarg.      Prof.    Charles    Sprague    Sargent,  Dir.    Arnold 

Arboretum,  author  of   Silva  of  North  America. 
ScHEiDW.     Michael     Joseph      Scheidweiler,    1799-1861, 

Prof,  of  Bot.  and  Hort.  at  Hort.  Inst,  of  Ghent. 
ScHLECHT.     Diedrich  Franz  Leonhard  von  Schlechten- 

dahl.  1794-186G.    Prof,  at  Halle, wrote  several  memoirs 

in  Latin  and  German. 
ScHLDL.  See  Schlccht. 
ScHOTT.     Heinrich   Wilhelm   Schott,    1794-1865,   wrote 

much  on  Aroids  with  Nyman  and  Kotschy. 
ScHRAD.     Heinrich  Adolph  Schrader,   1767-1836.     Ger- 
many. 
ScHw.,  ScHWEiN.     Lewis  David  von  Schweinitz,  1780- 

1834.    Pennsylvania. 
ScHWER.     Graf  Schwerin,  German  authority  on  Acer. 
Scop.    Johann  Anton  Scopoli,  1723-1788.   Italy. 
Seem.     Berthold    Seemann,  Hanover,  1825-1872,  wrote 

on   palms,  and  botany  of  the  voyage  of  the  Herald. 
SiBTH.     John  Sibthorp,  1758-1796,  author  of  a  Flora  of 

Greece.    England. 
SlEB.  &  Zucc.     Philipp    Franz  von    Siebold,  1796-1866, 

and    Joseph  Gerhard    Zuccariiii.    1797-1848.      Ger- 
many. 


SlEBERT.  A.  Siebert,  Dir.  of  the  Palm  Gard.  at  Frank- 
furt, joint  author  of  Viliiiorin's  Biumengartnerei. 

Sims.  John  Sims,  17U2-l«:i,s.  England,  for  many  years 
editor  of  Curtis'  Botanical  Magazine. 

Smith.     James  Edward  Smith,  li'59-1828.    England. 

Sol.,  Soland.     Daniel    Solander,  1736-1782.     England. 

Spach.  Eduard  Spach,  b.  Strassburg,  1801,  d.  1879. 
Author  of  Histoires  Naturelle  des  Vegetau.-;. 

Spaeth.     L.  Spaeth,  Berlin,  nurseryman. 

Spreng.     Kurt  Sprengel,  1766-1833.    Germany. 

Steud.     Ernst  Gottlieb  Steudel,  1783-185G.     Germany. 

Stev.     Christian  Steven,  1781-1863.     Russia. 

St.  Hil.    Auguste  de  Saint  Hilaire,  1779-1853.   France. 

SwARTz.     Olof  Swartz,  1760-1818.    Sweden. 

Sweet.  Robert  Sweet,  1783-1835,  author  of  many  well 
known  works,  as  Geraniacese,  British  Flower  Garden. 

Swz.     See  Swartz. 

Thore.    Jean  Thore,  1762-1823,  physician  at  Dax. 

Thitnb.     Carl  Peter  Thunberg,  1743-1822.    Sweden. 

ToRR.     John  Torrey,  1796-1873.    New  York.  [setts. 

TucKM.     Edward    Tuckerman,     1817-1886.     Massachu- 

Underw.  Prof.  LucienM.  Underwood,  Columbia  Univ., 
New  York,  N.  Y.,  has  written  much  on  ferns,  etc. 

Vahl.     Martin  Vahl,  1749-1804.    Denmark. 

Van  Houtte.  Louis  Van  Houtte,  1810-1876,  founder 
and  publisher  of  Flore  des  Serres. 

Veitch.  John  Gould  Veitch,  1839-1867,  and  successors, 
horticulturists  at  Chelsea,  England. 

Vent.     Etienne  Pierre  Ventenat,  1757-1808.   France. 

Verl.     B.  Verlot,  contributor  to  Revue  Horticole. 

Versch.  Ambroise  Verschaffelt,  1825-1886,  founder  and 
publisher  of  L'lllustration  Horticole  at  Ghent,  Bel- 
gium. 

ViLL.    Dominique  Villars,  1745-1814.    France. 

ViLM.  Several  generations  of  the  family  of  Vilmorin, 
Paris,  seedsmen  and  authors  of  many  books  and 
memoirs  on  botany  and  horticulture.  Pierre  Philippe 
Andr^  Leveque  de  Vilmorin,  1746-1804.  Pierre  Vil- 
morin, 1816-1860.    Henry  L.  de  Vilmorin,  d.  1899. 

Voss.  A.  Voss,  author  of  botanical  part  of  Vilmorin's 
Biumengartnerei. 

Wahl.     Georg  Wahlenberg,  1781-1851.    Sweden. 

Wall.  Nathanael  Wallich,  b.  Copenhagen  1786,  d. 
London  1854,  wrote  on  plants  of  India  and  Asia. 

Walp.     Wilhelm    Gerhard   Walpers,    1816-1853. 

Walt.  Thomas  Walter,  about  1740-1788,  author  of 
Flora  Caroliniana.    South  Carolina. 

Wang.  Friedrich  Adam  Julius  von  Wangenheim,  1747- 
1800.    Germany. 

Wats.     Sereno  Watson,  1826-1892.    Harvard  University. 

Weud.  H.  a.  Weddell,  wrote  for  De  Candolle's  Pro- 
dromus,  vol.  IG,  etc. 

Wendl.,  H.  Hermann  Wendland,  Dir.  Royal  Bot. 
Garden  at  Herrenhausen,  one  of  the  chief  writers  on 
palms. 

WiLLD.     Karl  Ludwig  Waideuow,  1765-1812.    Germany. 

With.,  Wither.     William  Withering,  1741-1799.    Eng. 

Wittm.  Max  Karl  Ludwig  Wittmack,  editor  of  Gar- 
tenflora.    Prof,  at  Berlin. 

Wood.  Alphonso  Wood,  1810-1881.  Of  his  Class-Book 
of  Botany,  100,000  copies  have  been     sold  in  Amer. 

Zucc  Joseph  Gerhard  Zuccarini.  1797-1848.  Prof,  at 
Munich. 


ABIES 

13.  Pinsapo,  Boiss.  Spanish  Fie.  Fig.  1.  Tree  70-80 
ft.:  trunk  4-G  ft.  in  diam. :  Ivs.  short,  broad,  rigid, 
sharp-pointed,  bright  green,  spreading  from  all  sides  of 
the  stiff  branchlets  :  cones  cylindrical,  slender,  gray- 
brown.  5ii-6  in.  long  ;  bracts  shorter  than  their  scales. 
Mountains  of  central  and  southern  Spain,  often  grega- 
rious. G.C.  III.  21:407.  — Not  very  hardy  north  of  the 
Middle  states. 
AA.    yohiles.   Leaves  blue-green,  ofte 


.gla 


xnd 


,ni;liil  0)1  fertile  btanches 

lis,  Lindl.  Eed  Fir   Tree  Io0-2i0  ft 


ft.  in  diain. :  Ivs.  on  lower  branches  g 
rounded  and  emarginate  at  the  ape\  n 
drical,  purplish  or  olive-brown  4-1)111  I  i- 
longer,  thin  and  covering  the  sl  il  n 
palegreen.  Cascade  and  CoastMount  un  f 
and  Oregon, of  ten  gregarious  bS  12  Oli 
O.  C.  III.  20:  275. -There  is  a -lar  glauca 
in  the  trade. 

15.  magrnlSica,  A.  Murr.  Red  Fir  Fig 
2,  /.  Tree  200-250  ft. :  trunk  6-10  ft  in 
diam.:  Ivs.  quadrangular,  bluntlj  pointed 
on  sterile  and  acute  on  fertile  bianche 
cones  oblong-cylindrical,  purpli  h  Ijiown 
6-9  in.  long;  bracts  much  shorter  thin  the 
scales.  Sierri  Nevada  of  California  gie 
garious  and  forming  great  foiests  S  s 
12:618.  Gn.V  p  591  —  Woodocea  lomlh 
manufactured  into  lumbei  Le  s  haid) 
in  the  eastern  states  than  A   tiobili 

Var.  Shastfinsis     Lemni      cf   siutheni 
Oregon  and  northern  Califoin: 
somewhat  smaller  -with  braits  as  lonf, 
or  longer  than  the  scales     b  S  620 

A.  Albertiana     Murr  =Tsugi     heteio 
phylla.— A.  Saborensis    Let     Lvs    d  uk 
silvery  below  \  ery  numerous  J^-l  in  1  ng 
cones  4  or  5  together    leaching  7  oi  8  in 
long  and  1  in  diim    N  Afrit 
p.   106.- A.  bifida    Sieb 
&   Zucc.=  A    firma  -  A 
bractedta.  Hook   &  Arn 

adensiSy  Michx  =  Tsugi 
Canadensis.  —  A  firma 
Sieb.  &  Zuco  =A  M 
Sieb.  Lvs.  thick  and  rigid 
lia.long:conescyhndrieal 
often  ein.long  with  keeled 
scales,.  Japan  Promising 
for  S.— A.  Sookenana 
Murr.=»Tsuga  Wertensi 
ana. — A.lastocarpa  ^utt 

Lvs.  blue-green  and  glaucous  cones  Tin  long  with  very  bioid 
spineless  scales  Western  U  v,  &ng  4  3  3  S  b  1'  611  -A  macn 
cdrpo,  Vasey=Ps6udotsuga  macrocarpa  —A  Manesu  Mast 
Small  tree  with  crowded  bi  anches  and  short  dark  foliage  which 
is  pale  below  cones  large  darkpurple  N  Japan  —A  Merten 
sidrea,  Lindl  =TsugaheterDphj  11a  —A  Numldica  DeLannoy 
=A. Baborensis — A  Plndrow  Spach  isaformof  A  Webbiana 
buthaslongerleaves  and  smaller  cones  Himalayas — A  Reg\ 
:A.  Cephalonica,  var.  Appolinis.  —  A.  religibsa, 
slender,  drooping  branches:  lvs.  silvery  below: 


ABUTA  6 

ABROMA  (from  a,  not,  and  broma,  food).  Sterculid- 
cetp.  Greenhouse  evergreen  trees.  Prop,  by  seeds  or  by 
cuttings  in  spring  from  half-ripened  wood  under  glass. 

A.atffjusta,  Linn.  f.  Lower  lvs.  cordate.  3-.'i-lobed:  upper  lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate.  Trop  As.  B.K.  .'.IK.-A./osdiosa,  R.Br.  Lower 
lvs.  cordate.  5-lobed;  upper  lvs.  ovate:   lis.  dark  purple.   Trop. 

ABRdNIA  (from  abi-os,  delicate,  referring  to  involu- 
cre). Nyctaginhcem.  Trailing  plants,  with  fragrant  ver- 
bena-like flowers  suitable  for  baskets  and  rockeries; 
commonly  treated  as  hardy  annuals.  Mostly  tender 
perennials  from  Calif.  Height  6-18  in.  For  early  and 
continuous  summer  bloom,  seeds  may  be  sown  in  pots 
ot  sandv  soil  the  previous  autumn  and  "wintered  in  a 
frame  Peel  off  the  husk  before  sowing  seed.  Cf.  Sereuo 
Watson    Bot    Calif.   2 :  .3-5. 

A.  Floivers  yellow. 

.  3.  Plant  very  viscid -pubescent: 
lvs.  thick,  broadly  ovate  or  reni- 
form,  obtuse,  on  distinct  petioles: 
root  stout,  fusiform.  A.  are- 
ndria,  Menzies,  is  probably  the 
s:iin.-,  but  is  considered  distinct  by 
.-111..    n,M.i;:,4r,.  G.C. II. 


umbellata,  Lam.  Whole  plant 
•liscid-puberulent :  lvs.  typically 
narrower  than  the  above,  oval 
or  oblong  :  fls.  pink.  F.  S. 
P.M.  16:36.  Var.  gran- 
diSldra,  Hort.,  has  larger  fls.  and 
broader  lvs. 

villdsa,  Watson.  Smaller  and 
slenderer  than  the  last  and  covered 
with    a   glandular-villous    pubes- 


latlS61ia   Esch     Fie 


cence    Iv     rarelv  1  in    long: 

Not  common  in  cult     Int   IS 

AAA    Flow 

melUfera  Dougl   fetoute 


longer  and  narrower.    B.M.  2879. 


imalk 
Lindl.   Lor„ 

„  Mex.  'B.M.67o3.  —  A.Sachalinensis,Uast.  Tall 
tree,  with  pale  bark,  white  buds,  and  long,  slender,  dark  green 
lvs,:  cones  3 in.  long.  E.  Asia.  — A.  si(6a?phm,  Engelm.=lasio- 
enrpa.  —  A.vejtitsta,  Koch.  Lvs.  acuminate,  dark  yellow,  green 
above  and  silvery  below  :  cones  4  in  i-nc  'Aiiii  |mi  _■  .It-n- 
der  bracts.     California.      8,  S.  1- :  til''.  •    '        I'     ■■     i      "   —  -L . 

Webbiana,  Jjindl.   Lvs.  l-2>oin.  long,  llni ,  iies 

cylindrical,  6  or  7  in.  long.  Himalay:i 
nensis,  alba,  Alcockiana,  Engelman 
miniata,  Morinda,  nigra,  obovata,  or 
pungens,  Schrenkiana,  Smithiana.  S 
"^^"sa.  C.  S.  Sargent. 

ABdBRA  (Brazilian  name) 
house  climber, cult,  for 
grows  rapidly,  and  may  be  planted  out  in  summer.  The 
tuberous  roots  are  stored  like  dahlias.  Prop,  by  seeds  or 
rarely  by  soft  cuttings. 

viridifldra,  Naudin.  Height  10-15  ft.:  lvs.  much  di- 
vided: fls.  small,  pale  green,  fragrant:  fr.  a  scarlet  gourd. 
Brazil.    R.H.  1862:  111. 


Int   1891 

frigrans,  Nutt.  Lvs.  larger  than  in  A.  umbellata, 
broader  at  the  base  and  more  tapering:  fls.  night-bloom- 
ing.   B.M.  5544. 

A.pulckella,  Nicholson,  Fls.  pinkish  rose,— A.  rosea,  Hart- 
weg.^umbellata  ?  w„  jyj, 

ABRUS  (from  abros,  soft,  referring  to  leaves).  Legu- 
minbsm.  Deciduous  greenhouse  climber,  or  used  S. 
outdoors  for  screens.  Roots  have  virtues  of  licorice. 
Needs  strong  heat  for  indoor  culture.  Prop,  by  seeds 
or  by  cuttings  under  glass  in  sand. 

preoatdrius.Linn.  Crab's-ete  Vine.  Weather-plant. 
Height  10-12  ft. :  leaflets  oblong,  in  numerous  pairs:  fls. 
varying  from  rose  to  white:  seeds  bright  scarlet,  with  a 
black  spot,  used  by  Buddhists  for  rosaries,  and  in  India 
as  standards  of  weight.  Tropics. -The  absurd  claims 
made  for  its  weather-prophesying  properties  are  exposed 
by  Oliver  in  Kew  Bull.  Jan.  1890. 

ABtlTA  (native  name) .  MenispermAeew .  Greenhouse 
evergreen  climber.  Prop,  by  cuttings  under  glass  with 
bottom  heat. -4.  rw/^scens,  Aubl.  Lvs.  ovate:  fls.  dark 
purple  within.    S.Am.     Unimportant. 


4  ABUTILON 

ABtTTILON  (name  of  obscure  origin).  MalvAcece. 
Flowering  Maple.  Attractive  coolhouse  shrub.s  and 
window  plants.  Lvs.  lonK-.stalked,  often  niaple-lilte:  fls. 
with  nalsed  5-cleft  calyx,  5  separate  obovate  petals,  many 
stamens  united  in  a  coluTiin  about  tbe  raany-branched 


style.  Of^er^  . 
able  for  geranii 
but  sometimes  1 


I  tn  h  11  I  II  11\  f,rimn  in  pots, 
d  out  lu  sumiuti  Dwarf  and  com- 
pact varieties  suitable  for  bedding  are  becoming  popular. 
The  tall  varieties  arc  idaptable  to  growing  on  rafters 
or     pillars  4 

striatum   and  A.  , 

Thompsoni  are 
the  commonest 
type  forms.  Prop, 
by  greenwood  cut- 
tings at  any  sea- 
son, preferably  in 
late    winter      or 

early  spring  ;  also  freely  by  seeds.    Many 
horticultural  varieties,  some  of   them  no 
doubt  hybrids,  are  in  common  cultivation. 
Following  are  well  known  :    Arthur  Bel- 
sham,  red,  shaded  gold.   Boule  de  Neige, 
pure    white,  very   free.    Eclipse,    foliage 
marbled  green  and  yellow:  fls.  of  fair  size; 
sepals  scarlet;  petals  orange-buff  :   suited 
for  baskets  and  vases:   a  form  of  ..1.  mega- 
potamicum  (another  Eclipse  is   known). 
Erecta,  pink  orange-veined  erect  fls.    Gol- 
den Bell,  deep  yellow,  free-flowering.    Golden  Fleece, 
pure  yellow,   free-flowering.     Mary   Miller,    deep 
pendulous  fls.    Mrs.  John  Laing,  purplish  rose.     Rosffi- 
flora,  pinkish  rose.    Royal  Scarlet,  rich,  shining  scarlet. 
Santana,  deep  red.    Savitzii,  dwarf,  with  white-edged 
foliage:  useful  for  bedding.    Snow  Storm,  semi-dwarf, 
pure  white.    Souvenir  de  Bonn,  lvs.  large,  deep  green, 
not  mottled,  but  edged  with  a  broad  white  margin:  dis- 
tinct and  striking:  a  useful  bedding  plant.    Splendens, 
bright  red. 

A.   Leaves  prominently  lohed,  mostly  maple-like  or 

vine-like. 

B.    Corolla  widely  open  or  spreading . 

D&Twini,  Hook.  f.    Strang  pubescent  shrub   3-5  ft. : 

Its.  velvety  pubescent  beneath,  thickish,  5-9-ribbed,  the 


ABUTILON 

lower  ones  lobed  to  the  1 
3-lobed:  fls.  1-3  at  a  pla( 
Brazil.  B.M.  5917.  — Blooms  in  both  winter  and  summer. 
Much  hybridized  with  other  species.  A .  grandijibrum 
and  A.  compdctum  are  garden  forms  ;  also  A.  floribun- 
rfi<»i,Hort.,R.H.  1881:  350. 

BB.  Corolla  mostly  longer  and  contracted  at  the  mouth. 
striitum,  Dicks.  Fig.4.  Glabrous  throughout :  lvs. thin, 
deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  long-pointed,  ratherclosely  ser- 
rate, sometimes  small-spotted:  fls.  rather  small  and  slen- 
der, hanging  on  peduncles  4-6  in.  long,  red  or  orange, 
with  browu-red  veins,  the  stamens  scarcely  or  not  at  all 
exserted.  Brazil.  B.M.  3840.  P.M.  7:  53.-Oneof  the  har- 
diest species,  blooming  continuously. 

Thdmpsoni,  Hort.  Fig.  5.  Graceful  but  strong-growing 
plant :  lvs. vine-like,  mostly  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  long- 
pointed,  thin  and  usually  glabrous,  mottled  with  green 
■•      i^h    bloti'hes:    fls.   medium    size,    yellow  or 
I  II  il  \  ■  II  -,  I  li"  column  of  stamens  conspicu- 
fi.rms.   R.H.  1885:324.    G.W. 
-  ill      .      Ill  I- and  winter.   An  offshoot  of 

,  "I-  ;i  h  I"  [1  w  iTh  that  species.  In  thedouble- 
le  Hs.  are  open-spreading.  Cions  often  convey 
tion  to  the  stock.  Common  and  valuable. 
Lemaire.  Very  strong  grower:  lvs.  large, 
deeply  palmate-lobed  and  strongly  toothed:  fls.  large,  3 
in.  long,  on  peduncles  10-12  in.  long.  Mex.  B.M.  4463. 
—A  showy  species. 

AA.  Leaves  not  lobed,  cordate,  but  prominentli/  toothed, 
sometimes  angled. 
B.   Corolla  wide-spreading. 
inaigne,  Planchon.  (A.  igneum,  Hort.).  Lvs.  medium 
size,  crenate-dentate,  acuminate,  villouspubescent  un- 
derneath:  fls.  large,  flaring-mouthed,  white  with   very 
heavy  and  rich  veining  and  markings  of  purple  and  red, 
on  slenderhangingpeduncles.  New  Granada.  B.M.  4840. 
(ill.  18:  2G3. — Very  showy;  common. 

longicuspe, Hochst.  VTliite-i-anoseint  slirub,with  long- 
acuminate,  broad-riinlil.  nil  1  IumI  Im,,!1i.  .1  Imig-stalked 
lvs.,  felt-like bel.iM  :  i  .  U.  ,,n  mostly 

many-branched    :i\il  i,       .  \i     --iiiia.  —  Re- 

cently introducedlv  ^.  I  ,,,,.\  III  M  ,  .^  A-soc,  from 
seed  collected  bv  >cliin.iulunu  aii.l  .i; -i  i  il.uted  from 
Berlin  in  1893. 


orange  w 
ouslyeXM 
70:133.- 
A.  striata 
fld.  form. 


I-ig  0  Droop 
ing  habit  lvs  rather 
■-mall,  lance  -  ovate, 
acuminate,  sharp-ser- 
rate :  fls.  2-3  in.  long, 
on  short  drooping 
stalks,  the  long  calyx 
bright  red,  the  pro- 
truding petals  ■ 
yellow,  the  column  of 
picuously 
protruding.  Trop.  Am. 
.  III.  18:  359. -A  strikingly 
in  windows  and    baskets. 


rdate,  tomentose:  lis.  pale  yellow. 


fls  5  ellow  with 
■K  Urge  cream- 


6.     Abutilon  megapotamicuiTi  ( 


~  A.  pulchellum.  Sweet,  and  A.  pulehrum,  Don.=Plagiaiithus 
palchellus. — A.  ui(i/6imm,  Presl.  Lvs.  lobed;  fls.  wide-spread- 
hite-fiowered  var.) ;  plant  one  of  the  hardiest. 


ACACIA  (ancient  name)  Legummo':a>  tribe  Jlfinio 
sea.  Shrubs  or  trees  lvs  twice  pinnate  of  many  leaf 
lets,  or  reduced  to  phvllodia  or  leaf  like  petioles  as  m 
Figs.  8  and  9  (except  the  earlier  lvs  of  JounR  seedlings, 
and  occasionally  those  on  robust  shoots)  fls  \  ellow  or 
white,  minute,  in  conspicuous  globular  heails  or  c^  lin 
drical  spikes,  axillarj  solitarj  or  fastiiulate  or  diffusely 
paniculate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  stamens  very 
many,  exserted.  Australia  (chiefly) ,  afewmN  and  S 
America,  N.  and  S.  Africa  and  Asia  Ours  Australian 
unless  otherwise  stated  Prop  by  seeds  sown  under 
glass  as  soon  as  ripe  or  bj  cuttings  of  half  ripened 
wood  taken  with  a  heel  m  summer  the  seeds  should 
first  be  placed  in  hot  water  and  left  1 3  sc  tk  24  1  (  urs 
The  bark  of  most  of  the  Austrilian  and  of  srme  cthei 
species  (especially^  pijenantha  A  »  olh  •.in  i  %nd  1 
decuD'etts)  abounds  in  tinnms  win  li  mi\  t\(ntmlh 
make  their  cultivation  pre nt  il  If  m  tl  s  iitln\fst  !•  i 
outdoor  planting  in  Cilif  and  thi  ^  kfcj  in  ]  t  ii  t  1 
large  enough  to  place  111  pemianeut  juirtti  t  r  tl  \  I 
not  transplant  well  Se\eril  \frRnn  sjt  ks  >ieli  th 
gum  arable  of  comniei  e  especially  1  Sentgal  Mono 
graphed  in  part  by  Bir  n  von  JluUer  m  his  Iconography 
of  Australian  Acaciis     ited  here  as  P  v  M  Icon 

J  Bt.  RTT  Da%  y 

Of  several  hundred  known  kinds  not  more  than  50  are 
in  cultivation,  and  a  dozen  species  will  cover  those  deserv 
ing  of  greenhouse  culture  but  these  few  are  gems  All 
of  this  most  important  section  thrive  m  a  winter  tem 
perature  ranging  from  40°  to  50°  m  fact  little  above 
the  freezing  point  is  sufficient  They  do  not  like  heat 
and  consequently  are  not  adapted  for  forcing  If  w  m 
tered  cool  and  allowc  i  U  ccmc  ilong  mturalh  with  the 


ind  : 


f  tl 


II  fl 


in  March  and  A I  iril  It)  til     »uty 

Is  appreciat' il  in  tl      j  i       i  I  i  ible 

to  the  comnu-rc-ial  )l..n.Nt.  'Ihr  i.ivvaihii:,'  cnlcr  ct  all  the 
Australian  spci-iis  is  yellow,  xaryiug  frum  pak-  Union  to 
deep  orange.  The  tall-growing  kinds,  or  rather  those  in- 
clined to  make  long,  straight  shoots,  make  excellent  sub- 
jects for  planting  permanently  against  a  glass  partition 
of  a  conservatory,  or  against  a  pillar.    There  is  scarcely 


ACACIA  ,5 

a  more  beautiful  plant  than  A.  puhescens,  with  Its 
slightly  drooping,  yellow  racemes.  It  deserves  a  fa- 
vored place  in  every  cool  conservatory.  The  Acacias  are 
of  easy  culture.  If  planted  permanently  In  the  border, 
provision  for  drainage  should  be  made.  A  good,  coarse, 
turfy  loam,  of  not  too  heavy  texture,  is  all  they  want, 
with  the  addition  of  a  fifth  part  of  leaf -mold  or  well- 
rotteil  spent  hops.  Few  of  our  greenhouse  pests  trouble 
theni.  Water  In  abundance  the^ike  at  all  times,  and  In 
their  growing  season,  which  l^M^^rly  summer  months, 
a  daily  syringing  is  necessaryW^jIfcral  of  the  species  of 
bushy  habit  are  very  largely  grown  as  pot-plants  in  Eu- 
rope, and  are  now  largelv  Imported  and  sold  for  the  east- 
ern trade.  A.  armala  and  .1.  Jh-Hiiimnmlii  are  good 
species  for  this  purpose.  We  In  In  ..  ,  w  ,\\i  ..iir  hot  sum- 
mers, the  commercial  man  will  ,■  ..  ,  ;niin)rtthan 
to  attempt  to  grow  them  fr.n  i  1  li.-  Acacias 
need  pruning,  or  they  will  s.  .Mil  _  I.  -:  i:iL_;iiiLr  and  un- 
shapely; more  especially  is  tlii^  iim-  nt  ihosu  grown  in 
pots.  After  flowerinir.  .Mt  l.a.kil:.  I. ailing  shoots  rather 
severely.  Shift  into  a  I.ul-.  r  )i.if  if  r.i..ts  demand  it,  and 
encourage  growth  by  a  i;.  nial  h.  at  au.l  syringing,  giving 
at  same  time  abuiiilam  ,■  ,,f  li-i,t  and  air.    They  should 

be  pluiii,"  ■!   null  fil •<  as  snon  as  danger  of  frost  Is 

pa-i.aiii|  n  III  Hill  i.tli.  -ifenhouse  before  any  danger 
of  iail\  la!l  tin-i-.  CiiiTiii-s  root  surely  but  not  quickly. 
The  I'i--i  inati  rial  is  tin-  i-iiln  shoots  from  a  main  stem 
in  the  condition  that  tlmi^t^  lall  halt-ripened-that  is, 
not  green  and  succiiIimii  a^  fnr  a  \a'rbena,  nor  as  firm 
and  hard  as  the  wood  nf  a  hvluiil  |i,.rpctnal  rose  in  Nov. 
The  wood  or  shoot  will  Im  in  almut  the  right  condition 
in  June.  No  bottom  heat  Is  needed,  but  the  cuttings 
should  be  covered  with  a  close  frame  and  kept  moder- 
ately moist  and  cool  by  shading.  The  following  spring 
these  young  plants  can  be  either  planted  out-of-doors, 
where  there  is  a  good  chance  to  keep  them  well  watered, 
or  grown  on  in  pots,  as  iI.-^iTiliiil  almve.  A  few  of  the 
finest  species  are -1 . /"('n  m  .  hn,  Miiialile  for  training  on 
pillars;  A.  Miceana  maki^  a  lu-li  nr  can  be  trained; 
A.  longifoUOy  an  erect  sjni-ii  >.  ibserves  a  permanent 
position  in  the  greenbi  use  Itrdir  Of  all  the  species 
best  adapted  for  medium  sized  compact  pot  plants  A 
armata  and  ..4.  Diummondii  are  the  best  The  former 
has  small  simple,  dark  green  lvs  and  gl  bular  pure  yel 
lowfls  4  Diummoxdn  his  drcopm.,  -v  hn  In  \1  ytli 
lemon  fls  As  both  these  flcwer  in  "W  i  1  tl  t  i  s 
forcing  in  our  northern  greenhouses  tl  r        il 

uable  acquisitions  to  our  E  ister  pi  ii  t  11  V  l 
has  two  distmctn e  charms  the  foln,,  i  titl  i  mill 
simple  and  glaucous  as  in  J  iinnata  rr  much  divided, 
graceful  and  fern  like  asm  4  piibe  cens  All  the  Aca 
cias  are  imong  the  freest  flowering  of  our  hard  wooded 
pUnts  Cult   ly'ttiiLUMS     tt 

The  species  in  the  \merRin  tnd  1 

nil  ler  the  f>llo\Mng  numbers     \_  acii 
ingustif>ln   Ifa     Arabica  41     irg\  r  | 
Bailoiui  4o    lidihNl    tr\  i  lo,       1 


4s 


iltnf 
1    - 


1    1  n  Hit   ill    II     Dnii 
1       tdkitormis  1^     F 
film    1     glabra    1 
grandis  46    Gieg^n 
4b,  holosericea   4(1    i 
7,  leptophylla  47    / 
0    linifolia  14    lon^  I 
Meissneri  9    melau  \ 
16     neriifjlia  22    n 
21    ch  if  I   I   U    II 


Soihjie    0         n       Icii     -  ciu  ilUtdJ4 

\     I/is    simple     that  is,  reduced  to  phyllodia   (except 
the  earlier  lis  of  young  seedlings,  and  occasionally 
those  of  robust  shoots).    JPigs.  7, 8  and  9. 
B.   Fls.  in  globular  heads. 
c.    PhyU.  terete,  or  only  slightly  Jlattened. 
1.  diSilsa,Und\.  (A. genist<rfdlia, Ijink.}.    A  tall,  gla- 
brous shrub:   branches  angular:   phyll.  %-l  in.  long. 


0  ACACIA 

1-1^  linos  wide,  quadrangular-linear,  1-nerved:  fl.  hds. 
solitary,  or  2  or  3  toRether;  peduncles  short;  fls.  yellow. 
May.    B.M.  2417.    B.K.  634. 

Var.  cuspidita,  Benth.  (A.  cuspidMa.  Cunn.).  Phyll. 
54  to  rarely  2  in.  long,  slender,  often  not  broader  than 
thick. 

2.  juncifdlia,  Benth.  (A.  pinifdlia,  Benth.).  Tall,  gla- 
brous shrub:  branches  slender,  quite  terete :  phyll.  3-6  in. 
long,  often  nearly  tetragonous,  linear-subulate,  with  a 
scarcely  prominent  nerve  on  each  side:  fl.  hds.  solitary 
or  in  pairs;  peduncles  short.    P.v.M.Icon.2:  8. 

3.  calamifdlia.  Sweet.  Broom  Wattle.  Tall  shrub  6-10 
ft. :  phyll.  3^  in.  long,  linear-subulate,  slightly  flattened, 
with  1  nerve  prominent  or  indistinct ;  point  fine,  recurved 
or  simply  oblique:  fl.  hds.  3  or  4,  shortly  racemed  in 
the  axils  of  the  terminal  phyll. ;  calyx  shortly  toothed  or 
lobed.    Feb.    B.R.  839. 

4.  exMnsa,  Lindl.  {A.  penthdra,  Kegel).  Shrub: 
branches  angular  or  sometimes  winged:  phyll.  3-4  or 
even  8  in.  long,  slender,  linear-subulate,  almost  tetrago- 
nous, with  a  prominent  nerve  on  each  side:  peduncles 
1-headed  or  rarely  irregularly  racemose  in  the  a.xils  of 
the  terminal  phyll. :  calyx  triangular,  truncate.   Mar. 

cc.    Phyll.  vertically  flattened. 

D.     Veins  of  phyll.  1,  or  very  rarely  2. 

E.   Fl.  heads  solitary  or  in  pairs  or  clusters. 

p.   Length  of  phyll.  1  in.  or  less. 

G.   Stipules  persistent  as  slender  spines. 

5.  arrnkta.,  R.Br.  (A.  undulAta, Willd.  A.  paradoxa, 
DC.  Mimosa  paraddxa,  Poir.).  Kangaroo  Thorn. 
Fig.  7.  Spreading  shrub,  6-10  ft.  high:  branches  pubes- 
cent: phyll.  1  in.  long,  semi-ovate,  undulate,  obtuse,  or 
with  a  short,  oblique  point:  heads  solitary:  peduncles 
oxlUary,  equaling  the  phyll., borne  all  along  the  branches : 

fls.  fragrant.  Feb.  B.M.  1653.  F.E. 
9:401,  431.- Good  hedge  shrub. 
Grown  also  for  spring  bloom. 

GG.    Stipules  small,  deciduous, 
nrO. 

fi.  lineAta,  f'M'!!i.    Bushy  shrub: 
■  I.,  .   ,,,,1.,  ,,  ,  ,,t.  ti-rete:  phyll. 
?-j-'.n  'IIn   linear;  point 

sni:il!  hmcle  solitary, 

axillii    .1  111'  1,  equaling  or 

.•\r,,  iliiiL'  iIm'  |.Ii\  II.,  [.'labrous:  fls. 
11. -Ii   >rll.,w.    .M^ii-.    1!..M.  3346. 

7.  acinacea,  l.iinll.  [A.  Latrbhei, 
Mciysii.;.  ^liriilj  :  branches  gla- 
brous, angular:  ]iliyll.  K-?iiin.  long, 
about  3  lines  wide,  obliquely  oblong 
or  somewhat  falcate,  obtuse,  with  a 
small,  recurved  point:  peduncles 
slender,  about  equaling  the  phyll. 


8.  obliqua,  Cunn.  [A.  rotundi- 
(■•Vut,  Htmk.).  Shrub  :  branches 
L'labrescent  :    phyll.   X  'to  nearly 

•  in.  long,  obliquely  obovate  or  or- 
Miular  ;  mid-nerve  terminating  in 
a  minute, recurved  point:  peduncles 
verv  slender,  mostly  exceeding  the 
phyll.    Mar.    B.M.  4041. 

9.  Meissneri,  Lehm.  Tall  shrub: 
young  branches  glabrous,  acutely 
angular  :  phyll.  K-1  in.  long,  2-4 
lines  broad,  obovate-oblong  or  ob- 
liquely cuneate,  obtuse,  or  with  a 
small,  hooked  point  :  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  phyll. :  fls.  vellow. 
May. 

FP.  Lengt}i  of  phyll.  l}4-i  in. 
10.  dodonseifdlia.Willd.  Tall  shrub, very  resinous, shin- 
ing :  phyll.  2-4  lines  wide,  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate, 
mostly  obtuse,  1-nerved,  lateral  veins  prominent  and 
anastomosing:  stipules  0:  peduncles  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
about  )iin.  long.    Mar. 


(XJ^). 


ACACIA 

EE.    Fl.  heads   in  axillary  racemes  (rarely  reduced  to 

a  solitary  head). 

F.   Phyll.  S  in.  or   less  long,  broad. 

G.    Racemes  much  exceeding  the  phyll. 

11.  lunata.'^i.  I'M  .•'    rf.V'fi.r'i;iiii.).  Glabrous  shrub: 

phyll.  less  tl:    .    1  ..,    1 ,,1,1,  ,,,,1,  -lanceolate  or  ellipti- 

cal-cune;ir.'.  -.Iilique  or  recurved 

point:  fls.  \.  .,  ,1       !,.,  II  ■al,3-4 lines  broad; 

seeds  pla.-.',l  .!,,-.  i..  il,.  ui.i,  i  -unir.-.  Apr.  B.E.  1352. 
—  Without  thr  t'niit  this  may  easily  be  mistaken  for  A. 
linifolia  vav.prominens. 

12.  cnltiiidrmis, Cunn.  (A. cidtrAta, Ait.).  Tallshrub, 
glaucous  with  wax  when  young  :  phyll.  K-54in.  long, 
falcate-ovate  or  almost  triangular,  mncronulate,  with 
thickened  margins  and  usually  a  marginal  gland  at  the 
angle  on  the  convex  side:  fl.  heads  in  axillary  racemes 
much  exceedingtbe  phyll. :  pods  flat,  about  3  lines  broad; 
seeds  placed  close  to  the  upper  suture.  Mar.  R.H.  1896, 
p.  503.    J.H.  III.  34:131. 

13.  pravissima,  F.v.M.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree;  gla- 
brous: phyll.  mostly  3-0  lines  long,  obliquely  falcate- 
c'liniiii.  ..r  iiliiH.st  trapezoid,  recurved,  imperfectly  2- 
\"*    '      '      '  t   irland  much  below  the  angle  on  the 

.  I    ,h1s  in  handsome  axillary  raceraesmuch 

i\  '  III.,  I",  i-lnll.:  pods  flat,  about  3  lines  broad; 
.sLud.--  piae(_  J  aluii^  the  Center  of  the  pod. 

GG.  liacemes  not,  or  only  slightly,  exceeding  the  phyll. 

14.  linifdUa,  Willd.  Tall  shrub:  phyll.  1-lXin.  long, 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  straight,  rather  thin;  marginal 
gland  small,  near  the  base:  fl.  heads  in  slender,  axil- 


2168.    See  No.  11. 

Var.  pr6minens,  "Sh  ■ 
broader,  linear-lain  . 
gland  prominent,  'h- 


IN /i,5,Cunn.).  Phyll. 
ii:- falcate;  marginal 
ase.    B.M.  3502. 


15.  brachybdtrya,  I-  mli.  lall  1,™!.:  phyll.  X-lKin., 
rarely,  in  luxuriant  s|)f''iniens,  2  in.  long,  obliquely  obo- 
vate or  oblong,  firm,  rather  broad,  obtuse  or  mncronu- 
late:  fl.  heads  few,  in  short,  axillary  racemes,  about 
equaling  the  phyll.,  or  rarely  reduced  "to  1  bead:  fls  20- 
50  in  a  head:  pods  flat,  linear  ff  narrow-i-Iliptical. 

Var.  argyrophylla,  Benth.  (.1.  .i nnin'rhfilht .  II..ok.)- 
Silvery-silkv,  turning  soraeti  I  IMS  -,.1.1,  n  mII.iw:  plivH. 
mostly  %-l>$ in.  long:  fl.  heads  ..it.  u  .^.ilitary.  1;..M.  4:W4. 

Var.  glaucophj'lla,  Benth.  (ilaucous  and  more  or  less 
pubescent:  phyll.  mostly  K-Jiin.  long:  fl.  heads  mostly 
2-5,  shortly  racemose. 

Var.  glabra,  Benth.  Quite  glabrous:  phyll.  small  and 
narrow:  fl.  heads  small. 

16.  myrtildlia,  Willd.  Shrub,  rarely  tall:  phyll.  l-2in. 
long,  very  variable,  firm,  usually  acute  or  mucronate 
and  narrowed  at  base,  with  thickened,  nerve-like  mar- 
gins, and  a  marginal  i-hiii.l  1..I..W  tlie  middle:  fl.  heads 

several,  in  short.  :.\''i    .^    .  -  aliout  equaling  the 

phyll.:  fls.  2-4  in  a  ,  ,.  ;  i  ,  i,  L.rge:  pods  linear, 
thick,  curved,  with  N  i  i  :  i  i,;iiis,  2-3  lines  broad. 
B.M.302,  asMimos.,  „   ,-   .■       .. 

Var.  celastrifdlia,  Benth.  {A.  celaslrifblia,  Benth.). 
Phyll.  mostly  lK-2  in.  long  and  often  1  in.  broad.  B.M. 
4306. 

Var.  norm&Iis,  Benth.  Phyll.  mostly  1-2  in.  long  and 
about  J^^ln.  broad. 

FF.    Phyll.  2-6-12  in.  long  (sometimes  only  V.i  in.  in 
A.  obtusata). 

Var.  angustifdlia,  Benth.  Phyll.  mostly  2-4  in.  long, 
2—4  lines  broad. 

G.    Tlie  phyll.  distinctly  penniveined. 

17.  falcata,  Willd.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree;  glabrous: 
branches  angular:  phyll.  3  to  above  6  in.  lon^,  lanceolate- 
falcate,  acuminate,  much  narr.nvf.l  i..  tin-  base;  margi- 
nal gland  close  to  the  base  ..r  n:  s.  paN  tr.-.-,  narrow: 
pods  rather  narrow;  funicle  .  ii.inlin::  lii.-  seal. 

18.  penninfirvis,  Sieb.  Tree:  glal.r..us:  liran.'hesangu- 
lar:  phj'U.  3  to  above  6  in.  long,  oblong  to  lanceolate- 
falcate,  acuminate,  much  narrowed  to  the  base;  margins 
nerve-like;  gland  distant  from  the  base  or  0:  pods  broad; 
funicle  encircling  the  seed.   Mar,    B.M.  2754. 


ACACIA 

Var. falcifarmis,  Beiith.  (.1.  fah-lf^rmis,  DC).  Phyll. 
mostly  larger  and  more  falcate:  young  shoots  and  in- 
florescence minutely  hoary  or  golden-pubescent  ;  pod 
nearly  Kin.  broad. 

19.  salfgna,  Wendl.  Shrub  G-10  ft. :  branchlets  angu- 
lar: phyll.  4-f)  in.  long,  falcate-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
narrowed  to  the  base,  rather  obtuse,  glaucous  and 
.smooth,  till-  lateral  veins  but  little  conspicuous:  racemes 
shiTt:  I'tMlunrles  short:  fl.  heads  few,  large.    Mar. 

■JO.  cyanophylla,  T,i.i.ll.    Bi,it.-t,f.(vf,i>    W^tti.k.    Tall 


V-J-sin.  long:   fl.  heads  ri-.-|.  large,  golden  villow.    Mar. 
Gn.  52,  p.  99. 

21.  obtUBita,  Sieb.  Tall,  glabrous  .shrub:  phyll.  lK-3 
in.  long,  oblong-linear,oralmost«patulate, usually  almost 
straight,  rather  obtuse,  point  not  curved,  thick,  rigid, 
with  thickened,  nerve-like  margins;  marginal  gland  1, 
distant  from  the  base,  not  prominent :  racemes  about 
54in.  long,  with  densely  packed  heads;  fls.  30  or  more. 
Mar. 

GG.   TJie  phijU.  tJiick, usually  with  inconspicuous  latera I 
veins  {conspicuous  in  A.  pycnantha). 

22.  neriifdlia,  Cunn.  {A.  reti'nddes,  Schlecht.  A.reti- 
nddeSfVUT.  floribilnda,  Rort.).  Fig.  8.  Tall,  handsome 
shrub  or  small  tree:  branchlets  slender:  phyll.  3-5  in. 
long,  2-5  lines  wide,  linear-lanceolate,  falcate,  much  nar- 
rowed to  the  base:  racemes  l-ZyHn.  long  ;  peduncles 
about  2  lines  long  :  fls.  bright  yellow.  Mar.  P.  v. M.  Icon. 
.'5:9.  R.H.  18%.  p.  505.  A. F.  13:  880. -Useful  as  a  street 
tree  in  Calif. 

2;?.  pycnintha,  Benth.  Golden  ^Vattle.  Small  tree: 
phyll.  3-0  in.  long,  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  or,  on  vig- 
orous shoots,  even  obovate-f alcate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  dis- 
tinctly penniveined,  with  a  conspicuous  marginal  gland 
near  the  base:  fl.  heads  in  axillary  racemes,  on  short  pe- 
duncles, large,  fragrant:  funicle  scarcely  folded.  Feb. 
R.H.  189G,  p.  501.  — Very  variable  in  shape  and  size  of 
phyll. 

24.  saliolna,  Lindl.  Small  tree  :  branches  drooping  : 
foliage  pale:  phyll.  2-5  in.  long,  2M-6  lines  wide,  ob- 
long-linear or  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base,  thick,  rigid, 
with  a  curved  point;  midrib  and  marginal  veins  scarcely 
prominent:  racemes  short,  often  reduced  to  2  or  3  heads, 
or  even  only  1:  peduncles  slender:  fls.  about  20  in  the 
head:  pods  straight;  funicle  scarlet,  folded  under  the 
seed. 


,  different 

in  aspect  and  the  nerve  of  the  phyll.  much  more  promi- 
nent:  phyll.  linear-lanceolate,  with  an  oblique  or  re- 
curved callous  point. 

2(!.  suavSolena,  Willd.  Shrub  3-6  ft.  high,  glabrous: 
branches  acutely  angled:  phyll.  3-6  in.  long,  2—4  lines 
wide,  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear;  margins  thickened: 
racemes  about  %in.  long  before  opening,  inclosed  in 
large,  imbricate  bracts:  lis.  6-10  in  a  head.  Apr. 
DD.    Veins  of  phyll.  several  (rarely  only  2), 

27.  6swaldi,  P.  v.  M.  Tall  shrub:  phyll.  lK-2  in.  long, 
falcate-oblong  to  linear,  rigid,  mostly  mucronate,  finely 
striate,  twisted,  mostly  3  or  4  lines  broad.  P.  v.  M.  Icon. 
6:10. 

28.  pSndula,  Cunn.  Weeping  Myall.  Handsome  small 
tree:  branches  pendulous:  foliage  pale  or  ash-colored, 
with  minute  pubescence:  phyll.  l}4-2iiiii.  long,  nar- 
rowly lanceolate  or  almost  linear-falcate,  ending  in  a 
curved  cusp;  nerves  few,  indistinct:  racemes  very  short, 
sometimes  reduced  to  a  solitary  head;  peduncles  5S 
lines  long.    P.  v.  M.  Icon.  6 :  8. 

29.  harpoph^lla,  F.v.M.  Tree:  branchlets  slightly  an- 
gular: phyll.  0-8  in.  long,  lanceolate,  very  falcate,  nar- 
rowed at  the  end  but  obtuse,  much  narrowed  at  the  base, 
coriaceous,  pale  or  glaucous;  nerves  several,  fine;  reticu- 
late veins  few  and  indistinct :  peduncles  slender,  mostly 
clustered  in  the  axils  :    funicle    short.     F.  v.  M.  Icon. 


ACACIA  7 

.'iO.  impl6xa,  Benth.  Glabrous  tree:  branchlets  nearly 
terete:  phyll.  3-0  in.  long,  2ii-o  lines  wide,  lanceolate 
and  very  falcate-acuminate,  with  a  short,  hooked  point, 
rather  thin;  reticulate  veins  numerous  and  distinct:  pe- 
duncles few,  in  a  very  short  raceme,  long  and  slender: 
fls.  pale  yellow  or  dirty  white;  pods  rather  narrow,  bi- 
convex, curved  or  twisted,  slightly  constricted  between 
the  seeds;  funicle  yellow,  folded  at  the  end  of  the  seed 
but  not  encircling  it.   F.  v.  M.  Icon.  8:  2. 


31.  melanflxylon.R.  Br.  Australian  Blackwood.  Tall 
tree,  usually  pyramidal,  glabrous:  branchlets  slightly 
angular:  phyll.  mostly  3  or  4  in.  long,  K-1  in.  wide,  nar- 
rowly lanceolate  to  falcate-oblong,  or  even  falcate-ob- 
lanceolate,  much  narrowed  to  the  base,  very  obtuse, 
thick  and  stiff;  retictilate  veins  numerous:  racemes  oc- 
casionally reduced  to  1  or  2  heads  ;  peduncles  short, 
stout :  fls.  pale  yellow  or  dirty  white  ;  petals  connate 
above  the  middle :  pods  flat,  3-4  lines  broad,  often  curved 
in  a  circle  ;  funicle  bright  red,  doubly  encircling  the 
seed.   Mar.   B.M.  1059. 

32.  Cjolops,  Cunn.  Shrub  6-10  ft. :  branchlets  angular: 
phyll.  lK-3  in.  long,  nonrly  straight,  narrow-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, rigid:  racemes  short asionally  reduced  to  1  or2 

heads:  fls.  yellow  ;  ]..  taK  sniooil,,  free:  pods  flat,  4-6 
lines  wide,  curved  or  twistrd  ;  fiiini-le  richly  colored, 
doubly  encircling  the  s.  id.    Apr.    F.  v.  M.  Icon.  8:  3. 

BB.    Fls.  in  cylindrical,  or  rarely  oblong,  spikes. 
c.    Phyll.  narrow,  pungent-pointed,  H-l  in.  long. 

33.  oxyc^drus,  Sieb.  Tall,  spreading  shrub :  phyll. 
}4-%,or  rarely  1  in.  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, scattered,  very  rigid,  striate,  with  3  or  4  prominent 
nerves  on  each  side;  stipules  small,  often  spinescent: 
spikes  often  above  1  in.  long.    B.M.  2928. 

34.  vertioilUta,  Willd.  {Mimosa  verticimta,  L'Ker.). 
Bushy,  spreading  shrub  :  phyll.  K-?iin.  long,  linear- 
subulate  to  lanceolate  or  oblong,  mostly  whorled,  rigid, 
with  1  prominent  central  nerve ;  stipules  minute :  spikes 
%-l  in.  long,  dense  ;    fls.  deep  yellow.   Apr.    B.  M.  110. 

35.  Eice4na,  Hensl.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  hand- 
some,dark  green:  phyll.  H-%Ya.  long,  linear  or  subulate, 
sometimes  very  narrow  and  1-1  Kin.  long,  scattered  or 
whorled,  1-nerved;  stipules  minute:  spikes  interrupted, 
slender,  often  above  1  in.  long  ;  fls.  pale  vellow.  Apr. 
N.  1:7. 


8  ACACIA 

cc.   Pliyll.  broader,  less  rigid,  not  piingenf-poinled, 
1)4-6  in.  long. 

36.  longUAIia,  Willd.  Sydney  Golden  Wattle.  Fig. 
9.  Tall,  handsome  shrub:  phyll.  4-6  in.  long,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  longitudinal  veins  several,  promi- 
nent: spikes  1  in.  long,  loose,  axillary,  mostly  in  diver- 
gent pairs;  fls.  golden  yellow.  Mar.  B.R.  362.  B.M. 
2166.    R.H.  1896.  p.  504. -Useful  as  a  street  tree  in  Calif. 


Var.  Sophdrse,  F.  v.  M.  [A.  Sophdrcc,  R.  Br.).  Phyll. 
2-3  in.  long,  5-8  lines  wide,  broadly  oblong,  obtuse. 

37.  lineiris,  Sims.  {A.  tonfflssi'ma,  Wendl.).  Shrub: 
phyll.  4-6  in.  long,  linear,  with  1  prominent  longitudinal 
nerve :  spikes  1-2  in.  long,  loose  and  interrupted,  slender: 
fls.  pale  yellow  or  dirty  white.  B.M.  21,i6.  B.R.  680.- 
Valued  as  a  street  tree  in  Calif. 


lines  wide,  narrowly  linear,  without  prominent  nerves  but 
minutely  striate,  rigid:  spikes  short  and  dense  on  short 
peduncles:  pods  broad,  flat,  short.   F.  t.  M.  Icon.  10:  8. 

39.  glaucfiscens,  Willd.  (.4. ojBfro'sccns,  Sieb.).  Glau- 
cous tree  50  ft.  or  more  high:  phyll.  4-6  in.  long,  5-12 
lines  broad  at  the  middle,  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at 
both  ends,  falcate,  striate,  and  with  3-5  more  prominent 
nerves,  all  free  from  the  lower  margin:  spikes  in  pairs, 
1-2  in.  long:- pods  narrow-linear,  biconvex,  irregularly 
twisted.    Mar.    B.M.  3174. 

40.  holoserfcea, Cunn.  (A.  leucophylla, Undl.).  Shrub 
or  small  tree  10-20  ft.,  white,  silky  :  phyll.  4-6  in.  long, 
1-3  in.  broad,  oblong-lanceolate,  with  3  or  4  prominent 
nerves  confluent  with  the  lower  margin  at  the  base: 
spikes  mostly  in  pairs,  sessile,  about  2  in.  long.    Mar. 

AA.    Jyvs.  all  bipinnate. 

B.    Fls.  in  globular  lieads. 

c.    JTeads  in  terminal-axillary  panicles  or  racemes: 

stipules  small  or  0. 
D.    Trees:  pinnw  in  S-15  pairs,  fl. -heads  panicled. 

41.  decurrens,  Willd.  Green  Wattle.  Branchlets  with 
very  prominent  angles   decurrent   from   the   petioles  ; 


ACACIA 

glabrous,  or  the  young  shoots  slightly  tomentose-pubes- 
cent :  leaflets  1-2  lines  long,  narrow,  rather  distant : 
fls.  whitish  yellow:  pods  mostly  less  than  4  lines  wide, 
flat,  more  or  less  contracted  between  the  seeds.  Mar.- 
May. 
Var.  normalia,  Benth.    Leaflets  3^  lines  long. 

42.  mollissima,  Willd.  (A.  decurrens  var.  mdllis, 
Lindl. ).  Black  Wattle.  Branchlets  with  decurrent  an- 
gles only  slightly  prominent :  foliage  and  branchlets  pu- 
bescent, the  young  shoots  of  a  yellowish  or  golden  tinge; 
leaflets  2-3  lines  long,  narrow,  crowded:  fls.  fragrant: 
pods  mostly  less  than  4  lines  wide,  flat,  more  or  less  con- 
tracted between  the  seeds.  Dec-Mar.  B.R.  371. -The 
names  of  this  and  of  the  next  species  are  often  inter- 
changed in  gardens  and  even  in  herbaria. 

43.  dealbita,  Link.  Silver  Wattle.  Branchlets  with 
decurrent  angles  only  slightly  prominent  :  foliage  and 
branchlets  very  glaucous  or  hoarj',  with  a  fine  pubes- 
cence, the  young  shoots  whitish;  leaflets  2-3  lines  long, 
narrow,  crowded  :  pods  mostly  more  than  4  lines  wide, 
flat,  hardlv  constricted  between  the  seeds.  Mar.  A.F. 
13:880.  R."H.  1896,  p.  502. 

DD.    Shrubs  or  small  trees:  pinnm  mostly  in  2S  pairs: 
fi.  heads  racemed. 

44.  pub^scens,  K.  Br.  Hairy  Wattle.  Shrub  6-10  ft.: 
branches  and  petioles  hirsute:  pinnie  mostly  3-8  pairs; 
leaflets  6-20  pairs,  1-2  lines  long,  crowded,  linear,  gla- 
brous: racemes  slender,  longer  than  the  Ivs.  Mar.  B.M. 
1263.    F.R.  1:733. 

45.  BaileyJlna, F.v.M.  Small,handsome tree:  branches 
and  foliage  glabrous  and  glaucous:  pinnse  2-3  pairs; 
leaflets  about  13  pairs,  lK-2}^  lines  long,  crowded, 
linear:  racemes  3-4  in.  long.  Jan.  F.  v.  M.  Icon.  12:  5. 
G.C.  III.  15:37. 


Beads 


cles: 


46.  puIchSUa,  R.  Br.  Elegant  shrub:  branches  slender, 
glabrous  or  hirsute,  usually  armed  with  subulate  axillary 
spines  :  pinnee  1  pair  ;  leaflets  4-7  pairs,  1-2  lines  long, 
obtuse:  fl.  heads  solitary;   fls.  yellow.   Apr. 

Var.  grindlB, Hort.  {A.grdndis.Hentr.).  Shrub  6ft., 
glabrous:  leaflets  8-10  pairs,  longer:  fls.  vellow.  Feb.- 
May.      J. H.  111.35:369  (1897). 

Var.  hispidlBsima,  Hort.  {A.  hispid Issima,  DC). 
Branches  very  hirsute,  with  long,  spreading  hairs : 
leaflets  narrow:  fls.  white.    B.M.  4588. 

47.  VaTneaiina,Wnid.{A.leptophftUa,DC.).  Popinac. 
Opopanax.  Cassie.  Huisache.  Much  branching  shrub, 
6-10  ft.:  stipules  straight,  slender,  sometimes  minute 
spines;  pinnee  5-8  pairs;  leaflets  mostly  10-25  pairs,  1-2 
lines  long,  narrow,  linear,  glabrous:  peduncles  2  or  3  in 
the  older  axils:  fl.  heads  large,  globular,  deep  yellow, 
very  fragrant:  pods  almost  terete,  indehiscent,  at  length 
turgid  and  pulpy.  Feb.-Mar.  Tex.,  Mex.,  Asia,  Afr. 
and  Austral.    Grown  in  S.  France  for  perfumery. 

48.  Cavinia, Bertero.  Espino.  Cavax.  Height  20  ft.: 
spines  stout:  leaflets  scabrous,  scabious-pubescent.  Oth- 
erwise near  to  A .  Farnesiana,  of  which  it  is  sometimes 
considered  a  mere  variety.    Chile.— A  good  hedge  plant. 

49.  ArAbica,  Willd.  Gum  Arabic  Tree.  Fig.  10.  Small 
tree,  with  spiny  stipules:  pinnse  3-6  pairs,  each  with  40 
or  less  very  narrow  leaflets  :  fls.  white,  in  globular,  pe- 
dunculate heads,  which  are  usually  in  3's.   Arab,  and  Eu. 

50.  filiclna,  Willd.  Unarmed  shrub :  pinnae  2-15  pairs; 
leaflets  20-50  or  more  pairs  ( rarely  10-15 ) ,  very  small : 
fl.  heads  globular:  pods  linear,  straight,  flat,  not  pulpy. 
Tex.  and  Mex. 

BB.    Fls.  in  cylindrical  spikes. 

51.  Grfiggii,  Gray.  Small  tree  10-20  ft.,  pubescent, 
often  with  scattered,  short,  stout,  hooked  prickles  : 
pinnae  2-i  pairs,  %-!  in.  long  ;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  2  or  3 
lines  long,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  thick,  and  with  2  or 
3  straight  nerves :  peduncles  yi-1  in.  long.  Apr. 
Tex.,  S.  Calif,  and  Mex. 

52.  Cdtechu,  Willd.  Tree:  pinnae  8-10  pairs,  each  bear- 
ing 100  or  less  linear,  pubescent  leaflets  :  fls.  yellow  ; 
spikes  solitary  or  in  2's  or  3's.  E.  Ind.— Yields  Catechu, 
a  valuable  tannin. 


ACACIA 

53.  Drummondii,  Benth.  Bush  or  small  tree:  pinnse 
2-4  pairs,  each  with  4-10  linear,  very  obtuse  glabrous 
leaflets:  fls.  pale  lemon-yellow,  in  dense,  solitary,  droop- 
ing spikes  1-1}4  in.  long.  Austral.  B.M.  Sigii-Hand- 
some,  and  popular  for  spring  bloom,  as  at  Easter. 

In  the  following  supplementary  list,  the  heights  given  are 
those  attained  by  the  plants  under  glass  in  N.  Europe  ;  in  the 
open  air  in  the  southwest  U.  S.  they  often  grow  much  taller, 
and  sometimes  flower  2  months  earlier.  Except  when  other- 
wise stated,  the  flowers  are  yellow.  Those  m.irked  {*)  are  con- 
sidered most  desirable.   Tho-.    ini[li4     Mm'.     ti      1   ji..tlionse 


Kunth.=Lysilo 
■     ■'4t't.- 


ft.  May.  B.R.3aB.-J.c 
erophylla.— .4.  aiujula 
Lodd.=longifolia.  var. 
brachybotrya,  var.  art; 
feldii,  Regel.  A..1mi. 
Regel.=aspera.- 


Desv.=discolo 


-A.nhitn,  K.Br.,  6 
-May.  Near  to  het- 
—A.  angustifdlia, 
•itrophylla,  Hook.= 
I.I,  Lindl.  (A.  Aus- 
M  |^  -^A.AusfHdii, 
'pinia  bijuga.— 


Bartheriana,   !l.  -        I  l 

Fls.?  Mexico.— .1  /.' '  I  i  mmfragrans.— 

4.(<Wdra,R.Br.  lit  M,,  -1  ',  -,..'„  In  s  (t.  May.-J. 
brachyacdntka,  Humh.  iV  Bonpl.=.Mimosa  ac.anthocarpa.— ^ . 
brevifdlia,  Lodd.=liUiala. — -4.  brempes,  Cunu.=melanoxylon. — 
A.  Surmanniana.  DC.  Fls.?  6  ft.  Ceylon.  Stove.— A. buxifo- 
iia,  Cunn.  4  ft.  Apr.  Hook.Icon.164.— A.  ccesid, Wight  &  Am. 
(A.  Intsia,  Willd.).  20  ft.  E.  Indies.  Stove.— A.  celastrifolia, 
Benth.=myTtifoHa,var.  celastrifolia.-A.  cmtrophylta.DC.  20 
ft.:  white.  Jamaica.  Stove.— A.(7fra(^n!(^,WLlld.=MimosaCera- 
tonia.— A.  chrysdstachys,  Hort.=Piptadeniachrysostachys.— A. 
ciliata,  R.  Br.=strigosa.— A.  cinerascens,  Sieb.=glaucescens.— 
A.cochleclris,  Wendl.  4  ft.  Apr.  to  May.— A.  conctona,  DC.  20 


ii'ijna,  IiOud.=Pithe- 
inn.  Apr.— A. corddta, 
mother  species.— A.  con 
'"  '    =sradicigera.— J 


.Indies.  Sto 
colobium  umhellatum.— A.  confcrti 
trade  name,  probably  belongs  to  i 
acta,   DC.  5  ft.   May.— .1.   coraisrcra.  Willd.= 
caronillcefblia,  Desf.  10  ft.    N.  Afric      ' 

Conn.  6  ft.  May.— A.  cuUrata,  Hort.=cultriformis.— A.  cune- 
dta,  Benth.  Apr.— A.  cuspidata,  Cunn.=diffusa,  var.  cuspidata. 
—A.eycnbrum,  Hook.=obscura.— .4.  drt('ics(Vp/(>/("(i,  Cunn.  6  ft. 
Juno.— A.  dedpiena,  ■va.T.pramorsa.  Hort.*  3  ft.  May.  B.M.  3244. 
—A.  decurrens,  var.  muliis,  Benth.=mollissima.— A.  densifuUa, 
Benth.=aspera.— A.  denlifera,  Benth.  Apr.  B.M.  4032.— A.  de- 
pindens,  Cunn.=longifolia,var.mucronata.— A.deitnc7is,  Burch. 
3  ft.  May.  S.  Afr.— A.  diptera,  Willd.=Prosopis  juliflora.— A. 
diptera,  Lindl.  Shrub:  fls.  ?— A.  diptera,  v&r.  eridptera,  Gra- 
ham. Sept.  B.M.  3939.— A.  discolor,  WiUd.  (A.  angulata,  Desv.). 
10  ft.  May.— A.  dioaricdta,  WiIld.=LysUoma  Schiedeana.— A. 
Donkelaarii  is  a  trade  name.=Mimosa?— A .  doratdxylon,*  "  Cur- 
rawanB,"abeautifulsmaUtTee:  fls.  golden  yellow.— A.  dinndsa, 
Wight*  Am.  =latronum.—A.e6«mea,  WiUd.  5ft.  E.Ind.  Stove. 
—A.ecMnula,  DC.=juniperina.— A.  cdu(ts,  Humb.  &  Bonpl.= 
Famesiana.— 4.  elata,  —*.  "Pepper-tree  Wattle."— A.  eionffdta, 
Sieh.*6ft.  M.iy.  B.M.  33:i7.  Especially  suitable  fordamp.  sandy 
land.— A.  emargirutla,  Wendl.=stricta.— A.  eriocldda,  Benth. 
June.— A.  Esterhazia,  Mackay.  4  ft.  May.— A.  falcifoniiis, 
DC.=penninervis,  var.  falciformis.  —  A.  ferruglnea,  DC.  E. 
Indies.  Fls.!  Stove. —  A.  MezicauUs.  Benth.=Pithecolobium 
flexicaule.  Coulter.- A.  fioribunda,  Willd. =longifolia,  var.  flori- 
bunda.— A./?on7;M;ida,Hort.=neriifolia.— A.  formbsa,  Kunth. 
=Calliandraformosa.— A. /ronddsa,  Willd. =Leueienaglauca.— 
A.  fruticbsa,  Mart.=Piptadenia  latifolia.— A.  genistcefblia , 
Link.=diffusa.— A.  giraffes.  Willd.  "Camel-thorn."  JO  ft  S 
Afr.  Fls.  ?  Stove. 
glaUca,  Hort.=A. 


—A.glaitca,  Mceneh.=LeucEena  glauca.— A. 

glauceseens.— A.  /7rd7idis,  Henfr.=p\dchella, 
'.  grandis.— A.  grata,  Willd.=Piptadenia  macrocarpa.— 
gravtolms.  Cunn.=vcmiciflua.-A.  GuayaQuilensis.  Desf. 


=Mimos% 
nodendr 


ens  s      W  Ud  =Stryph 


■'Oft 

Fls  yellow  or 

ft     mIv 

BM 

s 

Afr -A 

heteo 

-A 

ht.p  la 

Hort 

=A 

pul  hell 

s    1  =1        t  1 

1     / 

Willd=J^lbzz% 

Idbr 

nula  DC)     6  ft 

Alb  zz  a  Jul  1  r 

Sto  e-A   io    b 

A  la   Ig  ra  L 

Lvs  loma  lat    il 

tro    I      Wdld    1 

des    Stove -4    I 

Stove -4    7  n 

;      -^^    1 

Benth  =     1 

Stove  -  1 

leaves 

Stove  -  1 

6  ft     Aj.        11 

1         - 

leucophlara.  Willd.  12 
A.  leucophylla.  Colvill 
cina.— A.  longifblia,  •■ 


viiT.giganlea,U<Tt  =-.\lin 
■■    ■■        -    ■■■.=All,izzia 


.M.ii  I  M  J-,  -  1  .  .w,„„,  Wendl. 
ill.izzia  Ic.pbantha.— A. 
;zia  lophantha,  var.  gigan- 

---   lucida.— A.      Mangium, 

Willd.  10  ft.  Molucca  IsN.  Stme -A.  microphylla,  Vf Hid  = 
Piptadeniaperegrina.-A.  mollis,  Wall.=Albizzia  Julibrissin.— 
A.N^mu,  WUId.— .\lbizzia  Julibrissin.— A.  neurocdrpa,  Cunn. 
=holosericea-A.nii;riVans.  R.  Br.  6  ft.  Apr.  B.M.  2188. -A. 
nudUidra,  Willd.  (A  Rohri.ana.  DC).  30  ft.;  white.  W.Indies. 
Stove.— A.Di)sc«m..\  DC.  (A.cycnorum,  Hook.).  2%ft.  B.M. 
•^^3.— A.iidoraltssima,  Vfilld  =.41bizzia  odoratissinia  —A.olece- 
/fiiia,  Cunn.=lunata.-A.  oligophyUa.Suffm.^.:  I  n  Tl.l.itit' 
Stove —.1. or«dfa  is  a  namein  the  tr,ade. pro'  '  .>  .  ■  n 
■  ■  ■■         DC.=arm.,l 


Lindl.  lu  ft.  Ma 
-A.  piimatu.  L 
10  ft.  June  ~  I 
stove  climl.'T  — 
15.P.39.— A  1 
cies.-A.  i'.wr 
A.prismatica  11 
Cunn.— Unit'.. 1,. I 
hinia  Pseuda'-a-  i 
floribundum.  — ,1 


:.R.1321.-J 


semicorddfa,  1..  I 

WiUd.  30ft.:    IN    .1,1  . 

Cunn.    Apr.— u    .s , 

longifoli.a.  var.  .'■iopliora 

nigera,  Willd.).     15  ft. 

Stove.— A.  specibsa,  Wi 

Cunn.*  Apr.  B.R.  1843:46. 

Balb.   lift.;  red  and  vello 

mala,  Lindl.  Apr.  Hook.  Ic 

Mar.-.l.  slipulata.  DC.=All.izzia  s 

(A.  emarginata,  Wendl.).    2  ft.   Ma 

Link.    (A.  ciliata,   R.  Br.).     4  ft.-A.   strnmbuhferi. 

Prosopis  strombulifera.— A.  «((>u?ti*a,  Bonpl.  4  ft. 

"   ■  1  ft.    July.   B.R.  928.— A..V!'(nin,  Gurz      10ft- 

■     (.Willd.  (A.  pinnata). 

.  taxifblia,  Lodd.=Riceana.— 


pale    yellow. 

ld.=Albizzia    Le 

6.    Remark.aldy 

(Tuadeloupe 

.  Plant  307  - 


iimfbl,,,    1 

,             1^         M          "V 

,        '"-^ 

-"•  I'linodeudron 

1  ni.li,,  tctragona. 

.::,      HBK.    (A. 

'    ,  limber.— A. 

1  1  hispida.- 

1    s.umentbm. 

iidens.-.4. 

1    .V<;«ci7o(, 

'  1    1     V,' 

■tela,  Willd. 
Wi/ld.= 


suleata,  R. 

fls.  1  E.Indies.  Stove.- 

4ft.:  white.   S.  Amer. 

A.' tomentbsa,  Willd.    20  ft.:    fls.?    E.Indies.    _   _    _.     _.    . . 

chbdes,  Willd. =LeucaBna  trichodes.— A.  trinervdta,  Sieb.  6  ft. 

Apr.— A.  trlstis,  Graham=armata.— A.  umbellata.  Cunn.    Apr. 

—A.uncinata,  Lodd.—undidsefolia.- A.  undultefblia  (A.  nnci- 

nata,  Lodd).  4  ft.   May.  B.M.  3394.— A.  t/ropAyHo,  Benth.  Pale 


Acac  a  Arabica 


ellow 

Apr 

A     e 

WUd 

A     1 

A  virgata  1 

I  H 

(A  ras 

c  fol 

PR  1 

10  ACACIA,   FALSE 

ACACIA,  FALSE     See  li ihinin  Pi,euilacacia 
ACACIA,  EOSE     See  Bobtnia  liiiptda 

ACiNA  (from  akauia  thorn)  HosAreie  Dwarf 
hardy  perennial  sub  shrubs  with  iiil  nsj  i  u  us  ^reen 
flowers,  cultivated  m  rookeries  til  i      i 

spines,  which  are  borne  on  the  ell  I 

work  for  dwarf,  spring  flowerin  I 

are  unsurpassed.  Useful  in  prot  i   1 

bog  plants.    Prop    by  cuttings    n      i      -,  i       1  Ini 

sions  and  seeds.    Monogr  by  T   LitoinL   m  h.e\  ue  des 
Sciences  Naturelles  de  1  Quest,  1871  Nos  1,2  3 

microph^Ua,  Hook  f  Lvs  evergreen  pale  pinnate 
serrate  :  spines  attractive  all  summer  and  autumn  ^ 
Zeal.  — Grows  well  m  either  wet  or  diy  soils 

ovalifilia,  Kuiz  &  Pav  Lvs  a  little  larger  than  the 
Ktter,  leaflets  oblong  subcuneate     (  hile    (^n  52  p  4fi 


ACANTHOMINTHA 

II    \rg   {It)      I       H  rr   rv  Seem  ; 


(1  with 


GodsefEiaua    M  ist       Lvs    ovate  or  ovate  lanceolate, 

:r(    n    \Mth   cieimj    margin      fls    unknown      GC     III 

s   .'4'     Gng  6   278     FE    10    5o4     A  F  13    1286 

hispida    Burm    f    (  4     '^anrlprt     N   E    Brown)      Fig 

(    lit     I  iefl\  f  r  It    I  n     i    1    iin  iriutus  like  spikes 

1  I  I      I     1      I       i  1    1 1    hid     p   TOS, 

I  s  I    L   in    'jM 


natih  I 

ACALfPHA  (a  name  given  b\  Hippocrates  to  a  net 
tic).  EuphorhiAeea  Tender  foliage  plants  much  used 
for  greenhouse  ornament  ii  1  (  |  i  ill\  for  bedding 
out.    For  the  latter  purj.  I  I     t    have  strong, 

well  hardened  plants  ii  I      hould  be  set 

out  the  last  week  in  M  ii  h  soil  with 

out  check.    Prop.  b>  I        i     three  ways 

(I)  in  fall  from  outdoor  U  I  t  I  ]  1  mts  yl)  from  plants 
lifted  in  fall,  cut  back,  and  kept  lur  sprmg  stock  , 
(3)  from  stock  plants  m  pots  reserved  from  the 
previous  season.  The  well  ripened  wood  of  these 
last  is  a  great  ad^  antage    and  gives  cuttings  that  ma^ 


11.  Acalypha 


be  taken  with  a  heel  A  mature  stem  will  furnish  se\ 
eral  beside  the  top  one.  This  is  the  best  method  for  gen 
cral  purposes.  Cuttings  are  taken  below  joints,  and  re- 
quire mild  bottom  heat.  For  greenhouse  ornament  in  fall 
and  winter,  excellent  specimens  may  be  secured  from 
cuttings  made  in  summer  from  such  stock  plants. 

Cult,  by  Robert  Shore. 


A    AMFL  I  from  the  brittli,  naturo  of  the  flow 

dreenhouse  epiphjte 
II    (^  andi  longifoha   Lindl  )     E  Ind     A 
1  1  itive  \  alue  said  to  be  sold  by  its  synonym 

ACANTHEPHlPPIUM    (meanmg  unknown)      Often 

spelled      iianthophippiiim       Orchiddcew       Terrestrial 

stove  orchids     Fls    rather  1  ir^t    r  i     n  t  s(     f  w     sepals 

imbined  to  form  a  broad  \       I  II  1     1  est  in  a 

mp  st  of  loam  and  le  it  s  t  f  the 

li  ttest  moist  denselvshal    I  i  nremuch 


ACANTHODIUM      s       /  ,  ,  / 
ACANTHOLIMON       J      II 


i\  \    i\      ir  fulh  mil     1  M  I  ns     I  1 

s|      K.  m  th.    FI  ridrient   is  It 

tun„'  A.    uitholimjn    St   P  I   i 

glumiceum,   Boiss     He    1  r  en       fls 

snnll    r<  s(     en  me  sided      i  I  m  eafh 

shirt  dense  spikelet     Juh    s   ,        \  1     s  7  b77 

(  n    n      ')2     R   H   1891   p   4s  I 

veniistuni,  Boiss  (Armeria^ttum  clianthifohum  O 
K  iiitzp  I  About  8  in  lvs  grey  green  very  stiff  fls 
1 11  t,i  r  thin  the  last  rose  12-20  in  each  long  loose  spike 
let  luh-Sept  Asia  Minor  R  H  1860  4-)0  Gn  13  117 
B   M   7.0b     &n   ,3  p  40,       j   g   Keller  and  W   M 

ACANTHOMINTHA.  ZabiAhe.  Thorny  Mint.  Ten- 
der annual,  with  the  habit  of  Lamium.  Its  chief  inter- 
est is  botanical,  the  nearest  relative  of  the  genus  being 
the  Brazilian  genus  Glechon.  Only  two  species  known. 
Prop,  by  seeds  in  spring  under  glass. 


ACANTHOMINTHA 

ihcifdlia,  Gray.  Height  6  in.:  Ivs.  petioled,  ovate, 
bluntly  toothed:  fls.  3-8  in  a  whorl,  chiefly  purple,  with 
yellow  and  white  marks.  Calif.  B.M.  6750.  Int.  1891. 
—  Less  desirable  than  Lamiura,  which  see. 

ACANTHOPANAX  (a  thorny  Panax-like  plant).  Ara- 
UAcetf.  Hardy  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs:  Ivs.  alter- 
nate, long-petioled,  lobed  or  digitate,  deciduous:  fls.  iB- 


ACANTHUS 


^-  J 


flon  m    I 
o  s  I     n  I 

d«   F    u  h 


ACANTHOPHIPPIUM 


ACANTHOPHCENIX    akn     7       tl  om    an  1  p/ffi     J-    a 
/  eAwT      palms  sp  nj 


13.  Acalypha  hispida  (A.  Sandei 


conspicuou<!,  m  umbels  ;  petals  and 
black  2-5-seeded  berry.  Cent.  Asia  and  Himalayas.  Prop, 
by  seeds  or  by  root-cuttings;  A.  pentapht/Uitni  also  by 
hardwood  cuttings. 

A.    Xrs.  simple,  palmaieJi/  lohnJ. 

ricinifblium,  ^i  mi  {Aialin  Ma  uniin,  ,,;,i,Hort.  Kalo- 

p&nar   >  i,  iiui"l nmi.  'S\ii[  I     Ti.  .     sn  tt      branches  with 

in  diam..  ■lu\\ii\  l.t  ut  ,itli  \\lnii  \c.uiii;.  lobes  oblong- 
lanceohiti',  M-mite  :  mliuiesceuse  termmal,  large,  com- 
pound. Japan.  F.S.  20:  20(J7.— A  very  ornamental  tree 
of  striking  subtropical  effect.  A  new  form  from  Japan 
has  the  h  s.  less  downy  beneath  and  with  short,  broad 

^°'"^-  AA.    Lvs.  digitate. 

sessilifldrum,  Seem.  {Panax,  sessilinnriim,  Rupr.   & 
Max.).    Shrub,  12  ft.:    branche 
leaflets  mostly  :!.   oliovatt-lam 


vith  only  few  prickles: 
l:itL'  or  ublong-lanceo- 
I  iij,  iii-egularly  cre- 
: ;  :  I  I'lish,  sessile,  in 
<  -.  Manchuria, 
1  '    -The  freely  pro- 


nate-si-i-r',i'      :'   "        i     "•  ■ 

N.ChiiK,.     ■,.>    .  Ill._ ,^     '.:.  , 

duced  Utail.-.  ..r  Ijliick  Irhh,,  aiu 

pentaphyllum.  Marsh.  {A.  spindsum,  Hort.,  not  Miq. 
Ardlia  pentaphyllu,  Thuub.).  Shrub,  5-10  ft. :  branches 
long  and  slender,  with  few  compressed,  straight  prickles : 
leaflets  5-7,  oblong-obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  cuueate, 
acute,  54-1  Kin.  long,  crenate-serrate,  smooth:  tls.  green, 
in  long  and  slender-peduncled  umbels ;  styles  5,  connate. 
Japan.  — A  graceful  shrub,  with  arching  branches  and 
bright  green,  shining  foliage,  excellent  on  rocky  banks 
and  slopes.  Var.  variegatum,  Hort.  Lvs.  edged  white. 
F.S.  20:2079. 

A.Oi^tleatum,  Seem.  Spiny  shrub;  leaflets  .3-5.  shortly  peti- 
oled, glabrous.    Himalayas.—.!,  divaricatum,  Seem.  Allied  to 


ewha  1  gl     w  tl 

ho      ib      e  V 

L     ab   n  la     e  of 


ACANTHORHIZA 


IH   "b 


n  M 


Chuco    I  r  0   Ma  St     moo  1 

about  30  ft.  high,  9-10  in.  in  diam.,  slender,  flexuous:  lvs. 
orbicular,  with  a  narrow  sinus  at  the  base ;  petioles  slen- 
der, 3-6  ft.  long,  smooth;  blade  6  ft.  in  diam.,  divided  to 
or  beyond  the  middle;  segments  15-20,  lanceolate,  acute, 
1-2  in.  wide,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  glandular  be- 
low.   Braz. 


Hab. 


ACANTHUS  (nfraH/Zios,  thorn).  Acantliicea-.  Bear's 
Breech.  Mostly  hardy  herbaceous  perennials  of  vigorous 
growth  and  broad  foliage,  suitable  for  backgrounds  of 
borders  and  subtropical  effects.  The  acanthus  leaf  is  one 
of  the  commonest  of  art  forms.  The  ornamentation  of 
the  Corinthian  column  is  said  to  have  been  suggested 
by  A.  spinosus.    Height  3-4  ft.;    spikes  l-lKt't.  long  ; 


ACANTHUS 


fls.  dull  white 
Europe  A  mol 
tionalized  ataiill 


is  fatal,  especiall 


sh      Mo-ftly  southern 


L.t,     Fall  planted 


stock  should  alwi>  a  be  prutected  tor  tUi  winter  by  long 


^' 


'■% 


13.   Acanthus  spinosissimus. 


14.  Acanthus  mollis. 


litter  or  evergreen  boughs,  even  where  established  pla 
are  hardy.  Prop,  by  division  in  spring  or  early  r --- 
and  by  seeds.  Cult,  by  J.  B.  Keller. 

A.    Jyvs.  spiny. 

spinoslssimus,  Desf.  Fig.  13.  Lvs.  dark  green,  pin- 
natelyparted;  spines  glistening:  fls.infrequent;  autumn; 
spikes  loose,  pilose  or  glabrescent:  spines  of  the  bracts 
recurved. 

spindsuB,  Linn.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  pinnatifld,  pubescent ; 
spines  short,  whitish:  fls.  smaller  than  in  the  last;  sum- 
mer ;  spikes  dense,  slightly  villous.  B.  M.  1808.  Gn 
8:li7. 

AA.   1/vs.  not  Spiny. 

m6Ilis,  Linn.  Fig.  14.  Lvs.  2x1  ft.,  cordate,  sinuately 
pinnatifld,  mostly  radical:  fls.  summer;  spikes  loose,  pu- 
bescent. Gn.  52,  p.  239. —Also  recommended  as  a  window 
plant.  Var.latiiaiiuB,Hort.(4.;o««ii«.s,Hort.  A.Iyusi- 
tdnicus,  Hort. )  is  larger  and  hardier.    Gn.  1,  p.  303. 

longiS6Uu8,  Poir.  Lvs.  radical,  longer  and  narrower 
than  in  A.  moll  is, hright  green:  fls.  June.  — Though  said 
to  be  a  stove  species  in  Eu.,  it  is  the  hardiest  of  all  at 
Cambridge,  Mass. 

A.  Oaroli-Alexdndn,  Hausskn.  9-18  in.  Lvs.  few,  radical,  in 
a laxrosette, lanceolate, spiny;  spikedense.  Greece.— A. cardui- 
filiu-s.  Linn.=  Blepharis  carduifolia.- A.  ilicifblitts  (Dilivaria 
ilicifolia,  Juss.).  Smooth  greenhouse  sub-shrub  with  leaves  re- 
sembling Ilex  aqulfolium,  the  Eu.  Holly.  Prop,  by  cuttings 
under  glass.  E.Asia —A.  monWnus.  T.Anders.  Lvs.  pinnatifld 
or  sinuate-spinose.  W.  Afr.  B.M.  5516.   Stove  species. 

AC£B  (classical  Latin  name).  Sapinddcew.  Maple. 
Trees,  rarely  shrubs:  lvs.  opposite,  longpetioled,  simple 
and  mostly  "palmately  lobed,  or  3-5-foliolate,  deciduous: 
fls.  small,  in  racemes  or  corymbs;  petals  generally  5  ; 
stamens  4-12,  mostly  8  :  fr.  compound  of  two  long- 
winged  nutlets  called'  samaras.  Asia,  especially  E.  Asia, 
N.  Amer.,  Europe.  Monograph  by  Pax  in  Engler's  Bot. 
Jahrb.,  6:  287,  and  8: 177  (1885  and  1886),  suppl.  in  the 
same,    16:. 393  (1893),  and  Hook.  Ic.  Plant.  19,  t.  1897 


ACER 

( 1889) .  The  maples  are  among  our  most  ornamental  and 
valuable  trees  for  park  and  street  planting.  Nearly 
all  assume  a  splendid  color  in  autumn,  especially  the 
species  of  N.  Amer.  and  E.  Asia,  which  surpass  by  far 
the  European  maples.  Many  of  them  are  valuable  tim- 
ber trees,  and  some  American  species,  especially  A. 
saccharum,  produce  sugar.  For  purposes  of  shade, 
the  common  sugar  maple  is  best  and  most  popular. 
The  Norway  maple  makes  a  very  dense  and  round  head, 
and  is  excellent  for  lawns,  but  it  is  too  low-headed  for 
the  streets.  The  silver  maple,  A.  saccharinum  and  its 
vars.,  is  aiso  popular  where  quick-growing  trees  are  de- 
sired. The  Japanese  maples  are  among  the  most  strik- 
ing and  showy  exotic  small  tribes,  ami  are  adapted  for 
fine  grounds  and  foi-  ltmv,  ii  -  ii  i^.ts.  Prop,  by  seeds 
sown  in  autumn,  or -ti ,.;  i:  iwn  in  spring.    The 

early  ripening  specie    ,  I     .     i  li.nimim  and  A.  ru- 

/»?-»m,  must  be  sown  — h  iii.i  i..,.iurity;  the  varieties 
:iii.l    r;irp   species  niu>    be    l.iuli!.  a    in   summer  on  the 

'•■ 1   t.ii-ins  or  allied   common   kinds;  some   shrubby 

(^  A.  palmatnm,  also  A.  cissifolium   and   A. 
'    '  ;ii'.  rubrmn.m&y  be  propagated    by  layers   or 

I'l  iii'.nicl    greenwood    cuttings   in    summer.      Fancy 

iiil.hs  are  readily  winter-grafted  by  the  veneer  method, 
III'-  stocks  being  grown  in  pots.     The  Japanese   kinds 

irv  usually  worked  on  imported  stocks  ot  A.  pulmotum. 

M'inograph  of  the  garden  forms  and  varieties  by  Graf 
-hwerin  in  Gt.,  1893;  see,  also,  G.C.  II.  16:75.    About 

inn  species. 

this  coun- 

\'.  :    ■•i<<it''.|iMin,    :in  ;    dasycarpum,   1;    Floridanum,   5; 

Ml  Li       i       1  i:ii>rum,   14;    grandidentatum,    G;    Hel- 

II.  ,  22;  Italum,  7;  Japonicum,  17;  Iee- 
,  li>llum,  18;  Monspessulanum,  9;  Ne- 
-■iiiiii  ;l  ,  i,i_riiui.  4;  Nikoense,  29;  palmatum  (poly- 
iii"]|.liiiin).  Ill;  IVnnsylvanicum,  27;  pictum,  11;  pla- 
tanoides,  l.'i;  Pseudo-platanus,  19;  rubrum,2;  rufinerve, 
26;  saccharinum,  1;  saccharum,  3;  spicatiun,  25;  Ta- 
taricuiii.  2:1;  Traiitvetteri,  21;  truncatum,  10. 
A,    /        '  •-  I  ■      jj^iile,  mostly  palmate  lvs.  {occasionally 

^    .  J4};  fls.  polygamous  or  vionwcious. 
H.    /.  ,  r'    •  "ii.l  long  before  the  lvs.  in  dense  lateral 

clu,'i-c:    ;..  '  Iv'hed:   fr.  ripening  in  May  or  June. 

1.  saccharinum,  Linn.  (A.  dasycarpum,  Ehrh.  A. 
eriocdrpum,  Michx.).  Silvek  Maple.  Pig.  15.  Large 
tree,  120  ft. :  lvs.  deeply  5-lobed  to  5-cleft,  4-C  in.  long, 
green  above,  silvery  white  beneath ;  lobes  deeply  and 
doubly  serrate:  fls.  greenish  yellow,  apetalous:  fr.  pu- 
bescent when  young.  E.  N.  Amer.  S.S.  2:93.  G.C.  II. 
1:137.  Em.  556.  —  Ornamental  tree,  with  wide-spread- 
ing, slender  branches,  growing  best  in  rich  and  moist 
soil,  but  succeeds  almost  anywhere.  Lvs.  turn  clear 
yellow  in  fall.  Many  garden  forms:  Var.  Wito,  Schwer. 
(var.  Wieri  laciniatum,  Hort.).  Branches  pendulous: 
lvs.  deeply  cleft,  with  dissected  lobes.  A  graceful  va- 
riety. rini.nvk;il.li-  for  its  drnopirii;  branches  and  finely 
divjili  ,1  fi.ii.ii;...  \":ir.  heterophyllum,  Hort.  (var.  Jietero- 
plmllu,,,  I, t.,, in, I, III,.  Hurt. I.  rprifjht:  lvs.  deeply  cut 
or  li.l.iil.  \;,r.  tripartitum,  Il'.rt.  Upright:  lvs.  3- 
partcd.  V:ir.  lutescens,  Hurt.  I. vs.  yellow,  bronze-col- 
ored when  unfolding.  V:u-.  albo-variegitum,  Hort. 
(var.  Jiihikei,  Hort.).  Lvs.  sjii.tt.  il  \^  ith  white  or  rosy 
pink.  Var.  crispum,  Hort.  Lvs.  . I.. plN  .ut  and  crimped. 
—  Linnipus  evidently  suppc.s,,!  tliis  s|ii.ri.s  to  be  the 
sugar  maple,  and  naimd  it  ;irri.r.li]i;.'ly.  He  did  not 
know  the  trm-  siiL':ir  nn.plr. 

2.  ribrum.  Linn.  Hin  .m  S.  .m;i,kt  Maii.f.  Fie.  ID. 
Large  tree,  iL'n  ft.:  lvs.  ::-.'i-li.l.i-.l.  :'■-!  in.  Ion;,',  nn-en 
above,  pale  or  (;huiciius  beneath:  l,h.  ihimi  nl  and 
crenately  serrate:  fls.  red  or  scarU-t.  -  -li; 
petalsS:  fr.  glabrous.  E.  N.  Amer.  S.s  ;  I  I  i  ."i;. 
G.C.  II.  1:173.  — Very  valuable  tree  fm  m  :  n  .,  j  ark 
planting:  attractive'at  every  season  Inmi  ii-~  •  m  ■  II.  nt 
habit,  earliness  of  the  scarlet  fls.,  briu^lit  r.  .1  Iruits  in 
late  spring,  and  the  beautiful  foliage,  wliiih  turns  tiright 
scarlet  or  orange  in  autumn.  Var.  Columnare,  Kthd. 
Of  upright,  columnar  habit.  Var.  glohbBum,  Uort. 
Dwarf,  compact;  lvs.  glaucous  beneath:  fls.  bright  scar- 
let. Var.  Drtimmondi,  Sarg.  I A .  Drummondi,  Hook.  & 
Arn.1.  Lvs.  large,  mostiv  3-lobed,  tomentose  beneath 
fr.  bright  scarlet.    S.  states.   S.S.  2:95.     Var.  tomentft 


ACER 


13 


sum,  Arb.  Muse.  {A.  tomentosiim,  Desf.   A.  riibriim.var. 
fulf/eyis,   Hort.).     Of   moderate   growth:    Ivs.   o-lobed, 
pubescent  beneath:  fls.  bright  red. 
BB.    Bloom  appearing  with   or  after  the  Ivs.,  distinctli/ 

stalked. 
c.    Fls.  on  long,  pendulous,  mostly  hairy  pedicels,  in 

almost  sessile  corymbs,  appearing  with  the  Ivs., 

apetalous;  sepals  connate. 

3.  8&ccharum,  Marsh.  {A.  saccharlnum,  Wangh.,  not 
Linn.  A.  barbatum,  Michx. ).  Sugar  or  Rock  Maple. 
Fig.  17.  Large  tree,  120  ft.,v,'ith  gray  barls  :  Ivs.  3-5- 
lobed,  cordate,  3-6  in.  long,  with  narrow  and  deep  si- 
nuses; lobes  acuminate,  sparingly  dentate,  usually  glau- 
cous and  glabrous  beneath:  fr.  muiNiiy  wiilj  .--iiira.liiig 
wings.  E.  N.  Amer.  S.S.2:90.  Em.  .Lys.  -  An  .x.rllfnt 
street  and  shade  treftof  upright,  dcn^i  L:r.i\Mh.  tuiiiing 
bright  yellow  and  scarlet  in  autumn.  It  ,[,.,-^  well  in 
almost  every  soil.  Var.  Kug-^li  {A .  Ji'iii/rii,  Pax.,  ^. 
sdccharum,  var.  hnrhi'itiim.  Tnl.).  Lvs.  3-lobed,  gener- 
ally broader  than  lipng,  L'-.")  in.  :i.rciss,  pale  green  or  glau- 
cous beneath,  and  at  length  ninstlv  glabrous,  coriaceous; 
lobes  nearly  entire.  Centr.  states.  S.S.  2:91,  as  var. 
nigrum. 

4.  nigrum,  Michx.  (A.  saccharinum,  var.  nigrum, 
Torr.  &  Gray.  A.  sdccharum,  var.  nigrum,  Britt. ). 
Black  Maple.  Pig.  18.  Large  tree,  120  ft.,  with  black 
bark :  lvs.  cordate,  with  the  sinus  mostly  closed,  gener- 
ally 3-lobed,  with  broad  sinuses,  the  sides  of  the  blade 
mostly  drooping,  green  and  pubescent  beneath  ;  lobes 
acute,  entire  or  obtusely  toothed  :  fr.  with  variable 
wings.  Centr.  states.  — Similar  to  A.saecharum,  but  of 
duller  appearance  and  less  dense  habit.  Var.  monumen- 
tile  {A.  saccharinum  var.  monttmentAle,  Temple).  Of 
upright,  columnar  habit. 

5.  Floridinum,  Chapm.  i.l,   /...-/  ,   mu-.  Fl.nnla- 

«i(m,  Sarg.).  Tree,  rarely  .'.n  ;  ':     •       iruiir;,i,   :,t 

thebase,3-lobed,  lK-3  in.  :i' '  m,..,,^    Im  iir^itli  ;,n.l 

mostly  tomentose  ;  lobes  ..!,  i. ~.  ,  .  m  : i .  .,i  ^li-liilv  :;- 
lobed.'   Gulf  states.    S.S. -J.".'!,    n.i.   liiv 

6.  grandidentatum,  Nutt.  'I'lr...  tun.:  |,rti"l(s  com- 
paratively short;   lvs.  slii:tiil\    .onhiir.  :i-.^  ImImiI.  with 

ceous;  lobes  acute  or  obtuse,  entire  or  slightly  3-lobed: 
corymbs  few-flowered,  short-stalked.  Rockv  Mts.  S.S. 
2:92. 


dasycarpum). 


cc.  Fls.  in  distinctly  peduncled  corymbs  or  short  um- 
bellate racemes,  mostly  erect,  with  petals  and 
distinct  sepals. 

D.    Lvs.  ,i-5-lobed,  with  obtuse,  entire  or  obtusely  toothed 
lobes:  corymbs  short-stalked  :  ovary  pubescent : 
winter-buds  rrith  several  outer  scales. 
7.  Itaium,  Lauth.    Small  tree,  30  ft.:  lvs.  5-lobed,  3-5 

in.  long,  glaucous  beneath  and  at  length  glabrous;  lobes 

obtusely  dentate,  the  middle  ones  often  3-lobed:  corymbs 


somewhat  drooping  :  fr.  with  slightly  spreading  wings. 
S.  Eu.,  Orient.  — A  variable  species,  similar  to  a  small- 
leaved  sycamore  maple.  Var.  Hjrc&num,  Pax.  {A. 
Myrcdnum,  F.&M.  A.  Taiiricum,HoH.  A.trilobdtum, 
Hort.,  not  Lam.).  Petioles  very  slender,  red,  2-4  in. 
long;  segments  of  the  lvs.  3-Iobed,  with  straight  margins. 


8.  campSstre,  Linn.  Shrub  or  tree,  occasionally  50  tt, 
with  corky  branches  :  lvs.  3-5-lobed,  l/^~3Kln.  long, 
grei'u  and  pubescent  beneath  or  nearly  glabrous;  lobes 
intiir  or  tlie  middle  ones  slightly  3-lobed  :  corymbs 
cr.ri,  liiiry  :  fr.  with  horizontally  spreading  wings. 
i',11..  W.  .\sia.  — Shrub  or  tree  of  moderate,  dense  growth, 
with  .lull  LTi-en  foliage,  valuable  for  planting  as  under- 
growth and  i.u  dry  ground.  Many  varii-tii-s  and  garden 
forms:  Var.  arg^nteo-variegatum,  H.>rt.  Lvs.  with 
large  white  blotclns.  \'ar.  pulverul^ntum,  Hurt.  Lvs. 
sprinkled  witli  wliite.  \'ar.  Austriacum,  l)t '.  Usually  a 
tree  :  lvs,  'i-ldLid,  with  acute,  uearly  entire  lobes.  Var. 
Tailricum,  Ho(.tli.  Shrub:  lvs.  5-lobed;  small,  lobes  3- 
lobi-d.    \ar.  hebecarpum,  DC.   Fr.  and  generally  the  lvs. 

9.  Monspessulinum,  Linn.  {A.  trilobdtum,  Lam.). 
Shrub  or  small  tree,  25  ft. :  lvs.  3-lobed,  coriaceous,  1-3 
in.  across,  shining  above,  glaucous  and  glabrous  be- 
neath ;  lobes  entire  or  with  few  obtuse  teeth  :  corymbs 
erect  :  fr.  with  slightly  spreading  wings.  S.  Eu.,  N. 
Afr.,  W.  Asia.  — Shrtili  cr  small  tree  of  slow  growth,  with 
a  dense,  rounded  heail  ami  in  teiii|.eiate  regions  nearly 
evergreen  foliage,  thrivin-  «.  11  in  ,liy  situations.  Var. 
IbMcum,  Koch.  {A.  lln'riruin .  Kiel).  1.  Lvs.  larger,  the 
inner  lobes  usually  slightly  3-lobed,  obtuse. 

DD.  Lvs,  5-  or  7-lobed,  green  on  bo(h  sides;  lobes  pointed, 
entire  or  with  few  pointed  teeth:  ovary  glabrous: 
winter-buds  with  several  outer  scales. 

10.  trunc&tam,  Bunge.  Tree:  lvs. deeply  5-lobed  and 
mostly  truncate  at  the  base,  2K-i  in.  across,  glabrous; 
lobes  acuminate,  setosely  pointed,  sometimes  the  middle 
ones  3-lobed  :  fr.  with  short,  diverging  yellow  wings. 
N.  China. —  Hardy  tree,  with  handsome,  dense  foliage. 

11.  pictum,  Thunb.  Tree,  00  ft. :  lvs.  5- or  7-lobed,  3-7 
in.  across,  usually  pubescent  beneath  when  young ; 
lobes  entire,  acuminate,  sometimes  very  broad  and  short: 
fls.  yellow:  wings  of  the  fr.  uin-iglit,  Iji-own  or  brownish 
yellow,  hardly  twice  as  long  tis  tie*  niiil.t^,  .Mani-linria. 
japan.  Handsome  tree,  with  l.ii-lit  ^r.-. n  loli^ii:,..  Var. 
Mdno,  Maxim.  Lvs.  more  c(. relate  :  wings  of  the  fr. 
reflexed. 

12.  litum,  C.  A.  Mey.  Tree,  50  ft.:  lvs.  5-7-lobed, 
mostly  cordate,  3-6  in.  across,  glabrous;  lobes  entire, 
acuminate  :  fls.  greenish  yellow  :  wings  2-3  times  as 
long  as  the  nutlets.  Orient,  Himalayas.— Much  resem- 
bling A.  pictum,  but  lvs.  lighter  green  and  of  more 
membraneous  texture.  Var.  rilbrum,  Hort.  (A.  Cdlchi- 
cum,  var.  riibrum,  Hort.).    Lvs.  dark  blood-red  when 


14  ACER 

unfolding.  Var.  tricolor,  Hort.  Lvs.  dark  blood-red, 
sprinkled  with  rosy  pink  when  young.  These  two  beau- 
tiful forms  usually  remain  shrubby. 

13.  platanoides,  Linn.  Norway  Maple.  Fig.  19. 
Large  tree,  100  ft. :  lvs.  5-lobed,  cordate,  4-7  in.  across, 
glabrous;  lobes  pointed,  remotely  serrate:  fls.  yellowish 
green  :  fr.  with  horizontally  spreading  wings.  Eu., 
Caucasus.  — Large,  handsome'  tree,  with  round,  spread- 
ing heail,  n.'senil)liiiix  somewhat  A.  saccharum.  The 
lvs.  turn  li.ili  irll.i  in  :iutumn.  Many  garden  forms, 
some  c  1  !  I  -  I"  r.-  arranged  in  two  groups:  the 
first  l"n  '     !      linkable  for  the  manner  in  which 

the  lv-».  111.  nil  :  1:  .  s.-cond  being  chiefly  remarkable 
for  their  oolonny:. 

(1)  Var.  cucullituin,  Nichols.  Lvs.  irregularly  and 
shortly  lobed,  crimpled,  light  green.  Var.  diss6ctum, 
Jacq.  Similar  to  var.  Lorbergi,  but  with  darker  foliage 
and  of  slower  growth.  Var.  globdaum,  Hort.  Forming 
a  globose  head.  Var.  laciniituin.  Ait.  Lvs.  irregularly 
divided,  the  divisions  bending  downwards  :  growth 
upright.  Var.  Lbrbergi,  Van  Houtte.  Lvs.  divided 
nearly  to  the  base,  divisious  deeply  lobed. 

(2)  Var.  41bo-varieg4tuni,  Nichols.  Lvs.  with  large 
white  blotches.  Var.  ailreo-niarginatum,  Pax.  Lvs. 
with  yellow  margin,  somewhat  irregularly  lobed.    Var. 


ACEK 

maples.  They  are  extremely  handsome  shrubs  of  dense 
though  graceful  habit,  and  with  elegant  foliage,  beauti- 
ful especially  in  spring  for  its  delicate  shades  of 
green  and  red,  and  again  in  autumn,  when  the  lvs.  as- 
sume the  most  striking  tints.  .Soim-  nf  tlie  more  vigor- 
ous-growing varicti.-.  lil.i'  .,'',..,,,,,■,..,,■.  ..,,1.  .;.-,,,/„,„, 
oj-na(»»i.  and  the  t>  |i    ,.    ii'  '    Nrw 

England,  while  tilt- I  I  ■  i'li- 

der.    They  grow  br^i  111  ji.-iii;;.   -n i   -;• 'im  h  .n-  himI  in 

well  drained,  rich  soil,  iiiere  are  iij:uiy  \  arn-iu-s,  mostly 
introduced  from  Japanese  gardens,  of  which  the  follow- 
ing are  some  of  the  best.  They  may  be  divided  into  5 
groups,  representing  various  degrees  of  dissection  of 
the  leaves  : 

(1)  A.  palmitum,  var.  Thiinbergi,  Pax.  (A.  palmA- 
(lon,  Thunb.).  Lvs.  deeply  5-9-lobed  or  cleft;  lobes  ob- 
long-lanceolate, coarsely  and  doubly  serrate  or  incised. 
Var.  atropurpureum, Van  Houtte.  Fig.  20,  c.  Lvs.  dark 
I.urpli-.  c.arsrly  (loul.ly  s.rrate.  F.S.  12:1273.  Var. 
is  Lriirlitir,  ;ind  var.  nigrum,  Hort., 
lar.    iitn'/'Hrj'iin  inn.     Var.  bicolor, 

laru'-*'  i-arniiu'-  iilot<-lics.  the  lobes 
ilf  cMriiiiiic  \'ar.  aiireum,  Nichols. 
?ersicolor.  Van  IlMutti-.    Lvs.  bright 

wliit.-  sii.its.  F.S.  14:  U98.  Var. 
roseo-marginitum.  Van  Houtte. 
Lvs.  small,  deeply  cut,  with  nar- 
row pink  margin.  Var.  crispum, 
Andr^.  Fig.  20,  e.  Lvs.  small,  with 
involute  margins:  of  distinctly  up- 
right growtli.    I.H.  ];i;4:>. 

(2)     \"a]'.     septemlobum,      Koch 


sangumeum. 


dark  purple,  witli 
half  purple  and  li 
Lvs.  yellow.  Var. 
green,  with   large 


Sugar  Maple. — Acer 


ifold 


Schw^dleri,    Koch.    Lvs.   bright    red    when    young, 
changing  to  dark  green. 
DDD.    Jyi'S.  3-5-lobed  or  S-foUolafCy  doubly  serrate:  vin- 
ter-buds  small,  with  2  valvate  scales. 

14.  glibrum,  Torr.  (A.  Douglasi,  Hook.).  Shrub  or 
small  tree,  25  ft.,  quite  glabrous  :  petioles  bright  red  ; 
lvs.  deeply  3-5-lobed  or  3-parted,  1-5  in.  across,  dark 
green  and  shining  above,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath  ; 
lobes  doubly  serrate.  W.  N.  Amer.  S.S.  2:  89.  — Hand- 
some shrubby  maple,  with  graceful,  shining  foliage, 
contrasting  well  with  the  red  petioles  and  branches:  fr. 
often  rose-colored.  Var.  tripartitum,  Pax.  (A.tripartX- 
tum.  Nutt.).    Lvs.  small,  usually  3-foliolate. 

DDDD.    Lva.  5-21-Inbed,  lobes  serrate:    corymbs  long,  pe- 
dtnicled:  n-iiiter-btids  ivith  2  valvate  scales. 

15.  circlnitum,  Pursh.  Small  tree,  rarely  40  ft. :  peti- 
oles and  peduncles  glabrous  ;  lvs.  7-9-lobed,  2-7  in. 
across,  glabrous  ;  lobes  acute,  doubly  serrate  :  fls.  in 
drooping  corymbs,  with  purple  sepals.  W.  N.  Amer. 
S.S.  2 :  87.  —  Handsome,  round-headed  tree  or  shrub,  beau- 
tiful with  its  delicate  light  green  foliage,  red  fls.,  rose- 
colored  fr.,  and  its  orange  and  scarlet  fall  coloring. 

16.  palm4tum,  Thunb.  {A.  pohjmirphiim,  S.  &  Z.). 
Japan  Maple.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  20  ft.:  petioles  and 
peduncles  glabrous;  lvs.  5-9-lobe.I  ..r  ilivLIci.  2-4  in. 
across,  glabrous,  lobes  oblong,  ai-unnnat.-,  d.iul.ly  -.  r 
rate  or  incised :  corymbs  few-flowir-il.  ir- ft.  wiili  -niall 
purple  fls.  Japan.  S.Z.  1:145.  141,.  A.F.  l:;:H.-Tliis 
species    and   A.   Japonicnm    are    kuuwu    as    Japanese 


mostly  7-1. >h,,l;  l,.l,i  s  hroad,  equal- 
ly doubly  serrate.  Var.  rubrum, 
Schwer.  Lvs.  large,  deep  red  when 
voung,  becoming  almost  green  later. 
Var.  retictilitum,  Andr«.  Fig.  20, 
a.  Lvs.  greenish  yellow, with  green 
margin  and  dark  green  veins.  I.H. 
13:18.  Var.  tricolor,  Hort.  Lvs. 
with  red,  pink  and  white  spots. 

(3)  Var.  Unearilobum,  S.  &  Z. 
(var.  scolopendrifdlium,  Hort.). 
Lvs.  divided  nearly  to  the  base  ; 
lobes  Imear,  remotely  serrate  or 
nearly  entire.  Var.  atrolinei,re, 
!>chwer.  (var.  Unearilobum  atro- 
purpureum, Nichols.,  var.  pinnati- 
fiiUum  iitrnpnrpiirt  uiit,  Hort.).    Lvs.  dark  red. 

(4)  Var.  dissSctum,  Kofb  (t.  j.^inmArphuw .  var. 
decompdsitum,^.  &  Z.).  I"i-  Jn  -  1  ~  ii  i\  I'l.-.l  T"  the 
base  in  5-9  pinnatifid  lobi  - .  -  \  1 1 .  omatum, 
Carr.(var.(?iss^c(«ma*r(7' '  ;  !1  I'iL'.L'o.i/. 
Lvs.  deeply  cut,  deep  n-.l.  '  \  ar.  Frederici-GuiUimi, 
Carr.  (v&v.  pinnatHidum  ri'seo-jiiitum,  Lem.}.  Lvs. 
finely  cut,  green,  with  white  and  pink  spots.  I.H. 
14:523.    R.H.  1867:391. 

(5)  Var.  sessilifdlium,  Maxim.  Lvs.  deeply  cut,  with 
very  short  petioles.  G.C.  II.  16.  Of  little  decorative 
value. 

17.  Jap6nicnm,  Thunb.  Fig.  20, 6.  Small  tree  or  shrub : 
petioles  and  peduncles  downv  when  young  ;  lvs.  7-11- 
lobed,  cordate,  3-0  in.a.r..ss.  li-ht  -rr.n.  with  silky  hairs 
when  unfolding;  I<.t.,,  ovat..  .Imilily  s.  rrat.  :  il-.'lari,'p, 
purple.  Japan.  S.Z.  lilll.  \'ar.  macrophyllum,  \'an 
Houtte.  Lvs.  large,  li:;lit  i;r.-.  i,.  \  ar.  aureum.  Hurt.  Lvs. 
yellow.  Var.  Pirsonsi,  Veitch.  (var.  filkifuUum,  Uort.). 
Lvs.  large,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  in  9-11  pinnatisect 
segments, 
ccc.    Fls.  in  elongated,  distinctl;/  peduncled  racemes  or 


D.    ir,.. 

18.  macrophyllum, 

100  feet  high:  lvs.  .< 


I '  '  -■  I  .1  :  i  \  .  ri'  Maple.  Tree, 
n-ilai.  .  ih  r|.|^  ;;-:,-i,,i„.,|  ..r  cleft,  pu- 

paie  green  beneath.  8-12  in.  across, 
lobed:  racemes  pendulous:  fr.  with 
largely  winged.    W.  N.  Amer.     S.S. 

round-headed  tree,  remarkable  for 

hardy  in  the  North. 


ACER 

19    Pseildo-plAtanus,  Linn     '5-s. 
3  tt    Inj-li     hs    -,  I   1     '  r 

1     urc>-,s    deep  ^i 
roils  hem  ith      i -. 

UK  isus  -Lir,     t 


ACER 


15 


iMORE  AIaple     Tree 


=.pri 


glabrous,  drooping.  E.  N.  Amer.  S.S.  2  :84,  85.  Michx. 
Hist.  Arb.  2:17.  Em.  566.  —  Handsome  medium-sized 
tree  of  upright,  dense  habit,  with  bright  green,  large 
foliage,  turning  clear  yellow  in  autumn,  and  attractive 
even  in  winter  from  its  smooth,  greenish  bark,  striped 
with  white. 


\  II  viUosum,  Pi  si  Lvb  charta 
leous  ]iiilis((nt  beneath  Var 
purpurascens,   I'i\     (vars     pitipu 


Pi  I 


Ilnil, 


II.  It    I 
i_ht  ltd 


uiif  Hin,'  \  ir  W6rleei,Hort 
Jul  „  11  It  I  L^^  jellow  \  ar 
41bo-vanegatum,  Hort  Lvs  with 
whiti  1 1  .t(  h.  s  iiid  spots  Var  tri- 
color, Hort  Lvs  spotted  with  red 
changing  to  ^  hite 

20  H^ldreichi,  Orph  Tree  h  s 
5  lobed  the  middle  incisions  reath 
ing  nearly  to,  the  outer  half  way  to 
the  base,  3-5  in.  across,  glabrous, 
dark  green  and  shining  above, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  lobes  coarsely 
and  d"uMv  si-rriitc  :  panicle  erect, 
Ioni.'-stalkr.I.  ,.vat,-.    S.  E.  Eu.    Gt. 


Traiitvette 


:lil. 
Mcd-n 


22.  insigne,  Bui.ss.  &  Buhse.  Large  tree:  lvs.  5-lobed, 
deeply  cordate,  5-10  in.  across,  bright  green  above,  glau- 
cous beneath  ;  lobes  broad,  coarsely  erenate-serrate  : 
panicles  large,  erect.  Caucasus,  N.  Persia.  G.C.  HI. 
10:  189.- Remarkable  for  its  large,  handsi.nii-  f.ili:ig,-; 
not  hardv  in  the  North.  May  be  diviiltil  into  iwu  \  ari.-- 
ties:  Var.  Van  Vblxemi,  Pax.  (^.I'»H  r.i/.,-,  ,„,.  Mast.  I. 
Lvs.  at  length  glabrous  beneath.  Var.  veldtinum,  Boiss. 
Lvs.  densely  pubescent  beneath. 

Dr».  Lvs.  mostly  S-lohed  or  without  Johes,  green  beneath, 
2:l  Tatiricum,  Linn.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  20  ft. :  lvs. 
roundish  oval  or  oblong,  cordate,  sometimes  slightly 
lobed,  2-4  in.  long,  doubly  serrate,  nearly  glabrous:  fls. 
in  long  peduncled  panicles,  white.     S.  E.  Eu.,  Orient. 

—  Round-headed  small  tree,  growing  best  in  somewhat 
moist  soil. 

24.  Ginnala,  Max.  [A.  Tatdrlcum.  var.  Ghninli. 
Hort.).  Pig.21.  Shniborsmalltree,  20ft.:  lvs.:;  lobed. 
ly^-3^in.  long  glabrous,  the  terminal  lobe  elongated. 
doubly  serrate  :  fls.  in  long  peduncled  panicle.s,  yel- 
lowish, fragrant.  Manchuria,  N.  China.  Japan.  Gt. 
1877:  308.-  Graceful  shrub,  with  handsome  foliage,  turn- 
ing bright  red  in  autumn ;  may  be  used  as  a  substitute 
for  the  Japanese  maples  where  these  are  not  hardv. 
Var.  Semendvi,  Pax.  (A.  Semendvi,  Regel.).  Shrub: 
lvs.  smaller,  deeply  3-  or  nearly  5-lobed.    Turkestan. 

25.  spicitum,  Lam.  Mountain  Maple.  Shrub  or 
small  tree,  rarely  30  ft.:  lvs.  3-  or  sliirhtlv  r.-lohed, 
coarsely  serrate,  xuibescent  beneath.  J'  1'  in.  Niil': 
racemes  rather  dense,  long,  upright :  1:  .  j  ni; 
wings,  bright  red  in  summer.    E.X.  A-       ~   -    .     -_    -:;. 

—  Valuable  as  undergrowth;   lvs.  turn  m  IKw  and  -arl.t 
in  fall. 

26.  ruHn^rve,  S.  &  Z.  Tree  with  striped  bark  : 
branches  glaucous  when  young  :  lvs.  rounded  at  the 
base,  3-lobed,  3-5  in.  long,  doubly  serrate,  ferrugine- 
ously  pubescent  beneath  when  young  :  racemes  ferru- 
gineously  pubescent.  Japan.  S.Z.  2:148.  Var.  dlbo-lim- 
b4tum,  Hook.    Lvs.  edged  with  white.    B.M.  5793. 

27.  Peimsylv4iiicuin,Linn.(J..sfW(J;K»i,Dur).  Striped 
Maple.  Moosewood.  Tree,  rarely 40  ft.:  bark  greenish, 
striped  with  white  lines :  lvs.  slightlv  cordate,  roundish- 
obovate,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  6-8  in.  "long,  finely  serrate, 
f errugineously  pubescent  beneath  when  young :  racemes 


Black  Sugar  Maple.— Acer  nierum. 


iJDD.    Lrs.  not  Jobed,  penninervetl,  doubly  serrate, 

28.  carpinildlium,  S.  &  Z.  Hornbeam  :\1api.e.  Tree, 
30  ft.:  lvs.  oblong-ovate,  a.-uininat.-.  sharply  and  doubly 
serrate,  nearly  glabrous,  :i-i;  in.  Ion;.':  raceme  few-fld. 
S.Z.  2:142.  G.C.  IL  15:  504.- Very  distin.-t,  hardy  spe- 
cies; the  lvs.  are  almost  exactly  like  those  of  Carpinus. 

AA.    Foliage  of  S-5-toUolate  lvs.  (cf.Xo.14):  fls. 
dioecious. 
B.    P'iioh'S  and  young  branches  with  a  rufous,  villous 
tofii  ntum:  fls.  in  terminal  few-flowered  racemes: 
n-inti  r-buds  with  many  scales. 

29.  Nikoense,  Max.  Tree,  40  ft. :  leaflets  ovate  or  ob- 
ovate  acute  entire  or  coarsely  serrate,  2-5  in  long, 
villous  pubescent  beneath  fr  hairy,  with  large  wings. 
Japan  G  P  6  185  —  Verv  distinct,  lvs  turning  bril- 
liant scarlet  in  autumn 


platanoides. 


BB.    Petioles  and  branches  smooth  or  velvety  pubescent: 

fls.  in  long  lateral  racemes:  winter-buds  with  S 

or  4  outer  scales. 

30.  ciBsiJdIiiim,  Koch.  (Xegundo  cissi folium,  S.  &  Z.). 

Small   tree:    leaflets -3,  long-stalked,  ovate  or  elliptic, 

cuneate,  coarsely  serrate,  ciliate,  2/i-A  in.  long:  fls.  in 


16  ACER 

long,  upright  racemes,  with  petals.   Japan.— Hand 
round-headed  tree,  with  slender,  spreading  branches  and 
graceful  bright  green  foliage,  turning  orange-yellow  and 
scarlet  in  autumn ;  hardy. 

Negiindo,  Linn.  {Negundo  fraxinifiUion, 'i^utt.  N. 
aceroides,  Monch. ).  Ash-leaved  Maple.  Box  Elder. 
Large  tree,  70  ft.:  Its. 
pinnate  ;  leaflets  3-.5, 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, coarsely  serrate  or 
3-lobed,  mostly  gla- 
brous, 2-5  in.  long:  fls. 
before  the  Ivs. ;  stami- 
nate  fls.  in  pendulous 
corymbs,  pistillate  fls. 
in  pendulous  racemes. 
E.  N.  Amer.  S.  S.  2: 
96.    Miehx.  Hist.  Arb. 


:j-.5-lobed,  pnbeseent  when 
Probably  hybrid,  A..  Mon^ 
fornicum.  Dietr.-A.  X..triiii> 


Jiiiscii.   Spach. 
i.-um.-.l.   Cali- 

•n^llipes.  Max. 


2:18.— Large,  rapid-growing  tree  of  spreading  habit, 
thriving  best  in  moist  and  rich  soil.  Much  prized  in  the 
W.,  where  it  withstands  cold  and  drj-ness.  Largely  used 
for  shelter  belts  and  for  planting  timber-claims.  See 
picture,  under  Box  Elder.  Var.  Califdmicmn,  Sarg.  (A. 
Califdminim,  Dietr.  Ifegtindo  Califdrnicnm,  Torr.  & 
Gray).  Branches  pubescent  when  young:  leaflets  3, 
densely  pubescent  beneath.  W.  N.  Amer.  S.S.  2:97. 
Nutt.  N.  Am.  Sylv.  2:72.  Var.  viol4cetim,  Arb.  Muse. 
[A.  Califdrnieum,  Hort.).  A  vigorously  growing  form; 
branches  purplish  with  glaucous  bloom  or  finely  pubes- 
cent when  young.  Var.  arg^nteo-varieg^tum,  Hort.  Lvs. 
with  broad  white  margin.  Probably  the  most  effective 
of  all  variegated  hardy  trees.  F.S.  17:1781.  Var.  aiireo- 
maculitum,  Hort.  Lvs.  spotted  with  yellow.  Var.  atireo- 
margin^tum,  Hort.  Lvs.  with  yellow  margin.  Var. 
auritum,  Spiith.  Lvs.  yellow.  Var.  crispum,  G.  Don. 
Leaflets  i-urk-d.  These  horticultural  varieties  may  be 
grafted  on  common  Box  Elder  seedlings.  Box  Elder 
also  grows  from  hardwood  cuttings,  like  the  grape. 

A.  acuminatum,  Wall.  (A.  caudatum,  Wall.  A.  l»vigatum. 
Hort.,  not  Wall.).  Tree:  lvs.  5-lobed.  deeply  douWv  serrate. 
Himalayas.  O.C.Il.  15:3&i.— A.  argutum.  'M^x  ''•iinl!  frro- 
lvs.  small.  5-7-lobed,  doubly  serrate,  nearly  L,-],.l.rni:~  .1  ,]■  > 
G.C.  H.  15:  725.  Hardy  and  graceful  specie-i-  1  l 
Tratt.=A.  campestre,  var.  Austriaciim.-,-.!./^';/ '  "^1 

-A.  barUnirve.'Ma^.  Ailieito  A- ^r.;\aiuu    \.\- 


■Ithsinn.  M.ax.  ^Ulicll  to' A.  Penusylv 
ng,  glabrous  beneath  ;  lobes  short  : 
;.C.  II.  15;  75.— A.  trlfidum.  Hook.  &  . 


si  ■        .  '  .,-,  Max.J.    Allied  to  .\    ■  :  -       .  i  ti.-e: 

^!  Maiichtiria,  J.-ipan.     <r'      I      :      i,:       i    Van 

I        <  /,(    .\l:i~t      A.  iusigne.  var.  Van  A  ":\' 'I  l     ''urinmii. 

Trautvetteri.— 1.  'villds'um.  Wall.  Tall  trt4:  lvs.  s'lobed.' cor- 
date. 6-8  in.  across,  toraentose  below,  coarsely  serrate.  Hima- 
l.-iyas. — A.  ■rirf;midrtw»t.MLLl.=A.dasycarpum. — A.  Zoeschense^ 
Pax.=A.  neglectum,  Lange.  Alfred  Rehdeb  . 


ACERANTHUS 

ACEBANTHUS  (a  flower  without  horns).  Berberi- 
d&cece.    Slender,  hardy,  herbaceous  perennial. 

A  diphyllus.  Morr.  &  Decne.  (Epimedium  diphyllum.  Lodd.). 
Plant  rhizomatous  :  leaflets  obliquely  cordate,  green  above, 
glaucous  beneath  :  fls.  small,  bluish  white.  Japan.  B.M.  3448. 
L.B.C.  19:1858. 

ACHANIA.    See  Malmvisciis. 

ACHILLEA  ( its  virtues  said  to  have  been  discovered 
by  Achilles).  Compdsitce.  Includes  i^armico.  Hardy 
herbaceou.s  border  and  alpine  plants  of  easy  culture. 
Dwarf  kinds  make  carpets  in  dry,  sunny  places.  Large 
kinds  suitable  for  wild  gardens.  Lvs.  simple,  compound 
or  ternate:  fl. -heads  small,  corymbose.—  Prop,  in  spring 
by  division,  cuttings  and  seeds  ;  chiefly  by  the  first 
method. 

A.  Says  about  5,  except  in  double  forms,  half  as  long  as 
the  ovale-vblong  involucre;  fls.  white,  red,  or 
yellow  ^     Fls,  white  or  red. 

Millefdlium,  Linn.  Milfoil.  Yarrow.  Height  1-,3  ft.: 
lvs.  bi-pinnately  parted,  segments  linear,  .3-5  cleft  f  fls.  in 
flat  corymbs.  June-Oct.  Eu.,  Asia,  Amer.  Common  in 
pastures.  D.  95.— Less  commonly  cult,  than  vars.  ru- 
brum  and  roseum,  with  red  or  purple  fls. 
BB.    Fls.  yellow. 

ToumeMrtu,  DC.  (A.  ^gypt\aca,  Linn.).  Height  12- 
18  in.  :  lvs.  pinnatisect  ;  segments  roundish,  coarsely 
toothed  :  fls.  pale  yellow.    June-Oct.    Greece. 

Klipendullna,  Lam.  (.i.  JFif/xiMriKni,  Bieb.).  Height 
4-5  ft. :  stem  erect,  furrowed,  almost  hairy:  fls.  in  dense, 
convex  compound  corymbs,  often  5  in.  across.  June- 
Sept.    Orient.— Needs  staking. 

tomentdsa,  Linn.  A  woolly,  carpet-like  plant  for  rock- 
eries. Height  8-10  in.  Eu.,  Orient,  N.  Am.  B.M.  498. 
Gn.  52,  p.  421. 

AA.    Mays  6-20,  as   long  as  or  longer  than  the  rotund 

or  campamilate  involucre;  fls.  white. 

B.    Lvs.  not  divided. 

Pt4nnica,  Linn.  Siteezewort.  Height  1-2  ft.:  lvs. 
serrate  :  fls.  in  loose  corymbs  ;  all  summer.    N.  Temp. 


ACHIMENES 


17 


Sibirica,  Ledeb.  (A.  Mongblica,  Fisch.  A.  ptarmi 
coldes,  Maiim. ).  Denser  than  the  last,  more  erect  and 
rigid  :  height  lH-2  ft.  :  fls.  larger  and  in  more  com- 
pact corymbs.    July-Sept. 

BB.    Lvs.  deeply  divided. 

macTOph^lla,  Linn.  Height  3  ft. :  lvs.  long,  broad. 
July.  Alps.  Gn.  52,  p.  421.- Better  suited  to  shrubbery 
than  herbaceous  border. 


Clavins,  Linn.  (Commonly  spelled  A.  Clavennm.  A. 
argSntea,  Hort.,  not  Lam.).  Dwarf,  tufted,  hoary  alpine 
plant  :  height  10  in. :  lvs.  dentate  at  apex  ;  segments 
obtuse:  fls.  spring  and  summer.  Eu.  B.M.  1287.  Gn. 
52,  p.  421. -Thrives  in  sand. 

A.  Ager&tum.  lAnn.  Fls.  yellow.  Eu.— J..  affcra(i7d(ta,  Benth. 
&  Hook.  ( Anthemis  Aizoon) .  Tufted,  woolly,  silvery  gray:  fls. 
white.  May-June.  Greece.— A.  alplna.IArm.  Lvs.  pinnatifid: 
fls.  white.  May-June.  Alps. — A.  asplenifdlia.  Vent.  Lvs.  pin- 
nate, smooth:  fls.  white.  There  is  a  red-ilowered  form.  Hab.? 
—A.  atrata,  Linn.  Dwarf,  tufted,  aromatic:  radical  lvs.  petio- 
late:  cauline  lvs.  pinnatisect:  fls.  white.  Alps. — A .  decolorans , 
Sehrad.  Lvs.  undivided:  fls.  pale  yellow.  July.  'EM.—A.Herba- 
rbta.  All.  Dwarf,  tufted,  aromatic,  alpine  :  lvs.  undivided,  ser- 
rate: fls.  white.  May-June.— 4.  iiffiuJd'ca.AU.  Lvs.  pinnatifid: 
fls.  white.  Eu.,  Orient. — A.raoschata,3d,c<i.  Lvs.  smooth,  pin- 
nately  p-irted,  lobes  uncut:  fls.  white.  Eu. — A.  nana,  Linn. 
Dw.irf,  hairy,  woolly,  aromatic :  lvs.  pinnatisect :  fls.  white. 
Spring.  Eu.  Used  in  making  Chartreuse.- 4.  odordta,  Linn. 
Lvs.  pinnatisect ;  lobes  cut :  fls.  white. — A:  pectindta,  Willd. 
Fls.  pale  yellow.— .I .  ri(j)M«ris,  Huter.  Lvs.  J^  in.  long,  linear- 
spatulate,  entire.  .S.  Italy.  B.M.  6905.— ^.  santolinoldes.  Lag. 
1  ft.:  lvs.  pinnatisect,  hairy-woolly:  fls.  white.  July.  Spain. — 
A.serrata.Ueiz.  Lvs.  pinnatifid,  woolly:  fls.  white.  Siberia? 
—A.umiellata.Siht]!.  Very  woolly  rock  plant,  4-5  in.:  lvs.  pin- 
natifid :  lobes  oblong,  bluntish,  entire  or  serrate :  fls.  white. 
June.  Greece.— J..  FaleslMd,  Stein.  Lvs.  pinnately  parted;  fls. 


white.   June-Aug. 


J.TsU 


Reg. -Its  full-double  var.,  the  Pearl,  Fig.  22,  is  mm 
used  for  cut-flowers  and  in  cemeteries,  and  is  one 
the  most  popular  of  all  hardy  herbaceous  plants.  The 
are  other  varieties. 


ACHIMSNES  (Greek,  c7tei»iatno,  to  suffer  from  cold). 
Gesner&ceo!.  Greenhouse  herbs,  allied  to  gloxinias,  na- 
tive to  tropical  Amer.  Pis.  axillary;  the  5  calyx  lobes 
narrow  and  short ;  the  corolla  tube  cylindrical  and  limb 
spreading;  anthers  4,  connivent  in  the  corolla  tube,  and 
a  rudiment  of  a  fifth  stamen  ;  style  long,  usually  ex- 
serted,  the  stigma  dilated  or  obscurely  2-lobed. 

The  rhizomes  of  Achimenes  should  be  potted  about 
the  first  of  April,  in  soil  which  has  been  made  loose  aiid 
open  by  the  addition  of  about  one-third  leaf -mold.  Six 
or  seven  of  these  in  a  5-inch  pot,  or  nine  or  ten  in  a 
6-inch  one,  make  specimens  of  the  most  convenient 
size.  The  young  growth  appears  in  about  eighteen  days, 
and  from  that  time  onward  great  pains  should  be  taken 
to  keep  the  soil  moist,  for  a  single  severe  drying  will 
ruin  the  plants.    Liquid  manure  should  be  given  twice 


18 


ACHIMENES 


ACHIMENES 


a  week  after  flowering  begins,  i.e.,  toward  the  end  of 
May.  The  plants  are  generally  tied  up  to  slender  sup- 
ports as  growth  advances,  and.  so  treated,  make  surpris- 
ingly effective  specimens.  They  may  also  be  allowed 
to  grow  naturally,  when  they  will  droop  over  the  sides 
of  the  pots  and  flower  profusely.  Still  another  way  is 
to  pinch  off  the  tops  of  the  growing  plants  when  they 
a,re  4  or  5  inches  high.  As  this  produces  a  branching 
growth,  a  smaller  number  of  rhizomes  should  be  allowed 
to  each  pot.  The  flowers  of  Achimenes  are  produced  for 
several  months  without  cessation,  i.e.,  until  Oct.,  and 
sometimes  still  later  if  the  small-flowered  kinds  are 
used.  As  soon  as  blossoming  comes  to  an  end,  the  plants 
should  be  cut  off  level  with  the  tops  of  the  pots,  which 
should  then  be  stored  away,  putting  a  reversed  pot  on 
the  top  of  each  one  that  stands  on  its  base,  for  otherwise 
mice  may  destroy  all  the  roots.  Achimenes  are  propa- 
gated usually  by  means  of  the  natural  increase  of  the 
rhizomes,  but  all  kinds  may  be  trmwn  from  nmings. 
Another  way,  which  produces  ni;iit\  iImmil'Ii  \\  i  :iI<  [il;nits. 
is  to  rub  off  the  scales  and  suw  ih.  m  ,i~  ii  ih.  y  wen- 
seeds.  The  roots  should  beseparai.  .1  tiMm  ih,  M.il  dur- 
ing the  winter,  and  care  should  Ijl-  takuu  that  tlu-y  d" 
not  decav  from  getting  too  wet  in  the  moist  air  of  green- 
house or  (.( liar  Some  of  the  best  species  are  A.  longi- 
floia,  purplish  blue,  A.  longiflora  var.  alba  maxima, 
the  best  \\hite  kind,  A  ^jafens  var.  major,  a  large  flower 
of  purplish  rose  ,  A  pednnnttata,  orange  ;  A.  hetero- 
"  X,  tubular,  a  fiery  orange  at  one  end  and  blazing  yel- 
"  e  other  Some  of  the  best  varieties  are  Am- 
1  SI  htffc  It  white,  with  a  network  of  violet  lines ; 


pliyUa 


Chin 
Daz7 
LiittI 


i    Achimenes,  tubers  of 
the  coccinea  section 


violet-blue  with  white  throat ; 
s  arlet,  and  late-blooming  ;  Lady 
11  Masterpiece,  rosy  violet  with 
(^iieen,  a  very  large  and  substantial 
/((,  pale  purple ;  Rose  Queen,  rich, 
i\ender,  shading  to  white;  Trevi- 
rana  rosea,  like  Dazzle,  ex- 
cept in  color.Por  other  points 
in  the  culture  of  Achimenes, 
see  G.  F.  7:  456,  477,  506, 
518;  8: 16.  In  the  grandiflora 
group  the  tubers  or  bulbs 
are  clustered  ;  in  the  longi- 
^  flora  group  the   tubers    are 

pear  shaped  bodies,  growing 
•>  on  the  ends  of  root-like  rhi- 
^  /omis.  The  coccinea  and 
t/  hirsuta  groups  (Fig.  23)  are 
<  ''  late  bloomers. 
'  Cult.  byW.E.ENDicoTT. 

The  garden  Achimenes  are 
^  much  confused  by  hybridi- 
sation, and  it  is  doubtful  if 
an\  of  the  pure  species  are 
in  general  cultivation  In  this 
country.  Years  ago, the  small 
red-flowered  types  (of  the 
coccinea  section)  were  fre- 
quent, but  modem  evolution 
has  proceeded  from  the 
broad-flowered  purple  spe- 
cies. The  following  first 
six  species  seem  to  have 
contributed  most  largely  to 
the  present  garden  forms. 


..    PI.1.  coloreil.  the   tlih,    „.• 

the  hn,,,th  , 

B.    Blossoms  s,ii<i 

ocelUta,  Hook.    Roots  sr 

Ivs.  rich  green  above 


than  tici 


'.  ,-,./  ..,■  sen-let. 
ill  and  tuberous  :  St.  1-2 
ad  purple  beneath,  ovate, 
strongly  serrate,  with  conspicuous  purplish  petioles  : 
fls.  small,  1  in.  long,  broad-tubed,  spotted  with  black  and 
yellow,  the  lobes  short  and  obtuse  and  well  separated, 
drooping  on  reddish  peduncles.  Panama.  B.M.  4359.— 
Fine  for  foliage. 

coccinea,  Pers.  Height,  1-2  ft.  :  st.  reddish  :  Ivs.  3- 
whorled  or  opposite,  green,  ovate-acuminate,  serrate: 
fls.  small,  scarlet  the  corolla  twice  longer  than  the  erect 
lanceolate  parted, calyx  on  short  peduncles.  Minute  Ivs. 
often  borne  in  the  axils.  Blooms  late.  Jamaica.— One 
of  the  older  types.    See  Fig.  23. 


heteroph:yIla,  D( 
breehtii,  Bort.).  K 
pie,  somewhat  hair 
rate,  the  two  of  ca. 
solitary,  on  pedum 
stalks,  long-tubular  and 


the  leaf- 


ghtly  curved,  with  a  narrow, 
nearly  equal  flaring  limb,  rich  scarlet,  yellow  within. 
Mex.  B.M.  4871.  — This  species  has  tubers  like  those  of 
the  grandiflora  section. 

peduncuiata,  Benth.  St.  lV;-2  ft.,  liairx  .  reddish:  Ivs. 
opposite,  small,  ovate,  sharjilv  -.riatc  ,  -n en,  hairv,  on 
short  reddish  stalks:  fls.  iin-.liiMiL  ^iz.  .  .Ircuping  and  di- 
lated upwards,  j-ellow-red  with  .lark  inarking.s  and  a 
yellow  throat,  the  limb  comparatively  short. ;  on  long 
"(4-5  in.)  bracted  stems.  Guatemala.  B.M.  4077.  — Stem 
produces  tubers 

BB     Blossom  latge,  itithu  tde  limb,  blue  r  lolet 
or  purple 

longiflora,  DC  Pig  24  The  root  like  rhizomes  pro- 
diK-iii„'  pear  shiped  tubers  at  their  ends      st    1-2  ft.. 


hairy:  Ivs.  opposite  or  3-4-whorled,  ovate-oblong,  ser- 
rate, hairy,  sometimes  colored  beneath:  fls.  solitary,  the 
corolla  salver-shaped,  with  a  long  and  irracefiil  tube;  the 
limb  very  large  and  widely  spreadiiiu.  \iM|,-t-lp|iie  and 
whitish  beneath,  the  lowest  segment  s..iii.  iiin.^  .lix  i.led. 
Guatemala.    B.M.  3980.    P.M.  9:  151.-  A  i-j-ular  tyj.e. 

grandifldra,  DC.  Lvs.  mostly  larger  than  in  last, 
rusty  below,  often  oblique  at  base:  fls.  very  large,  dis- 
tinctly red-tinged.    Mex.    B.M.  4012.— Popular  type. 

p&tens,  Benth.  Height,  1-lK  ft. :  lvs.  unequal,  ovate- 
acuminate,  hispid  and  serrate  :  fls.  violet-blue,  with 
downy  calyx,  tube  shorter  than  spreading  crenate  limb. 
Mex. 

AA.    Fls. pure  white,  the  tube  3-4  times  the  length 
of  the  limb. 

tubifldra,  Nicholson,  Suppl.  p.483(<?;oa:!«ta  tubifldra, 
Hook.  BolichodHra  tubifldra,  Sanst.).  St.  short,  with 
opposite  oblong-acuminate,  crenate,  short-petioled  lvs.: 
Hs.  4   in.  Iciitr.   curved,    gibbous    at    the   base,   tlie    tube 


Guatemala. — A.  ^SkiiLiicri,  GurUuii,=A.  hii-suta. — Garuen  forms 
and  hybrids  are  Escherii,  florihunda,  intennMia.  Jdyii,  Mount- 
firdii.  ncegelioides.  nana,  venusta  (P.M.  15:121),  rerschatfeltii. 
L.  H.  B. 


ACHLYS 

ACULYS  (the  goddess  of  obscurity).  BerberidAceir. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennial.  Fls.  minute,  numerous, 
spicate,  on  a  slender  scape. 

triphylla,  DC.  Root-stock  terminated  by  a  strong, 
scaly  wint«r-bud  :  Ivs.  1  or  2  ;  leaflets  .S,  fan-shaped, 
sinuate-dentate,  2^^  x  5  in. :  scape  1  ft.  long:  spike  1  in. 
long.  Spring.  W.  N.  Amer.— An  interesting  and  deli- 
cate plant.    Int.  1881. 

ACHEAS.    See  Sapo.liUo. 

ACHYKANTHES.    See  Iresitit. 

ACIDANTHERA  (pointed  anthers).    IridAveir.     Ten- 


U.C.  111.  ■J(i::i'.i:!.  Mil.  8:  n.- Requires  a  somewhat 
.stiffer  soil  than  the  tender  .species  of  Gladiolus.  Way  be 
grown  in  a  tub  outdoors  during  summer,  and  flowered 
within  during  Oct.  Several  corms  in  a  large  pot  give 
good  results.  Corms  should  be  dried  as  soon  as  lifted, 
to  prevent  rot. 

A.  ipquinoctialis.  Baker.  St.  3-4  ft.,  stout,  stiffly  erect;  Ivs. 
strongly  ribbed:  fls.  white,  blotched  crimson  or  purple  within; 
corms  large.  Sierra  Leone.  B.M.  7393.  May  be  a  stronger 
gromng  and  more  tropical  form  of  the  above. 

W.  E.  ENiin.iTT.indAV.  .M. 

ACIN£TA(i»i)»ora6ie,thelipbein-j.iiml.~-).  o,,;,- 
ddceop.  Stout  epiphytes  with  interesting'  |i.ii.l.iit  v.;i|i,  ~. 
Pseudobulbs  con.spicuously  furrow.-.l.  s)ij;lir)y  <•. .in- 
pressed  :  leaf-blades  smooth,  conspicuously  veined. 
plaited  and  pliable  :  fls.  globose.  As  a  genus  it  is  too 
near  to  Peristeria  and  Stanhopea.  The  species  are 
rarely  seen,  as  they  are  less  conspicuous  in  their  color- 
ing than  many  orchids.  They  require  a  warm  house  and 
plenty  of  moisture  during  the  growing  season,  with  a 
decided  rest,  to  make  them  flower.  Use  baskets,  not  pots, 
as  the  flower-spikes  are  produced  from  the  base  of  the 
bulbs,  as  in  Stanhopea.  and  should  have  free  egress  or 
they  will  be  lost.  Cult,  by  E.  O.  Orpet. 

BArkeri,  I, in. II.  [  P.  ri.^lh-ia  Bdrkeri,  Batem.).  Pseu- 
dol.ullis  su).-i-..nic,  al...ut  .">  In.:  leaf-blades  longer  than 
in  .1 .  Ihni'holiltii :  tlr<.  12  or  more,  in  pendent  racemes, 
gc.l,l,.iiv.-lli.«>iiotted  with  brown.  Mex.  B.M.  4203.  I.H. 
2:44.    lin.  .-,4,  i..:i;!2.    P.M.  14:145. 

Humboldtii,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  ovate,  about  3  in.: 
leaf -blades  about  1  ft.  long,  lanceolate,  acute:  scapes 
pendent,  2  ft.  long  ;  fls.  6  or  more,  chocolate  colored, 
about  2  in.  in  diam.  Ecuador,  high  elevations.  Gn. 
3:11. 


lum  furnish.-, 
dcnso,  LiiuU.  ( 
grant,  pale  y.l 
lum  yellow,  si 
ftydHa.  Reichh 


(.   Pis, 


•:i  -A.  Ill 


purple.with erect  side  lohes,  .New Grenada. — -i.siifcd(a,Reicbb,f. 
Similar  to  A.  Htimboldtii,  Fls,  yellow,  Oakes  Ames. 

ACOKANTHfiEA  (mucronate  anthers).  Apoajntteea. 
Tender  shrubs,  cult,  in  greenhouses  North,  and  outdoors 
in  Fla.  and  Calif.    Fls.  with  the  odor  of  jasmine,  lasting. 

spectabilis,  G.  Don.  ( Toricophlaa  spectdbilis,  Sond. 
T.  ThunbergU,  Hort.,  not  Harv.).  Lvs.  3-5  in.  long, 
short  petiolate,  leathery,  elliptic,  acute,  shining  above: 
fls.  numerous.  In  dense  axillary,  branched,  short  cymes, 
pure  white,  very  sweet  scented.  Natal.  B.M.  6359.  R.H. 
1879:270.  G.P.  6:185.  G.C.  1872:  363.- Poisonous.  The 
plants  cult,  under  this  name  are  said  by  trade  catalogues 
to  have  pin);  ..r  vii.l.t  iL.wers. 

venenata,  li.  I1..11,  [Tnricophlaa  ce.ttroUUs,  DC.  T. 
Th!inheni,,.n.n-\..n~,t  Hort.).  Fls.  white  or  rose.  Dif- 
fers from  the  above  in  the  well  marked  venation  of  the 
leaves,  its  flowers  a  third  smaller,  its  calyx  not  pubescent, 
and  its  corolla-limb  less  widely  spreading. 

ACONITE,  WINTER.    Sec  Eranfhis. 


ACONITUM  19 


ACONtTUM.  EanunculAcea'.  Aconite.  MoNh 
Woi^FSBANE.  A  genus  of  hardy  ornamental,  perennial 
herbs,  much  used  in  borders,  etc.  Many  species  are 
planted  in  European  gardens,  but  only  nine  have  been 
'   ■     America.    The  number  of  species  varies 


Native 
"•rate  Asia,  and  five  In  N. 

shaped,  or  thick  fibrous: 
ing  or  trailing  :  lvs.  pal- 
ir  lobed:  fis.  large,  irregu- 

upper  sepal  in  shape  of  a 
mall: 


carp.ls  :;-,',,  ^.  ,,  :,     -  il.  .1,  formingfoUicIes  when 

rip.'n..l-      11  -    I  ii^   -|...i..s  do  well  in  any  garden 

s..il,  1'  li    .  '  ii-..i:  they  thrive  in  open  sun,  but 

tl..>>'  '  .    '    m  shaded  places.    Aconites  should 

n.  X.  it  '  r  too  near  the  kitchen  garden  or 

til.-  .hii.il.  .1  -  ^:ir.i.n,  as  the  roots  and  some  of  the 
tluwer»  havt-  a  dcailly  poison.  Prop,  easily  by  division. 
Eeichenbach  Monographia  Generis  Aconiti,  Leipsic, 
1820,  2  vols.,  folio.  Reichenbach  lUustratio  Spi  ' 
Aconiti,  Leipsic,  1822-7,  folio. 


A. 

Boots  rjlobnlor-tn 

■lifrniis. 

B.    Lvs. 

deeply  ,„l.  hut  „..i 

'  !•>  Ih,    h.i 

Fischeri,  Reichb.  (.1.  Cohnnhi,; 

II  II  HI.    Nut 

t.    .1.  Call 

fdrnuum,  Hort. 

).    Steins  4-(i  ft,: 

lvs,    lars;.- 

.  smooth,  3 

parted,  attractiv 

■e;   segments  much 

cut  andr 

livided:    fls 

numerous,  pale 

blue,  panicled,  ped 

licels  pubescent;  hel 

mets    hemisphe: 

rico-conical.     Autu 

nun.     \. 

Amer.    an. 

Asia.    Int.  1889. 

B.M.  7130. 

Cammanim,  1. 

Reichb. ) . 

St.  3-4  ft. 

lvs,  \vit)i  sli..it,  l.liinti-h  I..I..S:   fls.  purple  or  blue;  pani- 
.  l,.s  ..r  l........  s|,ik.  s  t.  w-tl..H.red  ;   helmet  hemispheri- 

.■;il,.l..s.  .1,  .Iulv-S,|.t,  iliin-;irv.  Int.  1889.  A.  Storkiil- 
luiiii,  Ki-iilib.,  is  a  .hvarf  f..iiii  of  this,  with  fewer  flowers 
and  somewhat  fibrous  roots. 

imcinalnini,  Linn.  Wild  Monkshood.  St.  slender, 
3-5  ft.,  inclined  to  climb:  lvs.  thick,  deeply  cut  into  3-5 
cut-toothed  lobes  :  fls.  loosely  panicled,  but  crowded  at 
the  apex  ;  blue,  pubescent,  1  inch  broad  ;  helmet  erect, 
nearly  as  broad  as  long,  obtusely  conical  :  follicles  3. 
June-Sept.  Low  grounds  of  Penn.  S.  and  W.,  Japan. 
Mn.  4:  81.  — Much  planted  now. 

BB.    Jjvs.  divided  to  the  base. 

variegitum,  Linn.  Erect,  1-6  ft.:  lvs.  variously  di- 
vided into  usually  broad  lobes  and  cut  divisions;  lower 
petioles  long,  others  short  or  none:  fls.  in  a  loose  pani- 
cle or  la.eiii.-.  blue,  varying  to  whitish,  rather  smooth; 
heliiut  hiylii  r  tlnin  wide,  top  curved  forward  ;  visor 
pointiil,  h..iiz..iifal  .ir  ascending.  July.  Europe.  A. 
ulbiim.  Ait.,  is  a  i.ure  white-flowered  form  of  this,  with 


rathe 


Boots  long-tuberous. 
Carpels  usually  5. 

ect,  3-4   ft., 


Jap6iiicum,  Decne.     St 

vi..li-t,  iiiiL'...l  wiTli  r.'.r,  ..n  I......    ;■-       ■  .-.-ending 

l.r;,n.-ln-s  :  In-lm.t  r..ni.-al  ;  1..  ,.1 ,  ...  ,  .i.l.-,l  :  fol- 
licles 5.  Julv-Sept.  Japan.  lul.  IsiJ.  l;.ll.  IsOl.  p.  475. 
Var.  caeruleum,  Hort.  Fls.  very  abundant  ;  panicles 
shortened, 

BB.    Carpels  3  or  4. 

Napellus,  Linn.(^4.  Taurirmn .  Xac-q.  A.  pyramidAle, 
Mill.  I.  True  Monksh.h.i.,  ( iFFi.-iN.ii.  Aconite.  Fig.  25. 
The  b.'st   kii..wn  :in.l  in..st   |..iis..n..iis  species,  and  used 

in   iii.-ili.in.-.    Sis,   .-1 t,    :;-t   11,:     l\s.    divided  to  the 

base,  aii.l  .-l.-ft  2-::  tinn-s  int..  lin.;ir  l..lii-s:  fis.  blue,  in  a 
raceme;  peduncles  erect,  pubescent;  helmet  broad  and 
low,  gaping,  smoothish:  fr.  3-4-celled.  June-July.  Gn. 
12,  p.  362.  — Very  many  varieties,  differing  in  shade  of 
flowers,  often  mottled  or  lined  with  white.  Var.  41bum 
is  nearly  white.  Var.  bicolor  and  var.  versicolor,  much 
used  in  gardens  for  the  large  blue  and  white  fiowers. 
Reichenbach  has  divided  this  species  into  20-30  species. 
AAA.  Boots  in  the  form  of  a  scaly,  elongated  bulb,  or 
somewhat  fibrous. 
B.    Sepals  deciduous. 

autumnale,  Reichb.  Autumn  Aconite.  Pig.  26.  St. 
3-5  ft. :   lvs.  pedately  5-Iobed :   fls.  in  a  simple  spike,  be- 


ACONITUM 


cle;  blu 


whitish ;  helmet  closed. 


%rrb- 


Lyc6ctonum,  Linn.  (A.  barbifum,  Patr, 
sum,  A.  ochroleucum,  WiUd.).  Pale  Yellow  Wolfs- 
bane. St.  slender,  simple,  3-6  ft. :  Its.  deeply  cut  into 
5-9  lobes  ;  long  petioles  and  un- 
der ribs  pubescent  :  fls.  yellow  or 
whitish,  in  racemes  ;  helmet  a 
pinched  elongated  cone  ;  middle 
sepals  usually  bearded  :  fr.  usu- 
ally 3-eeHed.  June-Sept.  Eu., 
Siberia.  B.M.  2570.  G.M.  34: 124. 
BB.  Sepals  persistent. 
Anthdra,  Linn.  {A.PurenAicum , 
Pall.).  St.  1-2  ft.:  Ivs.  parted  al- 
most to  the  base,  parts  deeply 
cut  and  lobed,  more  or  less  his- 
pid beneath,  smoothish  above; 
petioles  long  :  fls.  in  lateral  and 
terminal  racemes,  pale  yellow, 
often  large;  racemes  or  panicles 
generally  pubescent ;  spur  bent 
back  or  hooked  ;  helmet 
arched,  but  cylindrical  at 
base:  follicles 5.  June-July. 
S.Eu.  B.M.  2654. -Several 
varieties. 

A.  Chinhise,  Sieb.  Deep  bine 
spike  of  fls.  from  the  axil  of 
every  leaf :  foliage  bold  and 
handsome.  B.M.  3862.  P.M. 
6:3.— A.    delphinifblium,     DC. 


and  violet.  Used  as  a  tonic  medicine  in  India.  B.M.  6092.— 4. 
Koveboracenae.  Gray.  Probably  =A.  panicolatum.- ^.  panicu- 
latum,  Lam.  (A.  toxicum,  Reichb).  Has  blue  fls.  L.B.C.  9:810. 
—A.  pyramidale,  MUl.  Form  of  A.  Napellus.— A.  reclindtum 
Gray,  of  the  Alleghanies,  with  white  fls.  and  large  Ivs..  is  worth 
cult.— A.  aeptentrionale.  var.  Carpatimm.  Sims,  is  a  beautiful 
purple  kind,  closely  related  to  A.  Lycoetonum.  B.M.  2196.— A. 
tortubsum,  Willd.  Once  listed  in  the  trade:  not  now  found. 
K.  C.  DA^^s. 

ACOBUS  (ancient  name  of  unknown  meaning). 
AroXdeoi.  Hardy,  herbaceous  water-loving  plants.  Lvs. 
sword-shaped,  erect;  spadix  appearing  lateral,  with  no 
true  spathe:  fls.  inconspicuous.  They  thrive  best  in 
moist  soil,  and  may  be  grown  in  shallow  water  or  on  drj- 
land.    Prop,  easily' in  spring  or  autumn  by  division. 

Cilamus.  Linn.  Sweet  Flag.  Height  2  ft.  :  root- 
stock  horizontal,  pungent,  aromatic.  Fls.  early  summer. 
N.  Amer..  Eu.  Var.  variegitus,  Hort.  Lvs.  striped  deep 
yellow  wlien  young,  fading  to  a  paler  color  later  in  sum- 
mer.   Eu.  — Commoner  in  cult,  than  the  type. 

gramineus,  Soland.  Height  8-12  in.  Much  smaller 
than^l.  Calamus,  forming  compact,  grassy  tufts.  Japan. 
Var.Tarieg4tus,  Hort.  Lvs.  striped  white.  Used  in  hang- 
ing baskets,  vases,  rockeries  and  for  cutting.  Often  grown 
indoors.  J.  B.  Keller. 

ACEOCLlNIUM.    See  Heliplerum. 

ACROCdMIA  (name  means  a  tuft  of  leaves  at  the  top). 
Palmiieea-,  tribe  Cocoinea.  Spiny  tropical  American 
palms :  caudes  erect,  solitary,  ringed  and  swollen  at  the 
middle,  densely  spiny:  lvs.  terminal,  pinnately  cut;  seg- 
ments narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  long,  obliquely  acumi- 
nate, the  naked  margins  recurved  at  the  base;  midnerves, 
rachis  and  petiole  with  long  spines:  fr.  globose  or  ob- 
long, glabrous  or  prickly;  black  or  brown.  Species  8, 
mostly  difficult  to  distinguish;  allied  to  Cocos.  They 
aeed  a  rich,  sandy  loam.  The  chief  danger  with  young 
plants  is  overpotting,  as  few  leaves  are  on  a  plant  at  a 
time,  and  the  roots  are  not  abundant. 

sclerocirpa,  Mart.  {A.aculeAta.  Lodd.).  Height  30- 
45  ft. :  trunk  cylindrical,  about  1  ft.  thick,  with  black 
spines  2-4  in.  long:  lvs.  12-15  ft.  long;  segments  in  ir- 
regular groups  of  2  or  3.  2-3  ft.  long,  %-!  in.  wide, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  whitish,  appressed-pilose be- 
low, entirely  free  of  spines,  except  along  the  midrib. 
Braz.  to  W.  Ind.  l.H.  15:547.-Not  hardy  at  On^co,  Fla. 
Cult,  in  Calif.    "Gru-gru"  and  "corojo"  are  native  names. 


ACROSTICHUM 


Jared  G.  Smith  and  G.  W.  Oliver. 

ACB0F£BA.     See  Gongora. 

ACBOPHtLLUM  (Greek,  lop  and  leaf).  SaxifragA- 
cea.  One  Australian  evergreen  shrub,  A.  vendsom, 
Benth.  {A.  rerticillrttum.  Hook.  I,  excellent  for  spring 
flowering  in  the  coolhouse.  Prop,  by  cuttings  in  early 
summer.  Let  the  plant  rest  during  summer.  Do  not 
expose  to  frost.  It  produces  many  pinkish  fls.  In  dense 
spicate  whorls  near  the  top  of  the  branches.  Lvs.  in 
3's.  sessile,  dentate:  fls.  with  5  petals  and  10  stamens. 
4-6  ft.    B.M.  4050. 

ACBOSTICHITM  (derivation  ohsctire).  Polypodi&ce(e. 
Greenhouse  ferns.  Includes  plants  of  great  diversity  of 
foliage,  wliich  are  often  referred  to  many  genera.  Seri 
spread  in  a  layer  over  the  entire  under  surface  of  the 
leaf  or  of  certain  of  the  upper  pinnae,  rarely  over  both 
surfaces.  Foliage  rather  coarse,  the  leaves  simple  or 
pinnate,  rarely  forked.  All  the  140  species  are  plants  of 
tropical  regions,  two  species  growing  in  S.  Fla.  Some 
kinds  are  adapted  to  covering  walls,  columns,  trunks  of 
tree  ferns,  etc.  The  kinds  with  long  fronds  are  excellent 
for  hanging  baskets.  As  all  kinds  require  an  abundance 
of  water  at  the  roots,  the  compost  should  be  very  porous. 


A  mixture  of  two  parts  fib 
sphagnum,  and  one  of  coal 
mended.    For  general  culture,  see  Ferns. 

The   following  species  are  cult,  in  Amer. :    ali 
No.  15;  aureum,  17;  cervinum,  14;  confonne,  7; 


ACROSTICHUM 

turn,  9;  flaceidum,  8;  gorgoneum,  11;  lomarioides,  18; 
muscosum,  3;  nicotiansBfolium,  16;  osraundaceum,  19; 
peltatum,  20;  pilosum,  5;  reticulatum,  10;  scandens,  12; 
simplex,  6;  sorbifolium,  13;  squamosum,  2;  villosum,  1; 
Tiscosum,  4. 

A.    Iivs.  simple,  less  than  2  in.  wide;  veins  free. 

( Elaphoglossum. ) 

B.    Surface  of  Ivs.  densely  scahj  throughout. 

0.    Texture  thin,  flaccid. 

1.  vaWsuin,  Swz.  Fig.  27.  Sterile  Ivs.  6-9  in.  long  ; 
fertile  Ivs.  scarcely  more  than  half  as  large,  both  with 
abundant  slender,  dark-brown  scales.    Mex.  and  W.  Ind. 

—  Dwarf,  variable. 

cc.    Teiture  thick,  leathery. 

2.  sqaambstun,  Swz.  Lvs.  6-12  in.  long,  the  fertile 
narrower,  on  longer  stems  ;  both  surfaces  matted  with 
bright  reddish  brown  linear  or  lanceolate  scales.  Tropics 
of  both  hemispheres. 

3.  nmacdsvun,  Swz.  Sterile  lvs.  6-12  in.  long,  fertile 
much  shorter ;  upper  surface  slightly  scaly,  the  lower 
densely  matted  with  ovate,  rusty  scales.  Tropics  of 
both  hemispheres.    S.  1 :  211.— Very  distinct  in  habit. 

BB.    Surface  of  lvs.  slightly  scaly. 

4.  viscdaum,  Swz.  Sterile  lvs.  6-12  in.  long,  narrowed 
gradually  at  the  base  ;  the  fertile  shorter,  on  longer 
stems  ;  texture  leathery,  the  surfaces  somewhat  viscid. 
Tropics  of  both  hemispheres. 

5.  pildsum,  HBK.  Lvs.  flexuous,  6-8  in.  long,  ?^in. 
wide,  with  tufts  of  star-like  scales  beneath;  texture  her- 
baceous. Mex.  to  Columbia.— Chiefly  of  botanical  in- 
terest. 

BBS.    Surface  of  lvs.  not  scaly;  texture  leathery. 
D.    Margins  of  lvs.  thick,  cartilaginous. 

6.  simplex,  Swz.  Sterile  lvs.  4-12  in.  long,  with  a  very 
acute  point,  the  lower  portion  gradually  narrowed  into  a 
short,  somewhat  margined  stem.    W.  Ind.  to  Brazil. 

7.  confirme,  Swz.  Sterile  lvs.  2-9  in.  long,  with  a 
bluntish  point  and  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate  base ;  fer- 
tile lvs.  narrower.    Tropics  of  both  hemispheres. 

DD.    Margins  of  leaves  not  thickened. 

8.  fl4coidum,  F^e.  Sterile  lvs.  6-12  in.  long,  with  very 
acute  point,  the  lower  portion  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
short  stem;  fertile  lvs.  on  astern  3-4  in.  long.    S.Amer. 

—  Of  botanical  interest  only. 

AA.    2yVS.  simple;  veins  uniting  to  form  a  network. 

B.    Surface  of  lvs.  densely  clothed  with  narrow  scales. 

(Hymenodium.) 

9.  crinltum,  Linn.  Elephant-ear  Fern.  Lvs. 10-18  in. 
long,  4-8  in.  wide,  on  densely  scaly  stems  ;  fertile  lvs. 
smaller,  on  shorter  stems.  W.  Indies.  F.S.  9:936,  as 
H.  crinitnm.  —  OrDit  sand  in  potting,  and  avoid  over- 
watering. 

BB.    Surface  of  lvs.  mostly  smooth,  6-15  in.  long. 

10.  reticul&tum,  Kaulf.  Lvs.  on  distinct  stems,  witn 
wedge-shaped  bases,  VA  in.  wide;  veins  forming  copious 
meshes.  (Chrysodium.)  Hawaiian  Islands.  — Of  botani- 
cal interest  only. 

11.  gorgdneum,  Kaulf.  Lvs.  tapering  gradually  down- 
ward to  the  short  stem,  2-3  in.  wide  ;  veins  forming 
meshes  only  near  the  margin.  [Aconiopteris .)  Hawaiian 
Isl.-Of  little  decorative  value. 

AAA.    Lvs.  pinnate. 
B.    Ferns  climbing  with  narrow,  fertile  pinnw. 

12.  acAndens,  J.  Smith.  Eootstock  widely  climbing  : 
lvs.  1-3  ft.  l<ing,  with  pinnaa  4-8  in.  long  ;  fertile  pinnae 
slender,  (i-12  in.  long;  texture  leathery.  {Stenochlcfna.) 
India.  S.  1  :  l^LM.  — A  vii^orous  grower  and  coarse  feeder, 
much  usfil  ill  .■.).,Iir  limisfs  of  large  ferneries. 

13.  sorbiiolium,  LiniL.  Rootstoek  climbing, often  prick- 
ly: lvs.  12-lS  in.  long,  ti-12  in.wide,with  close  veins;  fer- 
tile pinnse  2-1  in.  long,  narrow.  (Lomariopsis.)  E.and 
W.  Ind.  to  Braz. 

BB.  Ferns  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  scattered  lvs. 
c.     Veins  united  only  near  the  margin;  fertile  lvs.  bi- 


3raz.    S. 


ACROSTICHUM 

4-8  in.   long.    (Olfersia.)    Me 


21 


Cuba   to 


:192. 


cc.  Veins  forming  meshes  everywhere.  {Gymnopteris.) 
la.  alifinum,  Swz.  Sterile  lv.s.  1-2  ft.  long,  triangular, 
with  the  upper  pinnse  decurrent,  and  the  lower  at  least 
sinuate  or  even  incised  ;  fertile  lvs.  smaller,  with  nar- 
row  pinn^,  the  upper  decurrent.     Cuba  and  Mex.  to 

16.  nicotianeefdliom,  Swz.  Sterile  lvs.  with  3-7  pinnse 
which  are  6-12  in.  long  and  2-3  in.  wide,  with  nearly 
entire  edges;  fertile  lvs.  smaller,  with  3-7  pinnte  3-4  in. 
long,  1  in.  wide.   W.  Ind.  to  Braz. 


1  crowns  from 


17.  aureum,  Linn.  Lvs.  fertile  only  in  the  upper  pinnte, 
3-6  ft.  long,  with  pinnse  6-10  In.  long,  short  stalked, 
coriaceous.  Fla.  to  Braz.  and  in  the  tropics  of  the  old 
world.  S.  1: 187.- Strong-growing.  One  of  the  best. 
Should  be  treated  as  an  aquatic. 

18.  lomarioides,  Jenman.  Sterile  and  fertile  lvs.  dis- 
tinct, the  sterile  shorter  and  spreading,  the  fertile  taller 
and  more  erect  in  the  center  of  the  cluster;  pinnae  9-14 
in.  long,  almost  sessile.    Fla.  to  Braz. 

AAAA.    Lvs.  bipinnatifid  or  bipinnate  ;  veins  free. 
{Potybotra.) 

19.  oamund^ceum.  Hook.  Rootstoek  wide,  climbing, 
with  long,  linear  scales  :  sterile  lvs.  2-3  ft.  long,  the 
lower  pinnse  8-10  in.  long,  with  numerous  slightly 
stalked  segments;  fertile  lvs.  tripinnate,  with  the  lower 
pinnae  1-2  ft.  long,  4-8  in.  wide,  with  narrow,  cylindric 
segments  '^-%  in.  long.  W.  Ind.  to  Braz.- Probably 
the  handsomest  of  the  climbing  kinds. 

AAAAA.    Lvs.  palmate  from  creeping  rootstocks: 
plants  small. 

20.  peltatum,  Swz.  Lvs.  1-2  in.  each  way  on  slender 
stems,  repeatedly  forked  into  very  narrow  divisions; 
fertile  lvs.  H-%  in.  wide,  circular,  or  somewhat  2-lobed. 
{Bhipidopteris.)  Mex.  and  W.  Ind.  to  Braz.— A  delicate 
and  distinct  plant,  needing  moisture  all  the  year  round. 


ACKOSTICHUM 


ACTINIDIA      <lt 


Smple 
pie  Q-l 


ACT2EA     M 

Linnseus).  A' 
perennials,  \\  ii 
some  cluster^ 
twice- or  thrii-. 
tootlied.    Tln-v 


'  '  r.  transferred  liy 
N.itivr  hiirdy  herbaceous 
s  iif  small  (is.  and  hand- 
Mitiimn.  Leaflets  of  the 
■■'U-.  sharply  cleft,  and  cut- 
ils  and  shade.    Useful  for 


roclcery  and  wild  garden.  I'rop.  by  seeds  and  by  root- 
division  in  spring. 

Alba,  Mill.  {A.rkhra,  Bigel.).  'White  Banebebrv. 
Height,  1-lK  ft.;  much  like  A.  xpimta.  hut  tlip  leaflets 
more  cut,  teeth  and  points  shanxr;  plmt  ~iii..MtlicT:  fls. 
white,  in  an  oblong  raceme,  ami  :\  w.k  .ir  tw..  later: 
pedicels  in  fr.  very  thick,  turiiiii-  r.  4  :  li  rii.s  whiti-. 
ovate-oblong,  often  purplish  at  the  II]. 1.    X.  vtatis.   D.'y.i. 

spic&ta,  Linn.  Cohosh.  Hekb-Chbistopher.  Plant 
1-2  ft. :  Ivs.  bi-  or  tritemate,  serrated  :  fls.  white  or 
bluish,  in  ovate  racemes:  berries  purplish  black,  oblong. 
Apr.-june.  Eu.,  Jap. —Less  cult.than  the  red-fruited  var. 

Var.  riibra,  Ait.  {A.  rubra,Wi\ld.).  Red  Baneberrt. 
Bather  taller  than  A.  alba  :  Ivs.  bi-  or  tritemate,  ser- 
rated :  fl.  cluster  white,  larger  than  in  A.  spicafa:  ber- 
ries bright  red,  very  handsome.  Apr.-June.  Northern 
states.  K.  C.  Davis. 

ACTINfiLLA( Greek,  sma»-rntf <■<?).  Compdsitce.  Har- 
dy perennials  from  W.  N.  Amer.,  for  cult,  in  alpine  gar- 
dens. Height  6-12  in.:  fls.  yeUow,  summer.  Of  easy 
cult,  in  light  soil.    Prop,  by  division  or  by  seeds. 

grandifldra,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Plant  densely  woolly :  lower 
Ivs.  pinnately  or  bipinnately  parted,  with  margined  peti- 
oles from  broad,  scarious  bases;  upper  cauline  Ivs.  sim- 
ple or  sparingly  divided:  fls.  2-3  in.  wide,  summer. -A 
pretty  alpine  plant. 

soapftsa,  Nutt.  Plant  villous:  Ivs.  radical,  linear-spat- 
ulate,  2-3  in.  long,  punctate,  entire :  fls.  1  in.  wide ;  scapes 
single,  leafless,  1-fld.,  3-9  in.  long. 

A.  landta,  Pursh,=Eriophyniun  c?Bspitosuin. 

J.  B.  Keller  and  W.  M. 


ACTINOMERIS 

ly  referring  to  the  n  liate 
'  Hard\  climbing  deciduous 
md  excellent  for  covering  ar 
\%alls  and  low  buildings  Re 
ts  and  fungi  Lvs  ilternate, 
H  I  single  or  in  corymbs, 
I     I     I  '4in  m  diam  ,  sepals 

I  lible     E    Asia,  Hiraa 

1  w   od  cuttings  in  sum 
t  ilso  by  layers     Mono 

1)  Hint  As  Nov  6  422 


I      I 


tliartaceous 


arguta,  Miq  [A  polyi/ama,  Hort  not  Miq  A  volu- 
I  I  Hort  not  Miq  )  Fig  29  Petioles  mostly  setose 
I\  s  4  )  m  long  broad  elliptic  cuneate  to  subcordate  at 
the  1  ise  abnipth  ic  nniii  iti  smooth  except  the  setose 
midrib  beneath  s  t  I  1  pi  ssed  serrate  fls  3  or 
more    greenish  \\t  1  Ink  purple     fr   green 

ish  jellow,  with  ti     II      tl  line     Japan,  Saghalin 

Manchuria     A  Ct    J  s  i  I    14 

\\  /ts  brtght  green,  dull,  membranaceous  snwtttines 
bicomtng  in  the  '.ummer  handsomely  iinieqated 
i<J  on  the  middle    fls   flagrant    not  rliml  tn  i  high 


pclygama  "Miq    L\s  3-4  in  long  1  i       1         i  \  ite 

III  11     it(    to  subcordate  at  tl  |  |  d 

11   t      1       tl     sftose  at  the  ner\  I        1        fls 

I  ,  11    111    li  ira      stigmas  on  a  sh   n    tl      |      t    1       fr 

\ello«  Juh  Japan  Saghalin,  M  mchuii  i  BM  i497 
—  The  plant  attracts  tats  like  valerian 

Eolomikta,  Maxim  Petioles  not  setose  ,  Irs  downy 
beneath  when  \  oung,  4-0  in  long  ovate  oblong,  rounded 
or  cordate  at  the  base,  unequally  setuloseh  serrate, 
sparsely  setose  beneath  fls  1-3,  Km  in  diam  stigmas 
sessile    July    Japan,  Saghalin,  Manchuria   R  H  lh")8    (b 

both 

ACTIN6LEPIS  (Greek,  n  .icale-like  raij).  Compisitw. 

Hardy    annuals    from    Calif. ;    freely    branching,    and 

mostly  yellow-flowered. 
cOTonilTia,  Gray  {ShSrtia   Califdmica,  Hort.    Breria 

rnrnndria.  Gray).  Figs.  30,  31.  Lvs.  opposite,  except 
the  ujiper  i>iu-s,  2  in.  or  more 
loliu'. 'i' '  I'l'^  |Mnn,ililid;  lobes  5-7, 
di-i.M       I     ,  ,,,  .    B.M.3828, 

as  //  .        >-:r«,Va.-One 

of  th.  |.i.iih-i  "I  .-iiinual  flow- 
ers, ami  ciisirvmsr  of  greater  pop- 
ularity. Excellent  for  edging.  An 
■  •verlastinsr. 


Actinolepis  coronaria. 

nown  to  the  trade  as 
Shortia  Califoniica. 

ACTIN6MERIS  (from  Greek  aktis,  ray,  and  meris, 
part,  alluding  to  the  iiregularity  of  the  rays).  Com- 
p6sita>.  Native  hardy  herbaceous  perennials  suitable  for 
wild  gardens  and  shrubbery.  Tall,  branching.  Cult, 
like  Helianthus.    Prop,  by  division. 

squarrdsa,  Nutt.  Height  4-8  ft. :  lvs.  lance-oblong, 
acuminate,  subpetiolate,  tapering  to  both  ends:  fls.  nu- 
merous, corymbed,  yellow;  rays 4-10,  irregular.  Autumn. 

A .  helianthioides,  Nutt.  Lvs.  silky-villous  undeme.ith :  rays 
about  8,  usually  more  than  in  A.  squarrosa.  Mn.  4: 129. — A, 
prbcera,  Steud.,  is  only  a  taller  form  of  A.  squarrosa. 

J.  B.  Keller. 


ACTINOPTERIS 

ACTIN6PTEEIS  {aJcfin,  ray,  and  pteris:  the  fronds 
radiat  ely  cut ).  Syo. ,  Actiniopteris.  Polypodi&cea. 
Greenhouse  ferns  from  India,  resembling  miniature  fan- 
pahns.  The  sori  are  linear-elongate  and  submarginal. 
and  covered  with  indusia.  A.  radidta.  Link,  is  the  only 
recognized  species.  l.  M.  Underwood. 

Ada  (a  complimentary  name).  OrcliidAcew ;  tribe 
VdHde(e.  A  genus  of  epiphytes  containing  two  species. 
Petals  and  sepals  slightly  spreading  from  half  their 
length ;  labellum  parallel  with  the  column  and  united  to 
its  base.  Found  at  high  elevations  on  the  Colombian 
Andes.  Useful  for  the  coolhouse,  where  they  may  be 
grown  together  with  Odontoglossums,  blooming  in  no 
definite  season. 

aurantlaca,  Lindl.  Fig.  32.  Pseudobulbs  2-3  in., 
ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  subcylindrical  or  slightly  com- 
pressed, tapering  toward  the  summits,  bearing  1-3  nar- 
row leaf -blades  6-12  in.  long:  petals  and  sepals  narrow, 
pointed,  channeled;  labellum  half  as  long  as  the  petals: 
scape  drooping,  bearing  racemes  of  cinnabar-red  fls. 

L^hmanni,  Rolfe.  Leaves  marbled  with  gray  :  label- 
lum white.  — Not  much  in  cultivation.  A  recent  species. 
Oakes  Ames. 

The  Adas  grow  at  the  altitude  of  8,500  ft.  To  grow 
them  successfully,  a  house  that  can  be  kept  very  cool  in 
summer  is  necessary,  one  having  a  northern  exposure, 
such  a',  is  constructed  for  Odontoglossums  being  best  as 
the  two  plants  are  found  growing  together  bhadmg 
will  be  found  necessiry  m  summer  duimg  the  hottest 
weather  prefer  ibh  b\  roller  shades,  that  can  be  rolled 
up  m  dull  «  itli  1  IS  li\  this  means  a  current  of  cool 
air  IS  (  n  t  iitl\  )  m^  o\erthe  glass  The  tempera 
ture  insi  1    th      tiniui     c  m  be  kept  Ijelow  that  outside 

rantia       i  i  1    i      i        i    \    1      '  f    t  it 

bright    1  II 

time       I  I  1 

distin„ni  I  I  11 

lip  and  1  \    I    ii  ii 

companion  sj.t  i  i    I 

fern  fiber  and  i  '  nil 

hest  suited  for  1 1  i      i    1 1 

plants  are  ne\ei    li       i     I      i      i        itl     i    n        ii    i      i      i 
winter  E    O    Okiet 


ADENOCARPDS 


23 


ADAMIA.    See  Dicliroa. 


ADAM'S  NEEDLE.    See  Tucca. 

ADANS6NIA  (namedafter  M.  Adanson,  French  bota- 
nist). ilalvAcea.  TheBaobab  is  said  to  have  the  thick- 
est trunk  of  any  Tree  in  the  world.  Adansonia  has  few 
congeners  taniiliar  to  the  horticulturist:  fls.  large,  pen- 
dulous ;  petals  fi.  white,  obovate  ■  stamens  numerous  ; 
ovary  5-ln-celIeil  ;  fr.  <tlilong.  woody,  indehisceut,  filled 
with  a  mealy  pulp  iu  which  are  numerous  seeds. 

digit&ta,  Linn.  Baobab  Tree.  Height  not  more  than 
60  ft.;  diam.  said  to  be  sometimes  30  ft.  or  more  :  Ivs. 
palmate,  with  3  leaflets  in  young  plants,  and  5-7  in  older 
ones:  fls.  6  in.  across,  with  purplish  anthers  on  longax- 
illarv,  solitary  peduncles.  Africa.  B.M.  2791.  — Rarely 
cultivated  in  extreme  S.  Fla.,  where  fr.  is  9-12  in.  long, 
and  called  "Monkey's  Bread." 

ADDEB'S-TONGUE.    See  Erythronium. 

ADDEE'S-TONGTJE  FEEN.    See  Opliioglossum. 

ADENANDEA  (from  the  glandular  anthers).  Sutdcew. 
Small  summer-flowering,  tender  shrubs  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  Lvs.  alternate,  small,  leathery,  subses- 
sile,  entire,  glandular-dotted  :  fls.  white  or  rosy  ;  petals 
obovate.    Prop,  by  cuttings  from  the  ripened  wood. 

fr^grans,  Roem.  &  Schult.  {Didsma  frdgrans,  Sims). 
Breath  of  Heaven.  Height  2-3  ft.:  lvs.  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, dark  green  above,  whitish  beneath,  with  a  glandu- 
lar, denticulate  margin:  fls.  rosy.  B.M.  1519.— A  fa- 
vorite in  Calif. 


ADENANTHfiEA  (from  the  deciduous  pedicillate 
gland  on  each  anther).  Ijegnminds(e.  Tender,  unarmed 
evergreen  tree,  cult,  in  greenhouses  only  for  its  eco- 
nomic interest,  and  also  in  Calif,  in  the  open  air.  Prop, 
by  seeds, which  should  be  softened  in  hot  water  previous 
to  sowing. 

Favonlna,  Linn.  Red  Sandal-wood  Tree.  Leaflets 
about  13:  fls.  in  an  axillary  spike.  Trop.  Asia,  where  it 
grows  to  a  tree  of  great  size.  — The  red  lens-shaped 
"Circassian  Seeds"  are  curiosities  with  travelers,  and 
are  used  for  necklaces,  etc. 


ip  and  colu 


ADENOCALfMNA  {glandular  covering;  referring  to 
leaves  etc  )  Bi  inoniAcetc.  Tender  climbing  shrub, 
closeh  illied  to  Bignonid  Grown  in  hothouses,  requir- 
ing cunsiderdble  moisture     Prop,  by  cuttings  in  frames. 

comdsum,  DL  "st  rou.,'h,  punctate:  lvs.  opposite,  tri- 
f oholate  petioles  thickened  at  junction  with  the  blades : 
racemes  so  densely  clothed  at  first  with  large  bracts  as 
to  suggest  the  aments  of  the  hop-vine  ;  fls.  2  in.  across, 
brilliant  yellow,  trumpet  shaped  ;  upper  lip  of  2,  and 
lower  hp  of  3  rounded,  waved  lobes.   Braz.   B.M.  4210. 

ADENOCAEFUS  (from  the  glandular  pod,  which 
easily  distinguishes  it  from  allied  genera).  Leguminbsce . 
Shrubs,  rarely  small  trees,  more  or  less  pubescent:  lvs. 
alternate,  trifoliolate,  small:  fls.  papilionaceous,  yellow, 
in  terminal  racemes :  caljTi  2-lipped :  fr.  a  glandular  pod, 
oblong  or  linear,  compressed.  Altout  14  species  in  S.  Eu., 
Asia  Slinor,  N.  andW.  Afr..  Canary  Isl.  Low  shrubs, 
riirelv  more  than  3  ft.,  of  spreading  habit,  with  handsome 
fls.  produced  pi..fus,  h  in  s]>ring  ;  very  attractive  when 
in  full  bic.c.iii  Till  X  II  .|uirc  a  sunny  position  and  well 
drained  soil  I  In  \  m  i -|.i  i  lally  adapted  for  temperate 
regions,  hut  ill.  iii.t  In  n  ti  msplknting  well,  and  should 
be  irronii  111  pl.t-  111. 1. 1  j.l  ii.t...l  Ttu'v  ari'  .tIso  hand- 
sniiii  j-ii  I  nil  .11-1  -1.1  I  1  1  1  -  1  .  -I  111  I  -.iiidy com- 
post III  j.i  It  iiiil  I  1  -Tt-enwood 
cuttiii,-  111  -iniii-  1  ^'rafting. 

fraukenioides,     th.  i  ,.1  ,,  ,,.   .     Spreng.). 

Branches  pubescent  :  h  s.  persist. -nt,  crowded  ;  leaflets 
linear-oblong,  complicate :  fls.  crowded,  in  short  racemes ; 
calyx  glandular,  the  lateral  segments  of  the  lower  lip 
longer  than  the  middle  one,  exceeding  the  upper  lip. 
TenerifEe. 

intermedius,  DC.  Branches  villous  :  lvs.  deciduous, 
grouped  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate  :  fls.  in 
elongated  racemes  ;  calyx  glandular,  middle  segment  of 


24 


ADENOCARPUS 


the  lower  lip  longer  than  the  lateral  ones,  much  exceed- 
ing the  upper  lip.    Italy,  Spain,  Sicily. 

dec6rticanB,  Boiss.  (A.  Boissiiri,  Webb).  Shrub  or 
small  tree,  15-25  ft. :  branches  tomentose  :  Ivs.  crowded, 
persistent  ;  leaflets  linear,  pubescent  :  racemes  short, 
compact :  calyx  villous,  segments  nearly  equal.  Spain. 
K.H.  1883:156.  0.0.11.25:725.  Gn.  30:  572. -Resem- 
bles English  Gorse,  but  is  thomless.  Bark  peels  natu- 
rally.   Thrives  in  poor,  sandy  soil. 

A.  anagi/rus,  Sprene.=A.  frankenioides. — A.  Boissiiri,  Webb 
»=A.  decorticans. — A.  complicdtus,  G-ay.  (A.  parvifolius,  DC). 
Branches  nearly  glabrous  :  racemes  elongated  ;  calyx  glandu- 
lar. S.  W.  France,  Spain.  B.SI.  1387,  as  Cytisus  divaricatus. — 
A.commutdtus,  Guss.  (A.  Telonensis,  DC).  Branches  villous, 
pubescent:  racemes  loose  ;  calyx  \illous.  Spain,  Orient. — A.di- 
varicdtus,  Boiss. =A.  intermedius  when  held  to  include  A.  com- 
mutatus  and  complicatus. — A .  toliolbsus,  DC.  Branches  and  Ivs . 
crowded,  villous  :  racemes  compact,  many-flowered;  calyx  vil- 
lous. Canary  Isl.—jl .  ffrandi'Wrus,  Boiss.  Branches  and  Ivs. 
glabrous  :  racemes  few-flowered  ;  calyx  pubescent.  S.  France, 
Spain. — A.Hispdnicus,X>C  Branches  velvety-pubescent :  Ivs. 
tomentose  beneath  :  racemes  dense,  many-flowered  ;  calyx  glan- 
diilar.  Spain. — A.  parvifdlius,  DC.=A.  complicatus.  Gay. — A. 
TeloTUneis,  DC.=A.  commutatus. — A.  Telonensis,  Nicholson= 
A.  grandiflorus,  Alfred  Rehder. 

ADENOFHOBA  {gland-bearing;  referring  to  the  cy- 
lindrical nectary  which  surrounds  the  base  of  the  style ) . 
Campanuldcece.  A  genus  of  hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials separated  from  Campanula  only  by  minor  charac- 
ters, as  the  trilocular  ovary  and  cylindrical  nectary. 
Fls.  blue,  nodding,  on  short  pedicels,  produced  freely  in 
midsummer  in  slender  but  stiff,  erect  panicles  or  loose 
racemes.  For  culture,  see  Campanula.  Prop,  by  seeds 
or  cuttings  in  spring.  The  plants  do  not  take  kindly  to 
division  or  other  disturbance  of  the  roots.  Many  other 
species  than  those  in  the  trade  are  worthy. 

commi^B,  Fisch.  (A.  liUflbra,  Schur.  A.  Fischeri,  G. 
Don.  A.UliifdHa,Ledeh.).  Radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  ovate- 
rotund,  cordate,  crenate-dentate  ;  cauline  Ivs.  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  :  fls.  numerous,  in  a 
pyramidal  panicle  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular  ;  style 
exserted. 

Lamirckii,  Fisch.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  ser- 
rate, ciliate:  fls.  racemose;  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate; 
style  not  exserted. 

Potanlni,  Hort.  Shrubby:  spikes  2-3  ft.  high:  fls.  IM 
in.  across,  light  blue.    July-Aug.    Int.  1899. 

J.  B.  Keller  and  W.  M. 

ADEN6ST0MA  {aden,  gland,  stoma,  mouth  ;  calyx 
with  5  glands  at  the  mouth).  BosAcece.  Shrubs,  rarely 
small  trees  :  lvs.  linear,  small  :  fls.  white,  about  1-5  in. 
broad,  in  terminal  panicles;  petals  5,  stamens  10-15:  fr. 
a  small  akene.  Two  species  in  Calif.  Heath-like  ever- 
green shrubs  ;  very  handsome  when  in  full  bloom. 
They  may  be  cult,  in  temperate  regions  in  a  sunny  posi- 
tion and  well  drained  soil.  A.  fasciculatum  stands 
many  degrees  of  frost.  Prop,  by  seeds  and  greenwood 
cuttings  in  spring. 

fascicnl&tum,  Hook.  &  Am.  Shrub,  2-20  ft. :  lvs.  fas- 
ciculate, linear:  panicles  rather  dense,  2-J  in.  long:  fls. 
nearly  sessile.  May^une.  Ranges  northward  to  Sierra 
Co.  The  characteristic  shrub  of  the  chaparral  or 
chamisal  regions  of  the  coast  ranges  of  Calif.    Int.  1891. 

sparBildliiun,  Torr.  Shrub  or  small  tree.  6-12  ft., 
rarely  30  ft.,  resinous  :  lvs.  altemat*  :  panicles  loose  ; 
fls.  pedicelled,  larger,  fragrant.  S.  and  Lower  Calif. 
Int.  1891.  Alfred  Rehder. 

ADfiSMIA  {not  bound;  referring  to  the  free  stamens). 
Legun\inds(e.    Tender  shrubs  from  Chili. 

A.  balsdmica,  Bertero.  Lvs.  1-lK  in.  long  :  leaflets  10-18  in 
pairs:  racemes  3-8  fld. ;  fls.  %in.  across,  golden  yellow.  B.M. 
6921.—  Has  the  odor  of  balsam.  Not  in  Amer.  trade. 

ADHATODA  (native  name).  Acanthicem.  Tender 
shrubs,  distinguished  from  Justicia  by  the  less  spurred 
anthers,  and  often  by  the  habit  and  calyx.  For  culture, 
see  Justicia. 

cydonifflfdlia,  Nees.  Lvs.  opposite  on  short  petioles, 
ovate;  lower  lip  broadly  obovate,  purple  Brazil.  B.M. 
4962.    F.S.  12: 1222.    R.H.  1873: 110.-  Cult,  in  Calif. 

A  Fdmca,  Nees.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate:  fls.  white, 
streaked  red.   Ceylon.   B.M.  861  as  Justicia  Adhatoda. 


ADIANTUM 

K!ilk'STV!i.\GieeW,unuetted).Polypodiicem.  Maiden- 
hair Fern.  A  large  genus  of  widely  distributed  ferns 
of  tropical  countries  largely,  with  polished  black  or  pur- 
plish stems,  mostly  smooth  foliage  to  which  water  will  not 
adhere,  and  marginal  sori  attached  underneath  an  inroUed 
portion  of  the  segment,  which  thus  forms  a  protecting  in- 
dusium.  The  requirements  of  cultivation  are  plenty  of 
space,  good  drainage,  and  a  compost  of  peat,  loam  and 
sand.  Of  the  one  hundred  or  more  species,  five  are  na- 
tives, of  which  A    vedatum  is  the  best  known. 

L.  M.  Underwood. 

The  genus  Adiantum  furnishes  us  some  of  the  most 
useful  and  popular  species  of  commercial  ferns.  They 
are  easy  of  cultivation.  They  need  a  slightly  shaded 
position,  moderately  moist  atmosphere,  and  a  temp,  of 
60-65°  F.  The  soil  should  be  composed  of  rich  loam  and 
leaf -mold  in  equal  parts,  and  should  be  kept  moderately 
moist.  Some  of  the  most  useful  ones  for  general  pur- 
poses (givenundertheir trade  names)  are:  A.a^mulumy 
grows  about  12-15  in.  high,  and  has  very  graceful  dark 
green  fronds;  A.  bellum,  a  dwarf,  very  compact  species 
6-8  in.;  A.  cuneatum,  A.  cuneatum  var.  grandiceps,  with 
long,  heavUy-crested,  drooping  fronds  ;  A.  cuneatum 
var.  variegatum  makes  a  neat  specimen  ;  A.  concin- 
num,  gracefully  drooping  dark  green  fronds  15  in. 
long,  with  overlapping  pinna  ;  A.  concinnum  var.  la- 
tum, of  upright  growth,  is  24  in.  high;  A.  decorum 
is  very  useful,  12-15  in.,  and  has  young  fronds  of  a 
pleasing  metallic  tint;  A.  excisum  var.  multifidum ; 
A.  formosum  ;  A.  Fergusonii  ;  A.  fragrantissimum  ; 
A.  pubescens  ;  A.  tenerum  and  var.  roseum  ;  A.  Wie- 
gandi ;  A.LeGrandi,  very  dwarf;  A.  muiidulum,  a 
very  neat,  dwarf  species  ;  A.  rubellum,  a  dwarf  spe- 
cies with  mature  fronds  light  green,  young  fronds  of 
a  deep  ruby  tint.  The  above  may  easily  be  grown  from 
spores,  if  sown  on  a  compost  consisting  of  half  each  of 
finely  screened,  clean  soil  and  leaf -mold  or  peat,  and 
placed  in  a  moderately  moist  and  shady  place  in  the 
greenhouse  in  a  temp,  of  60"  F.  To  be  grown  most 
economically,  they  should  be  transplanted  in  clumps 
of  3  or  4  plants  as  soon  as  the  first  pinnsB  have  appeared, 
and,  as  soon  as  strong  enough,  potted  off,  either  in 
clumps  or  singly. 

Some  very  desirable  speci.s  to  irmw  into  large,  tall 
specimens  are:  A.^thiopi'  ii„: .  A  .  /;.(">.  i.  A.  CoUisii, 
A.  Fergusoni,  A.  formosiin, .  .1.  /."/A"//./!,  A.  Peru- 
vianum,  A.  princeps,  A.  rl,''i„l.n,,l,  u m .  A.  Sanctm 
Catharinm,  A.  trapeziforme .  itud  A.  U'llliamsii.  The 
following  are  also  recommended  for  special  purposes: 
for  fern-dishes,  A.  fulvum;  for cntting,  A.  gracillimum. 
The  following  kinds  are  economically  prop,  by  divi- 
sion, temp.  65° F.:  A.  Farleyense,  the  different  varieties 
of  Capillus-Veneris,  A.  rhodophyllum ,  A. assimile, etc. 
Some  kinds,  as  A.  dolabriforme,  A.  eaiidatum  and  ^. 
Edgeworthii,  form  small  plants  on  the  ends  of  fronds, 
which  may  be  detached  and  potted  separately,  and  if 


of   Adiantum  pedatum. 


kept  in  a  close  atmosphere  will  in  a  short  time  grow 
into  choice  little  plants.  Temp.  65-70°  F.  The  last  three 
kinds  are  adapted  for  hanging  baskets. 

NicHOL  N.  Bruckner. 
The  following  species  are  in  the  American  trade,  the 
names  in  italics  being  synonyms :    {A.  rdseum  is  an  unde- 
termined horticultural  name,  possibly   referable  to  A. 


ADIANTUM 


rubellum) :  cemulum,  No.  28  ;  ^thiopicum,  24  ;  affine, 
9  ;  amabiie,  29  ;  assimile,  24  ;  Baiisei,  19  ;  bellum,  27; 
Capillus-Veneris,  26  ;  caudatum,  2  ;  Collisii,  22  ;    eon- 

' ""      * —    ""  •  curvatum,  16  ;  ct/closorum, 

u,  8  ;  digitatum,  35  ;  dolabri- 


cinnum,  23  ;   cuneatum, 
30  ;  decorta 


forme,  1;  Edgfii-orthii,'2;  elegans^ 
ginatum,  20  ;  excisuni,  25  ;  Farleyeuse,  18  ; 
Fergusoni,2Q  ;  formosum,  11;  fruynnitis.ii- 
mum,  28  ;  gTacillimiuu,  'M  :  hispidulum,  17  ; 
intermedium,  10  ;  Jordani,  20  ;  Kaulfussii,  5  ; 
iMthomi,  19;  LeGrandi,  34;  luaulatum,  1; 
macrophyllum,4;  Malrlsii,2io-  raonochlauiys, 
32;  Moorei,  29;  mundiilum,  28;  Novre-Cale- 
doniffi,  14  ;  Oweni,  30  ;  palmatum,  35  ;  peda- 
tum,  15  ;  Penivianum,  3;  polyphyllum,  7;  princeps,  19  ; 
pubescens,  17  ;  pulvemlentum,  12  ;  rhodophyllum,  19  ; 
rhomboideum,  13  ;  rubellum,  31  ;  Sanctce  Catharince,  6  ; 
Siebrechtii,  30  ;  speciostim,  35  ;  tenenim,  19  ;  trapezi- 
forme,  6;  variegatum,  28;  venustum,  33;  Versail- 
lense,  28;  Victorim,  19;  villosum,  13;  Wagneri,  30; 
Wiegandi,  30  ;  Williamsii,  21. 

A.    Fronds  with  a  single  row  of  small  leaflets  on  either 
side,  rooting  at  the  apex. 

1.  lunulituin,  Burm.(  J.  (fo?(T6)-i7(5r)HC,Hook.).  Fronds 
1  ft.  long  on  blackish  wiry  polished  stipes;  lower  leaflets 
nearly  semicircular,  all  on  hair-like  stalks.  India,  Trop. 
Amer.,  Australia. 

2.  cauditum,  Linn.  {A.  Edgeworthii,  Hook.).  Fronds 
6  in.  to  1  ft.  long  on  short  brownish  densely  hairy  stipes ; 
leaflets  deeply  cut  into  several  spreading  narrow  lobes. 
Old  World. 

AA.    Frond.^  wilh  it-'tualh/  a  .tinfjle  rote  of  large  leaflets 
oil  either  side,  not  rooling  at  the  apex. 

3.  Peruviinum,  Klotzsch.  Fronds  1  ft.  or  more  long,  on 
polished  stipes,  with  obliquely  ovate  pointed  leaflets,  2  in. 
long  by  1  ^2  in.  wide,  on  slender  stalks ;  sori  8-10  on  either 
side  of  the  leaflet,  twice  as  long  as  wide.    Peru. 

4.  macroph^llum,  Swartz.  Fronds  1  ft.  long,  on  rather 
stout  polished  stipes,  with  4-6  pairs  of  wedge-shaped  ses- 


ADIANTUM  25 

sile  leaflets  \}4-2  in.  long  by  %-l  in.  wide  ;   indusium 
nearly  continuous  on  either  side  of  the  leaflet.    Trop. 

5.  KauUusBii,  Kunze.  Fronds  6-8  in.  high,  on  slender 
black  stalks;  leaflets  5-11,  2  in.  long,  %-l  in.  wide,  with 
unequal  base ;  indusia  very  long  and  narrow,  forming  an 
almost  continuous  marginal  band  on  either  side  of  the 
leaflets.    Mex.,  W.  Ind. 

AAA.    Fronds  at  least  bipinnate,  the  segments  ditnidiate^ 
i.  e.  irith  the  veinlets  all  springing  from  the  lower 
side  of  the  leaflet,  whieh  is  twice  as  long  as  broad. 
B.    Leaflets  l%-2  in.  long. 

6.  trapezi!6nne,  Linn.  FrondslSin.  or  more  high,  with 
the  terminal  It-ufl.t  l..ni;.Ttlian  the  lateral;  leaflets  trape- 
zoidal, with  ]iaiall.l  si.lc^.  '.j-?4in.  wide,  lobed,  and  with 
numerous  sori.  .1.  S.iiirt.i  -Cilharlnw  is  a  form  with 
deeper  lobes.    Trop.  Amer. 

BB.    Leaflets  smaller,  an  inch  or  less  long. 
c.    stalks  polished,  smooth. 

7.  polyphyllum,  Willd.  Fronds  often  tripinnate,  with 
stout  black  stalks ;  pinnae  6-8,  long,  with  closely  set  leaf- 
lets which  are  %-l  in.  long,  the  upper  margin  curved, 
with  4-6  circular  or  oblong  indusia.    S.  Amer. 

8.  diiphanum,  Blume.  Fronds  simply  pinnate  or  usu- 
ally with  1  or  2  pinnas  at  the  base  ;  leaflets  Kin.  long, 
!<iin.  wide,  with  numerous  sori  placed  in  the  sinuses  of 
the  inner  and  outer  edges.    Asia  to  N.  Zeal. 

9.  afHne,  Willd.  Fronds  bipinnate,  with  acentral  pinna 
and  several  lateral  ones ;  leaflets  not  exceeding  %m.  long, 
Kin.  wide,  the  upper  edge  parallel  with  the  lower,  and 
crenate,  bearing  numerous  rounded  sori  on  the  upper 
and  outer  margin.    N.  Zeal. 

cc.    Stalks  polished  but  somewhat  tomentose. 

10.  intermedium,  Swartz.  Fronds  1  ft.  or  more  long, 
with  a  terminal  pinna  and  1-3  lateral  ones  on  each  side ; 
leaflets  1  in.  or  more  long,  with  interrupted  sori  on  the 
upper  and  two-thirds  of  tin-  ont.r  mnv'rins.   Trop.  Amer. 

CCC.     .S7-    ■  '"lirll. 

11.  formdsum,  R.  r>i  1  i  i  i  ii.  long,  two-thirds 
as  broad,  mostly  tripiiinii-.  nmiIi  loii-h  scabrous  stalks 
and  rather  smafl  deeply  Iubcd  leaflits  W-^in.  long,  with 
rounded  and  toothed  outer  margins.    Austral. 

12.  pulvemlentum,  Linn.  Fronds  often  a  foot  long.with 
a  large  terminal  pinna  and  several  lateral  ones,  bipin- 
nate ;  stalks  purplish,  hairy,as  are  also  the  rachises  ;  leaf- 
lets 54-1  in.  long,  Kin.  wide,  closely  placed,  the  outer 
edge  rounded  or  truncate.    W.  Ind. 

13.  villdsum,  Linn.  {A .  rhombo'ideiim ,  Swartz) .  Fronds 
larj,'.-,  witli  a  terminal  an.l  several  lateral  pinna!  6-12  in. 
loiiir.  on  stout  villotis-hairy  stalks;  leaflets  numerous, 
nearlv  1  in.  l..n-  '  ,in.  wiile,  trapi-zoidal,  with  the  inner 
side  j.arallel  tf  the  raeliis  ;  indusia  forming  an  almost 
continuous  line  along  the  upper  and  outer  margins.  W. 
Ind.  and  S.  Amer. 

14.  Ndvae-Caleddniae,  Keys.  Fronds  6-8  in.  long  and 
wide,  somewhat  pentagonal,  once  pinnate  with  one  or  two 
secondary  basal  pinnse  on  the  lower  side  at  base ;  leaflets 
attached  to  the  rachises  by  a  broad  base,  nearly  1  in.  long, 
pointed,  irregularly  incised,  bearing  1-4  rounded  sori 
next  to  the  base.    New  Caledonia. 

A.\AA.    Fronds  forked,  the  two  branches  bearing  pinnte 

from  the  upper  side. 

B.    Stalks  polished,  smooth. 

15.  peditum,  Linn.  Fig.  33.  Common  Maidenhair  of 
our  northern  states,  with  circular  fronds  on  purplish 
stalks  1  ft.  or  more  high.  — Sometimes  transplanted  into 
gardens,  requiring  a  shady,  moist  and  protected  place. 

16.  curvitum,  Kaulf .  Fronds  forked  and  with  the  main 
divisions  once  or  twice  forked;  leaflets  1-1  ^^  in.  long, 
nearly  ^^in.  wide,  the  upper  margin  rounded  and  lobed. 

BB.    Stalks  scabrous  {or  rough). 

17.  Mepidulum,  Swartz  (A.  pubescens.  Schk.).  The 
two  divisions  branching  like  a  fan.  with  the  largest  pinnae 
C-9  in.  long,  made  up  of  numerous  leaflets  Hin.  or  more 
long,  two-thirds  as  broad,  with  numerous  circular  indusis 
on  the  upper  and  rounded  outer  margin.    Old  World. 


ADIANTUM 


nate,  often  tripinnaie 
numerous  rather  sm( 
shaped  leaflets  with  vei 


lodges  deeplij  cut  into  a  series  of  narrow  lobes. 
Farley^nse,  Moore.    Fig.  34.    Fronds  often  reach- 
15-24   in.  in   length,  forming  a   rich  profusion   of 
closely  overlapping  pin- 
nae, light  green;  leaflets 
more    or    less     wedge- 
shaped  at  base,  with  cur- 
ved sides  and  the  outer 
margin      rounded      and 
deeply    cut    into      10-15 
narrow  lobes,  which  rare- 
ly bear  sori.    Barbadoes. 
I.H.  19:  92. -Said  to  be  a 
garden  variety  of  A.  ie- 
nerum,  but  apparently  a 
good  species, 
cc.    Edges  not  lacin- 
iately  cut. 

19.  t^nenun,  Swartz. 
Fronds  deltoid,  12-15  in. 
long,  two-thirds  as  wide, 
the  terminal  leaflets 
equally,  the  lateral  un- 
equally wedge-shaped  at 
base,  all  of  them  rhombic 
and  deciduous  when  dry, 
with  10  or  less  small  sori 
on  the  outer  and  inner 
margins.  A.  JL(lthomi,A. 
VietbricB,  A.  rhodophyl- 
lum,  A.prlnceps,  and  A. 
Baiisei  are  horticultural 
forms.  Fla.  and  Trop. 
Amer. 

20.  Jdrdani,  C.  Muell. 
(A.  emaryindtum,  D.  C. 
Eaton,  not  Hook.). 
Fronds  1  ft.  or  more  long, 
G  in.  wide,  mostly  twice 
pinnate,  with  nearly 
semicircular       leaflets  ; 

sori  elongate,  the  indusium  almost  continuous  around  the 
margin  of  the  leaflet.    Calif,  and  Oreg. 

21.  Williamsii,  Moore.  Fronds  triangular,  nearly  1  ft. 
high ;  leaflets  nearly  semicircular,  3-4-lobed  on  the  outer 
margin,  bearing  5-8  sori  covered  with  oblong  indusia. 
Peru.  —  Similar  in  habit  to  the  last,  but  smaller  and  with 
more  numerous  sori. 

BB.   Leaflets  mostly  less  than  a  half  inch  across. 
c.    Frniid.'i  lit  least  •/iiadripiunate,  broader  than  long. 

22.  Collisii.  ^1..  i,  l-,,i,,lv  1  ft.  or  more  long,  very 
br.ia.l,  iiriitly  repeatedly  forking; 
leati.  I  .111-,  those  towards  the  outer 
porti..ii-  |..ii_'c  r  ;iii.|  l;ir_.  itlian  those  nearer  the  base.— 
Of  gardi-ii  origin.  possil>ly  a  hybrid. 

■  oblong,  longer 


cc.    Fronds  mostly  triangular 

than  broad. 
Shape  of  leaflets  rhomhie.  the  in 


23. 


12-18  in.long.G-9  iii.wn;.  ,  '  . 
leaflets  rhombic-oblong;,  -::l'.1iiI; 
leaflet,  usually  set  close  tiigfthi-r 
DD.    Shape  of  leaflets  roundi.-<h  with  obtuse  ba 

21.  ffithiopicum,  f.inii,  i   !.» 


idney-shaped 

2-3-pinnate, 
black  stalks; 
ri  4-8  on  each 
Braz. 


11,1   !.»»'■'■  f III/ ',',  Swartz).    Fronds 

1  ft,  "!■  ■•■  i-.i..,,,,  .',  ,,,i,,-  -1,11,.    ■J-:i-pinnate,  rather 

narr'>  ,  ;:-lobed,  the  mar- 

gin 11'  I         '  i  t .  with  oblong  or 

kidn.-}    -ii;!!'.  .1  ii,.ii,-:,,,    Aw.  -.,:,.[  ,\u-tr:a. 

25.  exclsum,  Kuuze.  Fronds  2-3-pinnate,  G-12  in.  long, 
3-4  in.  wide;  leaflets  about  J^in.  wide,  roundish,  with  the 
margin  cut  into  small  rounded  lobes;  sori  large,  2^  to 
each  leaflet,  kidney-shaped  or  circular.    Chile. 


DDD.    Shape  rif  leaflets 

E.    llidlisia  ..1,1,., 

26.   Capillus -Veneris, 


i.DIANTUM 

iiiefly  cuneate  at  the  base, 
indistinctly  lunate. 

I.  (,l.  F4rgusoni,  A.  Mai- 
rlsii.  Moon),  l-'ii.',  :;r,,  I'l.ni.l^  L'-:i-pinnate,6-20  in.  long, 
3-8in.  widf;  l.-atlits  n.arly  '...in.  wide,  more  or  less  ir- 
regularly lobed  at  the  outer  margin  ;  sori  1-3  to  each 
leaflet,  with  oblong  or  more  or  less  elongate  narrow 
indusia.  Native  southward,  and  widely  distributed 
throughout  the  Old  World.  —  Exists  in  many  varieties, 
some  of  them  deeply  lobed,  like  A.  Farleyense  ;  a  com- 
pact imbricated  form  is  very  effective. 

27.  b^llum,  Moore.  Small,  3-8  In.  high,  bipinnate;  leaf- 
lets with  the  outer  margin  erose  and  often  divided  into 
2-3  shallow  lobes  ;  sori  2-3  to  each  leaflet,  rather  long 
and  broad  or  somewhat  lunate.   Bermuda. 

EE.    Indusia  nearly  circular,  with  a  narrow  sinus. 

28.  cune&tum,  Langs.  &  Fisch.  {A.  limulum,  A.  mun- 
dulum,  Moore.  A.  VersailUnse,  A.  fragrantissimum, 
Hort. ) .  Fronds  3-^-pinnate,  deltoid,  6-15  in.  long,  5-9  in. 
wide ;  leaflets  numerous,  obtuse  or  broadly  wedge-shaped 
at  base,  the  margin  rounded  and  more  or  less  crenately 
lobed ;  sori  ,3-5  to  each  segment,  with  rather  small  rounded 
indusia.  Braz.  —  Runs  into  many  forms,  of  which  A.va- 
riegAtum  is  one. 

29.  Modrei,  Baker  (A.  amdbile,  Moore,  not  Liebm.). 
Fronds  2-:i-pinnate  on  long  slender  stalks,  6-15  in.  long; 
li-at1<-ts  S-^jin.  long,  rhomboidal,  with  wedge-like  base, 
il.-r|,lv  luli.-.l  ;   .sori  of  medium  size,  4-6  to  each  leaflet. 


t.  1 .1 .  deeoram.  A.Wiigandi,  A.  ile- 

,  ,Moore).  Fronds  2-3-pin- 

ii'-ral  leaflets  rhomboid, 

I M '  I  or  incised  ;  sori  4-6 

\ir\   t:ir-i    membranous  circular  in- 

iiehreelitii,  Hort.,  "supposed  to  be  a 

decorum   and    A.    Williamsii,"   has 


.■:o.  WAgnerl,  Jl.' 
gans,  A.  Oweni.  J 
nate,  6-9  in.  Ion  LT,  i 
the  terminal  cuni 
to  each  leaflet,  wit 
dusia.  Peru.— ^. 
cross  between  A. 
strong,  graceful  fronds  thickly  set  with  round  pinnules 
of  firm  texture. 

31.  rubillum,  Moore.  Fronds  4-6  in.  long,  deltoid,  bi- 
pinnate ;  texture  membranous,  bright  green,  reddish 
when  young  ;  leaflets  Kin.  wide,  deltoid  or  the  lower 
rhomboid,  the  outer  margin  deeply  lobed  and  the  lobes 
finely  toothed  ;  sori  round  at  the  apices  of  the  lobes. 
Bolivia. 


Pinna  of  Adiantum  Capillus-Veneris.    Xattiral  s 


ADIANTUM 

32.  monoclll4myB,  D.  ('.  Eaton.  Fronds  ovate-deltoid, 
6-12  in.  long,  tripinnate  ;  leaflets  H>n.  wide,  cuneate  at 
the  base,  the  upper  edge  rounded,  slightly  toothed,  with 
a  single  sorus  or  rarely  two  in  a  decided  hollow  at  the 
upper  edge.    Jap. 

.IS.  veniistum.  Dun.  Fronds  ovate-deltoid,  tri-quadri- 
piiuiatf,  (1-12  ill.  I.iiil;  :  leaflets  cuneate  at  the  base,  J^in. 
widi-.  witlL  thr  uiipcr  nisje  irregularly  rounded  or  with 
3  in<Ustiiirt  lithfs,  liiii-l\  tdothed,  bearing  1-3  sori  in  dis- 
tinct hi.lKiws.  111. I. 
BBB.  Lvafliis  iiiiiiiili .  iiiiiKinerable;  fronds  4-6-pinnafe. 

34.  gracillimum,  ll.irt.  Fronds  1  ft.  or  more  long, 
nearly  us  wiili-,  4-(i-piiiiiate,  with  innumerable  very  small 
leaflets,  which  are  3-8-!-4iu.  wide  and  usually  bear  a  single 
sorus  or  rarely  two.  — Dense,  compact  forms  are  in  cult, 
under  the  name  of  A.  JjeGrdndl. 

AAAAAA.    St.  climbing,  several  ft.  loiij,  3-i-pinnate. 

35.  digititum,  Presl.  (A.  speeidsiim.  Hook.  A.  pal- 
mdtiim.  Moore).  Fronds  2-3  ft.  long  on  a  stalk  18  in.  or 
more  long,  with  palmately  lobed  leaflets  1  in.  or  more 
wide.    S.  Amer.  L.  ji.  rsDEEWOOD. 

ADLUM,  JOHN.  Plate  II.  Grape  experimenter,  and 
author  of  "Memoir  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Vine,"  1823 
and  1828,  the  first  separately  published  American  grape 
book.  B.irn  in  York.  I'a..  Apr.  211,  17.")i).  Died  at  George- 
ti.uii.  n,  r,.  ^I:ir.  I,  !.-:;(.  He  «,>,  :i  -.Mi-r  in  theRevo- 
i,r    ■       ,1  :-■  ailministra- 

1'.  ■  ■■   >•   .       ,  ■!'  •■  ■!   -  ■ . • !  1 . ■  I'-general in 

X',:  1  .  :■■  ■:!  -I  i  ■>  i.i:^  .  I  .  .i:  ..:,  In-  --  ,i-  ^n-i.  a  SUrVCyOF 
;illil  .■|\  ll   rli::llii  I  1  .      I  i  c  ■   ,m  ■  m   1 1 ,   , , ,   ;  i  1 1  .i,-,.-,..;  lat  c  judgeship 

ill  l^vc.iiiiuL.'  c,.iiiii\.  r.iiii~x  U  aiiia,  having  been  ap- 
l.uint'.d  ],v  (I..V.  Mniiiii.  II.-  wa^  a  friend  of  Priestly,  and 
cn.icav..ri'-.l  t..  a|.|.l.\'  tli.-  -ri.nt i li.-  knowledge  of  his  time 
to  agri.-ultur.-.  ll.'iaiiy  L.-.-aiii.-  interested  in  the  ame- 
lioration ..f  ill.'  iiatn.-  -ra]..-s.an.l  established  an  experi- 
mental viiii\ai-.l  ill  III.'  Oistriet  of  Columbia.  He  en- 
deavored, liiii  \Mtli.iiit  Mi.i'css,  to  secure  the  use  of  cer- 
tain publi.-  lali.l  ill  Wa^liill 
tivating  an  .xl"  rini.nlal 
tawba  grai-i-  \.>  |.iiiilic  iii.t 
awakenini;-  in.lii-nial  a.'iixity  ..i'  .mr  ii.\c  .■..nntry.    The 

botanist,   Kaiin.Miii.-, ni.-iii.irai..l   liis   name   in   the 

pretty  genus  Adluniia  ;  but  ollierwi.su  lie  has  remained 
practically  unknown  until  very  recently.  For  further 
information,  see  Bailey,  "Evolution  of  our  Native 
Fruits."  L.  H.  B. 

ADLtjMIA{ from  John  Adlum).  FiimariAceoe.  Ahardy 
biennial  vine,  which  climbs  overhigh  bushes  in  our  moist 
woods.  Sow  seed  in  spring  in  a  damp,  cool  place.  Trans- 
plant in  fall,  if  possible,  if  transplanted  at  all.  It  flowers 
the  first  season. 

cirrli6sa,Raf.  Climbing  Fujiitokv.  Moitntain  Fringe. 
Allegheny  Vine.  Figs.  37,  38.  Climbs  by  the  slender 
young  leaf-stalks.  Lvs.  thrice  pinnate  ;  leaflets  cut- 
lobed,  delicate  :  fls.  white  or  purplish,  in  ample  panicles. 
G.W.F.  13. 

ASONIS  (a  favorite  of  Venus,  after  his  death  changed 
into  a  flower).  Ji'aiiiinciih'ictie.  Hardy  annual  and  per- 
ennial li.i-lis  wiih  >lM.wy  il.iwi'rs.  Six  well  known 
s]Mcir-,  ii:ii  n  .  -  .,(  i.hi|i.a:ii.-  r.-i.ins  of  Eu.  and  Asia. 
Fl~.  s.ilii.ii  \ .  h  1111111:11  ;  |H  I:,]-.  .--11;,  yellow  or  red  ;  ear- 
In  I-  niinn  :  -iiili.iui  I  |.i"i  In^li.  very  leafy:  lvs.  alter- 
ii;ii'  .J  I'll'  r;  narr.iw-  .ii\  i~|..iis :  fr.  an  akene.  Cul- 
tii:--.  ■-  ■  ,  j.Hi.l  ^..il,  li-ht,  iji..ist  .'arth  preferred. 
T:  '        i  ':    ■    :■   iiill  villi. >r  j  .ari  iai  sliaii.' :   the  perennial 

>j><  '  H i  -..:.  .1  Iwr  r...'k\\..rk.  b.'r.l.-rs,  ct.;.    Annuals 

prop.  Ii;.  ihc  .-.ccd.-,,  which  arc  sluw-gcriuiuating,  sown 
in  autumn  or  eaidiest  spring  ;  perennials  by  seeds  or 
root  divisions. 

A.    Annuals  :  fls.  crimson  or  scarlet. 
B.    St.  simple  except  at  top  :  center  of  fl.  yellow. 

aestivMis,  Linn.  Pheasant's  Eye.  Stems  erect,  often 
branched  at  top  :  fls.  crimson  ;  petals  flat,  obtuse,  half 
longer  than  cal>-x.  June.  Var.  citrina,  Hoffm.,  is  a 
garden  variety  with  citron-yellow  fls. 

BB.    St.  hranelted ;  center  of  fl.  dark. 

autumnalis,  Linn.  Flos  Adonis.  Fig.  39.  St.  branched: 
fls,  small,  crimson,  with    dark  center,  globose  ;    petals 


aa.    Perennials:   fls.  yellow. 

B.    St.  not  branched. 

vemilis,   Linn.   (.1.  Apenntna,   Jacq.    A.  Daviirica, 

leichb.).    Spring  Adonis.    St.  simple:  lower  lvs.  scale 


toothed       1 
Earh     |iii 
.1')    U      1 
lin.  n     trm 

\v\l 

1    mi  with  later  fls 

Apennina 

Linn    (A 

I    innli-.   var 

Sibuica, 

1)(        A    bib 

inca    Pat 

nn  )      This 

species  IS 

much  like  A 

^e^-nahs 

fls    larger 

lower  lvs 

sheith  like 

Apr     Si 

belli 

BB     St    h, 

anched 

Pvrenaica 

DC      St 

DC 


lobes 


y\      ladlcal    leH\ 
^'     dentate 

37     Adlumia     irrhosa  Volg^nSlS     Stev     {A 

TIo?3^Hj,is  Hort  ) 

Much  like  4    lernalu   but  st   branched     lvs   scale  like 

at  base   petioled  or  sessile  above    fls  like  4   Pyienaica 

but  sepals  pubescent  on  under  side    Apr    Volga  region 

11  ^  P  "  1  ^  Ridde  a  beautiful  species  with  broad 

'  '  '  f  Japanese  vane 


.ffiCHMfiA  (from  aicZimc  point  referring  to  the  rigid 
points  on  the  caljx)  BromeliAtea  The  Achmeas  are 
clo  eh  allied  to  the  Billbergiis  from  which  thej  are  dis 


clustn  in  111^  turn  i  1  Insti  r  or  lusptte  ot  long  hird 
leaves  which  are  usually  serrate  petals  3  tongue 
shaped,  obtuse  or  pointed,  2-3  times  the  length  of  the 
spine-pointed  calyx-lobes  ;  stamens  6,  shorter  than  the 


28 


-ECHMEA 


petals  :  ovary  inferior,  3-oelled.  The  flowers  are  sub- 
tended by  (in  the  axils  of)  flower-bracts;  the  entire  head 
or  flower-cluster  is  often  reinforced  or  subtended  by 
conspicuous  leaf -bracts;  in  the  compound-inflorescence 
types,  the  individual  branches  are  usually  subtended  by 
branch-bracts.  In  some  species,  as  A.  LaHndei  and  A. 
MariceSegincB ,  the  large  colored  leaf -bracts  are  the 
most  conspicuous  part  of  the  plant.  In  others,  as  A. 
Veitchii,  the  entire  head  is  the  showy  part.    Monograph 


Adonis  aut 


by  Baker,  .Journ.  Bot.  1879: 129,  161,  22G.  Includes  Ca- 
nistrum,  Kvhinostachys,  Jffohenbergia,  Hoplophyhim , 
Lamprococcus ,  Pironneava,  Pothuava ;  and  some  of 
the  species  have  been  reterTeA  io  Billbergia,  Cryptati- 
thus,  Gmmannia,  Tillandsia,  Chevaliera,  etc.  For  cul- 
ture, see  BiUh,r,jiu. 

A.    Fls.  L'rit liked  on  the  branchlets. 

dlBtichintha,  L.maire.  Lvs.  2-3  ft.  long,  with  a  di- 
lated base  4-.'i  in.  lung  and  half  as  wide,  the  blade  rigid 
and  channelled,  edges  prickly:  scape  1-lK  ft.:  fls.  in  a 
bipinnate  panicle  4-7  in.  long  and  half  as  wide,  the 
petals  tongue-shaped  and  red-purple,  longer  than  the 
obtuse-cuspidate  sepals:  fl. -bract  pocket-like,  Kin;  long. 
Braz.    B.M.  5447. 

AA.    Fls.  multifarious,  — in  several  or  many  rows  on  the 

spike  or  branchlets. 

B.    Inflorescence  simple. 

c.    Ovary  compressed  or  flattened. 

Lalindei,  Lind.  &  Rod.  Large  (3-4  ft.),  with  long  and 
broad  spine-edged  lvs.;  spike  very  dense,  greenish 
white,  from  the  color  of  the  aggregated  calices.  the  fls. 
subtended  by  many  deflexed,  showy  red,  long-pointed, 
entire  bract-lvs.:  corolla  not  exserted.  New  Granada. 
I.H.  30:  481. -Striking. 

Harlee-BegtnsB,  Wendl.  Smaller  than  the  last  in  all 
its  parts  :  petals  blue-tipped  when  young,  fading  to 
crimson  like  the  bracts,  half  as  long  again  as  the  mealy 
cuspidate  .sepals  ;  fl. -bracts  entire,  small,  not  showy  : 
bract-lvs.  toothed.  Costa  Rica.  B.M.  6441.  — One  of  the 
best  species. 

Veitchii,  Baker.  Lvs.  spotted,  serrate  :  petals  pale,  a 
little  longer  than  the  sepals  :  fl.-bracts  conspicuous, 
toothed,  scarlet:  bract-lvs.  greenish,  erect,  serrate,  not 
encompassing  the  inflorescence.  S.  Amer.  B.M.  6329.— 
Referred  to  Ananas  by  Bentham  &  Hooker, 
cc.  Ovary  terete  (cylindrical). 
D.    Bead  oblong. 

Lindeni,  Koch  (Hoploph^tum  Llndeni,  Morr.).  Lvs. 
dilated  and  entire  at  base,  the  blade  minutely  toothed 
and  2-3  ft.  long,  the  tip  broad-rounded  and  short-cuspi- 
date: petals  lemon-yellow,  twice  as  long  as  sepals.  Braz. 


^CHMEA 

DD.    Head  globose. 

calycul&ta,  Baker  {Hoplophytum  calyculAtum,  Morr.). 
Lvs. about  1  ft.  long.with  an  oblong,  dilated  base,  the  blade 
minutely  toothed  and  rounded  at  the  tip,  but  terminated 
with  a  minute  cusp;  scape  shorter  than  the  lvs.,  with 
several  deciduous  lanceolate  bract-lvs. :  petals  tongue- 
shaped,  not  half  an  inch  long,  bright  yellow:  fl.-bracts 
small,  entire,  reddish.    S.  Amer. 

faaci4ta,  Baker  {BiUbirgia  fascidta,  Lindl.  B.  rho- 
docyinea,  Lemaire).  Lvs.  1-2  ft.  long,  with  an  oblong 
entire  clasping  base,  the  blade  strongly  toothed  and  the 
back  marbled  with  whitish  cross-lines,  the  tip  rounded 
and  mucronate  :  scape  1  ft.  high,  floccose,  the  several 
bract-lvs.  pale  red  and  erect ;  petals  Min.  long,  pink. 
Braz.  B.M.  4883.  B.R.  1130.  F.S.  3;  207. -Inflorescence 
sometimes  forked. 

BB.    Inflorescence  branched  (or  compound). 

c.    Calyx  atid   ovary  not  longer  than  the   fl. -bract. 

glomerita,  Hook.  Lvs.  strongly  toothed,  lX-2  ft. 
long:  fls.  in  dense,  rounded  spikes  disposed  in  a  narrow 
panicle  1  ft.  long  ;  petals  blue  or  violet,  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  fl.-bracts  long,  pointed,  scarlet  (in  one  variety 
whitish).    Braz.    B.M.  5668. 

cc.    Calyx  prominently  longer  than  the  fl.-bract. 
D.    Panicle  large,  S-pinnate;  petals  bright  red. 

specttlbilis,  Brongn.  Lvs.  2-2}^  ft.  long,  minutely 
serrate  :  fl.-bracts  very  small  ;  petals  twice  as  long  as 
sepals.    Guatemala.    R.H.  1875:  310. 

DD.    Panicle  1-  or  2-pinnate  ;  petals  blue  or  violet. 
E.    Fls.  pedicellate. 

csBrul^scens,  Hort.  Lvs.  lX-2  ft.  long,  with  small 
prickles:  panicle  4-5  in.  long.  2-pinnate,  with  lax  few- 
fld.  crowded  branches;  petals  bluish  red,  ^^in.  long:  fl.- 
bracts  none  or  minute.  S.  Amer.  Gt.  1871:694. -Pro- 
duces white  berries. 

EE.    Fls.  sessile. 

coeWstis,  Baker.  Lvs.  much  as  in  the  last :  panicle 
deltoid,  3-5  in.  long,  2-pinnate,  floccose,  the  lower 
branches  subtended  by  red  branch-bracts  I  in.  long  ; 
petals  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  blue.    S.  Amer. 

f\ilgeiis,  Brongn.(^^.  discolor,  Hort. ).  Lvs.  broad, with 
small  distant  teeth,  with  a  broad  cuspidate  end:  panicle 
large,  simple  above,  branched  below,  glabrous,  bearing 
numerous  fls. ;  petals  blue-tipped,  exceeding  the  rich 
red  calyx;  fl.-bracts  minute  or  none:  branch-bracts  yel- 
lowish.   S.  Amer.    B.M.  4293. 

Weilbachii,  F.  Didr.  Lvs.  rather  short,  overtopped  by 
the  red-stemmed  and  red-bracted  scape:  panicle  narrow, 
1-pinnate,  the  fls.  rather  crowded,  blue  and  red.  S.Amer. 
R.H.  1871:170. 

Var.  Leodi6nsis,  Andr^.  Lvs.  violet  and  spotted  :  fls. 
shorter.    Braz. 

JE.augtista.  Baker.  Allied  to  .ffi.  Marise-Reginse.  Plant  large: 


liddle : 

rantiacum ) .— ^.  llarleri.  Baker.  Fls.  S-ranked ;  corolla  pale  yel- 
low. Honduras.— j;.  BrasUimsis,  Regel.  Lvs.  much  dilated  at 
liasp,  whitish  below,  bhaek-toothed:  petals  light  blue,  c.ilyx  and 
rai-hisred:  paniele branched.  Braz.  Gi.liiif,:l-10-l.-.E.broiiielitf:- 
/odd.  Baker.  Dense  spike  :  Its.  whitish  below,  3-4  ft.  long,  ser- 
ratv  ..r  spiiiescent:  fls.  light  yellow.  S.  \mer. -.E.Vurnui.  Carr. 
^.V..  iiu.Ii.-:iulis.-.E./lr«t-,'ri„rt,Anar.'.  Lvs.ivhitish,  finely  den- 
t;ilr  :  viiik'-  sjiHi^l.'  aid  lax  :   iN.  lnj]i,'tnliular,  li:,'lit  hlue  ;  bracts 

K  II     I-.^s,    p,    4m1,  — .7;,  *r,si/./'//i,v,  Mni-r.     l,\s,  wliitish  below: 

sliikc.  .■|..l.;ilar  aii.l  .Irns,-,  nm.ila-iiH  m-.  :  i.daK  v.'llcw.    Braz. 

1.  !■  .     ■!    -.  ;     l:  II,  1-7.    ■:.■■:       J-   ;■,. ,.,!.,,'..  ■■■:.      M,M,-       Slr..|,l.,. 


B.M.  523J.-^\  Ale 
toothed :  panicle  3-pinu.ate 


Mex.- 
soidea  ? — ^.  myriopbylla,  Morr.  .Mlifl  tc»  .¥..  distidiantha. 
Lvs.  narrow,  2-3  ft.,  spiny,  silvery-scaly  on  the  back ;  fls.  red.  the 
petals  fading  blue.  Trop.  Amer.  B.M.  ti939.  —  ^'.  nudicaiHts. 
Griseb.  Lvs.  long  and  straight,  brown-toothed  ;  bract-lvs.  sub- 
tending L  spike  large,  brilliant  red  :  petals  yellow.  Trop.  Amer. 
R.H.  18«5:36  (as  jE.  Corniii.  which  is  a  form  with  shorter  and 
denser  spike).— ^.^ianici/iiffcra.  Griseb.    Lvs.  large  and  long: 


panicle  1-2  ft.  long,  with  few-flowered  branches  :  scape  tall, 
reddish,  downy  :  lis.  purple.  Trop.  Amer.  —  j£.  Schiedeaiia, 
Schlecht.  (.lE.macracantha,  Brongn.) .  Lvs.  large,  rigid,  strongly 
armed  :  panicle  3-pinnate,  pubescent  ;  fis.  pale  yellow.  Mex. 
Gt.  1894:175.— -£.ze6ri»a  is  Billbergia  zebrina.  L   H   B 

.SOLE  (from  iEgle,  one  of  the  Hesperides).  Butdceir, 
tribe  Aurantieit.  Small,  strongly  spinose  trees,  with  al- 
ternate, trlfoliolate  leaves.  Distinguished  from  the  nearly 
related  genus  Citrus  (particularly  C.  trifoUata)  by 
the  hard,  gourd-like  rind  of  its  fruit  and  its  viscous, 
woolly  seeds. 

H&rmelos,  Correa.  Elephant  Apple.  Maredoo.  Ben- 
gal Quince.  Bhel  Fruit.  Small  tree :  fr.  large,  2-4  in. 
in  diam.,  round  or  pear-shaped.  Trop.  Asia.  — Cult. 
in  S.  Pla.  and  Calif.,  and  in  hothouses.  The  wood  is 
valued  for  its  strength,  and  the  sweet,  aromatic  pulp  is 
used  medicinally  in  India  for  diarrhoea  and  dysentery, 
and  also  as  a  lemonade  and  conserve,     g  j    ^^^^^^ 

XGOPdDIUM  (air,  goat,  and  podion,  a  little  foot; 
probably  from  the  shape  of  the  leaflets).  Umbel! ifenr. 
(ioi-TWEED.  Coarse,  hardy  herbaceous  perennial,  with 
creeping  root.stocks,  biternate  lvs.,  sharply  toothed, 
ovate  leaflets,  and  white  fls.  in  umbels. 

Podograria,  Linn.,  var.  variegitum,  is  a  variegated 
form  of  this  European  weed,' which  makes  attractive 
mats  of  white-margined  foliage.    Common  in  yards. 

AEEANTHUS.     Consult  4»<7rreo«m. 

AEB.lJi'ES{GTeek,air-planf). Orchlddcew, tribe  VdndeiT. 
Epiphytes:  stems  erect,  roundish  :  lvs.  distichous,  strap- 
shaped  and  spreading,  coriaceous,  deeply  channeled  at 
the  base,  obtuse:  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  lvs.; 
fls.in  loose  or  dense  racemes;  petals  narrower  than  the 
sepals.  A  genus  of  remarkably  beautiful  plants,  which 
develop  well  under  cultivation.  Species  confined  to  the 
tropics  of  the  Old  World.  The  genus  Aerides,  though 
not  in  general  cultivation,  has  many  sterling  qualities 
to  recommend  it.  Some  of  the  species  produce  dense 
racemes  of  great  beauty,  which  emit  a  pleasing  fra- 
grance, and  for  decorative  purposes  have  few  if  any 
rivals  in  the  Orchid  family.  The  genus  offers  no  excep- 
tional difficulties  to  the  horticulturist.     Qakes  Ames. 

All  the  species  of  Aerides  are  of  easy  culture  in  the 
warmest  greenhouse— one  that  has  a  minimum  tempera- 
ture of  65°  F.  in  winter  being  best.  They  should  be  kept 
constantly  moist,  well  shaded,  and  warm,  with  fresh  live 
sphagnum  round  the  roots  at  the  base  of  the  stems.  A. 
^doratum  is  perhaps  the  best  known.  Other  favorites 
are  A.  Latvrencice  and  A.  Fieldingii  ;  the  latter  often 
has  racemes  18  inches  or  more  long,  of  a  beautiful  rose 
'=°'°'"-  Cult,  by  E.  0.  Orpet. 

Following  are  in  the  American  trade:  A.affine,'i\o.  11; 
Amesianum,  9  ;  Augustianum,  8  ;  Ballantineanum,  4  ; 
Bermanicum,  1  ;  crassifolium,  15  ;  erispum,  14  ;  cylin- 
dricitm,  18  ;  Dayanum,  2  ;  Ellisii,  2;  expansum,  10;  fal- 
catum,  10;  Fieldingii,  1.3;  Godefroyanum,  11 ;  Eoulleti- 
amini,  10;  Japonicum,  16;  Larpentm,  10;  Lawrenci*,  9; 
Leeanum,  6;  Leonsei,  10;  Lindleyanum,  14  ;  Lobbii,  11  ; 
maculosum,  12;  majus,  1  ;  niaximum=  ?;  mitratum,  19; 
multiflorum,  11;  odoratum,  1;  pallidum  =  ?;  purpu- 
rascens,  1;  quinquevulnerum,  5;  radioosuni,  17;  Rrichen- 
bachii,  4  ;  Koebelenii,  5  ;  Rohanianum,  i  ;  roseiim.  11  ; 
Sanderianum,  9  ;  Savageanura,  3  ;  suavissinium,  4  ; 
Thibautianum,  7;  vandarum,  18;  virens,  2;  Warneri,  14. 
A.  Odoratum  section:  middle  lobe  of  labelbim 
narroiv -oblong. 

1.  odoratum,  Lour.  Lvs.  6-8  in.  long,  l-IJ^in.  wide, 
unequal  at  apices,  deep  green  :  peduncles  not  branched, 
pendulous  ;  fls.  numerous,  crowded  ;  racemes  cylin- 
drical, as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  lvs.;  lateral  sepals 
ovate;  petals  obovate-lanceolate,  white,  with  a  carmine 
apical  spot  ;  labellum  trilobed,  midlobe  magenta,  side 
lobes  white,  dotted  with  magenta;  spur  recurved,  green- 
ish or  white.  Cochin  China.  B.M.4139.  Gn.49,  p.  158. 
Gt.  8:273.  B.R.  18:1485.  Var.  Berminicum,  Reichb.  f. 
Fls.  smaller  than  in  the  type,  the  apices  of  the  petals 
with  mauve  lines  and  dashes  instead  of  blotches.  Var. 
purpuiiscens,  Hort.   Produces  large  racemes,  sepals  and 


AERIDES  29 

petals  tipped  with  pale  amethyst.  Var.  m&jua,  Hort.  Fls. 
larger  ;  racemes  longer. 

2.  vlrena,  Lindl.  Peduncles  12-15  in.  long,  15-20  fld. ; 
spur  dotted  with  magenta;  petals  and  sepals  tipped  with 
magenta.  Java.  P.M.  14:197.  B.R.  30:  41. -This  species 
is  very  similar  to  .4.  odoi-a^iim,  of  which  it  is  considered 
by  some  to  be  a  geographical  form.  Var.  Ellisii,  Hort. 
{A.  Ellisii,  Hort.).  Sepals  and  petals  white,  suffused 
with  rose,  tipped  with  amethyst-purple.  Var.  Day&num, 
Hort.    Racemes  very  long  ;  fls.  bright,  large. 

3.  SaTage&nom,  Hort.  Sepals  white  at  base,  dotted 
with  purple,  otherwise  crimson-purple;  petals  similar, 
narrower  ;  labellum  crimson-purple,  with  a  greenish, 
straight  spur  ;  midlobe  denticulate  on  the  margin. 

4.  suavissimum,  Lindl.  {A.  Seichenbachii,  Linden. 
A.  Bohanidnum,  Eeichb.  f.).  Plant  robust,  more  lax  in 
habit  than  type:  fls.  20-30,  IK  in.  across;  petals  and  se- 
pals white,  suffused  with  carmine  at  apices  ;  labellum 
trilobed,  yellowish  dotted  and  suffused  with  carmine  ; 
apex  of  spur  white.  Straits  of  Malacca.  Var.  Ballan- 
tine&num.  Racemes  shorter;  blooms  earlier;  sepals  and 
petals  tipped  with  amethyst-purple. 

5.  quinqueTulnerum,  Lindl.  Racemes  1  ft.  long  ;  fls. 
crowded;  dorsal  sepal  and  petals  equal,  lateral  sepals 
orbicular,  all  tipped  with  magenta;  midlobe  of  labellum 
magenta.  P.M.  8:241.  Var.  BoBbelenii  (J..  .Koifte^fnii, 
Reichb.  f. ).  Sepals  and  petals  shading  to  green  at 
bases,  petals  denticulate  ;  lobes  of  the  labellum  lacer- 
ated, midlobe  rose-colored.    Manila. 

6.  Lee&num,  Reichb.  f.  Peduncles  much  longer  than 
the  lvs.:  pedicels  rose-color  ;  sepals  rose-purple,  white 
at  base  ;  petals  similarly  colored;  labellum  small  ;  mid- 
lobe deep  purple  ;  spur  green  tipped.    India. 

7.  Thibauti&num,  Reichb.  f.  Racemes  pendulous, 
longer  than  the  lvs.;  sepals  and  petals  rose-color;  la- 
bellum amethyst-purple  ;  midlobe  narrow,  acute.  Ma- 
laya. 

8.  AuguBtiinum,  Rolfe.  Petals  and  sepals  shaded 
with  rose  ;  spur  long,  straight.  Philippine  Isls.  G.C. 
111.7:233. 

9.  LiwrencisB,  Reichb.  (A.  LawrenciAnum,  Hort.). 
Largest  species  of  the  section.  Fls.  20-30,  l?4-2  in.  in 
diam.;  sepals  and  petals  flushed  with  amethyst-purple 
at  the  apices  ;  labellum  yellowish  ;  midlobe  amethyst- 
purple.    Philippine  Isls.    Gn.  35:702.    Var.  AmeBiJtnum, 


40.   Aerides. 

a,  A.  Lawrenciie:  b.  flower  of  multiflorum  section: 

c.  flower  of  odoratum  section. 

Kranzl.    More  robust:  fls.  more  intense  in  color.    Var. 

Sanderiftnum,  Hort.    Lvs.  narrow  :   fls.  yellowish,  with 

amethyst  on  face  of  spur,  otherwise  like  the  species. 

AA.    Falcatum  section  :    lateral  lobes  of 

labellum  falcate. 

10.  falcatum,  Lindl.  &   Pax.  {A.  Larpent<r,  Hort.    A. 

expdnsum,  Reichb.  f.}.    Lvs.  loosely   arranged,  6-8  in, 

long,  IKin.  broad  :  fls.  loosely  arranged 


30 


AERIDES 


long,  n-4  in.  in  diam.;  sepals  and  y.ctals  white,  tipped 
with  amethyst;  side  lobes  of  labelhim  f;il(;.ir.  |,;.l.-  ame- 
thyst;  front  lobe  convex,  dentieuhn.'.  I,,  i  I.  d  alH.vr. 
amethyst  in  center,  margined  wiili  whii.-  and  l.aiia  d 
with  rose;  spur  short.  Upper  Burniali.  \ar.  Houlletia- 
num  (J.  77.."/;, /;,■,„:.,„.  Reichb.  f.).  Fls.  large.  IJ-^in.  in 
diam.:     |.      '  lals    pale    buff,  magenta  apical 

blotch:  1  I  .white;  side  lobes  penciled  with 

magenta,  i'    i.i  i i,.  -  l.d.    Cochin  China.  R.B. 21:20.5. 

B.H.  lh:a..iL:i.  \ar.  Leonaei  {A.  Zeoruei,  Reiehb.  f.). 
Side  lobes  blunt  and  retuse. 

AAA.    Miiltiflorum  section;  apical  lobe  of 

labellum  hastate. 

B.    Peduncles  not  ascending. 

11.  multiUdrum,  Roxb.  (A.afflne,  Wall.  A.  rdseum, 
Lodd.).  Plant  compact,  dwarf:  Ivs.  stout,  leathery, 
6-10  in.  long,  dotted  with  brown  ( ? ) :  scapes  15-20  in. 
long,  often  branching  :  fls.  small  and  crowded  ;  petals 
and  dorsal  sepals  ovate,  equal  in  length,  rose-colored 
shading  to  white  at  the  base,  dotted  and  spotted  with 
crimson,  inferior  sepals  pale,  less  spotted  ;  labellum 
cordate-rhomboid  at  right  angles,  with  other  segments 
scarcely  trilobed,  deep  rose  ;  spur  compressed,  very 
short.  India.  B.M.  4049.  Gt.  8:207.  Var.  L6bbi  (4. 
Ldbbii,  Hort.).  Lvs.  crowded:  peduncles  more  branch- 
ing :  fls.  more  intensely  colored  ;  very  distinct.  1.  H. 
1.5:5.59.  Var.  Godefroy4num,  Hort.  (A.  Godefroydniim, 
Reiehb.  f.).  Fls.  larger  than  in  type  and  more  brilliant 
in  color.  B.B.  17:  109.  This  is  tlie  most  widely  di.stributed 
of  the  East  Indian  species,  if  we  except  A.  odoratum. 

12.  maculdsum,  Lindl.  Plant  compact :  lvs.  dark 
spotted  :  racemes  pendent,  sometimes  branching  ;  se- 
pals and  petals  pale  rose,  dotted  with  purple;  anterior 
lobe  rose-purple,  white  at  base.    India. 

13.  FiMdingrfi,  Lodd.  Fox-brush  Orchid.  Tall:  lvs. 
glossy,  7-10  in.  long  :  peduncles  pendulous,  branched 
near  the  base,  18-24  in.  long  :  fls.  crowded,  petals  and 
sepals  white,  suffused  and  dotted  with  rose  ;  labellum 
scarcely  trilobed,  white  suffused  with  rose.  Sikkim, 
Assam. 

14.  crispum,  Lindl.  St.  brownish  :  lvs.  rigid,  5-8  in. 
long  :  peduncle  often  branched,  pendulous  ;  fls.  not 
dense,  large ;  petals  and  sepals  white,  flushed  with  rose- 
crimson,  deeper  colored  on  dorsal  surfaces;  lip  trilobed, 
side  lobes  small,  midlobe  rose-amethvst.  S.  Ind.  B.M. 
4427.  F.S.  5:438.  Gn.  4,  p.  85.  B.R.  28:55.  Var.  Lind- 
ley^num,  Hort.  Larger:  fls.  paler,  racemes  branching. 
Var.  WAmeri,  Hort.  Dwarf:  fls.  smaller  and  paler  than 
in  type. 

15.  crassifblium.  Par.  &  Reiehb.  f .  Compact  in  growth : 
lvs.  «-10  in.  long  :  fls.  IKin.  in  diam.;  petals  and  sepals 
bright  rose-magenta,  shading  off  towards  bases;  label- 
lum trilobed,  side  lobes  subfalcate,  rose-magenta,  front 
lobe  ovate,  deeper  colored.    Burma. 

16.  Jap6mcum,  Reiehb.  f.  Smallest  species  of  the  ge- 
nus in  cult.:  lvs.  3-4  in.  long-.  liiio:ir  nhlnng  :  fls.  few  : 
peduncles  loosely  raceiuos,. :  s.-pal-;  ami  smaller  petals 
greenish  white,  lateral  si  p:iN  Ikhi'.I  with  amethyst- 
purple;  labellum  crenatc.  ri.lL'cil.  ilark  violet,  with  2 
erect  lobules.  Japan.  B.M.  jT'J.i. -This  interesting  spe- 
cies marks  the  N.  limit  of  the  genus  Aerides.  Requires 
cooler  treatment  than  the  other  species. 

BB.    Peduncles  ascending. 

17.  radicdsum,  Reiehb.  Lvs.  8  in.  long,  1  in.  wide  : 
peduncles  ascending,  8-10  in.  long,  sometimes  branching 
near  the  base  :  fls.  %m.  across,  purplish  ;  sepals  and 
petals  pale  rose,  verging  on  crimson;  column  winged. 
India. 

AAAA.     Fandarum  section  ;  lip  rarlous  :   lvs.  terete. 

18.  vaiid4runi,Reichb.f.(4.ci/;(n(frJcK»i,Hook.).  St. 
slender:  lvs. 4-6  in.  long,  channeled  above,  clasping  at 
bases,  alternate:  peduncles  2-3  fld.:  fls.  lJi-2  in.  in 
diam. ;  segments  undulate  ;  sepals  white,  lanceolate  ; 
petals  white,  irregularly  obovate;  lip  trilobed,  nearly  di- 
vided in  front,  dentate,  sides  erect.  Sikkim  Himalaya, 
4,000-5,000  ft.    B.M.  4982.    J.H.  III.  34:  417.— Much  like 

Vanda  teres  in  foliage.    Subtropical  species. 

19.  TnitTd.tiiin,  Reiehb.  f.  Lvs.  semi-terete  :  racemes 
man-'-ftd.;  sepals  and  petals  white  ;  labellum  rose-pur- 
ple.   Burma.   B.M.  5728.  Oakes  Ames. 


^SCHYNANTHUS 

MKVA    (name   of  no    signification).     Amaranticem. 

■I'.-iidir  li.rl.s  iir  slinili^.  allic-il  t.i  A'hyranthes.    Lanate 

lis,,  til..  |ic]-iaiitli  s,.-in.  Ill-  -Ihii-i  anil  liyaline:  stamens 
'>  or  4.  sterile  tilaiiirnt-  intirvninii!,' :  fls.  very  small, 
usually  in  clusters,  white  or  rusty. 

saniTuinol^nta,  Blume  i,A.  sangulnea,  Hort.).  Lvs. 
15^-2Hin.  long,  opposite  or  alternate,  ovat«,  acuminate, 
soft,  pubescent,  pale  beneath.  Java.  — Cult,  for  its  dark 
red  leaves. 

aiSCHYNANTHUS  {aischuno,  ashamed,  ugly,  and 
aufli"s,  Iliiwer;  pr^ibably  referring  to  the  wide-mouthed 
gaping  of  the  fls.).  Gesner&cem.  About  40  species  of 
tropical  Asian  twining  or  rambling  parasitic  small 
shrubs,  bearing  very  showy,  more  or  less  fleshy  tubular 
fls.,  and  cult,  in  warm  houses  (stoves) :  lvs.  opposite  or 
verticillatc,  thick,  or  even  fleshv:  inrfect  stamens  4, 
ase.-n.liiiL'  uinler  tin-   ui.iiii-   i.,iil    .f  iln    ImiM-rfectlv  2- 


i-resting 
iva   and 


other  plants  on  the  trniik-  nf  ini  -.  I'lir  il...  w  liii-li  are 
produced  in  the  axils  i.f  tin.  1  v  -.  an.l  ai  iln-  i mK  i.t'  ihi- 
shoots,  last  a  long  tiinr  in  ].iili  .ihiii.  j;.  Ill-  .l.ipliMal 
undernatural  conditii.n^.  tiny  vln.ulil  l...  j,ut  in  :i  n.iit- 
ing  medium  which  will  require  renewal  not  ofteniT  than 
once  in  two  years.  They  must  have  perfect  drainage,  as 
they  suffer  from  stagnant  moisture,  but  during  the 
period  of  growth  they  must  have  eo]ur,us  supplies  of 
water.  Prop,  by  siiiU,  ..liiin^-.  m.I  .livi-ion.  Cut- 
tings are  the  most  sat  '  _  ;|i  a  flower- 
ing plant  from  the  l>.  -  ! nv.  and  di- 
vided pieces,  unless  1 I  1  la.ndition 

previoustotheoperainin.il :  ■     >     - 1  plants  as 

cuttings.    Cuttings  should  la    i      ;:i  the  spring, 

and  kept  close  untU  they  an    i  '  il.lishcd  in 

small  pots.     During  the  flr-i  ■  ild  not  be 

allowed  to  bloom,  but  enei.ni.  _■    ,  :  .     :.'r.iwth  by 

pinching  out  the  ends  of  tin.   -I i      an. I  -liilting  into 

larger  pots  as  they  require  li.  .M  .i  ■  i  tin  kinds  look 
their  best  when  grown  as  bavK.  1  ilani-  -n-pi  mled  from 
the  roof  of  the  stove.    Wire  l.a-ki  t-  ai.    I,,  -t.    In  |,re- 

pariiiirtlii  in.  lir-t  putinaliningofm..    -      .     :  ;-  _■ lly 

quaniii;.  ..t  r. .ii-li  i-inders,  and  the  nmi  r      '  '  n   ,v 

(alll-l-l  ..I' .-In.].!.' il  fibrous  peat,  sphaL,'ni.  i  ill. I 

small    iniia.-.    nl'    pots   or   bricks,  Willi     ■    i    ■ i -.- 

grained  saii.l.  Fur  a  basket  12  in.  am-. .  -,■.,,[  -n.all 
plants  out  of  ;i-inch  pots  may  be  useil.  a     1  In- 

idatmii-      .    ■  t|i,. 


corolla  arehe.l  i  uvular.  . 
let.  E.Ind.  B.M.  3843. 
intermediate  house. 

AA.    Ca.hjx  tubular 
piilchra.  n..n   i   E.  pii 


tain  extent,  and  decreasing 
the  temperature  consider- 
ably. A  good  method  of 
growing  the  scandent 
kinds,  where  facilities  are 
at  hand,  is  to  start  the 
small  plants  on  blocks  of 
wood,  attach  these  to  damp 
but  warm  waUs,  to  which 
they  will  cling  by  means 
of  the  roots  thrown  out 
from  every  leaf  joint. 
Cult,  by  G.  W.  Oliver. 
'rted,  the  lobes  acute. 
reeping,  mostly  herbaceous, 
iiinate,  4-5  in.  long,  repand- 
ed ;  calyx  fleshy  and  short ; 
n.  long,  downy,  orange-scar- 
;.  5:  241. -Will  succeed  in  an 

ire  or  shortly  5-toothed. 
•.DC).    Figs.  41,  42.    Trail- 
a  11  tly  small-toothed  :  corolla 
times  longer  than  the  gla- 
a       B.M.  4264.     R.B.  18:13. 


^SCHYNANTHUS 


lobbiina,  Hook.  The  ( 
this  country  :  differs  from  jS.'.  pulchra  in  narrower  and 
nearly  entire  Ivs.,  corolla  downy  and  projecting  only 
twice  or  less  the  length  of  the  purple  downy  calyx. 
Java.    B.M.  4260,  4261. 

.E.  HoscMAna,  De  Vr.=  JE.  bamponga.  —  -X.  fulgens.  Wall. 
Lvs.  lanceolate:  calyx  tubular,  short- toothed,  ghabrous:  corolla 
about  2  In.  long,  orange-red,  pubescent.  E.  Ind.  B.M.  4891.— 
£.  Javdnica,  Hook.  Allied  to  X.  pulchra:  differs  in  pubescent 


42     .^schynanthus  pulchra 


ralvx  and  corolH    B  M 


3s 


f  IM. 


coroU  I  laltL  oiaii^c  ltd  cuiMd  J  i\  i  1  M  4j_U  1  M 
14  199  Gn  51  1109  —^  splendins  Lmdl  *.  Pixt  =J3  'ipeciosi 
~jE  spleiidida  garden  hybrid  with  scirlct  spotted  blick  lis 
m  terminal  f-iscieles  — ^  tneolor  Hook  Lvs  small  o\  al  or 
lanceolate  hairy  at  the  base  calyx  obconic  pubescent  corolla 
nail  pubescent  blood  red  throat  orange  upper  lobes  stnped 
pie   ils  mostly  twin    Borneo    BM  5031  B  B  10  7 


571 


digitate 


-ifl( 


inal   shcH> 


a  large  tril  icul  ir      i 
Asia   Himal     N    (  i 
with  handsome  fl 
Himalayan  specu 
"ioil      The    larger  ^ 
trees  and  the  fls   ar 


il  ii    M  Is     \    Amci     E 

I  I  trees  and  shrubs 

I I  Cahfomian  and 
I         I          in    moist  and  loamy 

\Mii.,  1  1  irt  ewellent  shade 
showy  ind  interesting  The  fr  is 
not  edible  Prop  b\  seeds  to  be  sown  in  the  till  or 
stratifaed,  or  by  grafting  and  budding  on  common  species, 
and  the  shrubby  forms  also  by  layers.  ^.  parviflora 
prop,  also  by  root-cuttings. 

A.  Winter-buds  resinous :  claws  of  the  petals  not  longer 

than  the  calyx     st  I    7 

B.  P  tirl<!  4-0      caljx  cai  j  t 

SS     fr  glob  liar       II 
Hippoc&staniun     Lmn 
Fig.  4^     Large  tree  1 

ate-ohovate     acun 
brous      panicles  s   1 
tinged  with  lel    f         I 

N.Greece  — Mii  \  tl        1  1 

double  fls      bear    u  i  ii  \         p  u  ila    I    |  | 

Dwarf  form     %  ar  umbraculiiera   Hi  1  i 

roundish  top    \  ar  lacmiata  D  pi    (v  r  /  t     H   rt 

var.  heterophjlla   Hort  )    leaflets  Utmiat       ^  ar    Mem 


gro       ! 

1   1      11    for 

bow 

] 

1                              !           1           1      top 

tanl    1       1 

Ik                   111       Harly 

n  the  N     t 

te 

turbmata 

Blume 

-£•    S     «r  s       Hort     not  Bunge  ). 

Tree    i    t 

1        1 

1    1        ent     leaflets  o-     nearlj  ses- 

sle 

enate    errat       pube  cent    be- 

neatl 

1       cles  6-10  in    long    dense  and 

rath 

II        sh  wh  te   s  nailer  than  those 

of    4     / 

fr    ru-o  e       Tun        ^    Ch  Ba, 

Jap 

1 

c4me      1 1 

/ 

//  / /                          /               i        b- 

came 
c      I      \         II 

/                 i         b  - 
1               rl- 

e      1 

1      gla- 

brou        1         1 

1             1 

i            fl     h- 

color  t            1 

1 

B  R   10o6. 

LBC  n  1  4        1 

1  n  forms    ac- 

cord  ng  to  tl       1 

and  one  w  th 

double  fl        ( 

1     1            {         1 

and  on  road- 

s  des     Han  1      u 

11         11 

BB     P  tals  4      1   te 

pale  rose    olo  el 

calyxllpped- 

St      e   s      s    f    pe 

haped  s    ooti 

CalotI  yrs   s  ) 

Calif6raica    N   tt 

T         w    1     1         1 

t  P      n_in   ft  : 

leafl  t              1         1 

11          1            1 

ob- 

tuse         1      1            1 

1 

1       3-8 

n  1               11 
loO      (         4      11     J 

t                         1 

1  '  !  ;  1  ^- 

AX      T^      t      b    1 

t                             la 

tlj  lo  ger 

tl 

tl  e  5  toothed  caljx 

B     P  tal     4    1  U 

t        nrtet     start  e 

s      cl  del  or 

1    t            t 

1     1     fl  t    p  t  oled      {Pat  a  ) 

glabra   W  11  1    (   /• 

1                 Mchs 

Pdva  gUbra, 

1      1      1    1    II  1 

1      1                 U  tree 

1>-J0ft      leaf- 

1                  1 

1        t      hnely 

errate     raooth ; 

1                              1 

H                  h  yellow      claws  as 

X     rtel     fr 

0  1        te     May, 

t     (8    \ar 

arguta  R  I  n  , 

43     Open 


octandra   AInish    (^    fidta.  Ait.    ^j?.  TiWeo,  Wangh. 

/  I  Poir  )      Large  tree,  40-90  ft. :  leaflets  5, 

1  r  elliptical    cuneate,   equally  serrate, 

1    neath  :    panicles  4-6  in.  long  ; 

milar;  stamens  7,  shorter  than 

1       May-June.    N.  Amer.    L.B.C. 

Var.  discolor  (var.   hi/brida, 

•si  r   J      /)i(»-a'sce)is,  Gray.    A.  discolor. 

Pur  h      4    M    lata     Hort)      Lrs.  tomentose  beneath: 

fls  red  or  purple     B  R  310     An  intermediate  form  ia 

A    negUeta   Lmdl     B  R   1009 


32 


:;uLus 


versicolor, Dipp.(^i;.oc<a'ndrax/'iifi'<(.  P&fiahybrida, 
Spach.  ^.  or  P,  LyonitHoTt.).  Intermediate  between 
A.  octandra  and  A.  Pavia.  Lvs.  pubescent  beneath:  fls. 
yellow,  tinged  with  red  or  nearly  red. 

Fivia,  Linn.  (,PAvia  rubra,  Poir.  P.  Miehauxi, 
Spach.).  Shrub  or  small  tree,  4-20  ft.:  leaflets  oblong 
or  elliptical,  acute  at  both  ends,  finely  serrate,  smooth 
or  pubescent  beneath  :  panicles  4-7  in.  long,  loose  ;  fls. 
purplish  to  dark  red  ;  petals  very  dissimilar  ;  stamens 
mostly  8,  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals  :  fr.  smooth. 
May-June.  N.  Amer.  B.R.  993.  L.B.C.  13:1257.  Var. 
Minilis  {A.  hiimilis,  Lodd.).  Low  shrub,  2-4  ft.: 
leaflets  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate,  tomentose  be- 
neath :  fls.  red,  tinged  with  yellow  ;  calyx  dark  red. 
B.R.  1018.— Many  garden  form.s,  as  var.  c&mea,  Hort. 
Fls.  flesh-colored.  Var.  atrosanguinea,  Hort.  Fls.  very 
dark  red.  Var.  Whltleyi,  Hort.  Fls.  briUiant  red.  Var. 
pfindula,  Hort.  (P.pumila,  var.  phidula,  Hort.).  Dwarf 
form,  with  pendulous  branches  :  lvs.  smooth.  Some 
forms  with  variegated  lvs. 
BB.    Fls.  pure  white,  small;  petals  4S  ;  stamens  more 

than  twice  as  long  as  the  petals.    (Macrothyrsus.) 

parvifUra,  Walt.  (^.  macrostAchya,  Michx.  Pdvia 
dlba,  Poir.).  Shrub,  3-10  ft.:  leaflets  5-7,  elliptical  or 
oblong-ovate,  nearly  sessile,  finely  serrate,  pubescent 
beneath  :  panicles  8-16  in.  long,  narrow  ;  fr.  smooth. 
July-Aug.  S.  states.  B.  M.  2118.  Gng.  7:81. -One  of 
the  handsomest  plants  for  a  lawn  clump. 

^.  Chininsis,  Bunge.  Allied  to  A.  turbinata.  Leaflets  dis- 
tinctly petioled,  rounded  at  the  base.  China. — ^.  Indica, 
Colebr.  Fls.  similar  to.<E.  Hippocastanum:  lvs.  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  distinctly  petioled,  smooth.  Himal.  B.M.  5117.— ^.Pdrryi, 
Gray.  Similar  to  A.  Califomica.  Leaflets  small,  obovate,  ca- 
nescent-tomentose  beneath  ;  calyx  51obed.  Calif.  G.F.  3:356. 
Alfred  Rehder. 

STHI0N£HA  (aitho,  scorch,   and    nema,    filament; 


rockery.  Less  common  than  Iberis.  The  genus  differs 
from  Iberis  in  having  all  its  petals  equal,  and  from  Le- 
pidium  in  having  its  four  stamens  longer,  winged  and 
toothed.  Fls.  various  shades  of  pink  and  purple.  W.  B. 
Hemsley,  in  Gn.  9,  pp.  108,  109. 

They  dislike  a  moist  or  stiff  soil  or  shady  places;  but 
in  light,  sandy  loam,  on  dry  and  sunny  slopes,  they  are 
compact  and  branchy,  and  when  once  fairly  established 
will  last  for  many  successive  years  without  replanting  or 
renewal,  while  under  the  opposite  conditions  the  plants 
grow  feeble  and  lanky,  and  may  die  after  a  year  or  two. 
They  keep  fully  as  well  as  the  Candytufts  in  water,  and 
can  be  cut  with  longer  an<I  straighter  stems.  Prop,  by 
seeds  in  spring  or  by  cuttings  in  summer  ;  annual  and 
biennial  kinds  by  seeds.  j.  b.  Keller. 

coridiiilium,  DC.  {IbMs  jucunda,  Schott  &  Kotschy). 
Branches  numerous,  thick,  4-6  in.  high  :  lvs.  crowded, 
short,  nerveless,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse: 
fls.  smaller  and  later  than  in  the  next,  in  dense,  short, 
rounded  racemes.  Chalky  summits  of  Lebanon  and 
Taurus.  B.M.  5952. -Good  for  edging.  A.  pulchUlum 
was  sold  under  this  name  for  many  years. 

grandifldrum,  Boiss.  &  Hohen.  Branches  1-IK  ft.: 
lvs.  usually  longer  than  in  A.  coridifolium,  more  linear 
and  more  acute:  fls.  as  large  as  those  of  Arabis  alpina, 
in  slender,  elongated  racemes;  petals  4  times  as  long  as 
the  sepals.    Persia.    Gn.  9:5. 

F^rBicoin,  Hort.  Stout,  erect,  shrubby,  dwarf.  Fls. 
deep  rose.    Best  of  dwarfs.    Int.  1892,  by  J.W.  Manning. 

pulcWUum,  Boiss.  &Huet.  Similar  to  4.  coridifolium, 
but  more  diffuse  and  trailing.  Fls.  smaller  and  brighter- 
colored;  petals  2K  times  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Persia. 
Gn.  25:436.  W.  M. 

AOALM'^LA  {agalma,  ornament,  and  hule,  wood;  an 
ornament  to  the  woods  in  which  they  grow  wild).  Ges- 
nerdcea.  Tender  climbers  from  Java,  which  may  be 
grown  in  a  basket  like  .SIschynanthus. 

A.longistyla,  Carr..  is  considered  a  synonym  of  the  next.  R.H. 
1873:  270.— -4 .  staminea,  Blume.  St.  rooting  from  the  lower  sur- 
face: lvs.  alternate,  with  an  abortive  one  opposite  the  base  of 
each  ;  petioles  4-8  in.  long  ;  blade  as  long,  ovate,  serrate  :  fls.  in 
large  axillary  sessile  fascicles  of  12-14 ;  stamens  exserted.  B.M. 
5747.    P.M.  15:73.   F.S. 4:358. 


AGAPANTHUS 

AOANtSIA  (Greek  oyaKos,  desirable).  A  small  genus 
of  tropical  American  epiphytal  orchids,  little  cult,  in  N. 
Amer.  Botanically  allied  to  Warrea  and  Zygopetalum. 
Need  a  humid  atmosphere.  Grown  on  blocks  in  high 
temp.    Prop,  by  dividing  pseudobulbs. 

tricolor,  N.  E.  Brown.  Fls.  in  a  raceme;  sepals  whit- 
ish; petals  light  blue;  lip  in  the  form  of  a  saddle,  marked 
with  orange-brown.    S.Amer. 

pulch^lla,  Lindl.  Fls.  white,  blotched  yellow  on  the 
lip,  in  a  racemose  spike  from  the  base  of  the  bulb. 
S.  Amer. 

The  above  species  are  the  only  ones  known  to  have  been  offered 
in  the  Amer.  trade.  Thereareoor6others.  A.cterulea.Heichh.t. 
Fls.  in  axillary  peduncles,  blue-blotched,  the  lip  bristled.  Braz. 
—A.  cydnea,  Benth.  &  Hook,  (not  Reichb.,  which  =  Acacaulis 
eyanea).  Much  like  A.  tricolor,  the  lip  blue  and  undulate  at  the 
tip.  B.R.  1845:28,  as  Warrea  cinerea,  Lindl.;  also,  W.  eyanea, 
Lindl.  (see  Rolfe.,  G.C.  III.  6.  p.  492). 

AGAPANTHUS  (agape,  love,  andanthos,  flower).  Jyil- 
idcem.  Conservatory  plants,  with  tuberous  rootstocks, 
tall  simple  scape,  and  2-bracted  vunbel  of  handsome  fls. : 
perianth  with  6  wide-spreading  divisions,  nearly  regu- 
lar: pod  many-seeded ;  seeds  flat,  winged  above :  foliage 
evergreen. 

In  this  country,  Agapanthuses  are  usually  grown  in 
tubs  (the  roots  are  apt  to  burst  pots),  and  are  flowered 
in  late  spring  or  early  summer  in  the  conservatory,  win- 
dow garden,  or  living  room.  The  plant  is  kept  dormant 
during  winter,  as  in  a  frame  or  light  cellar,  only  enough 
life  being  maintained  to  prevent  the  lvs.  from  falling  ( the 
var.  albidus  usually  loses  its  leaves).  When  in  bloom, 
give  abundance  of  water.  Plants  will  bloom  many  years 
if  given  a  large  enough  tub,  not  allowed  to  become  over- 
crowded in  the  tub,  and  supplied  with  manure  water, 
sending  up  many  clusters  each  year.  Good  results  can 
also  be  obtained  in  single  pots.  It  forces  well.  If  kept 
dormant  until  spring,  they  may  be  bedded  in  the  open, 
or  massed  in  vases,  for  summer  bloom.  Prop,  by  divid- 
ing the  roots  ( and  rarely  by  seeds ) .  Old  roots  break  up 
more  easily  if  soaked  in  water  a  few  hours.  When  dor- 
mant, the  plant  will  stand  a  few  degrees  — usually  10°  or 
less  — of  frost. 


44.  Agapanthus  umbellatus. 

scape  rising  2-3  ft.  from  the  leaf -rosette,  bearing  an  um- 
bel of  20-50  handsome  blue  fls. ;  perianth  funnel-shaped, 
with  a  short  tube.  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  B.M.  500.  -  One 
of  the  best  known  of  half-hardy  liliaceous  plants.  There 
are  white-flowered  varieties  (the  best  known  is  var.  il- 
biduB);  dwarfs,  as  var.  miiior  and  var.  MooreAnus,  both 
with  blue  fls. ;  giant  forms,  as  var.  m4ximuB  ( both  blue 


AGAPANTHUS 

andwhhe-flJ.), 
variegated-Ivd. 
g&tii8 ;  var.  LelchtUnii,  a  compact-trussed   blue  form  ; 
and  others.  L,  H.  B. 

AGAKICUS.  a  frenus  of  fleshy  fungi,  considered  under 


AGATHffiA. 


Fell 


AGATHISlnr/'i/Ais,  glome,  the  fls.  m  clusters).  Tender 
Australian  (ouiteis,  allud  to  Araxicaiia,  ueldmg  Dam- 
mar resm     Cones  axillar)  ,  globular  or  short 

robfista,  Hook.  {Ddmmnia  loliUtu,  C  Moore). 
Branches  somewhat  vertmllate,  horizontal  hs  broad, 
o%  al  lanceolate,  obtuse  trtt  reaching  130  feet  in  Austral. 
-Cult   in  Calit 


.-      / 


45     Agave  Americana  as 


\ 

ly  grown  in  greenhouses 


~\^  AGAVE  {Greek  agauai,  admirable)  Amaiyllid&eew 
Important  decorative  and  economic  plants  from  hot 
American  deserts  the  most  familiar  of  which  is  A 
Ameticana  the  American  Centory  Plant  &t  short 
or  T;\antint^  hs  mostly  m  a  close  rosette  raostU  stiff 
and  more  oi  less  fleshy  pel  i  t  i  fr  i  \  i  t  ^  ii  tl  e 
margins  mostly  armed  with  t       1  1  tl        ]        (  |  ]     i 

with  a  more  or  less  pun^     t      |  I  |    1 

panicles,  perianth  6  part    1  i  It  I    1     I     i 

stamens  fa    mosth   Icngtx  1  11  it 

nor    3  cell    111  11  I  i 

black     ^  1         1  1  1    1  1     1 

casionill         1    1        I  I  1  II 

number    t    |  1     it  1  111         1    i  il    ii       > 

have  been  descriU  1  One  ot  the  lir.,cst  c  Ikiti  ns  is 
at  Kew  wnere  there  arc  8o  named  species  The  largest 
collections  in  the  United  States  aie  at  the  Botanic  il 
Garden  of  Washington  and  the  Miss  uii  Botininl  f  ii 
d  n       I         t  ire  about  7o  spe  ]  1       \ 

r  iiater  nurabei  it     [ 

lut     Aga\  es  ai 
ts      This  noble 
1  I    I      attention  it  des  i  1 

nus  t  1 1  1  ts  m  America  furnishes  i  n  \  i  t  1  I 
decorative  plants  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  places  it  next  1 1 
the  palm  and  aloe  but  the  tormer  is  a  gieat  f  iinil>  cf 
1  11)0  s]  1  s  While  m  the  United  St  it  \  tl  ii  k  it 
tl        \  1       IS  decciatne  fl  I 

tl  they  aie  the  n 

M  ish    flier    oth  1  II 

1  1      two  great  Mt\ 

In  h  IS  ifeiu,-!       I    I  I 

1      I      1  s    espcciUlj  A     d,    i       , 

^l  i       11    1  drink    IS  usualh   net  ob 

1      Kb  as  Pulque   althou,i:h  there 

1        1     t  1     tl      contrarj       The  species  from 

whi  hi     ml     111  st  cf   the  Mescal  used  in  Mexico  is 

unknown     The  species  vary  so  much  in  size  and  form 

that  they  can  be  used  m  a  gieat  many  wd\  s      home  ot 

the  smaller  species  are  suitable  for  the  house   and  even 

some  of  the  1  ir^er  species  are  so  used     The  laiger  spe 

cies  are  well  ad  ipted  for  vases  m  large  gardens  and 

grounds   along  walks   terraces  etc     These  plants   com 

ing  as  they  do  trom  arnl  or  even  desert  regions,  where 


AGAVE  del 

they  have  a  hard  struggle  to  exist,  can  be  grown  with 
little  or  no  care,  but  they  respond  very  tiuickly  to  good 
treatment.  The  species  are  propagated  in  various  ways ; 
some  produce  suckers  at  the  base  or  even  underground 
shoots  ;  others  give  off  buds  from  the  stem,  which  fall 
off  and  take  root,  or  may  be  detached  and  planted  ; 
while  not  a  few  produce  bulblets  in  the  flower-clusters, 
and  sometimes  in  great  abundance,  while  all  may  be 
produced  from  seed.  But  as  most  of  the  species  flower 
only  after  a  long  interval,  and  many  have  not  yet  been 
known  to  flower  in  cultivation,  this  latter  means  of 
propagation  can  not  be  relied  upon.  In  cultivation, 
fruit  is  set  very  sparingly  or  not  at  all  without  artificial 
pollination,  although  this  can  be  accomplished  with 
very  little  trouble.  Monograph  by  J.  G.  Baker,  Ama- 
ryllideas,  1888.  j.  n.  Rose. 

None  of  the  Agaves  are  at  all  difficult  to  grow.  The 
soil  should  be  principally  loam  and  sand,  and  if  any  vege- 
table soil  be  given  it  should  be  in  small  quantities.  Good 
drainage  and  firm  potting  are  necessary.  To  grow  small 
plants  of  the  large-leaved  kinds  into  good-sized  specimens 
quickly,  they  should  be  plunged  out  in  a  sunny  spot  in 
spring,  taking  care  that  the  pots  are  large  enough  so  that 
they  will  not  require  repotting  in  the  fall.  Nearly  all  of 
the  large-growing  kinds  are  easily  increased  from  suck- 
ers, which,  when  the  plants  are  grown  in  a  pot-bound  con- 
dition, are  produced  very  readily.  They  should  only  be 
taken  off  from  the  parent  phmt  wlu-n  furnished  with  suf- 
ficient roots  to  give  them  :i  st;irt.  Seine  kinds  are  raised 
only  from  seeds, which,  w  In-n  Irishly  .i;:itlierecl,  germinate 
in  k  few  weeks.  ^ult.'  by  G.  W.  Oliver. 

The  classification  of  the  Agaves  is  a  veiy  difficult  one. 
riiis  IS  partially  owing  to  the  great  number  of  species, 

t    the  difficult\  of  preserM         '     "  

lutrc  |i  n  X     tfl   w(  ring  in 


usal 


■  stud\  material,  and  to  the 


although 


the  nic 


su  li  an  arrangement  is 
!sb  artifacial  it  is  certamlj 
satisfactory  in  naming  a 
ill  ticn  From  a  botanical  point 
f  Mew  howe\er  the  inflorescence 
1  \s  the  true  relitionship  of  the 
I  s  In  this  w  a\  the  genus  is 
1  Ilv  dnided  into  three  groups  oi 
ibt,enera  These  are  First,  the 
jbi(  igaie,  having  a  paniculate  m 
florescence,  with  candelabra  like 
branches  Second,  the  Littcea  hav 
ing  a  dense  spike  of  fiowers      (The 

by%M 


JO      Amer 

6is    27     angusitfoha    3      ap 

tenuata  11     Biauminei  28 

Botteu    29        brachystachj  s  uower 

40      taudilabrum    3      Celsii 

31     coarcta?a,  5,  cochlearis   b    dasjiirioides,  36  ,  densi- 

flora    i'     Dcserti   10     echucides   34      Elemeet  ana  20; 

en     t  i      tit   1       1        „(miniflora    lb      Gilbeyi, 

2(  /  11  1  till    2^       h  rrida    26; 

litl  11  s      !v     hii    27     lat  fbima,  5  ; 

Lech         11  /    /  niacracaiitha    8  ,  macu- 


POtOsilK,.      II;       I'-:,     .  I  ..,.,,,  //  ■         .^  I. 

rigitUi.  :;;  /■-„.'/ .,  ;-,-■"     •■  ■     i._.  ',,.  ii; 

Scolvnui-,  II:   >rl,Miii,,  i-    M, :,»,,.  :i;    -i^.- ,  ,;;  -in- 

ata, ;«  ;  strkaa,:)4;  iavluri.  IT:  J  Ininraintisis.  :>  ;  mn- 
vittata,21;  Utaheusis,  12;  vestita,  15;  Vietoriffi-Regiuee, 
24;  Virginica,  37;  xylonacantha,  27;  yuccaefolia,  35. 

A.  Foliage  persisting  from  year  to  year:  inflorescence 

thiisi  .  )iiinii/-il,l.:    plants  flowering  after  a  more 
nrl.ss    l,.,„,   u,i,rml,   often    but  once,  in   others 

B.  Itiflorcsi'iirr  It  rnuipact  panicle;  fls.h07fie  in  clusters 
near  the  ends  of  horizontal  branches.   {Euagave.) 

1.  Americana,  Linn.  Common  Centurt  Plant.  Pigs. 
45,  46.  Plants  becoming  very  large  :  Ivs.  40-50,  either 
straigiit  or  the  tips  recurved;  the  margin  scalloped  be- 
tween the  sharp  teeth:  fl.  3  in.  long,  yellow.  The  most 
common  species  in  cult.  A.F.  7:503.  Gn.  12,  p.  397. 
G.C.III.19:17.  Gn.47,p.59.  F.E. 10:595.  Trop.  Amer. 
Several  varieties,  of  which  var.  picta,  var.  variegAta  (B. 
M.  3654)  and  var.  recuiv4ta  are  the  best  known. -Some 
forms  have  Ivs.  striped,  and  others  bordered  with  yellow. 
This  species  is  the  one  which  is  commonly  grown  as  a  tub 
plant  by  florists,  being  used  out-of-doors  in  the  summer 
for  lawn  and  porch  decoration. 

2.  Mezic&na,  Lam.  Plants  becoming  very  large  :  Ivs. 
20-30  ;  similar  to  ^.  ^nifricaHK.  Common  in  Eu.  Int. 
about  1817,  from  Mex.    G.C.  II.  19:149. 

3.  rigida,  Miller.  St.  wanting  or  sometimes  4  ft.  long: 
Ivs.  thin,  narrow,  elongated;  the  margin  either  smooth 
or  toothed.  S.  Mex.  Perhaps  more  than  one  species  in- 
cluded under  this  name.  A,  angustif ilia,  Yiam.,  seems 
to  belong  here.    B.M.  5893,  as  A .  ixllioXdes .     Gng.  5:  89. 

Var.  elong4ta,  Baker  {A.  Cundelitbrum,  Todaro).  St. 
/iiucli  i-loriKuti-il. 

Var.  SisalAna,  Engelm.  Sisal  Hemp.  Margin  of  the 
Ivs.  entire.  Yucatan.  Naturalized  on  Pla.  keys.  — Rec- 
ommended for  cult,  on  a  large  scale  in  certain  cheap 
lands  of  Fla.  Largely  grown  in  Yucatan  as  a  fiber  plant, 
the  fiber  being  exported  to  U.  S.  and  used  in  making 
cheap  cordage. 

4.  Pringlei,  Enff.lm.  Lvs.  sword-like,  very  stiff,  18 
in.  or  l<-s-<  N'Tit,'.  TKirniwfd  from  near  the  base  to  the 
sharp  tip.  till-  iiiaii.'iii  with  small,  hooked,  brown  prick- 
les: H.  P,in.  l.,iif,'.  yill'iw.    LowiT  Calif. 

5.  atrbvirens, Karw.(. I  .•//'"'/'■/'.....  Karw.  A.Sal- 
TOidita,  Otto).    Often  aii^n        _  Mze:  lvs.  few, 

10-30,  becoming  9  in.  t>r i      :  '        I- 'Ik,',  very  thick 

at  base  and  glaucous  tlir.inLlhnii.  ii]  p..!  with  a  stout 
spine;    the   upper  part  of  tlic  margin  horny:  fi.  4; 

long     Mex.  G.C.  H    -  -- 

under  this  name. 

Var.  latissima  {A.  latlssima,  coarct&ta,  Lehmanni, 
and  mitrmfdrmis,  Jacobi).  Lvs.  broader,  oblong-spatu- 
late  (8-9  in.  broad  above  the  middle). 

6.  cocUe&Tis,  Jacobi.  Pulque  Plant  of  W.  Mex. 
Very  similar  to  the  above,  but  lvs.  longer  and  a  foot 
wide,  not  glaucous.  Int.  about  1867,  but  rare  in  col- 
lections. 

7.  applan&ta,  Lem.  Stemless  :  lvs.  sometimes  150, 
3-3J^in.  broad,  stiff  and  glaucous,  with  long,  pungent 
end  spinf:  tl.  !!  in.  l.'iitr,  greenish  yellow.  — A  beautiful 
species  frdiii  M.  \.    Int.  about  1862. 

8.  macracantha,  V.w-r.  Small,  stemless,  compact:  lvs. 
about  .'id.  a  fnnt  i.iii:,'.  virv  stiflf  and  pungent,  glaucous: 
fls.  in  a  lax  raceme,  lut.'about  1830,  from  central  Mex. 
G.C.  11.  8:137. 

9.  Sh&wii,  Engelm.  Stemless  :  lvs.  50-60  or  even 
more,  oblong-spatulate,  8-10  in.  long,  dull  green  and 
slightly  glaucous,  with  a  brown  tip-spine  an  inch  long, 
the  edge  with  upturned  brown  teeth  ^in.  or  less  long: 
fls.  3-3Kin.  long,  greenish  yellow.  S.  Cal.  Int.  about 
1875. 

10  Desirti,  Engelm.  Stemless  :  lvs.  few,  in  a  rosette, 
oblanceolate,  a  foot  or  less  long,  deep  concave  above, 
very  gUiucous,  tip-spined,  the  lower  half  of  the  blade 
with  hooked  prickles  :  fl.  yellow,  2  in.  or  less  long.  S. 
Cal.    Int.  about  1875. 


-Several  species  have  passed 


AGAVE 

11.  Sc61ymu3,  Karw.  Lvs.  20^0,  9-18  in.  long.  3-6  in. 
1'  i.h  .  .'laucijus;  the  margin  indented  between  the  teeth: 

'  J  in.  long,  yellowish.  Mex.  Gn.  12,  p.  397.  Int. 
:.••■■  I  l->n._Said  to  be  common,  with  several  varieties. 
.1    !■■■'•' I  ""(in,  Zucc,  may  be  only  a  form  of  the  above. 

12.  UtahSnsis,  Engelm.  Stemless  :  lvs.  sword-like,  1 
ft.  or  less  long,  thick  and  rigid,  the  sharp  tip-spine  an 
inch  long,  the  margin  with  triangular  teeth,  glaucous: 
tl.  an  inch  long.    Utah  and  Ariz. 

BB.    Inflorescence  a  dense,  cylindrical  spike;  fls.  usu- 
ally borne  in  twos     (Littaia  ) 
C     Margins  of  lvs   not  toothed 


Lis    In, 


sttfT 


(th  tin  margins  splitting 

In    II  ?s 

I  I  in  ill,  compact,  about 
Ml  I  stiff,  9  or  10  m  in 
III  1  \  i\  pungent  tip  fl 
It    i  .n.;     M.  \     r,  C    III 


14     schidigera,    Lem 


but    with    some 


•*!''  whit    broadei     hs      and 

^\  the  msr.'in  splitting  off 

•tt  lnto^^h,te.ll,:,ons    Mex 

a  h  M      i(i4I  -Frequently 


iiitpi:^' 


15.  vestlta,  Watson,  also  of  thetype  ot^.  filifera.  is  a 
very  recently  described  and  introduced  species.  Lvs. 
more  bronzy  than  that  species.  Mex.  table  lands.  A.G. 
1892:  609. -It  deserves  a  place  in  any  large  Agave  col- 
lection. 

16.  geminifldra,  Ker-Gawl.  [Bonapdrtea  juncea. 
Haw.).  Lvs.  often  200-300,  narrowly  linear,  somewhat 
recurved,  1^-2  ft.  long,  somewhat  convex  on  both 
sides:  flower  stalk  sometimes  25  ft.  long.  Mexico, where 
it  grows  commonly  along  streams.  B.R.  1145.  F.S.  7, 
p.  6.  — Very  common. 

17.  Tiylori,  Hort.  A  garden  hybrid  of  ^.^eminirtom 
and  A.  densiflora  is  often  seen  in  cult.  Mn.  7:111. 
G.C.  II.  8:621. 

18.  Sch6ttii,  Engelm.  (A.  gemniflira  var.  SonbrcB, 
Torr. ) .  Stemless  :  lvs.  linear,  1  ft.  or  less  long  and  only 
Ys  in.  broad,  flat  or  concave,  very  rigid,  sharp-tipped, 
the  margin  usually  with  white  threads:  fls.  l^iin.  long 
S.Ariz.    B.M.  7567". 


AGAVE 

VD.    Jjl's.  brofitl  and  fleshy. 

19.  attenuita,  Salm-Dyck  (.1.  (jUiuci^xcens,  Hook.). 
Pigs.  47-49.  St.  4-5  ft.,  crowned  by  a  great  mass  of  Ivs., 
sometimes  6  ft.  in  diam. ;  Its.  about  20,  2-3  ft.  long,  C-8 
in.  broad  at  the  widest  point,  very  glaucous  on  both 
sides:  fl.-spikeS  ft.  long;  tl.  2  in.  long,  greenish  yellow. 
G.F.  10:95.  G.C. II.  2:  218,  223.  G.C.  III.  17:  455,  457. 
B.M.  5333.  Gn.  51,p.  407. -This  is  one  of  the  most  ma- 
jestic of  the  Agaves.  It  has  flowered  only  twice  in  the 
United  States,  — in  the  Washington  Botanical  Garden,  in 
1897  and  1898. 

20.  Elemeetiina,  Koch.  Very  near  the  above,  but 
stemless:  Ivs.  about  25,  lK-2  ft.  long,  4H-G  in.  wide  ; 
pale.  B.M.  7027.  G.C.  II.  8:749. -A  var.  subdentita  is 
sometimes  sold. 

CO.    Margins  of  Ivs.  more  or  less  toothed. 
D.    Border  of  Ivs.  horny  throughout. 

21.  iinlvittata.  Haw.    Stemless:  Ivs.  about  50,  rigid, 

2-2K  ft.  long,  dark  green 
except  a  pale  band  down 
the  center:  fls.  vellowish. 
Mes.  B.  M.  6055.  -  Int. 
about  1830. 

22.  heteraointha,  Zucc. 
Very  common.  Forms  seen 
in  collections  show  a  very 
polymorphous  species. 
Stemless  :  Ivs.  about  20, 
with  a  pale  baud  down  the 
center;  teeth  widely  sepa- 
rated, never  banded,  12  in. 
long,  2  in.  broad.  Mex.— 
Numerous  varieties.  Int. 
18G2. 

LechegnlUa,    Torr. 
I-  ,-, ,1,11,1, .11  ill  collec- 


Kiith, 


Flowers  of  Agave 


as  A.het,rHe„ntha.  Seem- 
ingly a  good  .species, 
though  referred  by  Baker 
to  A.  heteracantha.  Lvs. 
not  banded,  and  spine  very 
long.  W.  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 
24.  VictdrisB  -  Eeglnae, 
Moore.  Stemless  :  lvs. 
sometimes  200,  very  compact,  rigid,  6-8  In.  long,  IH  in. 
broad,  the  margin  and  bands  on  the  back  white,  obtuse 
at  apex,  tipped  with  a  small  spine.  Mex.  Gn.  8,  p.  351. 
G.C.  II.  4:485;  11.18:841.  I. H.28:413. -A  very  remarkable 
species.  Int.  in  1872,  but  now  seen  in  all  collections.  Prob- 
ably more  cult,  than  any  other  kind  except  .4.  .^Imericaiia. 

25.  Nissoni,  Baker.  A  small  species  usually  growing 
in  clumps;  especially  desirable  for  large  vases.  Lvs.  5-6 
in.  long,  with  a  pale  band  down  the  center.  Mex.  — Not 
known  to  have  flowered. 

26.  h6rrida,  Lem.  Stemless  :  lvs.  about  40,  compact, 
rigid,  with  a  very  stout  end  spine,  not  striped :  fls.  nearly 
2  in.  long,  yellowish.    Mex.    B.M.  6511.  — Many  forms. 

Var.  Gilbeyi,  Baker.  Lvs.  with  a  pale  stripe  down  the 
center.    G.C.  I.  33:1305.    Gt.  1874,  p.  84. 

27.  xylonacdntha,  Salm-Dj-ck.  Stout-stemmed:  lvs.  20 
or  less,  sword-like,  3  ft.  or  less  long,  with  a  sharp  brown 
point,  slightly  glaucous  green,  with  a  few  darker  green 
lines  on  the  back,  the  margin  with  a  few  large  teeth :  fls. 
IKin.  or  less  long,  greenish  yellow.  Mex.  B.M.  5G60. 
G.C.  II.  7:523.  — J.  Amurhisis  and  A.  Kdchii,  Jacobi, 
are  forms  of  this  species. 

28.  KereMvei,  Lem.  {A.  Beaucdrnei,  hem.  A.rigid- 
issima,  Jacobi).    Stemless:  lvs.  20-30,  sword-llke,  a  foot 


AGAVE  35 

30.  Albicans,  Jacobi.  Stemless:  lvs.  about  30,  in  a  dense 
cluster,  15  in.  or  so  long,  3-3Kin.  wide,  tapering  to  a 
weak  spine,  glaucous  on  both  sides,  the  margin  lined 
with  small  black  teeth:  spike  of  fls.  about  15  in.  long; 
fls.  yellowish.  Mex.  B.M.  7207.  G.C.  II.  8:717.-This  is 
one  of  the  smaller  Agaves.  It  does  not  die  down  after 
flowering.    A  form  with  variegated  lvs. 

31.  C61sii, Hook. (4. Ctfsidim, Jacobi).  Stemless:  Ivs. 
20-30,  oblong-spatulate.  2  ft.  or  less  long,  not  strongly 
spine-tippeil.  the  mareiiiiil  lanceolate  spines  unequal, 
glaui-i.ii^:    iK.iJ  iii.Mii.x^  i.,111,'.  purplish  green,  the  tube 


ess:  lvs.  30-40,  oblanceo- 
11 K.  glaucous  when  young 
spin,-  '._,iu.  long,  the  mar- 


.'f.  densiflora,  \\^^^•' 
late-spatulal.',  :;  li.  n 
but  bei/ouiiiii;  i.'n,ii, 
ginal  deltoid  pi-i.-kl,  - 
less  long,  giviMiisl,  hn.wn.    M<s.    Ji.M.  5006. 

33.  mitis,  Siihu  Dy.'k.  Sliort-st.uimed:  lvs.  30,  oblan- 
ceolate,  15  in.  or  less  long,  3  in.  at  broadest  part,  tip- 
spine  weak,  the  teeth  very  small  and  green  or  only  ob- 
scurely brown-tipped,  green  :  fls.  2  in.  long.  Mes.— 4. 
micracdntha,  Salm-Dyck,  is  very  similar. 

EE.    Lvs.  veril  iiarruir.  icuk.  11,.'  snrfn,;'  iiinxlhj  ribbed: 

34.  striata,  Zii. v.  Sf.H.li^^  ,.,■  i„:,ily  >w:  lvs.  150-200, 
linear  from  a  wi,l*'  ti:,s,-,  'J'..t*t.  "r  It-ss  I'ni^.  scabrous  on 
the  edge,  sharp-tipped,  glaucous-green,  and  ribbed  on 
both  surfaces:  fl.  1  Kin.  long,  brown-green.  Mex.  B.M. 
4950.  Cult,  under  several  forms,  as  var.  reciirva,  Baker. 
Lvs.  larger  and  more   falcate,  not  sharp-tipped.    Var. 


Jioirff.s-,  Jacobi.  A.  ensifdrmis  ami  A .  Jiichardsii, Jiort.) . 
Dwarf  and  stiff;  lvs.  only  Kft.  long. 

35.  yuccaefdlia,  DC.  St.  short:  lvs.  20-40,  much  nerved, 
linear  and  recurved,  with  a  pale  center,  entire  or  nearly 
so.    Mex.    B.M.5213.-Int.  about  1800. 

36.  dasylirioides,  Jacobi.  Stemless  :  lvs.  about  100, 
linear,  stiff,  very  glaucous,  serrulate,  finely  striate  ver- 
tically on  both  faces;  fl.  nearly  2  in.  long,  yellow.  Mex. 
B.M.  5716. 

AA.  Foliage  weak  atid  soft,  dying  down  annually  :  in- 
florescence a  slender  open  raceme  or  spike :  st, 
arising  from  true  bulbs.    (Manfreda.) 

37.  Virginica,  Linn.  Lvs.  few,  green,  6-20  in.  long, 
spreading,  lanceolate ;  pale  green  or  brown  mottled,  with 
a  narrow  white  and  nearly  entire  margin :  stalk  3-6  ft. 
high:  fls.  greenish.    S.  states.   B.M.  1157. 

Var.  tigrlna,  Engelm. ,  a  form  from  South  Carolina  and 
Missouri,  has  spotted  lvs. 

38.  maculdsa,  Hook.  Pig.  50.  Basal  lvs.  6-10,  blotched 
with  brown  or  green,  soft  and  fleshy,  .somewhat  recurved, 
the  margin  serrulate:  St.  15-25  in.  high,  bearing  a  few 
scattered  lvs.  or  leaf -like  bracts:  fls.  10-25,  nearly  ses- 
sile, 2  in.  long,  purplish;  stamens  a  little  longer  than  the 
segments  of  the  fl.  S.  Tex.  B.M.  5122.-  Generally  la- 
belled A.  macnlata. 


af  of  Agave  attenuala 


DD.    Border  of  lvs.  not  horny. 

E.    Lvs.  oblong,  with  small  teeth. 

29.  Bbtteri,  Baker.   Stemless :  lvs.  50, 2  ft.  long,  broad, 

pale  green;    triangular  teeth  on  margin,  crowded  and 

black.   Mex.    B.M.  6248.— A  very  beautiful  species. 


39.  maouiata,  Kegel.  A  name  commonly  used  for  the 
above,  but  a  very  uncertain  species.  It  is  probably  A. 
protuberans,  Engelm.  , 

40.  brachystachys,  Cav.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  green  with  a 
pale  nearly  entire  edge :  fls.  reddish.  B.R.  25:55.-Rare 
in  collections,  but  a  very  important  plant  in  Mexico,  fur- 
nishing much  of  the  "  amole  "  of  the  natives. 


36 


AGAVI 


AGRIMONIA 


Potosina,  liob.  &  C 

ubliiii 


An  odd  little  species, 
y  nmcli  A.   \  irgiuica.     Sometimes  met 
name  of  Velpinoa  gracillima. 
lay  fiud  the  following  names  (those  marked  * 


edged.-' 
A.  Engili, 
*A.firox. 


Fls.  in  spikes :  Ivs. 
toothed.  Int.  about  \ 
—*A.  puUMrrima.  1 
*4.  iJdftmi;  Hnrt  -» 
lanceolate,  liii;;lit  ;; 
A.  AmeriraiKi,  imi  a 
thomsoniiniTitv  ..i  I- 

ceolate,  vrr\  L-l.-nn-Hi 
syluestrif.  II  .i: 
Jacobi.     1 . 
toothed.-    I     '  ' 


oblong,  bn;;i;L   ;,!'..Mi,   ^M'.li    -irii..    ! \n    l-,ll,  J_    N^  _    i;o.SE. 

A6D£STIS  (a  mythical  hermaphrodite  monster,  the 
genus  being  an  anomalous  one  in  its  order).  Pliytolac- 
eicea.  Amonotvpicgenus.  Tender  climbing  shrub  from 
Mex.    Cult,  in  Calif. 

clematidea,  Mo<;.  &  Sesse.  Lvs.  alternate,  petiolate, 
cordate:  fls.  axillary  or  in  terminal,  branched,  racemose 
cymes,  white,  star  shaped;  sepals  4;  petals  0. 

A6EBATUH  (Greek  for  not  growing  old,  probably 
applied  first  to  some  other  plant;.  C'ompdsilie.  About 
40  species  of  trop.  Amer.  herbs,  with  opposite  stalked 
Ivs.  and  blue  or  white  fls.  in  small  terminal  cymes  or 
panicles. 

conyzoldes,  Linn.  (A.  Mexicdnum,  Sims,  and  Hort. ). 
Pig.  51.  Annual  and  pubescent:  lvs.  ovate-deltoid, 
crenate-serrate  :  fl.s.  blue  or  white,  or  varying  to  rose. 
Ordinarily  a  rather  loose-growing  plant  a  foot  or  two 
high,  but  there  are  dwarf  and  compact  forms  ;  also  va- 
riegated forms.  Trop.  Amer.  B.M.  2524.— This  is  the 
common  ageratum  of  gardeners  and  florists.  It  is  easily 
grown  from  seeds,  sown  in  the  border  where  the  plants 
are  to  stand,  or  started  in  the  house  or  hotbed.  If  the 
plants  are  to  be  used  for  bedding,  they  should  be  placed 
a  foot  or  less  apart.  They  thrive  in  any  garden  soil  and 
exposure.  They  bloom  all  summer ;  and  if  sown  in 
late  summer  or  fall,  they  give  winter  bloom  under  glass. 

The  plant  sold  as  A.  conxpiridtm  is  an  Eupatorium  : 
and  that  sold  as  A.  Lasse'luxU  is  a  Conoclinium. 

L.  H.  B. 


order  and  gen- 
ee  from  China, 
■  be  used  in  per- 


AGLAIA  (Greek,  splttuU.r:  i 
eral  appearance).    J/./.-,.,,, 
with  minute,  yellow,  ii  :      .■      i 
fuming  certain  teas.     I'l    ;  hl-s. 

odorita,  Lour.    Lvs.  aln  rii:ii.  .  :.    :  |. innate  :  fls.  inaxil- 
lary,  branching  panicle.s.    Cult,  sparingly  in  Calif. 

AGLAONfiMA  (Greek,  fij-ig/ifMread).  Arolde(c.  About 
1.')  species,  of  trop.   Asia  and   Africa,  allied   to  Arum, 

.Mnra-in   HTirl    r>ii  ffrnlmclii:).  and   requiring  essentially 

i!;i      111.    I ! .  iM:i  .;•   :i     tli-.-  ^'pnera.    Evergreen,  often 


and  weak.   In  either  case  the 
cuttings  and  divisions  should 
be  put  into  the  sand-bed  pre- 
vious to  potting,  to   develop 
new  roots.    All  of  the  kinds 
will  succeed  in  fibrous  loam 
enriched  with  rotted   ma- 
nure, with  the  addition  of 
a   moderate     quantity     of 
leaf-mold,  sand,  and  some 
crushed  charcoal. 

Cult,  by  G.  W.  Oliver. 

pictiim,  Kunth.  Dwarf  : 
lvs.  somewhat  unequilateral, ob- 
long or  elliptic,  ovate  (4-7  in. 
long  and  2-3  In. wide),  very  dark 
green,  blotched  with  white,  the 
central  markings  usually  ex- 
tending the  wliole  length  of  the 
iiuclrit)  :  spathe  white  or  whit- 
isli.     I-l'.jin.    long.      Sumatra. 


nebulosum,  N.  E.  Brown. 
Somewhat  larger:  lvs.  narrower 
(5-8  in.  long,  lyiin.  or  less 
wide^,  more  acuminate,  the 
markings  rather  more  broken 
and  not  so  continuous  along  the 
midrib.  I. H.  1887:24.  A.G.  16: 
.iOl,  and  F.E.  7:961,  as  A.pic- 
/»in.— This  and  A.  picfttm  are 
confused  in  the  trade.  Both 
species  deserve  more  attention 
than  they  have  received  in  this 
country. 

costJktum,  Veitch.  Very  dwarf 
and  compact:  lvs. heart-shaped, 
thick,  3  in. 
wide,  one- 
third  longp 
than  wide 
seldom  ,x 
ceedin^.'.iii. 
long,    dark, 

shining  green,  with  midrib 
ivorv-white  and  scattering 
blotches  of  white.  Holds  its 
tufted  lvs.  through  the  win- 
ter.   Moluccas. 

,4.  commutatum.  Scbott.=Seindapsus  Cuscuaria.— .4.  Ra- 
btiiiii.  Hort.,  i8"a  fine  decorative  plant, with  thick,  leathery  fo- 
liage" (>Ianda). — A.  versicolor,  Hort.,  is  probably  a  form  of 
either  .\.  pictnra  or  A.  nebulosum.  T     H    R 

AGKIMdNIA  (old  name  of  obscure  meaning).  BosA- 
ceir.  Agrimony.  Hardy  native  herbs,  with  interruptedly 
pinnate  lvs.  and  small,  numerous,  yellow  fls.,  produced 
through  summer.  Lvs.  aromatic,  astringent.  Sometimes 
cult,  in  shrubbery  and  wild  gardens. 

Eupatoria,  Linn.  {A.  officincLlis,  Lam.).  Common  Ag- 
RiMONV.  Fig.  52.  Petals  twice  as  long  as  calyx,  latter 
making  a  small,  lightly  adhering  bur.  Cult,  in  herb 
gardens  to  make  a  tonic  tea,  also  in  wild  borders.  Com- 
mon in  woods;  also  native  to  Eu.  Grows  2-3  ft.  high,  in 
little  clumps,  from  a  short  lootstock. 


AGRIMONIA 

odorita,  .Mill.  Llts.  narrower  than  in  A.Eupatoria; 
jeaflets  pubescent  :  lobes  more  deeply  crenate-rtentate  : 
petals  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Italy.  Oc- 
casionally cult,  in  Am.  j.  b.  Keller  and  W.  JI. 


51.   Ageratum  conyzoidea. 

AGROPf  RUM  (Greek  for  firhl  and  u-hent<.  Gnimhieu-. 
Perennials  or  annuals,  with  leaf-blades  tlat  or  convo- 
lute :  spike  terminal,  usually  stiff  ;  spikelets  large,  3-8- 
fld.,  compressed,  sessile  at  each  joint  of  the  simple 
spike,  the  side  of  the  spikelet  placed  next  the  axis. 
Species  about  30.    Temperate  regions  of  Amer.  and  En. 

rtpens,  Beauv.  Quack  Grass.  Couch  Grass. 
Quick  Grass.  Quitch  Grass.  A  smooth,  pale  green 
or  glaucous  perennial,  very  variable,  with  the  in- 
ternodes  of  the  rootstock  long.  In  many  places  it 
has  become  one  of  the  worst  weeds,  spreading  in- 
veterately  by  its  underground  stems.  Pig.  53.  It 
may  be  destroyed  by  constant  and  thorough  tillage. 
Often  valuable  to  hold  loose  lands.  Considered  by 
some  stock  raisers  as  a  valuable  hay  grass. 


AGKOSTfiMMA.    See  Liicluiis. 

AGR6STIS  iagros,  field  ;  the  place  of  growth). 
Graminew.  Bent  Grass.  A  genus  containing  many 
useful  grasses  for  lawns,  pastures  and  bouquets.  Pani- 
cles variable,  usually  spreading : 
spikelets  very  small,  awnless  or  oc- 
casionally a  short  awn  present. 
Species  about  100,  distributed  over 
the  entire  globe  ;  about  9  useful  in 
cult.  Some  species  are  much  con- 
fused with  Aira.  In  Agrostis  the 
spikelets  are  1-fld.;  in  Aira  2-  to 
several-fld. 


Aenmonia  Eupatoria  (X  J)     Flower 


AILANTHUS  37 

A.    Spikehts  tilniitt  1  lint  long :  panicle-branckes  short. 
Perennial  lawn  and  pasture  grasses. 
B.   Awnless  spikelets. 
41ba,  Linn.  Creepixo  Ben-t  Grass.  A  well  known  per- 
ennial,  creeping    or    ■  f.ilnnifrr":!-:,    1   :!    ff    :     sheaths 
smooth  :  leaf -blade  lin.  n  -m   ti  m  .  ,>^.  h  i,,,,  ,.,,|;,ip_  4-8  in. 
long,  scabrous:  paiii<  I'  i      i    i"    ■     !    t  :      lir  branches 


idely 


Dg:  ligulal-4  I 


,.ly  fo 


Var.  vulgaris,  Thurb.  (A.rulgdris,  With.).  Red-top. 
Fine  Bent  Grass.  Distinguished  from  the  type  by 
the  smaller  ligule,  which  is  truncate,  and  less  than  I 
line  long.  — Commoner  in  cult,  than  the  type. 

Var.  stolonlSera,  Linn.  (.4.  siolonifera,  Linn.).  Panicle 
contracted  linear;  culms  extensively  creeping  or  stolo- 
niferous  :  ligule  1-i  lines  long. 

BB.  A  icned  spikelets. 
canlna,  Linn.  Brown  or  Dog's  Bent  Grass.  Rhode 
Island  Bent  Grass.  Slender,  creeping,  1-2 ft. :  panicle 
pyramidal,  4-6  in.  long  :  spikelets  near  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  very  small,  l-9of  an  in.  long:  small  bent  awn 
on  back  of  flowering  glume.    Int.  from  Eu.  — Makes  a 

AA.    Spikelfifs  ahnut  %  line  long;  panicle-branches  long 
and  hail -like.   Annual  ornamental  grasses. 
B.    Citbu.'<,  Irs.  and  panicle-branches  smooth. 

nebuldsa,  Boiss  &  Rent.  (A.  capillAris,  Hort. ).  Cloud 
Grass.  Fig.  54.  A  low  grass,  with  extremely  delicate, 
feathery-like  panicle  and  small  spikelets:  Ivs.  few  and 
very  small.   Spain. -Very  useful  forvases  and  bouquets 

mintitifldra,  Hort.  Very  similar  to  A.  nebulosa,  but 
smaller,  with  fewer  Ivs.  and  .shorter  panicles. -Useful 
for  vases  and  bouquets. 

BB.    Cnhns,  Irs.  and  panirh-branche.'i  scabrous. 

scabra,  Willd.  R,hi!h-bknt.  Ti.  km;  Grass.  Fly- 
AWAVllKAss.  HaihGkass.  Si  i,k  I  i  1;  a>s.  Hiiir-Iike,  deli- 
cate, with  widi'ly  spn-ailint;.  .■a|iilLii-\  |i:uiirli-s,  which 
at  niaturitv  break  away  from  111.-  culiii  and  Hy  about  in 
the  wind:  'spikelets  very  small,  clu-stcrcd  at  tiie  ends  of 


the  branches.- Before  panicle  expands  it  is  often  sold  in 
the  vicinity  of  large  towns  for  dry  bouquets. 
A.  elegans,  B.OTt.,  not  Thore,  and  A. pulchella,  Uort.    These 
ra  eles 


)  applied  by  florists  1 


Aira  elegans  and  j 


AGUACATE,    ALLIGATOR   PEAR,    AVOCADO.     See 

Persia. 

AILANTHTIS  (from  its  native  name  Ailanto,  meaning 
Tree  of  Heaven).  SimarubAcea-.  Large  trees  :  Ivs.  al- 
ternate, large,  pinnate,  deciduous  :  fls.  small,  in  large 
terminal  panicles,  polygamous  ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  10  ; 
fr.  consisting  of  1-5  distinct  samaras.  Five  species  in 
Cent,  and  S.  Asia  and  N.  Austral. -Large,  ornamental 
trees  of  loose  and  somewhat  spreading  habit,  with  ele- 
gant, feathery  foliage.  Very  rapid  growers.  Good  for 
smoky  cities.  Suckers  from  the  roots.  Prop,  by  seeds 
and  root  cuttings. 

glanduldsa,  Desf.  (A.  Japonica,  Hort.).  Tree  of 
Heaven.  Tree.  00  ft.  :  Ivs.  odd-pinnate,  Vyi-i  ft.  long  ; 
leaflets  13-25,  petiolulate,  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  gla- 
brous near  the  base,  with  2^  coarse  teeth,  each  with  a 
large  gland  beneath:  fls.  greenish:  samaras  1^0n.  long. 
June.  China,  cult,  in  Japan. -Valuable  tree  for  street 
planting,  much  used  in  the  temperate  regions  and  nat- 
uralized in  some  localities  ;  somewhat  tender  north  in 


38 


AILANTHUS 


a  young  state.  For  street  planting,  the  fertile  plant 
only  should  be  used,  because  the  male  exhales  a  disa- 
greeable odor  when  flowering,  and  the  pollen  is  said  to 
cause  catarrhal  troubles.  It  grows  in  almost  any  soil, 
but  best  in  a  light  and  some- 
what moist  one,  and  stands  dust 
and  smoke  well.  Var.  erythro- 
c&rpa  {A.  enithrocdrpa,  Carr. 
A.  rhbra,  Hort.).  Lvs.  darker 
green  above  and  more  glaucous 
beneath  ;  fr.  bright  red,  very 
effective  iu  late  summer  and 
autumn.  Var.  pendulif6Ua,Carr. 
Lvs.  very  large,  drooping.  — The 
Ailanthus  foliage  gives  a  tropi- 
cal effect  when  the  growth  is 
very  strong.  If  plants  are  cut 
back  to  the  ground  after  they 
have  become  established  (in  two 
or  three  years  after  planting), 
they  will  throw  up  very  strong 
shoots  and  make  an  excellent 
screen,  as  shown  in  Fig.  55. 
This  practice  may  be  repeated 
year  after  year.  Sumacs,  pau- 
lownias,basswoods,  mulberries, 
and  other  fast-growing  things 
may  be  treated  in  this  way. 
The  Ailanthus  foliage  is  very 
like  that  of  the  Cedrela  (which 
see    for    illiistr.Ttion    of    differ- 

.-./.„,  l;..xl.-.    Tiilltree:  lvs. 


54.  Agrostis 


AIEA  (an  anoifiir  I  .r. .  1,  i/,ii:'    i-i   l',,ii.,        «.,  ,. 

ece.  Hair  Grass.  Al-'um.  r,,i;i;, ,!;>',_•  ,i,i,  ,.,  ,,,,i,!i,i 
grasses,  with  sli'ii'iM-.  I  — .  i-'ini.'i.  Limim--.-  -[■;!..  I.  i- 
very  small,  of  tw"  ii'i-tVct  .■,.niimi"ii^  il.iwir-:  il.iw.rin- 
glume  acutely  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  bearini;  a  sh-ndcr 
twisted  awn  below  the  middle.  Eu.,  N.  Afr.  —  This  genus 
is  much  confused  with  Agrostis  by  florists.  Nat.  from 
Eu.  and  cult,  for  dry  bouquets. 

caTyophyllia,  Linn.  (Agrdsfis  flegans,  Hort.,  not 
Guss.).  A  slender  and  elegant  tufted  annual,  10-20  in. 
high,  bearing  a  very  diffuse  panicle  of  purplish  and  at 
length  silvery  scarious  spikelets. 

61egrans,  Gaud.  (Agrdstis  ^legang,  Hort.,  not  Guss.). 
A  slender,  erect  and  very  pretty  annual,  from  a  few 
inches  to  a  foot  high,  with  widely  spreading  capillary 
panicles  of  many  small  spikelets. 

A.  ccesjyitosa,  Linn.=  Deschampsia  csespitosa.— 4.  cceritlea, 
Linn.=  Molinia   coerulea,  Monch.  —  4.  flexuosa,  Linn.=  Des- 
P.  B.  Kenkedt. 


AIB-PLANT.  In  common  speech,  any  plant  which 
grows  on  the  trunk  or  in  the  top  of  another  plant  is 
called  an  air-plant.  The  proper  term  is  epiphyte  (that  is, 
(/roichifj  nil  n  plant).  In  horticulture,  the  term  air-plant 
is  n-^iirillv  :M'rl''''  to  ij.iptn-tal  orchids,  tillandsias,  and 

til'!'         \!,,-t.,(  -1.. vv  upon  old  bark,  perhaps  de- 

rivii  '  111.  ntfrom the  bark,  butmost 

ot  II  Tliey  are  not  parasites,— do 

nut  ill  in  .    III.  II   -iii.|..iri  I  ii.iu  the  Juices  of  the  host. 

KJtGHHut  ijoked  ;  the  calyx  not  bilabiate).  LaUAtce. 
Bugle  Weed.  Hardy  herbaceous  European  perennials, 
creeping  by  stolons.  Height 6-12  in.:  fls.  numerous,  in 
whorls,  normally  blue  or  purple,  with  rosy  or  white 
varieties.    Prop,  by  division  or  seeds. 

Genev^nsis,  Linn. {A.  rugbsa ,  Hort.  A .  alpina,  Hort. ) . 
St.  erect  :  cauline  lvs.  oblong-elliptic  or  obovate,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  ;  lower  ones  petiolate  :  floral  lvs.  ovate 
orwedge-shaped,  coarsely  toothed,  sparsely  hairy:  upper 
fl. -whorls  spicate  ;  lower  whorls  distant. 


55.   Ailanthus  shoots; 


nflowcr  plants. 


pyramidilis,  Linn.  St.  erect :  cauline  Its.  obovate, 
hardly  petiolate,  in  a  4-sided  pyramid;  floral  lvs.  broadly 
ovate,  the  highest  often  colored;  all  lvs.  entire:  fl.  whorls 
usually  all  spicate. 

rfiptana,  Linn.  St.  prostrate  :  lvs.  ovate  or  obovate, 
entire  or  sinuate,  shiny.— A  low,  dense,  fast-spreading 
creeper,  excellent  for  covering  shady  slopes.  The  t)*pical 
and  white-fld.  forms  are  less  cult,  than  the  following  : 
Var.  riibra,  Hort.  More  valued  for  its  dark  purple  lvs. 
than  its  blue  fls.  Var.  yarieg&ta,  Hort.  Lvs.  splashed 
and  edged  creamy  yellow. 

metdllica  var.  crispa,  Hort.,  int.  by 
Henderson,  1899,  is  described  as  dwarf 
(4-5  in.),  with  curled,  metallic  glossy  and 
blue  fls.  in  a  pyramidal  spike.  A  bed- 
ding plant,  int.  from  Germany. 

J.  B.  Keller  and  W.  M. 
ARABIA  (from  Akebi,  its  Japanese 
name).  Birberiddcew.  Twining  glabrous 
shrubs:  lvs.  long-petioled,  digitate,  coria- 
ceous: fls.  monoecious  in  axillary  racemes, 
pistillate  at  the  base,  staminate  at  the  end 
of  the  raceme  ;  sepals  3:  fr.  consisting  of 
one  or  more  very  large,  oblong  berries 
with  numerous  .seeils.  Two  species  in 
.lapan  and  (Miina.  Very  ornamental,  hardy 
climbing  shrubs  of  graceful  appearance, 
especially  adapted  for  places  in  which 
very  dense  shade  is  not  wanted.  They 
require  a  sunny  position  and  well  drained 
*-._  soil;  also  valuable  in  the  cool  greenhouse 

for   covering   pillars  and  walls,  growing 
best  in  a  sandy  compost  of  loam,  leaf  soil 


'/,^,,'''/U  ■■ 


AKEBIA 

and  peat.    In  Japan  the  fr.,  which  is  very  showy,  but 
with  us  rarely  produced,  is  eaten,  and  the  stems   are 
much  used  for  wicker-worli.    Prop,  by  seeds,  by  green- 
wood or  hardwood  cuttings,  and 
also  by  root  division  and  layers. 

quinata,  Decaisne.  Figs.  SO, 
.57.  Climbing  12  ft.  or  more:  leaf- 
lets 5,  oval  or  oblong-obovate, 
entire,  emarginate,  1-2  in.  long: 
fls.  fragrant,  the  pistillate  pur- 
plish brown,  about  1  In.  broad,  the 
stammate  smaller  rosy  purple 
in  early  spring  berry  oblong  3-j 
in.  long  dark  purple  with  glau 
cons  bloom  seeds  blick  —Hardy 
handsome  not  attacked  bj  i 
or  fungi  Very  graceful  and  de 
sirable  China  Jipan  B  R  33 
28.  B  M  ■IbOi  0-  F  4  137  AG 
March  1891  iigs  5  7  and  plate 
R.H   lbo3  141    b  Z   77 

lobata,  Decaisne 
broadl5  ovate 
coarsely  cienate 
fls  mlongricemes 
smaller  than  tho<!e 
of  A  qiiuiata  U 
pan  China  B  M 
748o  A(t  Maich 
1891  p  140  S  Z  1 
78.-^  clematifolui 
and  A  quetiifolia 
Sieb  &  Zucc  are 
probably  only  va 
rieties  of  this  spe 
cies. 

Alfred  Rehdek. 


ALABAMA,  HORTICHL- 
TUBE  IN.  Fig.  58.  Commei 
cial  horticulture  has  not  as 
sumed  the  proportions  mAla 
bama  that  it  has  in  the  neigh 
boring  southern  states  Thw 
must  be  largely  due  to  i  i 
dental  causes,  since  m  ^  il 
climate  and  transport  ui  i 
facilities  the  state  present-, 
conditions  fully  equal  to  anj 
of  the  others.  At  present  the 
most  important  horticultural 
centers  are  at  the  extreme 
northern    and    somhei-n   ends 

of  the  state.  Mobile  has  long  been  known  as  one  of  the 
chief  sources  of  supply  for  early  vegetables  for  the 
northern  and  western  markets,  and  the  truck  business  is 
gradually  extending  from  Mobile  county  to  the  adjoin- 
ing counties  of  Baldwin  and  Washington.  Early  cab- 
bage and  Irish  potatoes  are  the  most  important  crops, 
.  though  snap  beans,  peas,  radishes,  and  many  other  vege- 
tables are  grown  in  considerable  quantities.  The  tomato, 
so  important  a  market  crop  in  many  southern  localities, 
is  very  little  grown  here,  owing  largely  to  the  preva- 
lence of  bacteriosis,  often  called  southern  tomato  blight. 
Huntsville,  in  northern  Alabama,  has  a  large  and  flour- 
ishing nursery  business.  Several  large  wholesale  es- 
tablishments are  located  there,  and  the  fertile  Tennes- 
see River  Valley  lands  prove  to  be  admirably  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  a  good  quality  of  nursery  stock.  Over 
1,300  acres  are  now  devoted"  to  this  business  in  this 
lual  shipments  fill  150  cars,  includ- 
!es,  besides  roses  and  other  orna- 
1  of  $40,000  is  paid  out  annually  for 


ALABAMA  d9 

Mobile  and  Ohio,  torwarded  343  cars  of  home-grown 
fruits  and  vegetables  from  the  Mobile  depot  during  1897. 
These  figures  do  not  include  the  shipments  from  other 
stations  on  this  line,  nor  those  carried  by  the  Louisville 
and  Nashville. 

Siicb.  in  brief,  is  the  present  status  of  commercial 
li..rti.ultiire  in  Alabama.  In  attempting  to  outline  the 
l"i--iiiilirii-s  of  its  future  development,  it  will  be  neces- 
-u  y  t..  L'huiceat  some  of  the  more  prominent  topograph- 
i.al  fixtures  of  the  state.  For  our  purpose,  it  may  be 
ii.ii-lily  divided  into  four  regions.  First,  at  the  north  is 
til  T  nne  ^ee  River  region  or  as  it  is  often  called  the 
.,1  nil  In  It  (Fig  58  A)  Its  strong  clay  soils  produce 
iluiil  lit  (1    p    rfi    111  «hc  it    clo\ei  lud  timothy   and 


the  mountain  couiilM  nil  1  iiiiiii,< 
^irdleacrosstheniil  II  Mli  t  ,tp 
1  (Fij;  ,S  (  )  Thi  1  l,^II<^^  ,t  the 
intun  ji  futh.sts.i.tliw  ,ra  but 
1th  \  t  ml  I  111  The  soil  vanes, 
,  li_lii  111  I  in  1\  but  for  Ihe  most 
t  iiti\  1  111  I  I  lublmg  that  of  the 
While  c  tt  n  1^,  1  stiple  crop  m  all 
thi  IS  precminentlj  the  cotton  belt 
imes  the  timber  belt  (D)  covering  the 
third  of  the  stite  and  e\tending  to  the  Gulf 
mU  ent  of  the  lumberman  this  extensive  re 


epi 


57     Akcbia 


neighborhood,  the 
ing  1,500,000  fruit 
mentals;  and  the  '■ 
labor. 

Beginnings  have  been  made  in  fruit  and  vegetable 
growing  at  various  other  points  in  the  state,  particularly 
at  Cullman,  Montgomery,  and  Evergreen,  on  the  Louis- 
ville and  Nashville  railroad,  and  at  Fruithurst,  in  north- 
eastern Alabama,  on  the  Southeru  railway.  No  data  have 
been  secured  as  to  the  total  shipment  from  these  various 
points,  but  the  combined  amount  is  very  small,  as  com- 
pared with  those  from  the  Mobile  region.    One  road,  the 


giou  was  an  unbroken  forest  of  long-leaf  yellow  pine, 
with  magnolias  and  other  broad-leaved  evergreens  bor- 
dering the  water  courses.    The  surface  is  rolling,  or  in 


40 


ALABAMA 


some  parts  very  hilly.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam, 
usuallyunderlaid  with  red  or  yellow  clay.  It  is  naturally 
poor,  being  deficient  in  potash  and  phosphoric  acid,  and 
yields  only  scanty  crops  without  fertilizers.  It  can, 
however,  be  made  very  productive  by  judicious  manur- 
ing, and  it  builds  up  rapidly  under  intelligent  intensive 
farming.  This  region  is  well  adapted,  both  by  soil  and 
climate,  to  the  production  of  early  vegetables,  and  it 
seems  probable  that  the  business  of  truck-farming  will 
ultimately  spread  widely  from  its  present  center  at 
Mobile.  Among  fruits  most  promising  for  this  region 
are  grapes,  oriental  pears,  figs,  Japanese  persimmons 
and  strawberries.  Satsuma  oranges  on  hardy  trifoliata 
stocks  can  be  safely  planted  at  the  extreme  south,  and 
peaches  and  Japanese  plums  in  the  more  northerly  por- 
tion. Pecans  thrive  admirably,  and  the  better  "kinds 
should  be  widely  planted. 

The  soils  of  the  prairie  region,  being  mostly  rather 
cold  and  wet  in  the  spring,  are  not  well  adapted  to  early 
vegetables.  Their  fruit-growing  capacity  has  not  been 
fully  tested,  cotton  claiming  almost  universal  attention. 
Peaches  and  plums  will  thrive  on  some  of  the  lighter 
soils,  though  the  trees  are  usually  short-lived.  Apple 
trees  grow  well  on  the  heavier  prairie  soils,  and  it  seems 
probable  that  with  a  proper  selection  of  varieties  and 
due  attention  to  spraying,  their  cultivation  would  prove 
profitable. 

The  mineral  or  mountain  region  presents  so  great  a 
variety  of  soils  and  conditions  that  it  is  hard  to  charac- 
terize it  as  a  whole.  Some  portions  present  almost  ideal 
conditions  for  peaches,  plums  and  grapes,  and  in  the 
moister,  heavier  I;inil^  a|.i'l''^  tlniv.-  ;iii<l  yield  abun- 
dantly. If  thepeopli  Ml  Ahii.anci ,  V I  1  i  11 1  i-.'st  themselves 
in  fruit-growing  a^  Up  ir  n.  i-hi,,,,-  m  i  ,,.,,rgia  do  at  the 

present  day,  then  tin Ii,.i,-,-  iii,,uijtaiii  locations  will 

certainly  be  covereil  with  orchards  ami  vineyards,  and 
this  mountain  region  will  advance  to  the  first  place  in 
the  magnitude  of  its  horticultural  interests. 

The  northern  region  already  has  its  well  established 
nursery  business,  which  seems  destined  to  increase. 
Owing  to  late  spring  frosts,  peach  and  plum  crops  are 
too  uncertain  here  to  make  commercial  plantings  advis- 
able. It  is,  however,  a  promising  apple  country,  and 
strawberries,  raspberries  and  blackberries  succeed  well. 
An  undeveloped  but  pn.TiiNiTii.'  industry  for  this  region 
would  seem  to  bi-  th.-  ^'icwiiiir  ..f  lat.- .rops  of  cabbage 
and  Irish  potato.'s  f..r  th.-  <iMiili.rii  maikrt.  The  allu- 
vial soils  found  hen- M.-1-iri  w.-ll  aila|.ii',|  f.ir  tliis  purpose, 
and  all  the  southern  towns  and  cities  offer  a  near  and 
ready  market.  P.  S.  E^^le. 

ALANGIUM  (from  the  Malabar  name).  CornAcefZ.  A 
few  species  of  shrubs  or  small  trees  of  the  Old  World 
tropics,  with  altcriiat.-  entin-  ivergreen  Ivs.  and  small, 
perfect  piupl.'  tN.  in  avillary  clusters.  Rarely  cult,  in 
Old  WurM  st..vi-,  I. lit  ].r.il.al.ly  not  in  the  Amer.  trade. 

ALASKA,  HORTICULTURE  IN.  Fig.  59.  When  con- 
sidered from  a  horticultural  or  agricultural  point  of  view, 
Alaska  may  be  very  conveniently  divided  into  two  divis- 
ions, the  southern  coast  region  and  the  interior.  These 
two  regions  differ  very  materially  in  their  climate,  and 
may  be  ultimately  found  as  unlike  in  their  possibilities. 
The  climate  of  the  coast  region,  which  extends  from 
Dixon's  Entrance  on  the  southeast  to  Unalaska  on  the 
southwest,  is  characterized  by  a  heavy  rainfall,  a  great 
preponderance  of  cloudy  weather,  and  a  rather  low  sum- 
mer temperature,  with  little  or  no  diurnal  variation  In  the 
readings  of  the  thermometer.  The  winter  temperature  is 
not  excessively  cold,  zero  weather  being  seldom  experi- 
enced,while  in  the  summer  it  is  seldom  high.  The  average 
rainfall,  as  shown  by  data  from  the  Government  Weather 
Service,  varies  from  55.9  inches  at  Killisnoo  to  92.1  at 
Unalaska,  about  one-third  of  the  precipitation  falling 
during  the  growing  period,  from  May  to  September.  The 
data  concerning  the  interior  portion  of  the  country  are 
mainly  from  along  the  Yukon  River,  that  being  the  great 
thoroughfare  of  the  region.  Here  the  rainfall  is  slight, 
and  during  summer  clear  skies  are  the  rule.  The  intense 
cold  of  winter  is  followed  by  comparatively  warm  tem- 
perature in  the  summer,  with  a  growing  period  of  about 
four  months,  although  occasional  frosts  have  been  re- 
ported from  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  during  the 
summer  months. 


ALASKA 

The  soils  of  the  two  regions  are  very  similar,  being 
largely  of  vegetable  origin  overlying  rock  or  glacial  de- 
posits. In  the  coast  region  arable  areas  are  confined  to 
rather  narrow  valleys  and  the  slopes  along  the  sea.  In 
the  interior  are  reported  more  extensive  areas  of  com- 
paratively level  land.  Of  the  coast  region,  the  most  ex- 
tensive area  of  land  adapted  to  cultivation  is  that  on  the 
Kenal  Peninsula,  and,  extending  across  Cook  Inlet,  is 
continued  up  the  Sushitna  River.  This  region,  on  ac- 
count of  its  position  relative  to  ocean  currents,  partakes 
more  of  the  climatic  characteristics  of  the  interior,  al- 
though still  somewhat  modified. 

The  accompanying  map  shows  regions  where  some 
attempts  have  been  made  in  gardening,  from  which  defi- 
nite reports  have  been  secured.    From  the  data  at  hand 


it  seems  probable  that  the  local  supplies  of  hardy  vege- 
tables might  be  produced  nearer  at  hand  than  the  Puget 
Sound.  This  is  undoubtedly  true  of  the  southeastern 
portion  of  the  country,  where  the  production  need  be 
limited  only  by  the  demand  for  such  supplies  and  the 
ability  to  secure  arable  lands  at  a  cost  that  will  permit 
the  producer  to  compete  with  the  Sound  country.  For 
some  time  certain  economic  features  will  enter  into  the 
subject  of  extensive  horticulture.  Among  these  are  the 
higii  pi'i''''  "f  labor,  the  standard  being  at  present  deter- 
niiiinl  liy  III.-  waL-i'S  paid  for  gold  mining,  the  question 
of  tr:tii-|..iriaiii.n,  anil  the  rather  limited  markets. 

A-ii  .M-t-at  tliL- present  time,  horticulture  in  Alaska 
is  of  a  viry  primitive  type.  A  tVw  -ardfTis  here  and 
there,  with  perhaps  a  row  of  In  :  ri-  -  :(i  .[  /  Thcsideand 
an  occasional  fruittree,  repri'-i'  .         ■  I  -  hat  is  done 

along  this  line.    Near  Juneau  ;i     ;  :  :   K  .i  are  mar- 

ket-gardens of  considerable  iiiip"M  m.  p.  i.i;t  ilsewhere 
only  small  areas  are  cultivated. 

It  has  been  said  that  during  the  Russian  occupancy 
of  the  country  many  attempts  were  made  to  cultivate 
gardens  and  fields,  but  the  data  are  often  so  meager  and 
contradictory  as  to  throw  doubt  upon  the  sincerity  of 
the  endeavor.  In  the  accompanying  account,  it  is  de- 
sired to  place  on  record  some  of  the  horticultural  achieve- 
ments as  gathered  from  reports  from  gardeners  in  many 
places,  as  well  as  the  personal  observations  of  the  writer 
during  two  seasons  in  the  country 

FBriTS.  — The  great  abundance  both  in  kind  and  quan- 
tity of  native  fruits,  especially  berries,  has  doubtless 
contributed  to  the  delay  in  the  attempted  introduction 
and  cultivation  of  other  sorts.  Some  effort  has  been  made 
in  this  line,  as  is  shown  by  the  presence  at  Sitka  of  a 
number  of  old  apple  trees,  remnants  of  the  Russian  days, 
which  bear  a  very  inferior  fruit.  A  few  young  bearing 
trees  of  unknown  variety  are  grown  at  the  same  place. 
At  Wrangell  there  are  apple  trees  of  what  are  thought  to 
be  the  Red  June  variety  in  bearing,  and  voung  thriving 
trees  are  known  to  be  at  .Tuneau  and  Metlakahtla.    Plum 


and  cherry  1 
places,  but 
{Sorbus  .v»i, 

and  goosebe 


recently  planted  in  several 
fruited.    The  mountain  ash 

i  flourish  wherever  planted, 
een,  but  they  were  usually 


ALASKA 

badly  mildewed.  Cuthbert  raspberries  do  exceedingly 
well  at  Wrangell  and  Sitka,  the  fruit  being  of  tine  size 
and  quality.  Tlie  same  is  true  of  strawberries  at  the  sev- 
eral places  where  they  are  cultivated.  Attempts  have 
been  made  at  a  number  of  places  to  cultivate  some  of  the 
indigenous  fruits,  and  the  dewberry  or  "knesheneka" 
(Bubus  stellatus },v.-ik\  currants  {Bihes  rubrum  and  iJ. 
bracteosion),  and  the  strawberry  (Fmgaria  Chiloeii- 
sis  ?)  have  all  been  domesticated,  and  their  fruit  is 
fully  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  the  wild  product. 

Vegetables.—  More  attempts  have  been  made  to  grow 
vegetables  than  fruits,  and  some  definite  data  have  been 
obtained,  showing  what  varieties  are  known  to  be  adapted 
to  Alaskan  conditions.  Most  of  these  data  have  been  se- 
cured from  Sitka  and  Wrangell,  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  country,  and  from  the  Holy  Cross  Mission,  near 
Koserefski,  on  the  lower  Yukon.  A  recent  report  from 
the  latter  place  states  that  potatoes  of  fine  quality,  weigh- 

grown  during  the  summer  "t  l-'i-  In  -lilition,  notes 
were  given  of  some  of  the  v;m  ;  .  ,.i  ,  .  :  iMi'S  adapted 
to  the  region,  as  follows:  (';it  _  I  -i-i-sey  Wake- 
field, Flat  Dutch,  and   Dnii, I:       ni:  !l.,wer-Early 

Snowball,  Early  Dwarf  Erfurt  ;  turnips  -  Early  Flat 
Dutch,  Yellow  Globe,  and  Extra  Early  Milan  ;  ruta- 
bagas—Improved American;  radish  — French  Breakfast 
and  Chartier  ;  onions  —  Extra  Early  Red  and  Yellow 
Danvers;  lettuce  — Golden  Heart;  peas  — American  Won- 
der and  Early  Alaska;  beets  — Eclipse  and  Edmand's 
Blood  Turnip  ;  carrot— Oxheart ;  parsley  — Extra  Early 
Double  Curled;  celery- White  Plume,  Giant  Pascal; 
rhubarb  —Victoria. 

The  same  varieties, with  numerous  additions,  have  suc- 
ceeded in  the  coast  region.  Snap  beans,  Challenge  Black 
Wax  and  Golden  Wax,  have  done  fairly  well  at  Sitka, 
where  some  experiments  were  conducted  by  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  during  1898,  and  the 
English  Windsor  is  quite  in  its  element.  At  this  place 
the  Philadelphia  Butter  and  San  Francisco  Market  let- 
tuce made  fine  heads  of  a  most  superior  quality.  Par- 
snips and  carrots  grow  well,  and  salsify  and  spinach 
were  successfully  grown  at  Sitka  for  perhaps  the  first 
time.  Peas  were  found  to  grow  and  yield  well,  and  in 
addition  to  the  varieties  above  given,  some  of  the  dwarfs 
and  the  Norwegian  Sugar  peas  continued  to  produce 
their  crop  until  cut  off  by  the  frost.  The  blood  beets, 
Extra  Blood  Turnip  and  Extra  Early  Egyptian,  grew 
well  at  Sitka,  but  in  many  places  beets  are  a  failure  on 
account  of  their  tendency  to  run  to  seed.  This  unde- 
sirable trait  on  the  part  of  biennial  plants  is  shared  by 
other  vegetables,  principally  turnips,  although  cabbage 
and  cauliflower  have  bi  en  reported  as  doing  likewise. 
It  is  believed  by  soiiif  giuui-rs  that  the  flat  type  of  tur- 
nip is  more  sulij.n  i.,  i  lui  I  ■  -■  i  A  than  the  globe  type. 
Celery  of  fx.'c.Mi  m  - 1     ;■ :.,   .;  Ikis  been  grown  at  a 

number  of  phir, -,    I,         :;,         iiili:ik  specimens  were 

seen  in  \vlii<'h  il m     mI   :i\:~  '.\  us  greatly  elongated. 

The  leafstalks  w.  re  al>..  ifiiiiiiiciicd  in  about  the" same 
proportion,  and  this  trait  was  not  considered  undesirable. 

Potatoes  are  more  extensively  grown  than  any  other 
crop,  and  the  quality  varies  with  the  variety,  locality, 
season,  and  culture.  Usually  little  choice  is  exercised  in 
the  matter  of  varieties,  but  Polaris,  Beauty  of  Hebron, 
and  Early  Rose  appear  well  adapted  to  the  conditions 
existing  in  this  region.  The  two  last  are  the  most  ex- 
tensively known  varieties,  and  very  favorable  reports 
have  been  received  from  a  few  trials  of  the  I'olaris. 
Season  and  method  of  planting  unib'ulitediv  .  \.it  a 
strong  influence  on  the  crop.  If  the  s..il,  whirh  uMially 
contains  a  high  proportion  of  organic  matt,  i-  and  mois- 
ture, is  well  drained  or  thrown  up  into  L,  ,N.  as  is  the 
custom  in  many  places,  go,.,l  ,,ntat...  s  ,  at.  In-  grown  in 
the  average  season.  In  soim-  imits  ni  tlf  rmnitrv,  espe- 
cially from  Cook  Inlet  westwtinl,  th,'  iitnivrs  cultivate  a 
small  round  potato,  called  the  Kussittii.  that  seems  to  be 
well  suited  to  the  country.  It  is  said  to  have  been  brought 
from  Siberia  fifty  or  more  years  ago.  Close  planting  of 
potatoes,  as  well  as  almost  every  other  vegetable,  is  the 
rule,  and  often  to  this  fact  alone  may  be  attributed  many 
failures.  The  object  seems  to  be  to  grow  a  large  crop 
by  planting  an  abundance  of  seed.  The  result  is  a  large 
growth  of  tops  that  completely  shade  the  ground,  thin- 
ning being  seldom  or  never  practiced.   Along  the  coast. 


ALASKA 


41 


where  cloudy  weather  is  the  rule,  it  is  safe  to  say  tnat 
the  sun's  rays  never  strike  the  ground  after  the  grow- 
ing season  has  become  well  advanced.  Under  such  con- 
ditions it  snotanuncon  mo  f^ht  to  see  a  crop  of  small 
potatoes  borne  n  the  ax  1  of  1  1  ve  tl  o  i,ro  nd, 
no  tubers  be  no-  for  ue  1  belo       1  t 

In  ge   e  al      on     leral  le  i  1  the 

cho  ce  of  gH   le        te       As       I  Iways 

prefer  ed    and    f  well  dra        1  nlly  a 

thrifty  one     111  p  into 

beds  4  or     f  1  se  the 

bed       Wh  n  1    s  a  1  led  to 

warm  and  I  tensively  em- 

ployed as  a  1  ts  value  when 

adde  I  to  a  so  1     ir      11         I  \      e  I  of  vegetable 

debr  s  is  que  t  onabie  Gardens  have  been  successf  Uy 
inainta  ned  at  Da  vson  C  rcle  C  t^  and  other  of  the  great 
min  ng  centers  of  the  upper  \  ukon  an  1  the  dirt  roof  of 
the  m  ner  cab  n  is  fre  [  ently  t  1  ze  1  for  earlj  gar- 
den tl  e  heat  fro  w  h  uppl  ng  the  neces  ary 
waimth  r  1  el  t  gro  ^  earlj  ad  shes  onions, 
lett  ce       r     p      et 

Wl  Berk  e  -Theal  n  lance  of  nat  ve  fru  ts  espe- 
ciallv  of  I  e  es  ha  aire  1  been  ent  one  1  and  an 
enu  er  to  of  some  of  then  vould  eeu  notout  ot  ^lace. 
Of  w  le  t    1    tr  but  on  a  e  the  sal  nonberr  es   [B   bus 


rants 


bei 


»;,;  s  ( r. 

oval  1  I  I  1  I  )  the 
molkao  b  k  J  ul  1  [II'  <-l  a  or  s 
properly  called  1  onl  e  rj  n  the  ii  ter  or  and  rasp- 
berr  e  (ii"  b  sir  gost  s)  Of  less  gen- 
eral 1  tr  b  t  on  yet  very  abundant  in 
place  may  1  e  ment  o  e  1  strawberr  es 
{t      I  CI   Ue         I      le  vler    es   {Bu- 


Salmonberry 


FLORicrLTURE.- This  branch  of  horticulture  is  not 
wholly  neglected  in  Alaska,  although  but  few  data  are 
available.  Many  of  the  hardier  plants  of  the  old-fash- 
ioned flower  garden  are  to  be  seen.  Pansies  of  great  size 
and  brilliant  color  are  common,  and  they  remain  in 
flower  all  summer.  In  some  parts  of  the  country  sweet 
peas  do  well,  and   poppies,  nasturtiums,  mignonette, 


42  ALASKA 

sweet  alyssum,  chrysanthemums,  stock,  candytuft,  ver- 
benas, and  marigolds  are  not  uncommon  where  any  at- 
tempt is  made  to  grow  flowers.  Window  gardens  and 
boxes  add  many  sorts  to  the  list  already  given. 

A  single  season's  experimentation  at  Sitka,  under  the 
direction  of  the  OfBce  of  Experiment  Stations,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  has  shown  that  much 
can  be  accomplished  in  horticulture  if  rational  methods 
of  culture  and  a  proper  selection  of  varieties  and  seed 
be  followed.  Walter  H.  Evans. 

For  further  informatiou,  consult  Yearbook  of  Dept.  of 
Agric.  for  1897,  and  Bulletin  48,  Office  Exp.  Sta.,  Dept. 
Agric.  L.  H.  B. 


Qly  known 
Tender  evergreen 
greenhouse.     Little 


ALBfiETA  ( 1 r 
as  AlbiTtiis  .Ml, 
shrub     fn.iii     N:. 


rndgna,  E.  Mey.  Baik  pale  :  Ivs.-t-oin.  long,  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  into  a  short,  stout  pet- 
iole ;  midrib  stout :  panicle  terminal,  erect,  6  in.  high 
and  nearly  as  broad  at  the  base  ;  corolla  tube  1  in.  long, 
slightly  swelling  in  upper  part ;  lobes  5,  small,  triangu- 
lar, recurved.   B.M.  7454.  G.C.  lU.  22:416.  Gn.  53:1171. 

ALBtZZIA  (after  Albizzi,  an  Italian  naturalist).  Le- 
gttmind$w.  Trees  or  shrubs,  unarmed  :  Ivs.  alternate, 
bipinnate  ;  leaflets  small,  oblique  :  fls.  in  axillary,  pe- 
duncled  spikes  or  globular  heads  ;  calyx  and  corolla 
tubular  and  5-lobed  ;  stamens  long,  exserted  :  fr.  a 
large  strap-shaped  pod.  Twenty-five  species  in  trop. 
and  subtrop.  regions  of  Asia,  Afr.  and  Austral.  Orna- 
mental trees  and  shrubs  with  graceful,  feathery  foliage 
and  vellowish,  white  or  red  fls.  in  summer.    For  cult., 


FLh. 


cijlhiilrical  aiiUary  spikes  : 


lophintha,  Benth.  {Ac&cia  lophdntha.Wmd.).  Shrub 
or  small  tree,  (J-20  ft.;  Ivs.  with  14-24  pinnSB,  each  with 
40-60  leaflets,  about  5  lines  long,  linear,  obtuse  :  spikes 
mostiv  2,  about  2  in.  long,  yellowish.  S.  W.  Australia. 
B.M.  2108.  B.R.  5:361.  L. B.C.  8:716. -Sometimes  cult, 
as  greenhouse  shrub  and  flowering  in  spring,  and  in  the 
open  in  the  S.  Often  known  as  Acacia  speciosa.  There 
is  a  var.  gigant^a  in  the  trade. 

AA.    Fls.  in  globular  heads  :   Ivs.  deciduous. 
B.    Stamens  united  only  at  the  base. 
C.    Leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse. 

L6bbek,  Benth.  (AcAcia  Libbek,  Willd.  A.  speci- 
»sa,  Willd.).  Tall  tree  :  Ivs.  with  4-8  pinnaa,  each  with 
10-18  leaflets,  obliquely  oblong  or  oval,  1-lKin.  long, 
nearly  sessile:  Hs.  greenish  yellow,  in  short-peduncled, 
axillary  heads,  3-4  together.    Trop.  Asia,  N.  Austral. 

occidentjtlis,  Brandeg.  Small  tree,  15-25  ft. :  Ivs.  with 
8  pinnae,  each  with  6-10  leaflets,  oblique-oval,  ^-IJijin. 
long,  glabrous:  fls.  yellowish,  in  axillary  heads.  June- 
July.  Mex.,  Low.  Calif. — Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  -1. 
Lebbek,  and  not  indigenous. 

odoratissima,  Benth.  [Acncia  odoratissima,  Willd.). 
Tall  tree :  Ivs.  with  downy  rachis ;  pinnas  G-14,  each  with 
16-50  leaflets,  oblique-oblong,  'i-1  in.  long,  glaucous 
beneath  :  heads  few-fld.,  uumerous,  greenish  white, 
forming  large,  terminal  panicles.  E.  Ind. 

prdcera,  Benth.  {Acdcia  prdvera,  Willd.).  Tall  tree: 
Ivs.  with  nearly  glabrous  rachis;  pinnae  6-10,  each  with 
12-16  leaflets,  oblique-oblong,  1-1  Hin.  long,  glabrous: 
heads  few-fld.,  greenish  white,  forming  large,  terminal 
panicles.    Trop.  Asia,  Austral. 

Molucc&na,  Miq.    Tree  :  rachis  of  the  Ivs.  with  many 

glands;  pinnfB  14,  each  with  12-40  leaflets,  obliquely  ef- 

liptic-oblongjglaucous  and  pubescent  beneath.  Moluccas. 

cc.    LeaHets  falcate,  with  the  midrib  close  to  the  upper 

edge,  acute. 

JulibriBsin,  Dur.izz.  (Aci^eia  Julibrissin,  WiUd.  A. 
iVfm!(,  Willd.  Al'.:-,;,,  ,.,,.,.  Purr.).  Tree,  30-40  ft. : 
rachis  of  the  Iv^,  :       i    :    _ 'and  at  the  base;  pinnffi 

8-24,  with  nunicr.    ,  i  ,  :■  ,i!e-oblong,  Min.  long: 

heads  pink,  crow. I.  ^I  •■ii  uir  uppir  end  of  the  branches. 


ALEURITES 

Trop.  and  subtrop.  Asia  and  Afr.  R.H.  1870:  490.  F.S. 
21:  2199. -This  plant  is  the  hardiest  species,  and  will 
stand  many  degrees  of  frost.  Hardy  as  far  north  as 
Washington. 

Var.  m611is,  Benth.  (A.  mdllis.  Boiss.  Acdcia  mdllis. 
Wall.).    Leaflets  broader,  densely  pubescent. 

stipuiata,  Boiss.  (Acdcia  stipuldta,  DC).  Tall  tree  : 
young  branches  with  large,  persistent  stipules :  rachis 
of  the  Ivs.  with  many  glands,  pubescent;  pinnae  12-40, 
with  numerous  leaflets,  oblong-Iinear,  M-Kin.  long,  pu- 
bescent beneath:  heads  in  axillary  simple  or  terminal 
compound  racemes.    Trop.  Asia. 


BB.  Stamens  connate  into  a  long,  narrow  tube. 
fastigiita,  Oliv.  (Zf/gia  fastigidta,  E.Mey.).  Tree  : 
branches  and  petioles  rusty-pubescent ;  pinnae  8-14, 
each  with  16-30  leaflets,  trapezoid-oblong,  K-^in.  long, 
pubescent  beneath :  heads  in  terminal  corymbs  on  the 
end  of  the  branches.    Trop.  Afr.        Alfred  Rehder. 

ALB^CA  (whitish;  the  color  of  the  first-described 
species).  Lilidcea.  Tender  bulbs  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  allied  to  Ornithogalum,  and  treated  in  the 
same  way.  Prop,  by  offsets  or  seeds. 

atirea,  Jacq.  Bracts  yellow  :  fls.  10-30,  pale  yellow, 
upright. 

m4jor,  Linn.  Bracts  red  :  fls.  6-15,  greenish  yellow, 
nodding.    B.M.  804.    L. B.C.  12:  1191. 

ALCHEMILLA  (from  an  Arabic  name).  Mosdcea. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials  with  corymbose,  incon- 
spicuous fls.,  suitable  for  rockeries  and  front  rows  of 
borders.  Of  easiest  culture.  Height  6-8  in.  Prop,  by 
division  or  seeds.  Native  in  Eu.,  and  A.  arvinsis  is 
sparingly  naturalized  in  this  country.  There  are  also 
tropical  species. 

alpina,  Hieb.  Lvs.  digitate,  5-7  cut;  leaflets  usually 
7.  laii'-.i.I:iti-i-m]iate,  obtuse,  serrate  at  apex,  silky  hairy 

sericea,  WilUl.  Lvs.  larger  than  in  A.  alpina,  5-7 
nerveii,  digitate ;  leaflets  7,  lanceolate,  acute,  deeply  ser- 
rate from  the  middle  to  apex,  downy  beneath.  Cau- 
casus. 

vulgaris,  Linn.  (A.  montdna,  Schmidt).  Lady's  Man- 
tle. Lvs.  7-9  nerved,  7-9  cut  ;  reniforni,  plicate-con- 
cave.   N.  Temp.  Zone. 


J.  B.  Keller. 


ALDES.    See  J/ 


ALETBIS  (Greek  word  for  female  slave  who  ground 
corn;  alludingto  apparent  mealiness  of  the  fls.).  Hce- 
madordreif.  Hardy  perennial,  smooth,  stemless,  bitter 
herbs.  Lvs.  thin,  flat,  lanceolate,  grass-like,  in  a  spread- 
ing cluster:  fls.  small,  in  a  spiked  raceme,  terminating 
a  slender  scape  2-3  ft.  high;  perianth  not  woolly,  but 
wrinkled  and  roughened  with  thick  set  points  which  give 
a  mealy  appearance.  July-Aug.  They  like  a  moist  but 
sunny  situation.    Prop,  slowly  by  division  or  seeds. 

ailrea,  Walt.  Fls.  bell-shaped,  fewer  and  shorter  than 
in  .4.  fori iiosa,  yellow  ;  lobes  short,  ovate.  Eastern  N. 
Amer.    B.M.  1418,  erroneously  as  A.  farinosa. 

farindsa,  Linn.  Fls.  longer  and  more  tubular  than  in 
A.  a  urea,  white  ;  lobes  lanceolate-oblong.  N.  Amer. 
L.B.C.  12:1161. 

Japdnica,  Hort.  Fls.  reddish  or  deep  purple,  in  long 
spikes.  J.  B.  Keller. 

ALETJEtTES  (Greek:  farinose  or  floury).  Euphor- 
bidceif.  Half  dozen  or  less  tropical  species  of  evergreen 
trees,  with  small  monoecious  white  fls.  in  terminal,  lax 
cymes  and  alternate,  entire  or3-lobed  lvs.  with  2  glands 
at  the  top  of  the  petiole. 

triloba,  Forst.  Candlenot,  or  Candleberry  Tree. 
Small  tree,  with  3-5-lobed  pubescent  lvs.,  originally  from 
the  eastern  tropics,  but  now  widely  distributed  :  cult, 
for  its  edible  nut,  which  is  spheroidal,  inearly  2  in.  in 
diam.,  2-loculed,  each  compartment  containing  a  walnut- 
like seed.  The  dried  kernels  are  burned  for  illumina- 
tion by  natives.  The  nuts  yield  oil  which  is  used  in 
food  or  as  a  dryer  in  paint.  The  oil  is  variously  known 
as  Indian  Walnut  Oil,  Kekune  Oil,  Kukui  Oil.  Spar- 
ingly cult,  in  S.  Calif,  and  S.  Fla.    Fruits  in  S.  Calif. 


ALEURITES 

cordata,  Steud.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  deeply 
cordate,  3-5  cuspidate  or  lobed.  S.  China.  — Yields  an 
excellent  lac  varnish.  L.  H.  B. 

ALFALFA,  LUCERNE  (MedicAgo  satlva.  Linn.).  A 
deep-rooted  perennial  forage  plant  of  the  Leguminbsw. 
Till-  i.hiiit  i;rci\vs  a  foot  or  two  high,  bears  pinnate  lvs. 
Willi  :;  ,.\  lit,  .'liloiig  toothed  leaflets,  and  small  head-like 
r;ic,  111.  s  (if  jMM  pie  clover-shaped  fls.  It  is  native  to  Eu. 
lu  lln-  arid  iiarts  of  the  U.S.  it  is  the  staple  hay  and 
foraire  iilaut,  and  it  is  also  grown  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent in  the  E.  Two  to  sis  mowings  may  be  made  each 
year  from  established  meadows.  Fifteen  to  20  lbs.  of 
seed  are  sown  to  the  acre;  and  the  seed  is  preferably 
sown  alone,  without  another  crop.  Alfalfa  should  not  be 
pastured  the  first  year.  In  two  or  three  years  it  be- 
comes thoroughly  established  and  productive,  and  it 
should  continue  for  many  years.  June  grass  often  runs 
it  out  in  a  cool,  moist  climate.  Alfalfa  often  becomes 
a  weed  in  waste  places. 

ALFILfiRIA.  The  West  American  or  Spanish  name 
for  A'rddiiim  ricutdrium,  L'Her.  GeraniAcea.  A  hairy 
annual  which  is  used  for  pasture  in  dry  regions. 

Alga,  plural  AL&S:.  a  general  name  for  chloro- 
phyll-bearing thallophytes.  They  are  flowerless  plants, 
allied  to  the  fungi,  and  generally  inhabit  water.  Those 
occurring  in  salt  water  are  known  as  seaweeds.  None 
are  cultivated.  The  green  "moss"  on  flower-pots  is  made 
up  of  alga?. 

ALGAROBA  is  the  fruit  of  Ceratonia  siliqtia 

ALHAGI  (its  Mauritanian  name).  Legw-min&sm.  Low, 
spiny,  much  branched  shrubs:  lvs.  oblong,  small,  ob- 
tuse, entire,  alternate  :  fls.  papilionaceous,  in  few-fld. 
racemes.  Summer.  Three  closely  allied  species  from 
Greece  and  Egypt  to  Himalayas,  producing  the  Persian 
or  Alhagi  Manna.  They  may  be  cult,  in  temperate  re- 
gions in  dry  and  sunny  positions  and  prop,  by  seeds  and 
greenwood  cuttings  under  glass  with  a  little  bottom 
heat. 


cent:  ovary  pubescent.  Egypt  to  Persia. — J..  ffr(ipc6rM7».  Bois.s. 
Very  spiny  and  more  densely  pubebcent  o\aij  pubescent 
^'^*'^^-  Alfred  Rehdek 

ALtSUA  (derivation  doubtful)  AU!>m&ce<p  Hardy 
aquatics,  with  small  white  or  pale  rose  fls  on  scapes 
with  whorled,  panicled  branches  Perennial  by  a  stout 
proliferous  corm.  Useful  in  ponds  Prop  by  division 
or  seeds. 

Plant4go,   Linn.    Water  Plantain      Lvs    viinU 
but  usually  broadly  cordate-ovate       1 1  I    i 

rower  when  growing  under  water     I 
Common  in  swales  and  still  watei  s  i 

A.  nutans,  Linn.,  is  now  referred  to     1 
Elisma(E.natans,Buch.).   Itisnativetohi     mils    ileieli 
foreign  catalogues.  Fl.  white,  single  on  a  lunt.  ptduULlt     liu  it 
ing  lvs.  elliptic  and  obtuse. 

ALKANNA,  ALKANET.   See^«c7i«sa. 

ALKEKfiNGI.    See  PInjsalis. 

ALLAMANDA(Dr.  Allamand,  Leyden).  ApocynAcea. 
Greenhouse  shrubs,  mostly  climbers.  Lvs.  entire, 
whorled:  fls.  terminal,  large  and  funnel-shaped,  with  a 
flat-spreading  or  reflexed  limb,  the  tube  inflated  below 
the  throat:  ovary  1-locuIed:  stamens  5,  the  filaments 
very  short. 

Allamandas  are  of  easy  culture.  They  are  usually 
grown  in  the  gi-ound  or  in  large  tubs,  and  trained  on  the 
rafters.  For  best  results,  they  should  have  plenty  of 
sun.  The  bushy  kinds,  as  4.  «cn;7i)Zia,  A.  grandiflora 
and  A.  WilUamsi,  may  be  grown  as  specimen  plants 
in  pots.  The  strong  kinds,  as  A.  Schottii,  are  some- 
times used  as  stocks  upon  which  to  graft  the  weaker 
ones,  particularly  if  root  plants  are  desired.  Prop,  by 
cuttings  of  growing  wood  in  a  bottom  heat  of  75° ;  also 
by  layers.  The  species  are  much  confused. 
A.    Fls.  purple. 

Blanch«tii,  DC.  (A.  violicea,  Gardn.).  Lvs.  in  4's, 
hairy  on  both  sides:  fls.  in  terminal  clusters,  3  in.  across, 


ALLAMANDA 


Uhu 


B.M. 


AA.  Fls.  yelloio  or  orange. 
B.  Corolla  with  a  swollen  or  bulb-like  base. 
neriildlia,  Hook.  A  stocky,  bushy  grower,  useful  for 
pots,  although  it  usually  needs  to  be  staked  or  grown 
against  a  support  if  allowed  to  take  its  full  course :  lvs. 
iu  3's-5's,  glabrous,  oblong  or  elliptic,  acuminate  :  co- 
rolla smaller  than  ^.  ,Sc7io«ii  or  A.  ffendersoni,  deeper 
yellow,  streaked  with  orange.  S.  Amer.  B.M.  4594. 
—  Early  and  profuse  bloomer. 

BB.    Corolla  tube  long,  slender  and  stem-like. 


c.    Lv 


id  ciihi 


ndbilis,  Moore.  A  st 
twigs:  lvs.  in  3's  or  I 
stalked:  fls.  very  lari,'. 
in  outline  of  limb,  bn- 
like  odor.    Finest  fls.  iu 


s  hairy. 

ler,  with  purple 
late,  very  short- 
.  nearly  circular 
,  with  magnolia- 
,z.    B.M.  5704. 


cc.    Lfs.  and  calyx  glabrous  (except  perhaps  in  A. 

WilUamsi). 

D.   Plant  tall-climbing. 

cathirtica,  Linn.  Lvs.  rather  small,  obovate,  usually 
in  4's,  and  more  or  less  wavy-margined,  thin,  acuminate : 
fls.  golden  yellow,  white-marked  in  the  throat,  the  lobes 
acuminate  on  one  angle,  3  in.  or  less  across,  the  tube 
gibbous  or  curved.  S.  Amer.  B.M.  338.  P.M.  8:77. 
—The  species  first  described,  but  now  rarely  seen  in 
cultivation. 

Schbttii,  Pohl.  Strong-growing,  suitable  for  rafters: 
young  shoots  and  petioles  slightly  pubescent,  the  older 
stems  warty:  lvs.  in  3's  or  4's,  broadly  lanceolate  and 
acuminate:  corolla  large,  rich  yellow,  the  throat  darker 
and  beautifully  striped.  Braz.  B.M.  4351,  but  this  por- 
trait is  considered  by  Index  Kewensis  to  belong  to  A. 
cathartica.  A.magnifica,  introduced  into  the  U.  S.  in 
1893,  is  probably  a  form  of  this  species. 

H^ndersoni,  Bull.  (A.  Wardleyina,  Lebas.).  Fig.  61. 
Tall  and  vigorous,  free-flowering,  excellent  for  roofs: 


tf:x    "I 


61.  Allamanda  Henderson!  (X 


glabrous:  lvs.  large,  elliptic-ovate,  thick  and  leathery, 
in  4's:  fls.  large,  yellow-orange,  with  5  light  spots  in  the 
throat,  the  corolla  of  thick  substance,  purplish  on  the 
exterior  when  in  bud.  On.  29:542.  I.H.  12:  452. -The 
coraraonestAllamanda  in  this  country.  By  some  authori- 
ties considered  to  be  a  variety  of  A.  cathartica;  by  oth- 
ers referred  to  ^.  Schottii.  Int.  from  Guiana  by  Hender- 
son &  Co.,  St.  John's  Wood,  England,  and  distributed 
by  Bull  about  1865. 


44 


ALLAMANDA 


DD.    Plant  erect-bushy. 

grandifldra,  Lara.  St.  thin  and  wiry:  Ivs.  thin,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  usually  in  3's;  tls.  somewhat  smaller 
than  those  of  A.  Hendersoiu  but  larger  than  A.  cathar- 
tica,  lemon-  or  primrose-yellow.  Braz.  Gn.  39  :  794. 
P.  M. 12:  79.  — Thrives  well  when  grafted  on  stronger 
kinds. 

Williamsi,  Hort.  Very  dwarf:  Ivs.  and  young  growth 
generally  somewhat  pubescent,  the  Ivs.  long  and  narrow, 
acuminate  usually  in  ■t's  :  fls.  in  continuous  clusters, 
rather  smaller  than  those  of  A.  Hendersoni  and  of  better 
substance,  fragrant.  Gn.  40:  832. -Certificated  in  Eng. 
in  1891  by  B.  S.  Williams  &  Son,  and  int.  in  U.  S.  in  1893. 
Supposed  to  be  a  hybrid.    Promising  for  pots. 

ALL-HEAL.    See  Bmnella  vulyari.'^. 

ALLIGATOB    FEAR,  A6UACATE,  AVOCADO.    See 

Persea. 

Allium  (ancient  Latin  name).  LiliAcece.  Bulbous 
plants,  mostly  cult,  in  the  open  ;  but  a  few,  of  which  A. 
Neapolitannm  is  an  example,  are  of tener  grown  indoors. 
Fls.  in  a  simple  umbel,  from  a  1-2-lvd.  usually  scarious 
spathe;  stamens  and  perianth  segments  G;  style  slender, 
the  stigma  either  entire  or  parted. 

Alliums  are  of  the  easiest  cult.,  for  which  consult 
Bulbs.  For  the  vegetable-garden  members  of  the  genus, 
see  Chives,  Garlic,  Leek,  Onion,  Shallot.  Allium 
rine&le,  a  bad  weed  in  parts  of  the  northeastern  states, 
has  a  slender  scape  sheathed  below  with  hollow  thread- 
shaped  Ivs.,  and  greenish  rose-colored  fls.  (or  bulblets 
in  the  place  of  fls.). 

The  following  species  are  known  to  be  in  the  Amer. 
trade  :  acuminatum.  No.  4  ;  anceps,  26  ;  attenuifolium, 
21;  BidweUia>,23;  Bolanderi,  17;  cernuum,9;  Cusickii, 
16;  falcifolium,  25;  fimbriatum,  24 ;  Geyeri,  13;  haema- 
tochlton,  11;  Hermettii.S;  madidum,  15;  Moly,  1;  Nea- 


62.  Allium  Neapolitanum. 

politanum,  3;  plat5-caule,27;  reticulatum,12;  roseum,5; 
Sanbornii,  20;  scaposum,  14;  Schoenoprasum,  8;  senes- 
cens,  6;  serratum,  22;  stellatum,  19;  tricoccum,  7;  uni- 
foliiim,18;  validum,  10;  Victorialis,  2. 

A.  Camptchdticnm,  catalogued  byMeehan,  is  perhaps 
a  form  of  some  other  species.  It  is  described  as  "dull 
pink.   July.    IK  ft.- 


ALLIUM 

I.  Exotic  garden  Alliums. 

A.    ris.  yellow. 

1.  H61y,  Linn.  Lvs.  flat,  broad  :  fls.  numerous,  in  a 
dense  umbel,  in  early  spring.  S.  Eu.  B.M.  499.  — Well 
known,  and  a  favorite  for  massing.    Hardy  in  the  N. 


Fh 


u-hi 


B.    -Lis.  very  broad,  obtuse. 

2.  Victoriilis,  Linn.    Tall :  lvs.  ovate  or  broad-oblong, 

short  :   fls.  greenish  white,  in  large  heads.    Spring.    Si- 


ber 


Hardv 


ty, 


BB.    £,vs.  narrow,  acute  or  taperhuj. 

3.  Neapolit4num,  Cyr.    Fig.  62.    Lvs.  long  and  rathei 
narrow,  loose-spreading,  shorter   than  the   scape  :    fls 
large,  pure  white,  with  colored  stamens  on  long  pedicels 
Eu.—  Needs  protection  if  grown  outdoors.     Much 
for  cut-flowers  in  winter  and  spring.    The  most  popu 
species,   A.   Eermittii    grinuHflorKiii .    ivct-iitly     int: 
duced  from  Holland,  is  a  (■l.-.u-  whit.-  ..d.jri 
well  adapted  to  forcing. 

AAA.     Fls.pilllc.    /"X.,   nr  I, hi,'. 

B.    Segments  with  recurved  tips. 

4.  acuminatmn.  Hook.  Scape  4-10  in.:  lvs.  2— t,  not 
longer  than  the  scape,  very  narrow:  umbel  many-fld.: 
perianth  segments  a  third  longer  than  the  stamens,  the 
inner  ones  serrulate.    W.  Amer. 

BB.    Segments  not  recuri'ed. 

5.  rdseum,  Linn.  Scape  12-18  in. :  lvs.  narrow,  with  in- 
rolled  tips:  fls.  few  (10-12),  on  long  pedicels  in  an  open 
umbel.    S.  Eu.    B.M.  978. 

6.  senfiacens,  Linn.  Scape  1-2  ft. :  lvs.  narrow,  erect, 
often  twisted:  fls.  rather  small,  numerous,  in  a  rather 
dense  head.    Eu.   B.M.  1150. 

II.  The  above  species  comprise  those  which  are  in  gen- 
eral cultivation  in  this  couutry.  Aside  from  these  there 
are  various  native  species,  mostly  from  western  Amer- 
ica, which  are  offered  by  dealers  in  American  plants. 
These  are  recorded  below.  Monograph  of  American  Alli- 
ums by  Sereno  Watson, in  Proc.Amer.Acad.  Sci.  14:  22C. 

A.    Bulbs  clustered,  narrowly  oblong;  scape  terete. 
B.    Lvs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  3  or  S. 

7.  tric6ccum,  Ait.  Common  Wild  Leek.  Fls.  greenish 
■white  on  scape  4-12  in.  high  in  early  spring.  Grows  in 
clumps.   N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  and  N.  C. 

BB.    Lvs.  terete  and  hollow,  several. 

8.  Schoendprasum,  Linn.  Gives  or  Chives.  Fls.  rose- 
color,  in  dense  little  heads:  lvs.  short,  in  dense  mats. 
N.  U.  S.  and  Eu. 

BBB.    Lvs.  linear,  flat  or  channelled . 

9.  c6muum,  Roth.  Fls.  rose-colored  or  white,  in  open, 
nodding  umbels.   AUeghanies  W. 

10.  vAlidum,  Wats.  Fls.  rose-colored  or  nearly  white, 
in  dense  erectish  umbels  :  scape  l-2}^ft.,  very  stout. 
Nev.,Cal.,  Or. 

11.  haematochlton,  Wats.  Fls.  deep  rose,  in  a  small, 
erect  umbel  :  bulb-coats  deep  red  :  scape  1  ft.  or  less 
high.    Cal. 

AA.    Bulbs  usually  solitary,  globose  to  ovate  : 
scape  terete  or  nearly  so. 
B.    Coats  of  bulbs  fibrous. 

12.  reticulatum.  Eraser.  Scape  3-8  in.:  fls.  white  to 
rose,  with  thin  segments.  W.  Amer.  B.M.  1840,  as  A. 
sU'llalum. 

13.  Gejeri,  Wats.  A  foot  high  :  fls.  rose,  with  broad 
acute  segments.   W.  Amer. 

BB.    Coats  of  bulbs  not  fibrous. 

c.    Lvs.  S  or  several. 

D.    Ovary  with  only  S  crests,  or  none  at  all. 

14.  scapdsum,  Benth.  Fls.  white,  red-veined,  in  a 
loose,  few-fld.  umbel :  bulbs  dark  :  scape  1  ft.  or  more. 
W.  Amer. 

15.  in4didiun,Wats.  Fls.  white  or  nearly  so,  in  a  many- 
fld.  umbel:  bulbs  white:  scape  less  than  1  ft.,  angled.  Or. 

16.  CusicMl.Wats.  Fls.  rathernumerous, nearly  white: 
lvs.  2,  Hin.  wide:  scape  3-4  in.    Or. 


ALLIUM 

17.  Bolanderi,  Wats.  Fls.  rose,  few,  the  segments  ser- 
rulate:  scape  4-10  in.    Calif. 

18.  unifolium,  Kellogg.  Lvs.  several,  narrow  and  flat: 
scape  stout,  1-2  ft. :  ils.  rose,  10-30,  the  segments  ovate- 
lanceolate,  exceeding  stamens  and  style.    Calif. 

DD.  Ovarii  tlistinefhj  6-crested;  fls.  uxnallij  rose-colored. 
E.    tienpe  iixnall!/  more  than  6  in.  high  {in  the  wild). 

19.  stellatum,  Praser.  Bulb-coats  reddish :  scape  6-18 
in.;  pt-dii-els  '.^--'jin.  long;  stamens  and  styles  exserted. 
W.  Anier.    B.Jl.  1576. 

20.  Sdnbomii,  Wood.  Bulb-scales  white:  scape  12-24 
in.:  pedicels  shorter;  umbel  densely  many-fld.;  stamens 
and  styles  exserted.    Calif. 

21.  attenuildlium,  Kellogg.  Lvs.  channelled:  scape 
slender,  6-15  in.,  leafy  below;  umbel  dense  ;  fls.  nearly 
white.    W.Amer. 

EE.    Stupe  iLiually  less  than  0  in.  high  (in  the  wild). 

22.  serratum,  Wats.  Lvs.  very  narrow  :  filaments 
broadened  at  the  base.    W.  Amer. 

2;!.  Bidwelliae,  Wats.    Scape  2-3  in.:   umbel  few-fld., 
the  pedicels  Join.  long  :  filaments  filiform.    Calif. 
cc.    Lf.  solifarij,  linear  or  filifoim:  scape  SS  in.  high: 
capsule  G-crested. 

24.  fimbriitum,  Wats.  Lf.  filiform  and  revolute  : 
scape  a  in. :  fls.  deep  rose  ,  stigma  3-cleft.    S.  Calif. 

AA.    Bidhs  mostly  solitary  :  scape  stont^  S-wingcd  : 

lvs.  S,  broad. 

B.    Stamens  not  exserted. 

25.  falcifdlium.  Hook.  &  Am.  Fls.  rose,  the  segments 
minutely  glandular-serrate  and  twice  longer  than  sta- 
mens :  scape  2-3  in.    W.  Amer. 

26.  anceps,  Kellosg.  Fls.  white,  with  purplish  veins, 
the  segment!?  little  longer  than  s'amens.    Calif.,  Or. 

BB.    .Stani:  IIS  i.r>ii  ried. 

27.  platyoaille,  Wats.  Fls.  rose,  the  segments  long- 
acuminate:  scape  3-5  iu.    Calif.  B.M.  0227,  as-1.  axceps. 

L.  H.  B. 

ALLOPLfiCTUS  (dirersely  plaited;  referring  to  ap- 
pearance of  the  calyx).  Gesnerdeea\  Tender  tropical 
evergreen  shrubby  plants, with  tubular  yellowish  axillary 
fls.,  borne  singly,  to  be  grown  in  hothouses  and  given 
the  treatment  required  by  Gesneras. 

A.rcpens,  Hook.  Trailing  by  means  of  roots  thrown  out  be- 
tween the  pairs  of  lvs.:  lvs.  ovat.',  '■n;u-^.ly  s.Tiate.  hairy  or 
smootli:  calyx  pale  greeu.  bloti-lu'ii  with  juiriili  <ni<illayellow, 
tinged  red.  gaping;  tube  swollen  at  t  li-'  Im^.' .  I  n  n  1  m, t  t'.  .ur  spread- 
ing segments,  the  uppermost  bciiii^  I  vvi ur.   K   Iiiil,  B.M.4250. 

—A.sparsiflonis.'ilaH.  Erect:  h  s.  cvat.-  ciMmh^',  acute  entire; 
petiole  and  nerves  beneath  often  red  :  calyx  of  ft  cordate  or  tri- 
angular dark  blood  or  purple  sepals,  forming  a  striking  contrast 
to  the  yellow  club-shaped  densely  hairy  coroUa:  limb  of  corolla 
of  .1  equal    segments.     Braz.     B.  51.  4216,  erroneously  as  A. 

Allspice.  The  dry  ben-y  of  the  I'ini.  1,1..  ,  P^„:.-„t,, 
officinalis,  Lindl.),an  evergreen  tree  ..t  iln-  .l/.o/.i. .  .r . 
The  tree  grows  in  the  W.  Indies.  Janiai.-a  \  i.-l.ls  inu.h 
of  the  product.  The  fresh  berry  is  about  the  size  of  a 
pea.  It  is  borne  in  clusters.  The  word  allspice  is  also 
applied  to  various  plants  with  aromatic  fragrance,  as 
Calycanthus. 

Almond,  a  name  given  to  the  tree  and  fruit  of  Prii- 
iius  Amygdalus,  Baill.  (Amygdalus  communis,  Linn.), 
of  the  Jiosdcew.  It  is  also  applied  to  certain  dwarf  orna- 
mental trees  or  bushes,  as  Flowering  Almond  (see  Pru- 
II us).  The  Almond  has  been  cultivated  from  time  im- 
memorial. It  is  thought  to  be  native  to  the  Mediterranean 
basin.  Some  enquirers  have  supposed  it  to  be  the  original 
of  the  peach,  but  this  idea  is  evidently  untenable.  The 
flowers  are  peach-like  and  hiin.lsome  (Fi.-.  f.3).  The 
Almond  nut  of  commerce  is  tin-  j.it  or  st..ii,-  of  a  peaHi- 
like  fruit  (Fig.  64).  The  fleshy  |.a.  t.  wl.i,  h  is  so  thick 
and  edible  in  the  peach,  is  thin  an.l  liar.l.  an.l  it  splits  at 

Almonds,-  the  liitter  and  the  sweet.  The  former  has  a 
bitter  kernel,  which  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  flavor- 
ing extracts  and  prnssic  acid.  It  is  grown  mostly  in 
Mediterranean  countries.     Of  the  sweet  or  edible  Al- 


ALMOND  45 

monds,  there  are  two  classes.—  the  hard-shell  and  the 
soft-shell.  The  former  is  of  little  value,  and  is  not  grown 
to  any  extent.  The  soft-shell  type  produces  the  edible 
Almonds  of  commerce.  Some  of  the  thinnest-shelled 
forms  are  known  as  Paper-shells.  It  was  once  thought 
that  aIm..ti.l-._,'roM-iTiL'  could  be  successfully  practiced  in 
the  p.-:,.  .,_'....  -  ;  -.■■•tions  of 
the  i;..-  .  -    of  late  Uf 

spriiiu' I  .iiliflicul-  A    />/ 

ties,ha\ .   .  Ill  ,  ,1  i^M   ,  Hurt  to  be  'AL"/ 

abandoned   commercially.  Indi-  .y 

vidual  Almond  trees  are  occa-  '/ 

sionally    seen,    and    they    fre-  / 

quently  bear  profusely.  They 
are  nearly  as  hardy  as  the  peach. 
The  commercial  cultivation  of 
the  Almond  is  confined  to  west- 
ern America,  and  the  remainder 
of  this  account  is,  therefore, 
written  from  the  Californian 
standpoint.  L.  H.  B.  lyj/ 

Almond-growing  in  California    \t^/ 
has   received   the   attention  of     ^ 
horticulturists  for  nearly  half  a    ^ 
century,  and  during  the  whole 
of  its  course  the  industry  has    63.  Flower  of  . 
been    marked    by    vicissitudes  Almond  (X  >■>>. 

which,   11    1.111-1    111'    aili,illl,-i|,:,n- 

not  \.-i  .  .  I  M-s  of  difficulty  are  now 
clearly.:  i.d  the  effort  from  its  be- 
ginning', ami  I  1.  -. i:^..  may  enable  planters  to 

avoid,  in  the  I'linii ..,  .  rcr-  «  lii..li  hare  led  to  much  dis- 
appointment an.l  l..~--ili.-  v.--iit:..s.,f  wliicli  si  ill  encum- 
ber the  ground,  tlcu-h   .-l.  anni.'  i-   ).!■ -.liii.;  rapidly. 

ThusfartheAlni..n.l  tr.-.-  has  y,,.|.l...l  in,.r..  lir. ■«■.....!  than 
any  other  single  frnn  ir...  whi.li  lia^  l..aai  ]ai-i.'.iv  jilanted 
in  California,  an.i  . .  i  i.l.i'ii  ■  i  ._■■  In  ~  i-  .'i,  'inii  .;,  m  i  lie  hope 
of  better  result-.  i-'  i,-.ii0.000 

trees  included  i-i  --.>rs,  of 

which  number  ail-   i;    l  .m-    :  :,    '  .!  -  ha.i  allain.-.i   i  ..'a  lillg  age 

at  that  dalte.  Th..  |,i...iii.t  ..f  lsy7was  218  carloads,  and 
the  competition  in  th.-  .a-i.  rii  markets  with  imported 
Almonds  was  s..  L'li.  \  ..ii-  that  prices  fell  below  what  is 
considered  a  pn.tital  1.-  r.tnrn.  In  1898,  because  of  un- 
timely frosts,  the  product  tell  to  25  carloads,  which  is 
counted  about  equal  to  tlie  local  consumption  of  the  Pa- 
cific coast.  At  the  present  time.  1899,  planting  has  prac- 
tically ceased,  and  a  considerable  acreage  of  thrifty  trees 
of  bearing  age  is  being  cleared  for  other  purposes,  be- 
cause growers  in  certain  places  are  out  of  patience  with 
the  Almond.  In  spite  of  these  facts,  the  Almond  will  re- 
main an  important  California  product,  through  the  satis- 
factory performance  of  trees  enjoying  favorable  envi- 
ronment. 

The  two  chief  sources  of  failure  with  the  Almond  are 
the  sterilitj'  of  many  varieties  without  cross-pollination, 
and  the  extreme  propensity  of  the  tree  for  early  bloom- 
in^',  with  tin-  cii-i  .|ii.  'it  .!.  -tiuction  of  the  bloom  or  the 
yLiiiiL.' fruit  I.y  t,  .  i>,  la-;-,   ■  .  ,y  little  below  the  freezing 

iii-i.'ii.-aih  ,  aa.;         .  , ,   a, ,  ..■  they  been  shown  to  be 

iudcpcudcnt  t:,icui:-  .aai  liuiii  of  them  demanding  the 
closest  attention  from  planters.  At  first  it  was  thought 
that  the  wide  planting  of  self-sterile  varieties  by  them- 
selves was  the  cause  of  disappointment,  because,  after 
years  of  chopping-out  or  grafting-over  old,  unproductive 
trees  to  the  Prune  d'Agen,  for  which  it  is  an  excellent 
stock,  it  w  as  observed,  by  chance,  that  the  Languedoc  va- 
riety adiacent  to  Drake's  seedling,  of  local  origin,  was 
heavily  laden  with  nuts  vh,  n  it  w.is  sti  ule  without  such 
associ  itn.n  \tt.  nti  .n  w  .-  th.  ti  .lit.  .  t.  .1  t  .  tli.--  growth 
of  sp,  .Ihii,'-  ml  ii.i..  It  t  -...lliii-- .  1  tl  c  bitter 
Alin..ii.l  ..'1..M1  U  \  1  II  .t.l  .  \liil  11.  1  1  h  satis- 
fact.>i\  1.  um^'hilii   III  1 -11   h    iiikiii_-     .iiiti   u  toward 

of  new,  sell  cted  California  stedlings  was  seized  upon  as 
a  panacea  for  the  previously  experienced  troubles  with 
the  Almond.  These  new  varieties  were  conceived  to  be 
not  only  self -fertile  but  hardy,  and  large  plantations  were 
made  without  due  regard  to  the  frosty  character  of  the 
locations.  Low  valley  lands  of  great  area,  and  some  ex- 
tent of  high  plateaux,  were  jilanted.  Fine,  larae  trees 
grew  only  to  lose  their  crops  year  after  year  by  frosts 


46 


ALMOND 


from  February  to  April,  until  the  growers  cast  the  trees 
upon  the  wood-pile.  As  a  deduction  of  the  experience  of 
several  decades,  we  have  arrived  at  what  seems  now  to 
be  the  proper  conception  of  the  situation  of  the  Almond 
in  California,  which  is,  that  the  most  prolific  varieties 
must  be  chosen,  must  be  associated  for  purposes  of  cross- 
pollination,  and  must  be  planted  in  places  of  least  lia- 
bility to  frost.  There  is  a  factor  of  some  moment  in  the 
late-blooming  habit  of  some  varieties,  which  will  be  con- 
sidered presently. 

The  soil  best  suited  to  the  Almond  is  a  light,  well- 
drained  loam.  The  tree  makes  a  strong  and  rapid  root- 
growth,  and  is  more  tolerant  of  drought  than  aiiy  other 
of  our  leading  deciduous  fruit  trees.  For  this  reason,  as 
well  as  to  avoid  frost,  it  is  often  desirable  to  place  the 
Almond  on  the  higher  and  drier  lands  of  the  valley  — 
providing  the  soil  is  not  heavy  and  too  retentive  of  sur- 
plus water  in  the  rainy  season.  The  root  is  most  intol- 
erant of  standing  water,  and  will  quickly  die  if  exposed 
to  it.  Because  of  its  thrift  in  light,  dry  soils  the  Almond 
root  is  used  rather  largely  as  a  stock  for  the  Prune 
d'Agen,  and  to  some  extent  for  the  peach  in  the  dry 
valleys. 

Almond  trees  are  grown  by  budding  into  seedlings 
grown  from  either  the  sweet  or  the  bitter  hard-shell 
Almonds,  the  bud  being  set  during  the  first  summer's 
growth  of  the  seedling,  and  then  either  planted  out  as  a 
dormant  bud  the  following  winter  or  allowed  to  make  one 
season's  growth  on  the  bud  in  the  nursery.  The  tree 
grows  so  rapidly,  both  in  root  and  top,  that  only  yearling 
trees  are  used. 

At  transplanting,  the  young  trees  are  cut  back  so  as  to 
form  a  low  head  with  only  about  a  foot  of  clear  trunk. 
They  are  allowed  to  make  free  growth  during  the  follow- 
ing summer,  and  in  the  following  winter  are  cut  back  so 
as  to  encourage  branching  on  the  main  limbs  within  a 
foot  of  their  attachment  to  the  trunk.  At  the  same  time 
the  branches  are  reduced  to  4  or  5  in  number,  symmet- 
rically arranged  around  the  stem  and  at  good  distance 
from  each  other,  so  that  they  shall  not  unduly  crowd 
each  other  as  they  enlarge.  Another  full  growth  during 
the  following  summer  and  another  cutting  back  the  fol- 
lowing winter  give  the  trees  the  vase-form  on  the  out- 
side, with  enough  interior  branches  to  fill  the  inside  of 
the  tree  without  crowding.  Thus  the  tree  is  systemati- 
cally pruned  after  each  of  its  first  two  years'  growth  in 
the  orchard.  After  that,  shortening-in  of  the  branches 
usually  ceases,  and  the  third  summer's  growth  is  allowed 
to  stand  for  fruit-bearing,  with  only  thinning-out  of 
growth  to  prevent  crowding.  This  thinning-out  has  to 
be  done  from  time  to  time  in  later  years,  otherwise  the 
tree  becomes  too  thick,  and  interior  branches  dwindle  for 
lack  of  light.  The  amount  of  thinning  varies  in  the  dif- 
ferent climates  of  the  state  :  the  greater  the  heat,  the 
denser  the  tree  for  its  own  protection.  With  the  proper 
adjustment  of  heat  and  light,  fresh  bearing  wood  may  be 
encouraged  in  the  lower  part  of  the  tree,  otherwise  it 
becomes  umbrella-shaped,  with  the  fruit  wood  at  the  top 
and  bare  poles  below. 

The  Almond  is  the  earliest  bloomer  of  our  common 
fruits.    It  puts  forth  flowers  sometimes  as  early  as  Janu- 


ary, but  the  usual  date  is  about  February  10  for  the  ear- 
liest bloomers  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  state,  with 
the  later  bloomers  at  intervals  thereafter  until  April  1. 
Records  of  full  blonm  of  a  number  of  varieties  widely 
grown  in  CalifciniiM,  which  have  been  kept  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  CalifcniiH  Mili-statiun,  situated  in  the  Sierra 

cial,  February  27  ;    Sultana  :md  Paper-shell,  March  10  ; 


ALMOND 

King  and  Marie  Duprey,  March  11  ;  IXL,  March  12; 
Languedoo,  March  19  ;  Nonpareil,  March  20  ;  Routier 
Twin,  March  24;  Pistache,  March  25;  Drake  Seedling, 
April  2.  Obviously  the  late  bloomers  have  greater 
chance  of  escaping  frost,  and  there  is  at  present  some 
disposition  to  make  this  a  consideration  in  selecting 
varieties  for  planting.  The  dates  just  given  show  an 
extreme  variation  in  time  of  blooming.  Some  years  the 
intervals  are  much  shorter,  but  the  relation  seems  to  be 
constant.    Th-  •■'■■■i'  viv.-ti';  train  AnL-n^^t  1".  t..  October  1, 

according  I M  I Hii\,     \\,r]\    ikiiimiu   ,i,m>  not  follow 

early  blooirir  J  ,.    i     .        ,      .ilie  first  to 

bloom  an-  n    : 

Not  less  lii,-, II  J.-i  x.ii  I.III---1  AIiii-imI.  i  ,  .•  Ih'.'Ii  ^'n,wn 
to  a  greater  or  h-ss  extt-nt  in  Calif'Mi  i  \  ii.ih  -  ut' 
foreii;n  origin  have  almostwhollygivi  II  i  i  .  •  .  ..i,.t 
seedlings  of  local  origin,  and  of  thesr  . I  '  ,.ii- 

tute  the  main  crop  at  present.  ThcM- ai  ■  n  imm -I  m  Un- 
order of  their  acreage,  as  follows  :  IXL,  Annpareil, 
Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Drake,  Paper-shell,  Languedoc.  Of  these, 
the  IXL  and  Nonpareil  occupy  not  less  than  three- 
fourths  of  the  acreage. 

In  handling  the  crop  the  local  climate  modifies  methods 
somewhat,  and  the  growth-habit  is  also  involved.  In 
regions  very  free  from  atmospheric  humidity  in  the 
summer,  the  hull  opens  readily  and  discloses  a  clean, 
bright  nut,  which  can  be  marketed  without  treatment. 
Where  this  i-;  n..r  th.-  ca^.-,  and  the  nut  is  more  or  less 
discolored,  Mi  ,ii  liin-  in  ihi^  fumes  of  sulfur  has  to  be 
practiced.  Tin- nut  nni-t  b.- dry  before  sulfuring,  or  the 
fumes  will  iimn  irate  an.l  injure  the  flavor  of  the  kernel. 
Sulfured  nuts  also  lose  largely  in  im.i.  r  •■'(  u.  i  luiiia- 
tion.    The  practice  is  to  gather  the  im        '  i  i- w 

days  in  the  sun,  then  spray  with  watir       ■  ,  -i. 

that  only  the    surface   of  the    shell    i-   i-  .  n.  li .    uel 

then  use  the  sulfur.  In  this  way  a  li;;lji  cul.n  eaii 
be  secured  without  penetration  of  the  fumes.  The  nuts 
can  usually  be  gathered  from  the  ground  as  they  nat- 
urally fall,  or  can  be  brought  down  by  shaking  or  the  use 
of  light  poles.  Some  varieties  are  more  easily  harvested 
than  others,  and  the  same  variety  falls  more  readily  in 
some  localities  than  in  others.  A  greater  or  less  per- 
centage, according  also  to  variety  and  locality,  will  have 
adhering  hulls,  and  for  clearing  them  locally-invented 
machines,  called  almond  huUers,  are  used.  Early  rains  in 
some  localities  are  apt  to  stain  the  nuts.  Such  stains 
cannot  be  removed  by  sulfuring,  and  the  nuts  have  to 
be  crushed  and  the  product  marketed  as  kernels  for  the 
use  of  confectioners.  Machinery  is  also  used  for  this 
operation,  and  a  considerable  fraction  of  the  product 
reaches  the  market  in  this  form. 

The  standard  of  excellence  in  the  Almond,  from  a 
commercial  point  of  view,  as  learned  by  the  experience 
of  California  producers,  is  that  the  kernel  must  be  as 
smooth,  symmetrical  and  plump  as  possible.  The  twin- 
ning of  kernels,  welcome  as  it  may  be  to  searchers  for 
philopenas,  results  in  misshapen  kernels,  which  are 
very  objectionable  to  the  confectioners,  who  are  very 
large  users  of  Almonds.  Constancy  to  single  kernels  is 
therefore  a  good  point  in  a  variety. 

Large  proportion  of  kernel  to  shell  by  weight  is  also, 
obviously,  an  important  point  to  almond  buyers.  At  the 
same  time,  the  shell  may  be  so  reduced  in  strength  as 
to  break  badly  in  shipping  in  sacks  and  in  subsequent 
handling.  Incomplete  covering  also  exposes  the  kernel 
to  the  sulfur  and  to  loss  of  flavor.  The  ideal  is  such 
degree  of  thinness  of  shell  as  can  be  had  with  complete 
covering  of  the  kernel  and  durability  in  handling. 

Careful  comparison  of  the  proportion  of  kernel  weight 
to  gross  weight  of  the  popular  California  varieties,  as 
compared  with  a  leading  imported  variety,  was  made  by 
a  committee  of  the  California  Horticultural  Society,  with 
the  following  result:  From  one  pound  of  each  of  the 
following  varieties  the  net  weight  of  kernels  in  ounces 
was:  Imported  Tarragona,  6  2-5;  California  Languedoc, 
7X;  El  Supremo,  7K;  Drake,  S%  ;  IXL,  9;  Commer- 
cial, 9M;  La  Prima,  9>^;  Princess,  9M:  Ne  Plus  Ultra, 
10;  King,  10;  Paper-shell,  11;  Nonpareil,  11  to  13. 

EDWAKD  J.  WiCKSON. 

ALMOND,  DEMERARA.     See  Terminalin   Catappa. 
ALMOND,  FLOWERING.    See  Prunits. 


ALNUS 

ALNUS  (the  ancient  Latin  name).  CupnlUerw.  sub- 
family Sehiidccff.  Aldek.  Trees  or  shrubs:  Ivs.  alter- 
nate, shortly  petioled,  deciduous :  lis.  apetalous,  monoe- 
cious in  catkins,  staminate  ones  elongated  and  pendii 
lous,  pistillate  ones  erect,  short,  developing  into  an 
ovoid,  ligneous  cone  with  persistent  scales  tr  a 
small  nutlet.  Twenty  species  in  the  northern  henii 
spheie,  in  America  south  to  Peiu  Hardy  oinameutjl 
trees  and  shrubs,  suitable  for    planting  on  damp   soil, 

Japonica,  jiwA  aX^'<     I  |      i  i         1   .1  dini 


ALNUS 


47 


The 


nfus 


u.ll 


spring  The«o,.,l 
Usually  pi  op  \,^  - 
dried,  sown  in  spun.,  \  a  I  i  h^la  win.,,  and 
liept  moist  and  shad),  tin  >  gLimiuatc  soon  ,  a  slight 
covering  with  moss,  taken  oft  when  the  seedlings  appeal , 
will  be  useful  At  the  end  of  the  same  jear  or  the  fol- 
lowing spring  the  seedlings  aieti  an  s  plan  ted,  usually  into 
rows  1-2  ft  apait  and  6  m  from  each  other  After  two 
years  they  can  be  planted  where  they  aie  to  stand  The 
shrubby  species,  also  A.glutino^^a^  grow  from  h  aid  wood 
cuttings  placed  m  moist  and  sand  \  soil,  dso  tioiu  layers, 
and  A.  incana  fioni  surki  i  x     I  I       1      no  grafted 

on  common  potted  stoi  k  in  i  tlie  piopa 

gating  house,  graftin„' out     1  m  ctssful 

Index    aurea,  No  111    ,  ..r.l  .1.  iiti.  u 

lata,  10;  fiima,  Sub   ^  /n  i    i  i        1         i    i      ^luti 

4;  laciniata,  fa  ami  in     inniiinii         niilini   i\  ' 

longahl ,  i  &ni\  W  .    ih    in       s       ,   :     i   /    i  rnlii    s 

rub^lner^a.   10       nu..- i      i  ,i       (    ;     i       Silnin  i    1, 


liiuls 


ith 


iii'J- 


1.  viridis.DC.  Green  Aldek.  Shrub,  3-G  ft. :  Ivs.  usu- 
ally rounded  at  the  base,  round-ovate  or  oval,  sharply 
serrate,  lJ^-4  in.  long,  pale  green  and  pubescent  on  the 
veins  beneath:  cones  3-4,  oblong,  slender  peduncled. 
Northern  hemisphere,  in  the  mountains,  in  different 
varieties.—  Hardy  low  shrub  with  handsome  foliage,  of 
very  pleasant  effect  on  rocky  streamlets,  with  its  long, 
male  catkins  in  spring.  Var.  Sibirica,  Regel.  {A.  Si- 
birica,  Hort.).    Sometimes  tree,  25  ft.:  Ivs.  larger,  cor- 

2.  iirma,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Tree,  to  30  ft.:  Ivs.  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  and  donldy  ser- 
rate, with  10-15  pairs  of  veins,  2-4  in.  l"nir.  offcn  ne-ai-ly 
glabrous  beneath :  cones  2-4,  peduncli-.l.    .Japan. 

Var.  multin^rvis,  Kegel.     Lvs.  witli    U-L'l    i.air^    nf 

veins,  thicker. — Handsome  tree  with  dark  killu    lvs., 

growing  on  dry  and  rocky  soil;  quite  hardy. 

AA.   Fls.  opening  in  the  fall  from  catkins  of  the  same 

year:   lvs.  not  plicately  folded  in  the  bud. 

3.  maritima,  Nutt.  (A.  oblongata,  Kegel.,  not  Ait.  nor 
Willd.).  Tree,  to  30  ft. :  lvs.  cuneate,  oblong  or  obovate, 
shining  above,  pale  green  beneath,  glabrous,  remotely 
and  crenately  serrate,  2-4  in.  long:  cones  2^,  large,  on 
short,  stout  peduncles.  Del.,  Md.  S.S.  9:458.  G.P. 
4:  269.  Nutt.  N.  Am.  S.  1:  10.—  Ornamental  shrub  or 
small  tree  with  handsome  shining  foliage,  attractive  in 
autumn  with  its  male  catkins. 

AAA.  FU.npciuini  ill  I'.irlji  spring  before  the  lvs.,  from 
<-iitl;iiix  fnriii,,!  I],,  previous  year  and  remaining 
niik.d  ihiniuj  Ih.   vinter. 

B.  Li's.  net  pliriili  'ill  till'  bud.  green  beneath,  v^ns 
arcuate,  i-Hilimi  wnsthj  in  'ihr  ! in-isions:  female 
catkins  Hsuallij  xiilifurii  hi  th,   nrhs. 

4.  Jap6mca,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  i  A  .  liini.i .  Ibnt.,  not  S.  & 
Z.).  Tree,  50-80  ft. :  lvs.  cuneate,  nl,l,,n--laiiceolate,  acu- 
minate, sharply  and  irregularly  serrulate,  glabrous  at 
length,  bearded  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  2-6 
in.  long  ;  cones  3-6,  peduncled.  Japan.  G.P.  6:345. 
— Tall,  pyramidal  tree  Avith  dark  green  foliage  ;  the 
largest  and  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  of  all  Alders. 

5.  cordita,  Desf.  (A.  cordif&lia,  Ten.  A.  tiUAcea, 
Hort.).  Small  tree,  20-50  ft.:  lvs.  cordate,  ovate  or  round- 
ish, acuminate,  2-4  in.  long,  bearded  in  the  axils  beneath, 


Italy, 


1-3.  peduncle. 
*'.  II.  19:285. — Kouud- 
-linrt  fnliage,  changing 
t'l  niu^  that  of  a  linden  or 
.1 .   I<li,i  fiilia,  or  ^1.  py- 


glandular  when  young 
Caucasus.  L.B.C.  13: 
headed  tree  with  hand 
orange  yellow  in  autum 
pear,  therefore  someti 
rifdlia,  in  gardens.  No 
BB.  Lvs.  plicate  in  the  bud,  the  veins  going  straight  to 
the  points  of  the  larger  teeth:   female  catkins  S-6 

c.    Cinder  side  of  lvs.  glaucous  ;  not  bearded. 
6.  ino4na,  Willd.   Shrub  or  tree,  to  60  ft. :  branches  pu- 
bescent: lvs.  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  1%-^  in.  long. 


65    Alnus  glutinosa 


doubly  serrate,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  beneath: 
cones  4-8,  mostly  sessile,  ^^in.  long.  Northern  hemi- 
sphere, in  different  varieties. 

Var.  glailca,  A\t.{A.  glauca,  Michx. ) .  Shrub,  to  12  ft. : 
lvs.  often  nearly  glabrous  beneath.  N.  Amer.,  Eu. 
Em.  251. 

Var.  vulgaris,  Spaeh.  Tree,  to  50  ft. :  lvs.  usually 
densely  pubescent  beneath :  cones  1  in.  long.  Eu.,  Asia. 

Var.  pinnatifida,  Spach.  (var.  laciniilta,  Hort.).  Lvs. 
pinnately  lobed  or  cleft,  with  dentate  lobes. 

7.  tinotdria,  Sargent  (^.«Mcd«a,  var.  ^■Hc?dWff,Hort. ). 
Tree,  to  60  ft. ;  lvs.  broadly  ovate,  4-6  in.  long,  membra- 
naceous, coarsely  doubly  serrate,  slightly  lobed,  glau- 
cous and  rufously  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath.  Ja- 
pan. G.F.  10:473. — Handsome  ornamental  tree  of  very 
vigorous  growth,  with  large  foliage. 

8.  rtbra,  Bong.  (A.  Oregclna,  Nutt.).  Tree,  40-50  ft.: 
lvs.  oblong-ovate,  3-5  in.  long,  crenate-serrate,  slightly 
lobed,  revolute  on  the  margin,  nearly  glabrous  beneath; 
petioles  and  veins  orange  colored:'  cones  6-8,  oblong. 
W.N.  Amer.    S.S.  9:454.    Nutt.  N.  Amer.  S.  1:  9. 

CO.    Under  side  of  lvs. greenor  brownish  green;  usually 
bearded. 

9.  rugdsa,  Spreng.  (^..s-('r™Z(»(i,  Willd.).  Shrub,  to 25 
ft.:  lvs.  usually  cuneate,  obovate  or  elliptic,  acute  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  2-5  in.  long,  finely  serrate,  usually 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath:  cones  short-stalked. 
E.  N.  Amer.,  from  Mass.  south.    Em.  248. 

10.  glutindsa,  Gaertn.  Black  Aldek.  Fig.  65.  Tree,  to 
70  ft. :  lvs.  orbicular  or  obovate,  rounded  or  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  2-5  in.  long,  irregularly  obtusely  serrate, 
with  5-7  pairs  of  veins,  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  glu- 
tinous when  unfolding :  cones  distinctly  peduncled. 
Eu.,  N.  Afr.,  Asia,  naturalized  in  some  localities  in  N. 
Amer.  — A  vigorously  growing  tree  with  dark  green, 
dull  foliage,  valuable  for  planting  in  damp  situations. 
Commonly  planted  in  manv  forms  :  Var.  aiirea,  Versch. 
Lvs.  yellow.  I.  H.  13:490.  Var.  denticulata,  Ledeb. 
(A.oblongdta,  Willd.).   Lvs.  usually  cuneate,  serrulate. 


48  ALNUS 

S.  Eu.  Var.  imperiftlis,  Desf.  Fig.  66.  Lvs.  deeply  pin- 
nately  lobed  with  lanceolate  or  nearly  linear  lobes.  Var. 
inclsa,  Willd.(var.  oxyacanthifblia,  Spach.).  Lvs.  small, 
deeply  incised,  like  those  of  Cratagus  oxyacantha.  Var. 
laciniita,  WilM.    Lvs.  pinnately  lobed  ;  lobes  oblong. 


Var.ruDrinfervia,  Dipp.  Lvs. 
nerves  and  petioles  ;  pyruTTii 
very  handsome. 

large  and  shining,  with  red 

■  [■.i\  tree  of  vigorous  growth. 

A. acuminata. n\''i:     I-   - 
beneath,  doubly  s.  i  -  ,        •      \ 
«io,  Hort.=A.  villi  i 

.',■.'  .,'■',/:'„  ..:,„.". ■::,,.^ 

Nutt.  ■ 
finely  > 
biles  ol 
Willd.= 

Sibiri.-i 


Alfi 


Rehpe 


-  ALOCASIA  (name  made  from  Colocasia).  J 
Stove  foliage  plants,  of  30  or  more  original  species, 
from  trop.  Asia  and  the  Malayan  Isls.  Closely  allied  to 
Caladium  and  particularly  to  Colocasia,  which  see. 
These  three  genera  differ  chiefly  in  characters  of  fruit. 
Monogr.  by  Engler  in  DeCandoUe's  MonographisB  Pha- 
nerogamarum,  V'ol.  2.    In  1890.  52  species  and  speciflc- 


ALOCASIA 

ally  named  hybrids  were  in  cult.  ^  Bergman,  Jour.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hort.  France.    I.H.  37:  80). 

Alocasias  are  propagated  by  suckers  or  cuttings  of 
the  rhizomes,  placed  in  small  pots  containing  a  mixture 
of  light,  fibrous  peat  and  sand  in  equal  proportions,  and 
plunged  in  a  close  frame  or  propagating  box  with  bot- 
tom heat.  They  may  also  be  grown  from  seeds  sown  in 
4-inch  pots,  in  a  light,  peaty  soil  in  a  temperature  of 
75°  F.  The  month  of  March  is  the  best  time  for  propa- 
gating. The  evergreen  species  (as  A.cuprea,  longiloba, 
Lowii,  Regina)  thrive  best  in  a  compost  of  two  parts 
fibrous  peat  and  sphagnum  moss  and  one  part  lumps  of 
fibrous  loam,  to  which  should  be  added  a  sprinkling  of 
silver  sand  and  a  few  nodules  of  char'^'^'nl  to  kf-ep  the 
wholesweet.  The  herbaceous  species  (:.-  i  „.,,,,,,;.-  ,,  i 
do  best  in  good  fibrous  loam  to  whi'-li  i    ■  ■  ■  A 

cow-manureorpulverizedsheep-manur.   ,        i;  ,..|. 

Perfect  drainage  of  the  pots  is  absdiiii  l\  n^  .  i  ^-.n-y, 
and  in  potting,  the  evergreen  species  should  be  coned 
up  two  or  three  inches  above  the  rim  of  the  pot,  and 
tinished  off  with  a  surfacing  of  live  sphagnum  moss. 
Tilt'  siasun  of  active  growth  commences  about  the  first 

-r  "*I:ii.  li.  when  tln-y  should  be  given  a  temperature  of 

-It.  with  u  rise  of  15°  by  day,  and  the  atmos- 

•  Im   k.  pt  in  a  humid  condition.    They  should 

■      - |".Mti.iu  free  from  draughts  and  direct  sun - 

h^lii.  1  ii.  V  rL-quiro  an  abundanf-r-  <.f  -ivMt.-r  tit  the  roots 
u>  tliL-  haves  develop,  and  iiv  .  i.  ..iv  i,.  .,,  iit,.,i  by  an 
uccusioiial  watering  of  clear  lit,  ,  'W-manure 

water.    To  obtain  the  best  il'  ihr  leaves, 

heavy  syringing  should  be  avoi  I  I,  im  p,  ,[u,.|it  spray- 
ing on  all  fine  days  with  an  atoinizir  sprayer  is  very 
beneficial.  Towards  winter  the  humidity  of  "the  atmos- 
phere and  the  supply  of  water  to  the  roots  should  be 
reduced  with  the  evergreen  species,  and  gradually  with- 
held altogether  as  the  leaves  mature  with  the  herba- 
ceous species.  The  temperature  during  winter  should 
not  fall  below  00°.  Cujt.  by  E.  J.  Canxing. 

The  propagation  of  most  of  the  Alocasias  consists  of 
cutting  up  the  stems,  so  that  each  piece  will  have  at 
least  one  dormant  bud.  The  pieces  should  be  placed 
amongst  moss,  in  a  hot  propagating  frame,  where  they 
vegetate  quickly.  Such  kinds  as  A.  Sanderiana,  A. 
,11':  .■'■,-ln:.i  .\  nr.r.i  ,-;■  i/./^t,  titid  A.  </cnMingsii(  Colocasia) 
i   I--      .  !.  >  1    !;_    I'l:  .III.  ^,  :it   the  ends  of  which   small 

■    I      J   ■■<!■.■  -.    I'.     I    11  I..1.    These  should  be  carefully 

t..l.  .M..1   111.    i\\..]ir-t   named  started  in  a  propa- 

;,-.ani;,'  Iniiiu  111  a  i.iui  ul  moss  and  sand.  A.Jenningsii 
roots  readily  in  ordinary  soil.  Most  of  the  kinds  require 
a  soil  which  is  very  fibrous,  with  a  little  moss  added.  The 
pots  should  be  half  filled  with  potsherds  as  drainage. 
Cult,  by  G.  W.  Oliver. 

A.  £fi's.  dislinctly  notched  or  undulate  on  the  margin. 
prfnceps,  Nicholson.    Lvs.  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes 

nurrr.w  and  spreading,  the  margins  deep-sinuate;  upper 
irf  I.'.   .  .livp-green.  with  darker  veins,  the  under  lighter 

itii  brown  veins  and  margin ;  petioles  brown- 

.tider.  E.Ind. 
S:ui  i.-iiaua.  Bull.  Fig.  67.  Lvs.  long-sagittate,  with 
•  lfi|.i\  Mulched  margin,  the  basal  lobes  wide-spreading; 
deep  glossy  green  with  metallic  reflection,  with  promi- 
nent white  margins  and  veins;  petioles  brownish  and 
striped.  Philippines.  Gng.  1897:  81.— One  of  the  best  of 
recent  introductions.  Runs  into  various  forms,  and  has 
entered  largely  Into  cultivated  hybrids. 

AA.    Lvs. plane  and  entire  on  the  margin. 

B.  Jfitrkings  chiefly  on  the  petioles,  the  blades  green. 
zebrtna,  Koch   &  Veitch.    Lvs.  triangular-sagittate  ; 

].,  li..!..-.  iM-iiutifiilly  marked  with  large  zigzag  bands  of 
u-iv,Mi.    I'hihiiiiiiHs.    F.S.  15:1541-2. 

ViUeneiivei,  Limi.  &  Rod.  Lvs.  sagittate-ovate,  the 
veins  of  lighter  green  and  prominent,  basal  lobes  very 
unequal;  petioles  spotted  with  chocolate-brown.  Large. 
Borneo.  I.H. 34:21. -NamedfordeVilleneuve,  Brazilian 
ambassador  to  Belgium. 


BB.    Jfarki 


chi.flil 


the  leaf-blades. 


r.  long-pointed,  8-12 
sh  veins  curving  off 


ALOCASIA 

from  the  midrib  and  vanishing  near  the  margin;  petioles 
nearly  white.  New  Guinea.  l.H.  33:  603.-Bruised  Ivs. 
emit  "a  strong  odor. 

cc.   Veins  and  midrib  white  or  silvery. 

longiloba,  Miq.  (^.  gigantia,  Hort.).  Petioles  2  ft., 
greenish  white,  mottled  purple  ;  blade  sagittate,  18  in. 
long,  the  basal  lobes  very  long  and  erect,  the  upper  sur- 
face green,  with  silvery  or  gray  bands  along  veins  and 
midrib,  the  under  surface  light  purple.    Java. 

Putzfeysi,  N.  E.  Brown.  Much  like  A.  longiloba  :  Ivs. 
broader  (oval-sagittate),  dark  metallic  green,  promi- 
nently veined  and  bordered  white,  the  petioles  pale  red- 
purple,  under  surface  dark  purple.  Sumatra.  I.H. 
29:439.— More  brilliant  than  4.  longiloba,  a,nA  has  wider 
spaces  between  the  veins. 

Tlubautii.na,  Mast.  Petioles  3  ft.,  greenish  ;  blade 
2  ft.  long  and  18-20  in.  broad,  ovate-cordate,  the  basal 
lobes  broad  and  rounded,  olive-green,  with  broad  silvery 
veins  and  rib,  the  under  surface  deep  purple.  Borneo. 
G.C.III.  17:i85.    I.H.  28:  419. 

Ldwii,  Hook.  Petioles  2-3  ft.,  rose-color  ;  blade  nar- 
row-ovate, 18  in.  long  and  a  third  as  wide,  long-pointed, 
the  basal  lobes  long-acute,  upper  surface  olive-green, 
with  very  distinct  silvery  bands,  under  surface  rich 
purple.  Borneo.  B.  M.  5.376.  A.  P.  1895:5.59  as  var. 
grandis.  Var.  picta,  Hook.  (B.M.  5497),  has  surface 
covered  with  small  white  reticulations.  This  var.  is 
A.  re«c7n(,  Schott.  (var.   rertcAii,  Engler). 

ccc.    Veins  wJilte  and  leaf  blotched  and  mottled. 

macrorhlza,  Schott.  Large,  reaching  10  or  15  ft. :  leaf- 
blades  3  ft.  long,  long-sagittate  and  pointed,  the  lobes 
short  and  obtuse,  margin  often  somewhat  wavy,  the 
midrib  very  broad  and  conspicuous,  the  blotches  or 
patches  of  green  and  white  (in  the  var.  rnWef/dfe,  which 
is  the  common  form)  very  striking.  Ceylon.  I.  H. 
8:  305. -One  of  the  commonest  species.  Lvs.  sometimes 
almost  white. 
COCO.    Veins  dark  or  purple,  or  the  leaf  dark-colored. 

ciiprea,  Koch  (A.  metdllica,  Schott.).  Petioles  2ft.  or 
less  long,  green  ;  blade  ovate  and  peltate,  18  by  12  in., 
notched  at  the  base  and  cuspidate  at  the  point,  dark 
metallic  green  with  darker  rib  and  veins,  the  under 
side  rich  purple.  Borneo.  B.M.  5190.  I.  H.  8:  283. 
Lowe,  60.    Gn.  50:  336. -One  of  the  best,  and 


ALOE 


49 


67.  Alocasia  Sanderiana. 

Beglna,  N.  E.  Brown.  Lvs.  thick,  ovate-cordate,  ob- 
tuse or  cuspidate,  the  basal  lobes  short  and  nearly  or 
quite  obtuse,  the  ribs  and  veins  beneath  pubescent, 
somewhat  fleshy,  dark  green  above  with  darker  veins 
and  brown-purple  beneath;  petioles  terete,  pubescent, 
spotted  purple.    Borneo.    I.H.  32:544. 

Several  cult,  varieties  and  hybrids  are  in  the  trade  in 
this  country:  A.argyrea,  hybrid  of  longiloba  xPucciana; 
SotaDi^nsiS,  petiole  dark  purple;  If. -blade  dark  green; 
Chantriiri  (raised  by  Chantrier  Bros.,  MortefontaiDe, 
France),  hyb.  of  cupreax Sanderiana,  with  long  wavy 
lvs.,  purple  below  and  prominently  white-veined  (I.H. 
35:  64.  R.H.  1887,  p.  465) ;  Che'lsoni,  cupreaxlongiloba, 
with  lvs.  purple  below  and  green  above  ;  gigas,  much 


like  Villeneuvei  ;  ititermedia,  hybrid  by  Veitch  25  years 
ago;  La  Sallidna ;  //Mcidjja.ThibautianaxPutzeysi, 
with  lvs.  dark  green  above  and  whitish  veins  and  mar- 
gins, purple  beneath  (I.H.  44:27);  Mortefontuininsis, 
Lowii X Sanderiana  ;  Piicciina,  PutzeysixThibautiana; 
Skletii.  ciipriM  ■  Lowii,  with  ovate-pellate  lvs.  purple  be- 
neath   an.l    wliit,.    veined    above    (I.H.   24:292);     Van 


The  fulluwi 


mes  are  also  in  our  trade:  A.  itlus- 
iquorum;  Jc'h  »UH5rsii=CoIocasia  af- 
Cyrtosperma  Johnstoni;  Marehdllii 
halli;        i'io/()cea  ^  Colocasia      anti- 


ribbed  iibove,  deep  iiurpl.' ■■' 

Brown.   Lvs.  peltate,  tin- M  i   .  . 

as  broad,  purple  beueivtli,  -  ,      : 

oles  5  ft.  or  less,  b.irrnl     1      i     :        I    ■!:,<,    - 

Large:  lvs.  2  ft.  or  I''ss  l^-h-,  i.\  ,ii.-^ut;ii  lau-, 

black-green  lielnw,  liritrlit   t;M-.  n  aliove;  peliuli 

blackish.    £.   In.l,-.l.  „,.»„/,/,  X.   K.  Brown,  v 

N.  E.  Brown.   Lv-.  sa^-ittatc  a-iit.',  I'^ft.  or  less 

as  broad,  piu-plp  iMH-aih,  lui.w  ii-uc.-i-n  anddarl^-' 

Borneo.  I.H.  31:. -.11  ~1    h^,:..- ^   ^.-'...h     si  lift 

and  fleshy:    Iv.s.  vny    l.n-.      ..  ;    l;     nr..-- 

bright  green  on  Im.iIi  --i  ;         '     I     ,      i      - 

17ari((F,  Lind.  &  Ki  >,  1.   I,\.   .  ,  [ 

with  blackish  iniih-ili,  til.'  \.   .-.111.1  i.r..v,  1:-. 

cent.   New  Guinea,    l.ii. .;...  oil,  -.1. -...;..-,■.....    .' 

come  from  Braz.  Lvs.  2  ft.  or  le.ss  l.mg  an.l  v.  r.v 
wavy,  rounded  and  short-pointed,  pale  green,  st 
tied  with  purple:  petioles  brown-marked.  — .1  , 
=grandis?— .1.  reri'rsn,  X.  E.  Thrown.    r>warf  :iii 


rib  : 


olive-gre.. 


I.H. 


1.   Hodi- 
.iotehed 


spreading,  not  deflexed,  sa;,.iiiau  ami  n.it  p.  llai...  -Lining green 
above  and  paler  beneath.  Horneo.  — .4,  .^inudtu.  N.  E.  Brown. 
Lvs.  sagittate  and  sinuate,  dark  green  above  with  lighter  areas, 
and  whitish  green  below.  Philippines.— A.  Watsonidna,  Hort. 
=Piitzeysi.— J..  Wavrinidna.  Masters.  Lvs.  erect,  toothed,  not 
sagittate,  lanceolate  and  long-pointed,  dark  areen :  petioles 
purple-spotted,  winged.  G.C.  III.  23:243.  F.E.  10:886.  Gn. 
5.):  183.    Celebes.  L,  H.  B. 

ALOE  (Arabic  name).  Lili&eea,triheAlolne<B.Aca,u- 
lescent  or  variously  caulescent  succulents  :  lvs.  often 
large„usually  crowded  in  rosettes  or  along  end  of  st. : 
fls.  red  or  yellow,  often  paler-striped,  straight,  tubular, 
with  short,  straight  limb,  equaled  or  surpassed  by  the 
stamens.  Afr.,  especi:illv  in  the  ('a]M-  re!;ioii.  one  species 
about  tile  Me.lit.-rrani.aii  aii.l  ext.-n-i v.-l v  naturalized  in 
all  wanii.-r  ).art^  ..f  tie-  \v..i-l.l,  an.l  ..ti.-  in  I   liina.     Plants 

of  tilt lh..ll-...  l...~t  plant... I  ..nt  in  a  «  .1 1 -.Iraiiied  place 

in  suiiiiiier.  win 11  tin  y  iL.w.t  i.r.itily.  ri'..p.  by  seed, 
which  usuallv  is  not  true  t.i  name,  ;ind  by  suckers  or 
cuttings  well"dried-off.  Branching  for  this  purpose  may 
be  induced  by  searing  the  crown  of  old  plants.  Hy- 
brids are  said  to  occur  with  ("iastiria  1.1.  I!,  ilhiiihansii 
=A.ari.stataxG.nl„r;r,,n-  :  .1.  I:  ;.;,.■  ,1  .„.;-'.//,,  . 
G.  verrucosa;   A.  i-i/...  1  '        '.     - 

A.  Lijnchii=A.strial'i     ■'  '      i      ^ 

A.  iserrataxL.  .sp.).  .J.  (..  LaU,  r,  m  .J.,ur.  Lmu.  .Sue. 
Bot.  18,  pp.  152-182.  William  Tkelease. 

Old  plants  of  Aloe  will  keep  healthy  for  several  years 
in  the  same  pots  without  a  renewal  of  soil,  and  flower 
freely  at  the  same  tiim  .  '11..  -.il  ni..st  suited  to  their 
needs  is  sandy  loam  tin  .  ■        1 ;      '  rubble  and  broken 

brick  one  part,  witha  lit;.  ,.  ■  nu  re  to  strengthen 
the  mixture.  Very  tirm  1  ..:.  in-  1  -  n.  ..-ssary.  Drainage 
is  a  more  important  item  ihan  -..nl,  and  must  be  per- 
fectly arranged  to  enable  the  surplus  water  to  run  freely 
from  the  soil.  Broken  bricks  are  preferable  to  pieces  of 
pots,  large  pieces  for  the  bottom  of  the  pot  or  tub,  and 
smaller  pieces  above,  till  the  last  layer  is  quite  fine. 
Some  of  the  species  need  freer  rooting  conditions  than 
others.  A.  ciliaris  will  grow  from  5-7  ft.  in  a  season. 
A.  Abyssinica  is  of  robust  growth,  and  differs  from 
most  others  in  the  color  of  the  flowers,  which  are  pure 


50 


ALOE 


yellow,  most  of  tlip  otlipr«  l>pine  nraiiffp  ami  orange- 
scarlet.  A.  plicdtili.i  liiiik.-^  ;iil  ..nialiu-lital  tiili  I'lallt 
when  4  or5  ft.  hiKli.  I'.\i-i|,t  dumiu' tin- ihiim,!  in  which 
the  species  are  inarTi\.-  ^n-.-w  tli.  Tlti\  m-i-ii  \.i-y  little 
water,  the  principal  iil.  a  l»iiiu'  to  kr.-ji  thr  mhI  sweet 
and  porous  even  when  in  growth.  At  all  times  the 
air  of  the  house  should  be  as  dry  as  possible,  full 
sunshine  not  hurting  them.  Prop,  by  seeds,  suck- 
ers   and   cuttings.     The    arborescent   kinds   should   be 

rooted  after  they  hav >miilitfcl    growth.    Dust  over 

the  cut  part  of  the  luttiii^' with  powdered  charcoal  and 
dry  in  sunshine  la  foic  pnttini;  it  in  to  root.  Insert 
singly  in  as  small  pot,-  :i>  tiny  will  go  into,  and  plunge 
in  a  sand  bed.  Very  little  moisture  is  necessary  while 
rooting.  G.  W.  Oliver. 

The  generic  or  scientific  name  Aloe  is  a  Latinized 
form  of  an  Arabic  name.  As  an  English  word  it  is  pro- 
nounced in  two  syllables,  tlriJ.   \'  }•-.'•.    p..]  i;!rirlv  this 

word  is  loosely  used,  the  i-on ;    \ ■■■■■;    \!ii    i.- ing 

Agave   Americana,   the    < ■     ■     ,    .     I  mt." 

The  "bitter  aloe.s"  of  conuu,  i      ,     ,  :  ,     ,  .    .    u.wh 

used  as  a  laxative.    Theb<---t  ijn  ili- ■,   i-  ..ill.'l    > trine 

or  Zanzibar  Aloes,"  a  prodm/t  of  .1.  Ptrryi,  which  was 
known  by  the  Greeks  of  the  Fourth  century  B.C.  to 
come  from  the  island  of  Socotra.  The  "  Barbadoes  Aloes  " 
is  the  ]iro(luct  of  .1.  nni,  a  species  much  planted  in 
th.  \\(-i  111. I),-.  I,,  III  11  allied  to  Aloe  are  Apicra,  Gas- 
ti.ii  II  .  I  I  Ml  iidron,  and  Phylloma.  The 
L'li.  ,,i  ,      i  ,i  !!ii-iilt  one  forthe botanist,  there 

111  111  L'  ii  A  iiiii  M  I'M  -ill  I  iiiif-ns  in  the  herbaria,  because 
of  the  large  M/.i-  ot  the  plants,  the  infrequent  flowering, 
and  the  dimculty  of  suitably  drying  them. 

Aloes  are  much  cultivated  as  decorative  plants,  being 
amongst  the  most  popular  of  desert  and  succulent  plants 
for  their  stiff,  harsh  and  rugged  habit.  They  are  often 
grouped  about  large  public  buildings,  where  they  em- 
phasize certain  architectural  features.  Large  collections 
are  to  be  seen  only  in  botanic  gardens  and  in  the  col- 
lections of  a  few  fanciers.  The  largest  dealer  has  nearly 
a  hundred  kinds,  but  grows  only  five  or  six  kinds  in 
quantity.  For  index  to  the  following  species,  see  sup- 
plementary list,  p.  51.  W.  ji. 

A.  Arrangement  ol  Ivs.  spiral  (except  in  seedlings). 

B.  Form  of  Ivs.  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  :  size  of  Ivs. 

moderately  large. 
c.    Border  of  Ivs.  thin,  horny  :  margin  entire  or 

denticulate. 
D.    Color  of  Ivs.  grayish  :  shape  of  Ivs.  flattened. 
1.  striata.  Haw.  (A. panicuWn,  J&cq.  A. 


iOTt.). 


'aulescent  : 


ength  large,  finely  dark- 
lin(d,  scarcely  mottled, 
with  entire  white  border: 
inHt)rescence  compound, 
broadly  cymose  :  fls.  red, 
cou'^tricted  above  the 
o\ar\  Cape.  B.  M.  5210. 
H\brids  v;ith  A.  sernilata 
and  .1  grandidentata  oc- 
cur, having  toothed  Ivs. 

Var  rhodocincta 
•ihodoeincta,  Hort. 
IIanhHrid.na,'SmxA.).  Lvs. 
purplish,  very  glaucous, 
with  entire  reddish  bor- 
der 

serrulilta,  Haw.   Fig. 


(A. 


L\i 


less 


ob- 


-i  ur(  h  mottled,  the  white 
bordtr  denticulate  :   inflo- 
68    Aloe  serrulata  r(  set  nee       less       cymose. 

Cape.    B.M.  1415. 
DD.    Color  of  lvs.  clearer  green  :  shape  of  lvs.  more  con- 
nive :    teeth   small  and   cut  nearly   through  the 

3.  macroc4rpa.  Tod.  Lvs.  interruptedly  green-lined, 
more  evidently  mottled:  inflorescence  branched  with 
elongated  racemes.   Abyssinia. 

4.  Schimperi,  Tod.  Lvs.  coarsely  green-lined,  scarcely 
mottled:  racemes  short  and  cymose.   Abyssinia,  China'! 


ALOE 

CC.    Border  of  lvs.  usually  only  near  the  apex : 
mottling  present. 
5.  sapon4ria,  Haw.  {A.  disticha.  Mill.,  not  Linn,  nor 
Thunb.    A.  umbelldta,  DC).    Shortly  caulescent :   lvs. 
somewhat  gray-green  or  purplish,  the   small    teeth  re- 
mote :  racemes  short  and  compact. 
Cape.   B.M.  460.— Varies  intomany  if 

forms.  _" 

lateo-striata.    Haw.     L^  -        -  -      /^S 
concave,  coarselv  pale  lined  ' 


h^ 


Aloe  heteracantha. 


G.  latifdlia,  Haw.  (A.  sapondria,raT.  latifdlia,  Hort.). 
Lvs.  apple-green,  thick  and  broad,  concave,  the  con- 
spicuous pale  blotches  irregularly  transversely  confluent ; 
teeth  large,  mostly  curved,  rather  remot«' 
short  and  dense.    Cape.    B.M.  1346. 


8.  obsci^ra,  Mill.  {A .  plcta,  Thunb.).  Lvs.  rather  nar- 
rower and  thinner  :  racemes  elongated.  Cape.  B.  M. 
1323. 

9.  grandidentita,  Salm.  Lvs.  and  racemes  still  more 
elongated.    Cape. 

ccc.    Border  of  Ivs.  nearly  absent :  mottling  scarcely 
present ;  lvs.  involute  at  tip. 

10.  glailca,  Mill.  (4.  rftodaca'7(Ma,  DC).  Caulescent: 
Ivs.not  mottled,  very  glaucous,  the  irregular  red  or  brown 
teeth  subconfluent :  infior.  simple,  densely  racemose; 
fls.  red,  scarcely  constricted  above  the  ovary.  Cape. 
B.M.  1278.  A  hybrid  with  ,^1. /ii(m!7is,  var.  iHCMn^a,  is 
A.  cyanea. 


tho 

11.  heteracintha,  Bak.  (A.  i«tV«i;s,  Hort..  not  Forsk.). 
Fig.  69.  Nearly  stemless,  often  densely  cespitose  :  Ivs. 
dark  green,  sometimes  with  a  few  obscure  yellowish 
green  spots,  slightly  striate  at  base,  entire  or  with  a  few 
remote  small  teeth.   Cape?    B.M.  6863. 

BB.    For 
tul 

12.  f^rox,  Mill.  (A.  murieita,  Schult.  A.  hdrrida, 
Haw.  Pachidindron  ferox.  Haw.).  Caulescent,  un- 
branched :  lvs.  crowded  at  summit,  glaucous,  the  margin 
and  both  surfaces  remotely  coarsely  pungently  toothed : 
inflor.  branched,  with  elongated  very  dense  racemes; 
fls.  reddish,  with  stamens  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth. 
Cape.  B.M.  1975.  G.C.  II.  3:  243. -Varies  into  several 
less  muricate  forms. 

13.  mitTi!6rmis,  Mill.  {A.  mitrcet6rmis,y^\\\&.,  not  DC. 
nor  Haw.  A.  Comm^lyni,  Willd.  A.  spinuldsa,  Salm, 
A.pachyphythi.noTt.  'A.xanthacdntha,Wnid.).  Fig.70. 
Somewhat  branoliinLr;  Iv-,  spaced  along  the  stem  above, 
dark  green,  with  -nui-.  -.  lafatcd  marginal  teeth,  both 
faces  usually  imii  i<  n.  :  iuT'or.  sometimes  branched. with 
short,  compart   laniin-:    -taiiirns  notesserted.    Cape. 


ALOE 

BBB.  Form  of  Us.  elongated,  gmdualhj  luperimj  :  size 
of  h's.  large  :  border  absent :  teeth  usitalli/  coarse. 
U.  Bkinesii.Vyer.  (A.  Bdrbera',Dyev.].  A  very  large 
forking  tree,  in  cultivation  becoming  tall,  thoueli  at  first 
slender  :  Ivs.  very  concave,  dark  green,  remotely  den- 
tate, spaced  along  the  stem  above,  with  white-margined 
sheathing  base  :  inflor.  short  and  compact,  the  reddish 
tls.  tumid.  S.Afr.  G.F.  3:115.  G.C.  II.  19,  pp.  566-571, 
fif.  117, 119, 120,  122.    B.M.6848. 

15.  v6ra,  Linn.  (A.  vulgaris,  Lam.  A.  Barlmdinsis, 
Mill.).  Low  or  small,  slender  tree  :  Ivs.  broader,  less 
channeled,  pale  gray-green,  coarsely  dentate,  not  sheath- 
ing: fls.  yellow.  Suckers,  freely  produced  in  cultivation, 
have  clear  apple-green  mottled  linear  Ivs.  Mediterra- 
nean region,  and  naturalized  through  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  world.— The  oldest  known  and  probably  the  com- 
monest species. 

Var.  ofKcinEllis,  Forsk.  (A.rub(scens,  DC.  A.lndicti, 
Royle).    Lvs.  purplish:  fls.  red-orange.    Orient. 

16.  Succotrina,  Lam.fJl.  siniidte,  Thunb.,  not  Willd.). 
Related  to  the  last :  lvs.  relatively  narrower,  dark  green, 
coarsely  serrate  :  fls.  red,  variously  tipped  and  striped. 
Cape.  B.M.472.  Gn.  45,  p.  303.-A  hybrid  with  ^.  ci«- 
tiris  is  A.de  Laetil. 

Var.  pnrpur4scens,  Gawl.  {A .  purpurdsceus.  Haw.  A . 
nimdsa,  H&v:.).    Lvs.  purplish.    B.M.  1474. 

17.  arbortscens.  Mill.  (J.  f>-H(icd«n,  Lam.).  Low,  slen- 
dertree:  st.  roughened  by  old  leaf  bases:  lvs.  dark  green, 
glaucescent,  coarsely  green-dentate  to  hooked  serrate 
when  separated,  with  whitish  sheathing  bases  :  fls.  red. 
Cape.    B.M.  1306. 

Var. fruttscens, Salm.i^.  fiiifc'sccHs, Salm.).  Smaller, 
suckering  freely :  lvs.  blue-glaucous,  the  sheathing  bases 
coarsely  green-striate. 

BBBB.  Form  of  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  flat:  size  of  Irs. 
small:  border  absent :  teeth  ciliate :  mottling 
absent :  lvs.  sheathing,  with  perfoliate  margin. 

18.  ciliaris.Haw.  St. elongated, very  slender.branched: 
lvs.  dark  green,  the  slender  white  teeth  longer  about  the 
base:  inflor.  axillary,  somewhat  elongated,  loosely  few- 
fld.:  fls.  red.   Cape. 

BBBBB.  Form  of  lvs.  various,  thick, plano-convex  :  size 
of  lvs.  small:  border  absent :  mostly  toothed 
on  the  back:  mottling  absent:  lvs.  crowded. 

19.  brevifdlia,  Mill.  {A.  protifera.  Haw.).  Short- 
stemmed  :  lvs.  spreading,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute, 
shortly  and  pungently  white-toothed ;  a  few  similar  teeth 
occasionally  on  both  surfaces.    Cape.    B.R.  996. 

20.  htimiliB,  Mill.  {A.  echindta, yViUd.  A.  suber/cta, 
Haw  A.  subtubereuldta,Ha.vi.}.  Acaulescent :  lvs.  as- 
cending, lanceolate,  gradually  attenuate,  loosely  soft- 
serrate,  both  surfaces  coarsely  tuberculate  or  echinate: 
raceme  somewhat  elongated,  loosely  fld:  fls.  red.  Cape. 
—  An  extremely  variable  species,  of  the  habit  of  certain 
Haworthias. 

Var.  Canddllei,  Bak.  L.B.C.  15:1481.  Var.  inciirva, 
Haw.  B.M.  828.  Var.  acumlnElta,  B.M.  757.  L.B.C. 
16:1504.    Var.  minor,  Hort.,  is  in  cult. 

21.  B,Tistkta.,'Ka.-w. (A.  longiaristAta,Schun.).  Lvs.  as- 
cending, attenuate  into  a  long  bristle.    Cape. 

AA.    Arrangement  of  lvs.  3-ranked  :   lvs.  rather  small. 

22.  variegata,  Liun.  Short  -  stemmed  :  lvs.  erect, 
v-shaped,  acute,  with  finely  warty  horny  white  margin 
and  keel,  mottled,  the  pale  blotches  variously  trans- 
versely confluent:  raceme  short,  rather  loose:  fls.  red- 
dish.   Cape.    B.M.  513.    F.E.  8:  98.  — Common. 

AAA.   Arrangement  of  lvs.  S-ranked  :  lvs.  elongated. 

23.  Codperi,  Bak.  (^.  Sc7i»ii(i(i(}«rt,  Regel.).  Acaules- 
cent: lvs.  suberect,  linear-oblong,  sharply-grooved  and 
keeled,  mottled,  faintly  striate,  the  small  white  teeth 
subconfluent:  inflor.  subcymose:  fls.  reddish  or  brown- 
ish, tumid  below.    Cape.    B.M.  6377.    Gt.  970. 

24.  pUcAtilis,  Mill.  (Rhipidodhidron  plicdtile,-E.a,v!.). 
Becoming  tall  and  stout,  branching  :  lvs.  glaucous,  flat. 
Ungulate,  obtuse,  serrulate  and  bordered  at  least  near 


theapex    mflor  shortlj  raLcmose    fls  redthsh,  the  petals 
uearh  free  withm  the  tube     Cape     B  "M  457 

William  Trelease     * 

In  the  followmg  ilphilietu  list   ireimlu 

described  pre\  loush )    (J>  s\n   hmm       i    i 
followed  by  the  bign  ot  niiwlit\     i 
portant  speues.  (which  u.  tn  rl\ 
but  not  preMouslv)     Th         m  iil 
adveitisedmthecitilo.,!!         1     I 
Bak     Lvs  20-30  m  %  d.  n 
broad  it  b-ise  glaucous  lt     ti   ti   i 
close  spreading  deltoid  si  m       \  n 
inflor  ns  Inng  ns  tho  h  s      i  i       t  i    i 


Zanzibar  B  M 
lied  to  A  Abvssiii 
lK-2  m  wide  It  I  I 
green  scipe  simpU 
toid  B  M  6301  Ha 
A.commxitata  1 -A 
oma  Linn  f  Allied 
branched  lvs  m 
late,  8-12  in  long  > 
567,571  f  118  121  - 
folia)  &t  3  or  raoi 
scattered  along  the 
teeth  short  distant 
—A    dlsticha  =  5—^ 


lorn  fully 
uhiih  are 

c  nt  list, 
k  (»)  are 

_    1-0  in! 

\I  (jti20  — 
II  n  hs.: 
1  1  eddish 
I  longcy- 
I.  A  tri- 
ll lolate; 


Alhed 
imgest. 


1     back; 

M  1362. 

Little 


Aloe  mitnforn 


Not  mentioned  by  Biker  Hab  '—A  ferox  12  —*A. 
Slim  =  17  — *A  fruticd'in  =  n  —  i  glauca  10—^. 
gracilis  Haw  Allied  to  V  irlmreei  cii'i  ^t  long  lvs  loosely 
arranged  b-IO  in  long  1  in  «il.  it  tli  b,sc  ensiforni  acumi- 
nate not  lined  or  spottwi  I  n  kl  tniijut  spreiding  tipped 
brown  fls  -vellow  tub,  «iHi  I  n^  I  m  ■  I  ite  segments —*4. 
grandidenlata  1  -  i  (,r  n  ,  1  ik  iii  tlie  Picta)  group  is 
readily  distingiushed  bj  tlit  <.luii_  ittd  i  iLcmts  ind  the  strong 


52  ALOE 

constriction  of  the  perianth  below  the  middle.  Lvs.  12-15,  in 
dense  rosette,  lanceolate,  channelled,  bright  green ;  prickles  con- 
nected by  a  narrow  horny  line  :  tis.  pale  salmon  ;  bracts  awl- 
shaped,  pnrplish.  Tape?  BM.e520.-*A.Hoiih„riAna-l.-A. 
l,Hn;ic,i„tl,„.  11  -.1.  HiUhhmndtu.  Bak.    St.  l'.,-J  tt.:   inter- 


red,   U.: 


r=13. 


Scroph- 


ALONSOAl.\l.iii/.,/,:,,,..,M,-l.:,lil-li  li 

ulariiicew.  Triip.  Aimr.  ijhiiits,  cult,  as  annuals 
open,  or  rarely  grown  in  pots.  They  are  tender,  and  need 
protection  from  frcst.  Seeds  are  usually  started  under 
glass  in  the  N.,  although  plants  bloom  well  from  seeds 
sown  directly  in  the  open.  Use  only  finely  prepared  soil. 
Fls.  showy;  plant  of  good  habit.  The  corolla  is  very 
irregular  and  turned  upside  down  by  the  twisting  of  the 
pedicel,  brinfcinf?  the  larger  lobe  uppermost :  stamens4: 
lvs.  (at  lfa«t  b.'lciw)  opposite  or  in  3's.  Cult,  species 
mostly  fi-MiH  I'.in  :iii.l  M,x. 

incisifolia,  l.'iu/,  .V  I'.iv.  ( A.  urticcefdlia,  Sort.  CMsia 
urtlciffblia.  Mi,,~,  l'...M.  417).  About  2  ft.  high,  erect: 
lvs.  ovate  lu  u\ul-lanceolate,  long-stalked,  deeply  cut- 
toothed:  tls.  nearly  J-ain.  across,  very  irregular  (some- 
what hood-shaped),  scarlet,  with  protruding  organs,  on 
slender  axillary  peduncles.  Also  a  white-fid.  var.— An- 
nual; but  perennial  in  warm  countries  or  under  glass. 

Var.  Warscewlozii,  Boiss.  (A.  Warsceivtczii ,  Kegel. 
A.  grandifldrn,  Hort.).  Pis.  larger  (often  1  in.  across), 
rose-red,  the  plant  more  herbaceous  and  more  perfectly 
annual.  Also  white-fid.  — The  commonest  form  in  our 
gardens. 

myrtifdlia,  Roezl.  Plant  2-3  ft. :  lvs.  broad-lanceolate, 
canaliculate,  prominently  serrate:  fls.  large,  scarlet  (a 
white  var. ).  — Perennial  under  glass.  Useful  for  winter- 
growing  in  pots. 

linifdlia,  Roezl.  Plant  IKft.  or  less  high:  lvs.  lanceo- 
late or  narrower,  entire:  fls.  bright  scarlet. 

A .  acuHtblia,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Lvs.  less  cut  than  in  A.  incisifolia : 
scarlet.— A.  caullaldta,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Lvs.  less  cut  than  in  incisi- 


folia :  fls.  smaller:  st.i-angled.— A.  imedris,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Lvs. 
linear,  entire  or  vei-y  nearly  so,  often  fascicled  :  fls.  scarlet. 
Crreenhouse.— 4.  Jl/drAewsii,  Benth,  Lvs.  lanceolate,  toothed  : 
fls.  scarlet,  in  terminal  racemes.  Greenhouse.  .     tt    p 

ALOtSIA.    S,i.  Lippia. 

ALPINE  GARDENS.  In  the  successful  culture  of 
aipim-  plants,  tin-  most  important  point  is  to  give  them 
as  near  tlieir  natural  alpine  conditions  as  possible.  So 
far  as  soil  is  concerned  this  is  not  diflScult,  but  when  it 
comes  to  moisture  with  good  drainage  and  surrounding 
atmospheric  conditions,  especially  in  the  dryer  atmos- 
phere of  some  of  our  western  states,  we  have  a  more 
diflicult  task.  In  their  natural  homes,  many  of  the  al- 
pines  are  found  growing  under  very  similar  conditions 
to  our  bog  plants,  and  the  two  classes,  for  the  most  part, 
may  hi_-  brought  together  in  cultivation.  Of  course,  the 
iimiimimIm  rriiiiul;i  iiii^lit  iii-vrr  witlistand  tlji-  stagnation 


iiidr 


■■'         '  ;m  II.  i]-air  111  tlM-  w.t  I..I--.  iiMT-  ^li.iiil.l  we  expect 

iIh.   l',l(,,iMh-a  I.,  sin-MN,-  Ihr  HUiliy   l.hisls    f.  which  the 

I'liiuuhi  1.^  exposed,  but  the  two  niay  be  grown  together 
with  very  good  results  in  a  moist,  springy  situation,  in 
the  same  bed  and  soil.  Any  light,  sandy  soil,  well 
drained,  but  through  which  water  is  constantly  passing 
in  and  out,  so  that  there  is  no  stagnation  and  always  a 
little  moisture  on  the  surface  (which  makes  it  cooler 
from  the  evaporation),  will  answer  for  most  of  the  bog 
plants  and  the  majority  of  the  alpines  also.  There 
should  be  a  natural  slope  to  the  surface  of  the  ground 
for  such  conditions,  and  if  the  surface  is  undulating,  so 
as  to  make  some  parts  drier  than  others,  those  plants 
which  require  the  most  moisture  can  go  into  the  wettest 
places.  Alpines  like  a  deep  soil,  into  which  their  roots 
can  penetrate.  Leaf-mold  should  be  used  in  place  of 
any  ma:iure,  and  if  the  soil  is  a  very  fine  one  a  mixture 
of  gravel  should  be  introduced.  Shade  and  sun  are 
rather  necessary,  as  some  of  the  alpines  would  hardly 
stand  thu  full  scorching  sun  of  our  hottest  days  in  sum- 
in.  r.  .  \.  II  though  the  surface  of  the  soil  were  moist, 
t  ■  .1..  IS  require  full  sun.  Alpines  have  been  suc- 
.        I  1 : :     L'mwn  in  sphagnum  moss.    This  is  done  with 

■  ■    I  ■:.  ■'.   V.  nil   III.'   1 1 .  -h   1 1. 1 1. 1  III.-  plants  set  in  it. 

V,  ,.'.r     ti..i.''l    In  .  II. .ugh  to  keep  the 

'      ..    •  .    -  I -I       i I  .■  .  II  in.m  the  wet  moss 

.  r.Mi.  -  :i  .■..'.1  III  iii..-|.; :■  1 .  ■  | .jants,  thus giving 

ihriu  a  cuuiliUuu  s I.I     ,!  which  they  have  in 

ulpiue  regions,  surri. III.  i  .  iiniii  fogs,  or  in  the 

moist  bog.  Manyali.iii  ,  :      ■-  are  not  confined  to 

alpine  situations.    Th.      ^  i,   n    i-t  places  in  much 

lower  altitudes  as  «._i;_  Mi.li  -(.....jit-s  as  Houstonia 
cwndea,  Pamassia  Cin-nlinianu,  and  Smilacina stellata 
may  be  mentioned  among  these.  Most  of  the  alpines, 
when  set  in  the  fresh,  damp  sphagnum,  do  nicely  in  full 
sun.  but  for  tlie  alpine  ferns  shade  should    be  given. 

Th..-.-   >-.  III.   Ii   -!■..«    in.lr-i.T  |.h,.-.-,   likr   thr    llttlo    Woodsiu 

ijhil-         ..    II     '■         /'./■.  .1.  11. -..I  I.--  chilli.' nil. I  moisture, 


F.   H.   HORSFOKD. 

ALPtNIA  (Prosper  Alpinus,  an  Italian  botanist). 
ScitaminAcecf.  Stove  herbs,  cult,  both  for  lvs.  and  the 
racemes  or  panicles  of  fls.  The  fl.  has  3  exterior  parts 
and  4  interior  parts.  The  lowermost  part  is  lobed  or 
tubular.  Stamens  with  petal-like  filament.  They  need 
high  temperature,  much  water,  light  soil,  and  abundance 
of  room.  After  flowering,  allow  them  to  rest  in  heat, 
but  do  not  dry  them  off.  Prop,  by  dividing  the  ginger- 
like roots. 

Alpinia  contains  many  handsome  species,  but  only  a 
few  are  common  in  cultivation .  They  are  tropical  plants, 
and  require  a  moist  air  and  a  temp,  of  55°  to  G0°  F.  A 
mixture  of  2  parts  loam,  1  part  leaf-mold,  and  1  part 
dried  cow-manure  forms  an  excellent  compost.  While 
growing,  they  need  an  abundance  of  water,  and  the  large- 
growing  kinds  require  large  pots  or  tubs.  The  plants  are 
prop,  by  division  in  the  spring.  A.  tmtans  is  grown  for 
its  handsome  fls.,  and  attains  a  height  of  12  or  13  ft.  A. 
vittata  is  popular  en  account  of  its  variegated  foliage. 
A .  mu/iea  has  very  showy  fls.,  but  is  probably  not  in  the 
American  trade.  Cult,  bv  Robert  Ca.meron. 


ALPINIA 

nutans,  Roscoe.  Shell-flowek.  Strikingplant, reach- 
ing 10-1'2  ft.,  with  long,  lanceolate  glabrous  long-veined 
Ivs.:  fla.  orchid-like,  yellow  with  pink,  sweet-scented,  in 
a  lone,  drooping,  terminal,  spike-like  raceme.  E.  Ind. 
G.C.  III.  19:301.  I.H.  43:259.  B.M.  1903.  P.M.  13:I2,>>. 
R.H.  1861,  51.  — Fine  for  foliage  masses,  and  an  old 
favorite. 

Vlttita  Hook  (Amdmtim  ttttdtum  Hort  )  Lower: 
Ivs  in  tufts  lanceolate  with  whitish  bais  or  stripes  be- 
tween the  nerves  lis  red  in  a\illii\  spikes  South 
Sea  Islands     A  P  8    7S7     (  n    4    p   _ 

albo  lineata  H  >it  A  plant 
.Si!^  -t  tt  In^li  M  itli  biodd bands 


ALSTRCEMERIA 


53 


ALSdPHILA  (Greek,  grove-loving).  Ci)athecice(r.  A 
genus  of  tropical  tree  ferns,  with  simple  or  forked  free 
veins,  round  sori,  and  no  indusia.  Numerous  s]iccies  art 
found  in  the  tropical  regions  of  lM)th  Iiciiiisplin-fs. 

Of  the  different  species  tit    VNnj.liih,,  .uilv  ■  is  m 

general  commercial  use.  .1 .  .ms'/ -(/,s  i,  ;i  \ .  i  \  L-iar,  tui 
and  rapidly  growing  tree  fi-iii,  h  iili  liiu  1\  dn  nli  il  linn.ls 
of  a  pleasing  shade  of  light  Ki-ccii,  w  ith  tiie  stiiu'S  thi.kU 
covered  with  light  brown,  hairy  scales.  It  is  grown  trmn 
spores,  which  can  only  be  obtained  from  old  and  hirge 
specimens,  and  which,  like  the  spores  of  most  ccunniei 
cial  terns,  will  germinate  very  freely  if  sown  on  a  com 
post  consisting  of  finely  screened  soil,  leaf -mold  and  sand 
in  equal  parts.  To  develop  a  good  crown  of  fronds  m 
old  specimen  plants  which  may  look  starved,  the  stem 
may  be  covered  to  any  thickness  consistent  with  good 
appearance  with  green  moss,  whic-h  may  be  attached 
with  thin  copper  wire,  and  which,  if  kept  ctjntinually 
moist,  will  soon  be  thickly  covered  with  line  roots.  Al- 
eophilas  should  be  grown  in  a  temperature  of  60°  P., 
and  the  soil  should  never  be  allowed  to  become  very  dry. 
Cult,  by  NicHOL  N.  Bruckner. 
A.   Lvs.bip innate;  rachises  merely  fibrillose. 

Beb6ccse,  F.  Muell.    Lvs.  ample,  from  a  caudex  8  in.  or 
so  high;  pinnSB  12-15  in.  long,  with  20-30  pinnules  on 
each  side,  which  are  2-3  in.  long  and  serrate  or  crenate 
throughout.    Australia. 
AA.    Lvs.  tripinnatifid  or  tripinnate  ;  riichises  armed 

B.  Segments  long,stronqti/  '-tirrf 
to  a  slender  po, 
Lvs.  coriaceoi; 


ile.-i  tapering 


exc61sa,  R. 

woolly  rachises;  pinnae  G-10  in.  wide,  with  crowded  pin- 
nules, which  are  provided  with  about  20  pairs  of  seg- 
ments, which  are  strongly  curved  and  more  or  less 
enlarged  at  the  ends.  Norfolk  Is.  — Said  to  have  a  trunk 
60-80  ft.  high. 

Codperi,  Hook.  Smaller  than  the  last:  rachises  with 
pale  brown  scales  :  pinnse  spear-shaped,  with  linear 
pinnules  4-5  in.  long.    Queensland. 


luuuiata,  R.  Br.    Lvs.  rather  thick  herbaceous,  from 

smooth  rachises:   pinnules  close,  5-6  in.  long,  with 20-30 

pairs  of  segments,  which  are  finely  serrate  throughout. 

BB.    Segments  yiin.or  less  long. 

austriliB,  R.  Br.  Fig.  71.  Rachises  straw-colored  ; 
lvs.  ample,  with  primary  pinnae  18  in.  long,  6-10  in.  wide; 
pinnules  deeply  pinnatifld,  with  segments  broadest  at 
the  base,  ovate-oblong  and  sharply  serrate.  Tasmania 
and  Australia. 

ferox,  Presl.  (A.  aciileAta,  J.  Sm.).    Rachises  brown- 
ish; pinnfB  12-18  in.  long;  pinnules  narrow,  3-4  in.  long, 
'A-%m.  wide,  with  15-18  pairs  of  segments,  which  are 
narrow  and  slightly  serrate.    Trop.  Amer. 
AAA.    Lis.  ,iii,uhiiiiiniiilifid. 

oligoc^rpa.  Fee.  Fiu'.  7_'.  Iv.i'lii^.  s  smooth,  grayish 
straw-colored;  pinnuhs  \y_-'l  1i.  \"u\x,  the  segments 
ligulate,  deeply  pinnatilid, with  blunt  lubes;  sorimedian, 
4-0  on  the  lower  lobes.   Columbia.     ,    ,,  „ 

L.  M.  Underwood. 

ALSTONIA  (Dr.  Alston,  once  professor  of  botany  at 
Kdinburgli).  Apocy»Aee<p.  Between  30  and  40  species 
of  trees  or  shrubs  of  E.  Ind.  and  Australia,  with  small 

whorls  or  opposite.  A.  scholdris,  R.  Br.,  is  the  Devil- 
tree  or  Pali-mara  of  India,  the  bark  of  which  is  medici- 
nal.   Trees  yield  caoutchouc. 

macrophylla,  Wall.  A  tall  tree,  with  milky  juice,  spar- 
ingly cult,  in  S.  Pla.,  and  perhaps  in  S.  Calif. 

ALSTR(EM£EIA  (Baron  Alstroemer.  friend  of  Lin- 
ti.E-iisi  A  mtirgllidctceoi.  Coolhouse  and  stove  plants, 
wiih  tuliciiius  roots,  treated  as  bulbs.  Pis.  small  (2  in. 
nr  h  ^s  long},  comparatively  narrow,  with  6  segments, 
|.aiti-.l  111 -irly  or  quite  to  the  ovary,  often  irregular; 
stamens  mostly  declined  ;  stigma  3-cleft  ;  sts.  slender 
and  leafy,  weak,  or  even  disposed  to  climb.  Monogr.  by 
Baker,  Handbook  of  the  Amaryllideae. 

Some  of  the  Alstroemerias  have  survived  the  winters 
in  Washington  of  late  -seais  only  whi  n  a  heavy  mulch 
has  been  gn  en,  as  ..4   oM>a»/(aC(f  and  its  form  J-  autea, 


A.  Chtlensis  and  its  forms  EMdenth  among  the  hardi- 
est are  A.Brasiliensii  and  A. piikhtlla,  although  some 
of  the  others  have  not  been  tried.  For  outdoor  planting, 
at  their  best  in  a  partly  shaded  posi- 


54  ALSTRCE.MERIA 

tiou,  and  at  all  times  iluring  their  growth  the  roots  must 
have  an  abundance  of  water.  In  fact,  there  is  little  use 
in  attempting  their  cultivation  out-of-doors  where  these 
conditions  cannot  be  given.  In  colder  climates,  the  Al 
stroemerias  can  be  grown  very  successfully  by  planting 
out  in  spring,  and,  as  soon  as  they  die  down,  lift,  am 
keep  overwinter  in  a  place  from  which  frost  is  excluded 
An  annual  lifting,  or,  when  grown  in  pots,  an  annual 
shaking-out,  should  be  given,  because  they  Increase  to 
such  an  extent  that  the  younger  and  smaller  crowns  are 
apt  to  take  the  nourishment  from  the  large,  flowering 
crowns.  The  largest  ones  ought  to  be  separated  from 
the  smaller  ones,  and  either  grown  in  pots  or  planted 
outside  when  the  pr'ipor  tiiiir  arrives.    In  this  way  the 

genus  will  become  n Ii  in<in-  popular  than  it  now  is, 

either  for  cuttin;.'  mi    i.r  th.    , lie. .ration  of  the  border. 

The  soilbest  suiii  (1  t^  th,  ii  r',;uirBments  is  largely 

posed  of  vegetiilil.-  Iiuriius;   wh.-n  this  ii 

old,  well-decayed  cow  or  stable  manure  s 

porated  with  the  soil.  When  they 

are  planted  outside,    the  tubers 

should  be  put  deep  in  the  ground , 

and  the  soil  should  be  well  worked 

for  at  least  15  inches.   The  tubers 

are  slightly  egg-shaped,  attached 


lit.    Chile.    B.M. 


tos 


the 


made  from  the  ends  of  the  tubers. 
and  also  from  near  the  growing 
points  of  the  crowns. 

One  of  the  best  for  greenhouse 
work  is  A.  Pelegrina,  var.  a!ba. 
Other  kinds  wliich  may  be  con- 
sidered tender  north  of  Washing- 
ton are  A.  hfPmanfha,  A.  versicolor  (or 
Peruviana)    and  its  forms,  A.  Uookerii 
and  A .  violacea.    Some  of  the  Van  Houtte 
hybrids,  raised  from  Hookerii  and  hieraan- 
tha,  are  extremely  pretty,  but,  with  the 
others,  they  are  rather  unsuitable  for  pot- 
culture,  owing  to  the  peculiar  formation 
of  the  roots. 

The  species  are  easily  raised  from  seeds, 

which  should  be   sown   rather  thinly  in 

deep  pans,  and  allowed  to  remain  without 

pricking  off  or  shifting  for  the  first  season. 

Cult,  by  G.  W.  Oliver. 

A.    Jjvs.of  fl.stem  (or  scape)  broad,  oh- 
long  or  ohlong-spatiihit,  . 

pulcMUa,    Linn.     f.     (.1.     /,s///,r.  ;„./, 
Lehm.).    Sterile  st.  a  fout    ..r   ]e^^  I,,,,-, 
with    aggregated  petioled   Ivs.:   ilnw.rin;; 
St.  2-3  ft.,  with  scattered  Ivs.:    lis,  in  a 
simple  umbel,  on  pedicels  1-lK  in.  hing. 
long-funnel-shaped,the  segments  unequal, 
dark  i-ed  and  tipped  with  green  and 
inside  with  brown;  stamens  nearly  as  loi 
as  limb.    Brazil.    Pig.  73  is  a  copy  of  tl 
A.  psittacina.  B.M.  3033. -An  old  gardi 
plant. 

ChiUnsis,  Tree.  Stout,  2-4  ft. : 
ti]e,l.  nl.,,vate  or  spatulate,  or  the  upper  becoming  lan- 
eec.hite.  twisted  at  the  base,  fringed,  somewhat  glaucous : 
tls.  hirije,  rose  or  red  (or  varying  to  whitish),  the  two 
lower  segments  longer  and  straighter  :  umbel  with  5 
or  6  2-tid.  peduncles.  Chile. 
AA.  it's,  of  fl.  St.  lanceolate  (at  least  the  lower  ones). 
B.    Fls.  purplish  or  red. 

Pelegrina,  Linn.  Fl.  st.  stout,  afoot  or  less  high:  Ivs. 
about  30,  thin,  ascending,  2  in.  or  less  long  and  Kin.  or 
less  wide :  fl.  2  in.  or  less  long,  lilac,  the  outer  segments 
broad  and  cuspidate,  the  inner  ones  spotted  red-purple: 
imibel  few-rayed,  normally  simple,  but  becoming  com- 
pound in  cult.  Also  a  pure  white  var.  Chile.  B.M.  139. 
Gn.  40,  p.  472.    L.B.C.  13: 1295. 

hsBmAntha,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  (A.  Simsii,  Spreng.).  Fl.  st. 
2-3  ft. :  Ivs.  crowded  and  thin,  somewhat  stalked,  3-4  in. 
long  and  %m.  or  less  long,  the  upper  becoming  linear, 
glaucous  beneath  :  fls.  2  in.  or  less  long,  bright  red 
tipped  green,  the  inner  ones  with  red-purple  spots  on  a 
red-yellow  ground ;  umbel  very  compound,  the  branches 


ALUM    ROOT 


4-0  ii 
2353, 

BB.  Fls.  yellow  or  yellowish. 
aurantiaca,  Don.  Fl.  st.  2-4  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  nearly  50, 
thin,  somewhat  petiolate,  slightly  glaucous  below,  3^  ft. 
long  and  }^ in.  wide  :  Us.  10-30,  in  a  compound  umbel, 
the  perianth  bright  yellow,  outer  segments  tipped  green 
and  inner  ones  spotted  brown.  There  is  a  form  with 
pale,  unspotted  fls.  Chile.  B.M.3350,  as  .Lawrea.  Gn. 
20:472. 

Brasili§nsis,  Spreng.  St.  3^  ft.:  Ivs.  remote,  thickish, 
oblong-lanceolate,  2  in.  long:  fl.  IJf  in.  long,  in  a  5-rayed 
umbel  (each  ray  bearing  1-3  fls.),  the  segments  oblong- 
spatulate  and  reddish  yellow,  the  inner  ones  spotted 
brown;  stamens  shorter  than  segments.  Brazil. 
of  flower  stem  linear. 
versicolor,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  {A.  Peruviana,  Van  Houtte. 
A.  sulphurea  and  A.  tiijrina, 
Hort.).  Fl.  St.  short  (1  ft.  or  less 
high) ;  Ivs.  many,  the  lower  ones 
about  1  in.  long  :  fls.  1  in.  long,  in 
a  nearly  simple  umbel,  yellow 
spotted  purple,  the  segments  all 
oblanceolate  and  acute.  A  mar- 
ginate  var.    Chile. 

Ugta,  Linn.   Fl.  st.  lK-2  ft. : 

Ivs.    20-30,  thin,  the  lowermost 

becoming  lanceolate,  2-3  in.  long: 

fls.  1%  in.  long,  in  a  nearly   or 

quite  simple  umbel,  whitish,  lilac 

or  pale  red,  streaked  purple,  the 

egments  often  obtuse.  Var.  pulchra, 

(A.pdlehra,  Sims,  B.M.  2421.    A. 

-■■----  ^,g^   a„j 


Ker.),  has  ni 
and  all  the  segme 
Chile.  Common  i 
Hohkeri.  Lodd.,  i 


for 


A.  Liijtu. 

The  A.  Ligtu  of  B.M.  125  is  A.  caryo- 
phyllea,  Jacq.,  with  long-clawed,  very  un- 
equal segments  in  two  sets  or  lips,  red  and 
red-striped.    Brazil. 

Tlol&cea,  Phill.  St.  1-2  ft. :  Ivs.  scattered 
and  spreading,  1  in.  or  less  long,  those  on 
sterile  shoots  larger,  ovate-oblong  and  5- 
nerved:  fls.  on  forked  pedicels  in  a  5-rayed 
umbel,  lM-2  in.  long,  bright  lilac,  the 
outer  segments  obovate,  truncate  and  with 
a  short  cusp,  the  inner  oblong-acute, 
spotted.    Chile.  l.  h.  B. 

ALTERNANTHfiRA.     See   Telanthera. 

ALTH.ffiA  (Greek,  to  cure).  MalvAcem. 
Tall  biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  of  the 
warm-temperate  regions  of  the  Old  World, 
of  about  a  dozen  species.  Fls.  axillary, 
solitary,  or  racemose  in  the  axils  or  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  with  6-9  bracts 
below  the  calyx.  A.  frutex  and  A.  caelestis,  Hort.,  are 
Hibiscus  Syriacus. 

officin41iB, Linn.  Marsh Malix>w.  Downy:  Ivs. ovate, 
often  heart-shaped  or  3-lobed,  frequently  undivided, 
tomentose:  fls.  1  in.  across,  blush  or  rose,  clustered  in  the 
axils  of  the  Ivs.  Perennial.  E.  Eu.- Root  used  for  mu- 
cilage and  for  other  purposes  ;  also  medicinal.  The 
root  of  commerce  has  its  brown  outer  covering  removed. 
Rarely  cult.,  but  occasionall}^  escaped  in  marshes  near 
the  coast. 

rdsea,  Cav.  Hollyhock,  which  see  for  culture.  St. 
strict  and  spire -like,  hairy  :  Ivs.  large  and  rough, 
rounded -heart-shaped,  wavy-angled  or  lobed:  fls.  large 
and  nearly  sessile,  in  a  long  wand-like  raceme  or  spike, 
in  many  forms  and  colors.  Biennial.  China.  B.M.  3198. 
Hcifdlia,  Cav.  Biennial,  5-8  ft. :  Ivs.  7-lobed,  toothed, 
fl.  yellow  or  orange,  large,  in  terminal  spikes,  showy. 
Eu.    Int.  bv  Franceschi,  Cal.,  as  A.  sidmfblia. 

L.  H.  B. 
ALUM  ROOT.    See  Heuchera. 


AMARANTUS 


55 


(XK). 


ALtSSUM  (classical  name).  Ci-uciferce.  Low  plants, 
mostly  perennials  and  used  for  rockwork.  The  Sweet 
Alyssum  is  one  of  the  commonest  annuals,  grown  both 
in  the  open  and  forced 
in  benches,  beds  or 
pots.  It  is  of  the  easi- 
est culture,  either  in- 
doors or  out.  The  com- 
pact vars.  are  most 
prized  for  pot-culture. 
Under  glass,  requires 
temperature  of  a  car- 
stand  considerable 
frost  in  the  open,  and 
may  he  sown  early  ;  it  blooms  all  summer,  and  until 
killed  by  winter.  Useful  for  window  gardens  and  bas- 
kets. For  winter  bloom,  sow  seeds  late  in  Aug.  or  in 
Sept.  When  blooms  begin  to  f ail ,  cut  buck  the  plant,  and 
it  will  bloom  again.  The  perennial  species  are  usually 
prop,  by  dividing  the  roots  ;  also  by  cuttings  and  seeds. 
A.  Fls.  white. 
maiitimum,  Lam.{^.  odordtum,  Hort. ).  Sweet  Alys- 
sum. Fig.  74.  A  low,  spreading,  light  green  annual,  with 
lanceolate  or  linear  entire  Ivs.,  tapering  to  the  base,  and 
small  honey-scented  fls.  in  terminal  clusters,  which  be- 
come long  racemes.  Eu.  Many  cult.  vars. ;  B^nthami 
or  comp&ctum,  a  dwarf  and  compact  form,  not  over  6  in. 
high  ;  variegatum,  with  pale  white-edged  Ivs.;  gigan- 
tium,  robust,  broad-lvd.;  prociimbens,  of  spreading 
habit;  and  various  horticultural  forms  with  tradenames, 
spindsum,  Linn.  A  woody-stemmed  little  perennial, 
lanceolate  acute  silvery  Iv.s.,  spiny  (1.  branches, 
"        Rockwork;  3~G  in. 


and  very  ! 


B.     Lr, 


'lis. 


',    Linn.?).      Dwarf 
le  base,  with  rough- 


Berpylliidlium,  n.  ~f.  (I.  .< 
(3^in.high),somewh:,t«M,„ 
hoary  Ivs.,  and  pale  yellow  Hs. 

BB.    Lvs.  1  ill.  or  more  Jong. 

saxitile,  Linn.  Golden-tuft.  A  foot  high,  woody  at 
base  :  Ivs.  oblanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or 
wavy,  hoary-tomentose  :  fls.  golden  vellow,  numerous, 
in  little  compact  clusters.  Eu.  B.M.  159.  A. F.  5:37. 
—  Common  in  rockwork,  making  a  spreading  mat,  bloom- 
ing in  early  spring.  There  is  a  dwarf  var.  (compAetum^ , 
and  a  pretty  variegated  variety  sold  as.4.  i*flri<?^(J/«m. 

GemonSnse,  Linn.  Less  hardy  than  the  last:  Ivs.  lan- 
ceolate, velvety  :  fls.  lemon-yellow  :  St.  usually  more 
woody  at  base.    Eu. 

TOStritum,  Stev.  (^1.  Wiersbickli,Yle\iS.).  About  20 
in.:  Ivs.  2  in.  long,  broad-oblong,  pointed,  hairy:  fls. 
deep  yellow,  in  dense  heads,  in  summer.    Asia  Minor. 

arg^nteum,  Vitm.    Dwarf  and  dense  grower,  15  in.  or 
spatulate,  silvery  beneath :  fls.  yellow 


clustered  heads,  all  summer.    Eu. 


AMANITA.    See  Miis 


H. 


AMAEABdYA  (native  name).  MelastomAcew.  A  ge- 
nus of  only  three  species  of  tender  shrubs  from  New 
Grenada,  which  are  showy  both  in  foliage  and  flower. 
Lvs.  large,  opposite,  sessile,  with  three  prominent 
nerves,  brownish  red  beneath:  fls.  large,  cymose;  petals 
usually  6;  stamens  12-15.  For  cult.,  see  P/fj-omfl.  Not 
known  to  be  in  American  trade. 

A.amiihili:.  i,:.mI  11  IN  white,  margined  carmine:  stamens 
white;  st\l.     I  l.H.  34:9.  —  4.  pHnccps,  Linden, 

styles  white.     LH.  34:  i.—A. 
:ross  :  petals  narrower  at  the 
i  yellow;  style  red,  ex- 


base  thiui 
sertcd.   I, 


AMAEANTUS  (Greek,  unfading).  AmarantAcea: 
Amaranth  Coarse  annual  plants,  grown  for  foliage  anil 
the  showy  fl.-clusters.  Related  to  the  Cockscomb.  The 
Amaranths  are  usually  treated  as  open-air  annuals. 
They  thrive  best  in  a  hot  and  sunny  situation.  In  very 
rich  soil  the  lvs.  become  very  large  but  usually  lack  in 


bright  coloring.  Seeds  may  he  sown  in  the  open  or  in 
frames.  The  dwarf  and  compact  vars. ,  which  often  have 
beautifully  variegated  foliage,  may  be  grown  in  pots  or 
used  for  bedding.    Give  plenty  of  room. 

A.    Zrvs.  linear-laneeolate,  long  and  drooping. 

salicifdlius,  Veitch.  Graceful  pyramidal  habit,  3ft.: 
lvs.  5-8  in.  long  and  Jijin.  wide,  wavy,  bronze-green, 
changing  to  orange-red.  Philippines.  G.C.I.  1871 :1550. 
P.S.  19:1929. 

AA.    Lvs.  broad,  mostly  ovate. 
B.    Spikes  drooping. 

cauditus,  Linn.  Love-lies-blkeping.  Pig.  75.  Tall 
and  diffuse  (3-5  ft.):  Iv.  r,vnt,.  f„  r,v:ifo-oblong,  stalked, 
green  :  spikes  red,  ]•><■  -■  '  '.  ■'  •-.  luiked.  in  a  long 
and  drooping  panicle  i  n..  forming  a  long, 

cord-like  tail.    Also  \:n  ■.         i  .wish   and   whitish 

panicles.    India.     G.W  .    r,:7ii!i      (_ mon,  and    an  old 

favorite. 

atropurpilreus,  Hort.  Foliage  blood-red.  Probably  a 
form  of  A.  caudatus.  Perhaps  the  same  as  Roxburgh's 
A.  atropiirpureus  from  India. 

BB.    Spikes  erect. 

hypoohondriacus,  Linn.  Prince's  Feather.  Tall  and 
glabrous:  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute:  spikes  blunt, 
aggregated  into  a  thick,  lumpy  terminal  panicle,  of  which 
the  central  part  is  elongated:  bracts  long-awned.-An 
old  garden  plant,  with  the  heavy  heads  variously  col- 
ored, but  mostly  purple.  Lvs.  mo.stly  purple  or  piirple- 
green.  Probably  Asian.  Cult,  also  as  A.cnUntits  and 
A.  atropiirpiireus.    Sometimes  a  weed  in  cult,  grounds. 

paniculitus,  Linn.  St.  usually  pubescent :  Ivs.  usu- 
ally broader  than  in  the  last,  and  spikes  acute  or  acutish, 
p  ^rMcefnl  terniinal  panicle:  bracts 


awn-pointed.  -I  '..iiiiiM 
usually  green,  tmr  ot 
showy  form  is  .1  .  .y 
also  as  A.  saiujuiin  iis 

GangSticus,  Linn.  ( 
a  lower  plant,  3  ft-,  or 
ovate-pointed  lvs.,  ;ii 

ipted  spikes,  both 


weed.  Lvs. 
bright  purple.  A 
B.  M.  2227.  Cult. 
in:illy  Asian. 
x.Linn.).  Usually 
Illy  1  ft.,  with  thin, 
glomerate,  inter- 
lliiry.— Very  varia- 
ble. Cult,  by  Amer.  Chinese  (Pig.  7ti)  as  a  pot-herb 
under  the  name  of  Hon-toi-moi,  with  green  lvs.  (Bailey, 
Bull.  67,  Cornell  Exp.  Sta.).  A  form  used  for  bedding, 
with  foliage  red,  yellow  and  green,  is  Joseph's  Coat,  or 
A.  tricolor  (G.W.  6:  709).  A  form  with  flery  red  lvs.  is 
known  as  A.  hicolor.  Various  dwarf  and  compact  bed- 
ding forms.  Used  more  for  foliage  than  for  fl.  panicles. 
Asian. 

Other  garden  Amaranthuses  are  A.  Ahysslnicus, 
dark  red;  A.gibbosus,  Hort.,  a  form  of  A.panienlatus; 
A.  ffhideri,  probably  a  hybrid  with  A.  salicifolius,  or  a 


var.  of  it,  withlong-droopin 
midal    stature;    A.  66rdoi. 
banded  lvs.  and  brilliant  scarlet  lvs. 
int.  1893.    Other  Amaranthuses  are 


56  AMARANTUS 

retrnfUxus,  Linn.,  A.  cMorisluchys,  Willd.,  A.  tilbu: 
Linn.,  A.  blito)des,  Wats.,  A.  spindsns,  Linn.  The  tn 
first  are  known  as  pigweeds  and  beet-roots;  the  third  : 
a  common  tumbleweed.  L_  jj.  B. 


AMABtLLIS  {classical  name).  AmaiyllidAce<e. 
Bulbous  plants  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  flowering  in 
late  summer  or  in  fall,  the  Ivs.  appearing  later.  Perianth 
with  a  short  ribbed  tube,  the  divisions  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, the  filaments  distinct  and  no  scales  between  them, 
fls.  5-12,  in  an  umbel,  on  a  tall  scape.  Monogr.  by  Her- 
bert, Amaryllidaceae,  1837  ;  and  by  Baker,  Handbook  of 
the  Amaryllideie. 

In  dealing  with  the  culture  of  Amaryllis,  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  speak  of  the  genus  in  its  horticultural  sense, 
—to  Include  Hippeastrum  and  related  things.  Such  is 
the  understanding  in  the  following  cultural  directions. 


There  i 
the  An: 

months 


they  arr  .i 
The  boi-.l.  .  - 
if  convenient 


differing  methods  of  cultivating 
lure  showy  flowers  in  the  spring 
u.thod  and  the  pot  method.  Any 
ilicse  methods  will  soon  come 
t  ilit-y  differ  not  only  in  method, 
111.'  results.  The  first  method 
lit  in  a  prepared  border  after 
J ,  say  about  the  middle  of  May. 
Ii  iild  have  perfect  drainage,  and, 
ledonthe  south  side  of  a  house  or 
wall,  fully  exposed  to  the  sun  during  the  greater  part 
of  the  day.  The  bulbs  are  set  out  in  rows,  necessarily 
with  as  little  disturbance  of  the  roots  as  possible,  because 
if  they  are  bulbs  which  have  undergone  similar  treat- 
ment the  previous  year,  by  the  middle  of  May  they  have 
made  a  considerable  number  of  new  roots;  besides,  the 
foliage  also  has  gained  some  headway,  and  may  be  con- 
sidered in  the  midst  of  actual  growth.  In  planting,  care- 
fully firm  the  soil  around  the  old  balls,  give  one  water- 
ing, and  on  the  succeeding  day,  after  the  surface  of  the 
soil  has  been  raked  over,  cover  to  the  depth  of  2  inches 
with  half-decayed  cow- 


noval  of  weeds,  they 
vill  need  no  more  at- 
i-ntion  until  the  ap- 
I  roach  of  cool  weather, 
vhen  they  should  be 
ifted,  sized,  and  pot- 
ed  ;  however,  at  this 
leason,  if  wet  weather 
las  predominated, 
!  of  the  bulbs  will 
be  in  a  semi-dormant 
state,  while  the  ma- 
jority will  yet  be  in 
active  growth.  Here 
is  the  drawback  to  this 
method  :  the  roots  are 
large  and  fleshy,  they 
take  up  considerable 
room  in  a  6-  or  7-inch 
pot,  and  the  soil  can- 
not be  evenly  distrib- 
uted amongst  them, 
neither  can  it  be  made 
as  firm  as  it  should  be. 
The  result  is  the  par- 
tial decay  of  the  roots 
and  leaves,  and  in  the 
spring.when  the  flower 
scapes  appear,  they  are  developed  at  the  expense  of  the 
bulb,  through  having  insufficient  roots  to  take  up  nour- 
ishment from  tlie  soil.  The  flowers  which  are  produced 
are  small,  few   in  number,  and  do  not  show  what  the 


77.   Amaryllis  Belladonna. 


AMARYLLIS 

Amaryllis  is  capable  of.  To  partly  ameliorate  these  con- 
ditions, the  bulbs  in  active  growth  at  lifting  time  may 
be  heeled-in  on  a  greenhouse  bench  until  they  gradu- 
ally ripen,  taking  care  that  some  of  the  soil  is  retained 
on  the  roots;  otherwise  the  ripening profi-ss  is  :iltof.'ether 
too  rapid,  so  that  the  roots  and  leaves  suiliii  ii;\  1-  -i  ili-ir 
robust  nature,  become  flabby,  and  ev.  i     ,    i;  I'.ir 

this  method,  it  can  be  said  that  a  larger  I  liis 

can  be  grown  with  less  trouble  than  I. \   um    |. m.,!, 

but  neither  bulbs  nor  flowers  compare  in  .^i/:c  w  ii  ti  !  li...-.o 
kept  in  pots  the  year  round.  For  the  purpose  o£  simply 
increasing  stock,  the  outdoor  method  is  to  be  preferred. 
Most  of  the  kinds  are  naturally  evergreen;  potting  under 
those  conditions  is  best  done  either  after  the  plants  have 
made  their  growth  in  the  fall  or  after  they  have  finished 
flowering  in  April.  When  done  in  the  fall,  they  are  al- 
lowed to  remain  rather  dry  during  the  winter;  this  will 
keep  the  soil  of  the  original  ball  in  a  sweet  condition 
until  the  time  arrives  to  start  them  into  growth,  which 
may  be  anywhere  after  the  1st  of  January,  or  even 
earlier  if  necessary.  They  will  winter  all  right,  and  keep 
their  foliage,  in  a  brick  frame  in  which  the  temperature 
is  not  allowed  to  fall  below  45°  F.  By  the  beginning  of 
February,  in  a  structure  of  this  sort,  they  will  be  showing 
flower-scapes,  and  should  then  be  taken  to  a  position 
where  more  heat  and  light  can  be  given.  A  weak  solu- 
tion of  cow-manure  will  much  help  the  development 
of  the  flowers.  When  in  bloom,  a  greenhouse  tempera- 
ture, with  slight  shade,  will  prolong  the  flowering  period. 
After  flowering,  the  greatest  care  should  be  taken  of  the 
plants,  as  it  is  from  that  period  till  the  end  of  summer 
that  the  principal  growth  is  made.  A  heavy  loam,  en- 
riched with  bone-dust  and  rotted  cow-manure,  suits  them 
well.  The  seeds  of  Hippeastrums  should  be  sown  as  soon 
as  ripe,  covered  very  lightly  with  finely  sifted  leaf-mold, 
and  if  this  shows  a  tendency  to  dry  too  quickly,  cover 
with  panes  of  glass  until  germination  takes  place.  As 
soon  as  the  first  leaves  are  developed,  they  should  be 
potted  in  the  smallest  sized  pots  and  kept  growing.  In 
the  propagation  of  varieties,  it  will  be  found  that  the 
large  bulbs  make  two  or  more  offsets  each  season;  these 
should  not  be  detached  until  it  is  certain  that  they  have 
enough  roots  of  their  own  to  start  with  after  being 
separated  from  the  parent.  If  a  well-flowered  specimen 
clump  is  desired,  the  offsets  may  be  allowed  to  remain 
attached  to  the  parent;  they  will,  in  most  cases,  flower 
the  second  year  under  generous  treatment.  Amaryllis 
Belladonna  and  the  plant  known  as  A.  longiflora  (really 
a  Crinum)  are  hardy  in  the  District  of  Columbia  ;  A. 
longiflora  thrives  even  in  damp,  heavy  soils,  with  no 
protection,  and  flowers  abundantly  each  year.  The  seeds 
are  about  the  size  of  a  chestnut,  and  if  not  gathered  as 
soon  as  ripe,  they  are  apt  to  germinate  on  the  surface  of 
the  ground  during  the  next  rainy  spell  succeeding  the 
ripening.  A .  Belladonna  needs  a  warm,  sheltered  spot, 
with  deep  planting.  Cult.  by  G.  W.  Oliver. 

Bellad6ima,  Linn.  Belladonna  Lilt.  Fig.  77.  Scape 
2-4  ft.,  with  a  2-lvd.  dry  spathe  or  involucre  just  under- 
neath the  umbel:  fls.  lily-like,  short-tubed,  and  flaring, 
with  pointed  segments  and  style,  and  6  stamens  deflexed, 
on  short  pedicels,  fragrant,  normally  rose-color;  scape 
solid  :  Ivs.  strap-shaped,  canaliculate  and  acute.  B.M. 
733.  Gn.  33:641,  47,  p.  46,  49,  p.  276,  54:414.  G.C.  III. 
24:315.  An  old  favorite.  There  are  varieties  ranging 
from  white  to  red,  and  varying  in  shape  and  size  of  fls. 
A.  6Mnrf(i,  Gawl  (B.M.  1450),  is  a  large  form,  with  white 
fls.,  fading  to  blush.  A.  Hdllii,  Hort.,  said  to  be  from 
N.  China,  and  reported  as  hardy  in  New  England,  is 
apparentlv  a  Lyeoris.  For  var.  rosea  perf^cta,  si-c  Gt. 
4.">,  p.  41:1":  spectabilis   tricolor,  I",!',  :;"-.    S.  ■■   r^'m^- 


toT  A.  Jferine;  Sprekelia.  ior  A.  f>ti  I,'  -  ■  :  n- 

bergia  for  .4.  iufea;  Vallota  for  ^. /'  '  '>- 

ranthes  for  A.  Atamnseo  and  candi.l        I         :  in;; 

tradenamesprobably  belongtoother  I.'!  iM  r  1,  im  -t  h:..  ly 
to  Hippeastrum:  A.crocea,  Gravedim,  warniulliu,  re- 
fi'ilgetis.  A.  eruMscens,  of  Horsford's  Cat.,  1899  (by 
mistake  printed  crnhescens),  is  Zephyranthes  erubes- 
cens,  Wats.   It  is  not  now  offered. 


L.  H.  B. 


AMASONIA  (after  Thoinas  Amason,  early  American 
traveler).  i'erlencU'e(e.  Greenhouse  shrub  from  Trini- 
dad, with  long,  tubular,  hairy  yellow  fls.  and  bright  red 
bracts,  which  remain  attractive  two  or  three  months  at 
a.  time. 

calycina,  Hook.  f.  (.1.  ;ji(»i'(-ea,Hort.  notVahl.).  Lvs. 
6-12  in.  loTi^i.  illiptir.  acuminate,  coarsely  Irregularly 
toothed  or  >iim:ii.  .  -I.ilnoiis,  except  the  floral  ones  :  fls. 
lX-2  in.  l.iTii:.  di  i"i|.iiiu",  oalyx  Dearly  1  in.  long,  red. 
B.M.G'Ji:..    Cn.l'T:  t7;t.    R.B.  20:  13. 

AMBEOSlNIA  (Giacinti  Ambrosini,  an  Italian). 
Aro'idew.  A  dwarf,  perennial,  tuberousherbof  Italy  and 
Algeria.  Half-hardy;  planted  in  the  open  or  in  pot.s, 
and  blooms  in  the  fall.   A  single  species. 


57 


op.  by  seeds 
horticulturists, 
..  are  our  native 


Canadensis,  :Miai< 


■cu;n„h,atc,n,icl!/serrah: 
ceolatc.  oblanceolate  or  spatulate. 
r.iMMciN  Shad-bush.    Tree,  25-40 

'''!''Hl',  r 1  ii'jiped  :  trunk  tall, 

!l      1       i!  i\"s.  oval  or  ovate, 

'        i     I  '!,■  at  base,  sharply 


Ark. 


Fla 


Botryapium,  DC.  (A.  Canadensis,  var.  oblonffi folia, 
Torr.  &  Gray).  Common  Dwarf  .Juneberry.  Bush  or 
small  tree  :  lvs.  and  flower-stalks  whit isli  woolly  when 
yoUug,  often  iit-arh-  ui-  .|iiiii-  uiai'i-oiis  \\  hm  old;  lvs.  ob- 
long, broadly  illi|.nr;,l.  s,.M,,rii  (■,.,',|:ii....ii,.n  iiuinted  at 
base  : 

fls. smaller:   fr.  jiih'v.df  - 1   ihnoi-.    Xrvv   Unniswick 

to  mhi..  west   u.    M...  and  .Mini,.     1;.M.    7i;i:i.     (i.e.  III. 
21:333.   S.S.4:l:i:..  a^.l. (■.(/. r,,;.'„.s,s  \ar.  .i'."r,i//.s',Sarg. 

AsUtica,  Einll,  i  A  .  r,,,,.,,],-,,^;.^.  var.  Jai,,:,, ira,  Mia. 

A.Jap<;,ncu.]i,.vt.K    SiiKill  in- with  .-1.11.1,  r  I, ranches: 

lvs.  ovate-ellii.tical,  acute,  densely  woollv  when  voung: 

'   n  (.    cLUipound     Chma  and  Jap 

L     Pitali  broad  ohoiate 

ohgocArpa  Rot  m  Low  shrub  2-9  ft  nearly  glabrous 
throughout  h  ■.  thin  nan  owl)  ovate  or  oblong  pomted 
It  each  end  finely  and  sharply  serrate  racemes  few 
flowered  petals  broad  ohovate  fr  dark  blue  purple 
pear  shaped  with  heavy  blc  om  swctt  of  pronounced 
flivor  bwamps  Lab  to  \  \  GF  1  .47 
VA  Li  !)Hid  I  lti(  I  ,  mil  1  at  apex  coaisily 
'.i.iiuti  ui  d  ntiit 

alnifdha  >,utt  Fig  7h  Shrub  1\  thi  k  I  load 
<\\\  oi  lit  Illy  circular  con  h  t  tl  It  w  ud  the 
i|  \  yptils  narrow!)  obovati  i  11  i  It  uii  ate 
tr   d  Ilk  ]  urple  or  blue   with  1  I     t  i    1   i  \      t    1UK^ 

-W    ( lilt   t  ,  Mich     N(wMe\    ui  1  «      tH  ,i  1     (     F    118o 


rotundifoha 


Bissii,  Linn.  Three  or  4  inches  :  lv.s.  2  or  3,  over- 
topping the  spathe,  the  leaf-blade  ovate  or  ovate-ellip- 
tic, obtuse,  often  refuse:  spathe  %  in.  long,  tipped  with 
a  brown  tail,  divided  lengthwise,  the  anthers  being  in 
one  compartment  (which  has  a  hole  to  admit  insects), 
and  the  solitary  ovary  in  the  other,  thus  preventing  au- 
tomatic close  pollination.  B.M.  Clino.  — Prop,  by  seeds 
started  inside  or  in  frames,  or  by  divi~;ion  in  spring. 
There  is  a  narrow-leaved  form  (var.  aii.iusl  iii'iliu .  ( lii.ss.), 
a  spotted-leaved  form  (var.  macuh'iln,  I'.nyl.r  i ,  .-11111  a 
form  with  pale  green  reticulations  (var.  nti.-idnta, 
Engler).  L.  H.  B. 

AHELANCHIEB  (Savoy  name).  liosAcew.  Shrubs 
or  small  trees  of  Eu.,Asia  and  Amer. :  lvs.  alternate, 
simple,  usually  serrate  :  fls.  white,  in  racemes,  rarely 
solitary ;  calyx  tube  campanulate,  5-lobed,  lobes  narrow, 
reflexed,  persistent ;  petals  5  ;  ovary  2-5-celled,  each 
subdivided  and containing'2  ovules:  berry  round  or  ob- 
long, with  prominent  cavity,  red  or  dark  purple,  sweet, 
juicy.  Temperate  regions  around  the  globe.  Species 
few  and  closely  related.  Desirable  for  ornament,  the 
dwarf  varieties  also  valuable  as  fruit-bearing  plants. 


tor 


(  '  \  ar  rotundifblia 

1  111  I  11  h  lis  rounded, 
coais(l)  en  )te  tr  iipenmg  after  4 
Canadensis     N   Brunswick  to  Mmn 

spioita,  Dec  Small  bush  1-3  ft  lvs 
elliptic  or  oval,  rounded  at  both  ends  or 
somewhat  cordate  at  base  :  fls ,  in  numer- 
ous 4-10-fld.  racemes  :  plant  woolly  on 
young  growths,  but  becoming  glabrous. 
Dry,  rocky  places.    Pa.  and  N.  J. 

VTilgiria,  Miinch.  Sekvice-berry.  Dwarf 
shrub  ;  lvs.  roundish,  coarsely  serrate, 
woolly  beneath  when  young  :  racemes  short ;  petals  long- 
narrowly  oblanceolate  :  fr.  blue-black.  Cent.  Eu.  — Cult, 
for  ornament ;  also  for  fr.  under  the  name  of  European 
Juneberry.  Fred  W.  Card. 

AMES,  FKEDERICK  LOTHKOP  (June  8,  1835-Sept. 
13,  1893),  of  the  fourth  generation  of  a  family  distin- 
guished in  the  history  of  Massachusetts  enterprise,  was 
born  in  North  Eastou,  in  that  state.  He  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  College  in  the  class  of  1854,  and  devoted 
his  life  to  the  niaiuiirement  of  great  commercial  and  in- 
dustriil  [III.  I.-;-  Husiness  did  not  occupy  all  his  atten- 
tion; !  I  \\'<w  of  Harvard  College,  a  trustee  of 
th.-  y\  ■'  I  !  i  ■  S.iciety  for  Promoting  Agriculture, 
aii.l  ol  III.'  Mil-,  mil  of  Pino  Arts;  and  an  active  and 
.  liarital.l.-  aii.l  lic'nevoleht  institu- 
li.iir.iii  ..f  art-  aii.l  sciences,  he  was 
laiin-'  til.'  in.r.  as.,  of  knowledge  in 
laii  ri  s.an-li.  i)..\'oted  through  his 
Uture,  lie  gained  distinction  lor  his 
knowledge  of  tropical  orchids  and 
cultivation,  and  his  collection  of  these  plants  at  his 
try  place  in  his  native  town  was  the  most  complete 


faithful  dir.-.t.ii 
tions.  Amuiiili. 
successful  in  M 
many  fields  of 
whole  life  to  hoi 
wide  and 


58 


AMES 


in  the  New  World.  His  important  M'rvii-c<  to  bntany  and 
horticulture  are  commemorated  in  />  ■  I..  ./.Mm, 
Leelia  anceps  var.Amesiana,Phiil'  I'    I     Sines, 

Cypripedium   Amesiatmm,  Cyprii  .      var. 

Amesianum,  Vanda  Amesiana,  .s;.-,-,,  ,  . ,,  .i  „>,-.,, ma, 
Miltonia  vexiUaria  var.  Ameainn.i,  u.i..fh-,jut.^^ttm 
Bossiif  var.  Amesiana,  and  Cattleya  Uaidyuna  var. 
Amesiana.  C.  S.  Sargent. 

AMHfiRSTIA  (Countess  Amherst  and  her  daughter, 
Lady  Amherst,  promoters  of  botany  in  India).  Legn- 
minbsiv.  One  of  the  noblest  of  flowering  trees,  native 
to  India,  where  it  reaches  a  height  of  40  ft.  and  more. 
Gaudy  red  fls.  8  in.  long,  with  wide-spreading  petals,  the 
upper  ones  gold-tipped,  and  colored  petal-like  bracts,  in 
long,  hanging  racemes  :  Ivs.  pinnate,  nearly  3  ft.  long. 
The  tree  first  flowered  in  Eng.  in  1849.  It  requires  hot- 
house treatment.  The  fls.  last  only  2  or3  days.  Demands 
rich,  loamy  soil,  and  abundant  moisture  during  the  grow- 
ing season,  after  which  the  wood  must  be  ripened  firm. 
B.M.  4453.    P. 8.5:513-516. 


ahiAnthium. 


!  Zyijadenus 


AMMOBIUM  (Greek,  living  in  sand).  Compisita. 
Hardy  herb,  cult,  as  an  everlasting  or  immortelle.  Florets 
Perfect,  yellow,  surrounded  by  a  dry,  silvery  white  invo- 
lucre, and  subtended  by  chaffy  scales;  pappus  of  2  bris- 
tles and  2  teeth.  Commonly  treated  as  an  annual,  but 
seeds  are  sometimes  sown  in  Sept.,  and  the  plant  treated 
as  a  biennial.  Of  easiest  culture,  the  seeds  being  sown 
where  the  plants  are  to  grow.  In  the  X.,  sow  seeds  in 
spring.  Cut  the  fls.  before  they  are  fully  expanded,  and 
hang  i  n  a  dry,  shady  place.    They  will  then  remain  white. 

alatum,  R.  Br.  Three  ft.  or  less  high,  erect  and 
branchy,  white-cottonj',  the  branches  broadly  winged  : 
early  root-lvs.  ovate  at  the  ends  and  long-tapering  be- 
low (javelin-shaped) ;  st.-  Ivs.  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
entire  or  nearly  so  :  heads  1-2  in.  across,  the  involucre 
becoming  pearly  white.  Australia.  A  large-headed  form 
is  var.  grandifldrun.  L.  g.  b. 

A1IIM6CHAEIS  (ammus,  sand;  cAaris, beauty).  Ama- 
ryllidih-eif.  Greenhouse  bulb  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
J.  (t.  Baker,  Amaryllideffi,  p.  9C.    For  cult.,  see  Bulbs. 

falcita.  Herb.  Bulb  ovoid,  sometimes  6-9  in.  in  diam., 
with  brown  tunics  :  Ivs.  1-2  ft.  long,  1  in.  wide,  strap- 
shaped,  spreading,  produced  before  the  Ivs.:  fls.  20-10, 
in  an  umbel,  bright  red,  fragrant.  Winter.  Probablv 
the  fruit  figured  in  B.M.  1443  is  that  of  a  Bninsvigiii, 
mismatched  with  the  flowers. 

Ammocharis  falcata  requires  rich,  loamy  soil.  It 
starts  to  grow  in  the  spring.  Give  plenty  of  water  during 
growing  season  in  summer.  It  can  be  cultivated  out-of- 
doors.  When  perfected  and  finished  in  autumn,  the  bulb 
can  be  put  under  the  greenhouse  bench  ;  keep  moder- 
ately drv  in  sand  or  earth  ;  can  be  potted  in  January, 
after  wliich  it  will  soon  throw  out  its  fine,  fragrant 
blooms.  Cult,  ijy  H.  A.  Siebrecht. 


AMMdPHILA  (Greek,  sand-loi-ing).  Gramhterc.  A 
coarse  perennial,  with  long,  hard  rootstocks.  Spikelets 
1-fld.,  in  large,  spike-like  panicles,  jointed  above  the 
empty  glumes:  flowering  glume  surrounded  at  the  base 
by  a  tuft  of  hairs :  axis  of  spikelet  terminating  in  a  small 
bristle-like  rudiment.    .Species  one.    Eu.  and  N.  Amer. 

areniria,  Link.  {A.  arundinacea.  Host.).  Beach 
Grass.  Marram  Grass.  Abundant  along  the  sandy 
coasts  of  the  Atlantic,  and  the  great  lakes.  Adapted  for 
binding  drifting  sands  of  coasts.  p   g   ^^^^^^ 

AMdMUM  (Greek-made  name).  Scitamini>ce<F.  Hot- 
house ginger-like  herbs,  with  narrow  entire  Ivs.,  and  fls. 
in  dense  cone-like  spikes,  which  are  usually  near  the  base 
of  the  plant  or  on  a  scape.  Closely  allied  to  Alpinia 
(which  see  for  culture). 

C&rdamon,  Linn.  Cardasion.  Thick,  spicy,  lanceolate 
Ivs. :  plant  4-8  ft. :  fls.  brownish,  in  a  recumbent  com- 
pound spike.    E.  Ind.    Produces  the  Cardamon  seeds  of 


AMOKPHOPHALLUS 


Not  to  be  confounded  with  Elettaria  Carda- 
momum  (which  see). 

Otherspeciesare  J..anf7U«(iftZium,  Sonner.with  linear-lanceo- 
late Ivs.  and  yellow  fls.,  Madag. :  A.  Ddnielli.  Hook.,  Ivs.  lance- 
oblong  and  fl.  large,  red  and  yellow,  Afr.;  A.  Oranum-Parad\si, 
Linn.  (A.  grandiflonim,  Smith),  with  colored  stems  and  white- 
tinted  fls.,  Afr.;  A.  magnificum,  Benth.  &  Hook.  (Alpinia  mag- 


pinia  vittata  ;  A.  vitellinum,  Lindl.,  with  ovid  Ivs.  and  yeUow 
fls.,E.  Ind.  L_  g_  B. 

AM6KPHA  (Greek  amorphos,  deformed;  the  fls.  are 
destitute  of  wings  and  keel).  LeguminitscE.  Shrubs  : 
Ivs.  alternate,  odd-pinnate,  deciduous,  with  entire  leaf- 
lets :  fls.  in  dense,  terminal  spikes,  small,papilionaceous, 
but  without  wings  and  keel ;  stamens  exserted  :  pod 
short,  slightly  curved,  with  1-2  seeds.  Eight  species, 
6  in  N.  Amer.  Hardy  flowering  shrubs,  with  graceful  fo- 
liage, well  adapted  for  small  shrubberies,  especially  in 
somewhat  dry  and  sunny  situations.  Prop,  usually  by 
seeds  ;  also  by  greenwood  cuttings  under  glass  in  early 
summer,  or  by  hardwood  cuttings,  placed  in  sheltered 
situations  early  in  fall  and  left  undisturbed  till  the  fol- 
lowing autumn.  They  may  be  grown,  also,  from  layers 
and  suckers. 

caniscens,  Nutt.  Lead  Pi-ant.  Low  shrub,  1-3  ft., 
densely  white-canescent :  Ivs.  sessile,  2-4  in.  long,  leaf- 
lets 21-49,  nearly  sessile,  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  4-7 
lines  long  :  fls.  blue,  the  spikes  crowded  into  terminal 
panicles.  June.  S.  states.  Mn.  5:707.  B.M. 6618.  R.H. 
1896:280.  — Handsome  free-fiowering  shrub  of  dense 
habit,  well  adapted  for  rockeries  and  borders  of  shrub- 
beries in  sunny  and  well-drained  situations. 

fraticdsa,  Linn.  Bastard  Indigo.  Shrub,  5-20  ft.: 
Ivs.  petioled,  6-16  in.  long,  leaflets  11-21,  oval  or  elliptic, 
mostly  obtuse  and  mucronulate  :  spikes  dense,  3-6  in. 
long,  usually  in  panicles  ;  fls.  dark  purple.  From  Wis. 
and  Pa.  south.  B.R.  5:  427.- Interesting  ornamental 
shrub  of  spreading  habit,  with  fine,  feathery  foliage  ; 
remarkable  for  the  unusual  color  of  its  dark  violet- 
purplish  fls.  A  very  variable  species;  slightly  differing 
forms  have  been  described,  and  are  cult,  under  many  dif- 
ferent names,  as,  e.  g. :  A.  Caroliniana, Croora;  eroceo- 
lanata, Wats.;  dealbata.  Sort.;  elata, Sort.;  fragrans, 
Sweet;  glabra,  Best.;  Icevigala,  i^utt.;  icwisi,  Lodd.; 
Litdoviciana,  Hort. ;  mimosifoUa,'QoTt.;  or»ofa , Wend. ; 
paniciilata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  ;  Tennesseensis,  Shuttlew.  ; 
Ti-rnnn.  Buckl. 


One  tt.  lnu'l  liiiiu'. 'lowdeu,  ^IfiLnliilar  be- 
neath :  ^\'\\.  lii/iri  Minn,  and  Iowa  west  to 
Rocky  Mt-  -  Alli.-I  In  A.  fruticosa.  Peren- 
nial. 2-^>  ft  '1 ;    Irartfts  broad,  coriaceous': 

spikes  sinu-ir  . I  ir  V    >.i;,i..                 Alfred  Rehder. 

AMOKPHOPHALLUS  i  cireek-made  name).  AroXdem. 
(iiaiit  an.i.ls,  tn.in  Tli.-  i  astern  tropics,  grown  ascuriosi- 
tiis  iM  liMilMiU-i -.  Spathr  ( or  "flower")  springing  from 
tlir_!.    •!  ;,.   tuberin  advanceof  the  Ivs., the  latter 

u-s  'Tiipound:  differs  from  Arum  and  re- 

laii   :  -  linical  characters.    Monogr.  by  Engler 

in  In  (  III!  Hi  -  .^[^'nographi£B  Phanerogamarum,  vol.  2, 
lS7;i. 

Amorphophalluses  are  propagated  by  offsets  of  the 
tubers.  Towards  the  end  of  March  the  plants  should  be 
taken  from  their  winter  quarters  and  placed  on  the 
stages  of  a  moderately  warm  greenhouse  and  kept  moist, 
where,  if  the  tubers  are  strong  enough,  they  will  soon 
flower.  The  leaves  begin  to  grow  immediately  after  the 
flowering  season.  Towards  the  end  of  May  they  should 
be  planted  out  in  the  open  ground,  or  they  may  be  used 
in  subtropical  bedding.  Plants  should  be  lifted  in  the 
fall,  before  frost,  and  potted  in  any  good,  rich  soil,  and 
placed  in  a  warm  greenhouse  to  ripen  off  the  leaves,  after 
which  they  may  be  stored  away  under  the  greenhouse 
stages,  or  any  convenient  place  where  the  temperature 
does  not  fall  below  50°,  giving  just  sufiieient  moisture  to 
keep  the  tubers  from  shriveling. 

Cult,  by  Edward  J.  Canning. 


AMORPHOPHALLUS 

KiviM,  Dur.   Devil's  Tongue.   Snake  Palji.   Fig.  79. 
Scape  (sent  up  in  early  spring)  preceding  the  Ivs.,  3-4  ft., 
darii  colored  and  speckled  with  light  red:   If.  often  4  ft. 
across,  pedately  decompound,  the  petiole  mottled,  stand- 
ing OD-a  stalk  like  an  umbrella ;  spathe 
rosy,  calla-like,  with  a  long-project- 
ing and    slender   dark   red    slightly 
curved    spadix,  the   whole   "flower" 
often   measuring  ;f  ft.  long.    Cochin 
China.    R.H.  1871,  p.  573. -The  best 
known    species    in    Amer.    gardens. 
Has  a  strong  and  disagreeable  otli'V 
campanul4tU3,  Blume.     Stani.i:\   - 

less)      spathe    nearly   or  quite  2  ft. 

broad  and  15  in.  high,  with  a  hori- 
zontal, spreading  fluted  bor- 
der! not  calla-like),  red-purple 

'  on  the   margin   and   grayish, 

spotted  white  lower  down,  and 

becoming  purple  in  the  cen- 
ter :     spadix    10-12   in.   high, 


lb7i  1720,  1721  ;  111.  5:755. 

glgantSus,  Blanc.  "Fl.  larger 
than  A.  campamtlatns  (often  2 
ft  ncross)  and  much  more  pleas- 
in.^  in  color,  shading  from  deep 
red  to  cream  color  towards  the 
center.  The  club-shaped  spadix 
is  dark  maroon,  with  yellow  and 
red  b;i-r.  Affcf  flowering,  the 
foln_n- M.iii  .ipiirars.- a  stout 
stem  .'1  ^Iri  |.  ^1,  .  II  ,-..lur,  mottled 
with  f.'riiy.  All.  r  -r.iwing  at  the 
.  rate  of  sevi-rai  ;  i  •  i  .  -  n  dm  .  it  .-x- 

of  a  rich,  dark  green  color,  often  mill-       ^  -s.-' 

Blanc,  1892,  received  "under  this  iiaiip  irin  hi.iiii.  .1. 
campanulatus  /  Probably  not  the  ,i.  ;/>;/. i/i/., is  i.i  Bhmie. 

Simlense,  Blanc.  "Fl.  15  in.  long,  the  inside  of  peculiar 
golden  color,  spotted  purple;  the  back  is  metallic  brown. 
Fine  palm-like  foliage."  The  rut  in  Blanc's  catalogue 
shows  a  spathe  produced  inf"  :i  I-'hl-  t'oliiifr-rms  summit, 

and  a  long,  slender,  recum  -'  - ' '        I  '•■■luhly  of  some 

other  genus  :  very  likely  nt.    - 

A.  Af-rfa,  Hort.  fCni-ynoii!,:ii  ,,i  ~  v.,  i,  ^  li'H  '  -  Hydrosrae 
l,prtnPT)sis  —  ^  F'o-hh'ri  HiHik  1.  >p;a;iL  .:  iii.;iM..iss.piirpleaud 
\v!i:i..  -I  :..;:.'.-:■  M  ;  : - 1 , ,  iliick,  lirowii :  If.  single,  much  di- 
\  \  :.     :  -.1 .  Zacourtf,  Linden.  (Pseudodra- 

'■■'■■         I.  '    !:         Pi-tioles barred withyellow:  blades 

i.hi.:,  ,,,i    -I., I,    -I- Aliitf.   Cochin  China.   I.H.  2.t:  316.— 

A.  i-L  /   .':/'  I..    >.  -\ ;  iii  ..    a    Hydrnsnie  T.fnpnldiaiia.  Masters). 


AMPELOPSIS 


59 


79    Inflorescence  and 


Amorphophallu 


I.H.W:23  ;' 


able  plants  knowu.  Tuber  5  ft.  iiniir.:  If.- stalk  111  ft. i  If. -blade 
45  ft.  in  ch-c. :  spathe  3  ft.in  diam.:  spadix  6  ft.  high.  Bloomed 
at  Kew  in  1890,  the  tuber  dying  thereafter.  Sumatra.  B.M. 
7153-5.   G.C.  111.  5:748.  L.  H.  B. 

AMPEL6PSIS  (Greek  ampeJos.  vine,  and  -./..m'.s.  like- 
ness). Vit&ce(p.  Shrubs,  climbing  by  tendrils  opjin.siti- 
the  Ivs.:  Ivs.  alternate,  petioled,  di^ritati-.  lii|iiniiati-  or 
simple  :  corymbs  opposite  the  Ivs.  or  tirminal  :  ris.  jur- 
fect,  greenish  and  small  ;  petals  and  stamens  u.sually  5  ; 
fr.  a  1-4-seeded  berry.  Allied  to  Vitis,  but  easy  to  dis- 
tinguish, even  in  the  winter  state,  by  its  bark  bearing 
lenticels  and  the  white  pith  of  the  branches,  while  Vitis 
has  a  shredding  bark  and  brownish  pith.  About  20  spe- 
cies in  N.  Amer.,  E.  Asia  and  Himal.  Hardy  and  orna- 
mental climbing  vines,  thriving  in  almost  any  soil. 
Prop,  by  seeds  and  by  hardwood  or  greenwood  cuttings. 
A.  quinqnefolia  is  usually  increased  by  hardwood  cut- 
tings, while  A.  tricuspidata  grows  best  from  seeds 
planted  under  glass  or  out-of-doors  ;  also  from  green- 
wood cuttings  in  spring  or  early  summer,  under  glass. 
Layers  also'root  readily.    All  species  may  be  prop,  by 


cuttings  with  a  good  eye  placed  in  sandy  soil  under  hell- 
glass,.s  i.,  <,.j,t  ■\foiiogr.  by  Planchon"in  De  Candolle, 
JI"ii'_-'  .iii!,i  |M,  , II. rogamarum,  5:447-463.  Cf.  Cissus. 
a.    /  .         I 'lisk-bearing :  berries  dark  purple 

■  '  '  ''"oiii,  pea-sized.  (Parthenocissiis.) 
quinquefdlia,  Jlichx.  (A.hederdcea,  DC.  Vitis  guinque- 
fdlia,lj&m.).  Virginia  Creepek.  Fig.80.  High-climbing: 
Ivs.  digitate  ;  Ifts.  usually  5,  elliptic  or  oblong-obovate, 
coarsely  serrate.  X.Anier.  Em.  2:  535.  Var.  radicantls- 
sima,  Te  111.  i .  Y.i,:i-  in  m.  li.  s  and  Ifts.  beneath  pubes- 
•  .    ii  :    I  .  I ,  iiiitications  and  well  devel- 

.:  \        1.1  .1.  r  .  :,  l;elider.  (^.  7iederdcfa,  var. 

//'■..    ,.  .  I  I el  and  «!i(r(57is,  Hort.).  In- 

11..1 1  -.  .  li.  .  iiii.l  i.h.iiiis  i  I, .,  the  former  ;  Ifts.  glaucous 
anil  ;,'lai. Hills  iirii,  aili.    N'ar.  Engelmanni,  llort.    Similar 

latiJblia,  I  M]ii..  i  .1  /,'..' ./^  /.  llort.  i.  i  if  viL.'or..us  growth  : 
Ivs.  very  large,  shilling.  Var.  Graebneri,  Helnler.  Pubes- 
cent, intense  scarlet  in  fall.  Gt.  48:  14U2.  Var.  viticea, 
Knerr.  Aerial  roots  none,  and  the  tendrils  scarcely  disc- 
be;vring  :  berries  large  and  early.  Mich,  to  Kans.  Does 
not  cling  to  walls.  — A  very  valuable  climber  of  vigorous 
^  r  ....  ih.  ..h -ring  bright  scarlet  in  autumn  ;  the  varieties 
■  i;i a  and  niiirorHm  well  adapted  for  covering 
i-iiig  firmly,  growing  more  straight  upward 
1  iiiiii  111'   i.illowing  species. 

tricuspidata.  Si.l,.  &  Zucc.  (^1.  Veitchi,  Hort.  A. 
Ji'ii;'//.  ■.  ll.iit.  V  I  ;i  iiic6nstans,  Miq.).  Japanese  Ivv. 
BosT.ix  I\v.  li-s.  81,82.  High-climbing,  with  short 
and    lUsriienius    i.tnlrils  :     Ivs.  3-lobed    or    3-foliolate, 

both  sides  :  ne'em.--'  sh.irf-sralke.l.  i 'Inna,  .lap.  K.B. 
1877:11.  Qns.'.  4::;.-.:i.  li:;7:i.-.\  hanly  an.i  vel■^  u-eful 
climber,  clinij:in:.'  iiriiil\'  and  ...i\iri!iir  \\alls  .len-rly  ; 
the  glossy  foliage  stands  .Inst  and  smoke  well,  and  turns 
to  a  brilliant  orange  and  scarlet  in  fall.  Probably  the 
favorite  of  all  hardy  vines  in  cities. 
AA.  TendriU  ivitlwut  disks:  not  climbing  very  high. 
B.    LfS.  not  Inh,  J  nr  nn;  h)  fririispidate. 

cordata,  Michx.  (  \"f,-<  ,„,/,,;,,„,  wiiid.  cissus  Am- 
peldpsis,  Peru.).  Nearl\  -lalir.iii-  :  Ivs.  cord.atp.  round- 
ish-ovate, acuminate,  aeuielv  serrate  :  berries  bluish  or 
greenish.    From  111.  and  Ohio  south. 

BB.    Lvs.  3-^-lobed  or  divided. 

heterophylla,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Lvs.  cordate,  slightly  3- 
or  deeply  3-5-lobed,  nearly  gliibrous  and  shining  be- 
neath, lobes  serrate  or  incised  :  berries  light  blue,  punc- 


A^ 


tate.  E.Asia.  B.M.  5682.  Gt.  1873:  765. -Well  adapted 
for  covering  rocks  and  low  trellis  work  ;  handsome  in 
autumn,  with  its  freely  produced  light  blue  berries. 

Var.  61egaii8,  Koch  lA.  tricolor,  Hort.).  Lvs. 
blotched  and  striped  with  white,  flushed  pink  when 
young  :  slow-growing  and  tender.   Gn.  54,  p.  5, 


60 

aconitifdlia,  Runs 
Hort.).  Lv-.  :;  n, 
nately  \"h,.\.  ^liinii 
riessiiKill. 
dissecld.  ( 


AMPELOPSIS 


Vi  I  \  11  aconitifdlia 
1  II  1  U  often  pin 
I  1     1    I  ( neath    ber 

dissecta  Koehne  {A 
I      Hert  )      Lts 

lu  1  1  lits  pinnatifid 

graceful  climber  foi 


serjaniaefdlia,  Bunge.  Roots  tuberous  :  Ivs.  3-5-parte<d 
or  digitate,  cbartaceous,  shining  and  dark  green  above, 
the  divisions  pinnate,  with  winged  rachis,  the  pinnte 
separate  from  the  wings  :  berry  small,  blue,  punctate. 
Jap.,  N.  China.    Gt.  1C:531.    R.H.  1870,p.  17. 

BBB.   Lvs.  bipinnaie,  leaflets  distinctly  stalked. 

arbbrea,  Koehne  (  Vltis  bipinndta,  Torr.  &  Ur.  Vlssus 
stdns,  Pers.).  St.  erect  or  somewhat  climbing:  pinnw 
and  leaflets  usually  5  ;  leaflets  ovate  or  cuneate-obovate, 
coarsely  toothed,  V„_iUin.  long:  berries  dark  purple. 
S.  states,  Mex. 

A.  tnpinndta,  Mi-i'  \  t'.'.'i  )  '■  ■  ■:  'i  rnhita, 
Koehne=A.  hetei"!  '  i  li  i  ct.-ro- 

phylla. — A.  I>avi<h<i         'i  i        ">"■/«, 

Hort.=A.  aconilh-.    .  I     '      .  1  h  ^A. 

quinquel'iili:!    ■. I, /"./.,■■•         II      :        ■,    .,  ,         tmiro- 

rum.-.l.//    ■/'  H-.i!        \   .,.,.,    ,  1  ;  ,  -  l;„„jje. 

=A.h("lri..:.    >      .  ■   ,!         I    .  '     ■  •  .  .lata.— 


acoiiitifolia. — A.tuberdaa,  Carr.^A.  hcrjauia'foliu.— ..i.   Viitctii, 
Hort.=A.  tricuspidata.— -A.  Firi7mid7io,  Hort.=A.quinqiiefolia. 
Alfred  Rehdek. 


AMPELOVlTIS. 


AMPHICARPaiA  (Greek,  alluding  to  the  two  kinds 
of  fruits).  Lfi/umindste.  A  half-dozen  little  herbaceous 
vines  of  E.  Amer.  and  Himalayas,  bearing  subterranean 
cleistogamous  fls.:  lvs.  pinnate,  of  3  leaflets:  fls.  small, 
purplish.  Two  common  species  are  A.  monoica.  Nutt., 
and  A.  Pilclieri,  Torr.  &  (iray  (also  known  as  Falcata 
;  and  F.  Pitcheri).    Not  known  to  be  in  cult. 


AMPHIC6ME  {amphi,  both,  and  kome,  hair  ;  the  seeds 
bavingatuft  of  hair  at  both  ends).  Bignonittcew,  Green- 
house herbaceous  rockery  plants  from  the  Himalayas, 
with  laree,  rosy,  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed  fls. 

A.  argitta,  Royle.  Height  3  ft.:  leaflets  in  3^  pairs,  sessile, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  deeply  serrate  :  fls.  in  terminal  racemes, 
fewer  tlian  in  the  next ;  corolla  tube  not  orange-colored  ;  calyx 
lobes  long,  awl-shaped.  P.M.  6:79.—^.  Emddi.  Royle.  Height 
lH-3  ft. :  leaflets  in  5-7  pairs,  cordate-ovate,  obtuse,  shortly 
petiolulate,  margin  crenate-lobate  :  fls.  at  first  corymbose  :  co- 
rolla tube  and  throat  orange  :  calyx  lobes  short,  thick,  fleshy. 
B.M.  4890.   Gn.  8,  p.  25.   Gn.  38,  p.  458.   F.S.  11:1109. 


ANACARDIUM 

AMSdNIA  in  lined  for  Charles  Amst 
Ansonia      ipnci/>iucew     Tough  barkf  1 
of  eastern  N   Amer  and  Jap     with  ti  i 
blue  or  bluish  nai  row  limbed  small  fl 
the  inside  of  the  corolla  tube  beam 
Grown   in    the    biu\\    1  )ulpt     riiistl 


osth 


B  M 


L  BC 


Holds  its  toll.,,   l.te     N    < 
:,92     B  R  lol     G  W  P  48 

angUBtifdlia  Michx  {A  cihdta,VfiL\t  )  Villous  when 
young  the  stem  1-3  ft  h  s  linear  to  lance  linear,  an 
inch  or  two  long  much  crowded,  margins  becoming  revo 
lute  :  corolla  lobes  ovate-oblong  to  linear-oblong.  S. 
states.    Int.  1883.  l.  jj.  B. 

AMYGDAL6PSIS.     See  Pntniis. 

AMYGDALUS  (Greek-made  name,  referring  to  the 
furrow.il  pit),    l/nxdcew.   A  name  given  to  the  peaches, 

"Pric  

■lie  g 

AN ACAMPSEROS  (Greek-made  name).  Portulac&oeoe . 
Succulent  herbs,  of  a  dozen  species,  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  but  not  grown  in  this  country  except  in  bo- 
tanic gardens.  They  are  greenhouse  plants,  with  ovate 
fleshy  lvs.,  fls.  expanding  in  the  sun  ;  prop,  by  seeds  or 
by  cuttings  of  stems  or  leaves. 

ANACARDIUM  (name  refers  to  the  heart-shaped  char- 
a.'ter  .it  the  nut).  Atinrardiiceip.  Eight  or  ten  species 
native  to  the  Amer.  tropics,  of  which  one  is  widely  cult. : 
occidentale,  Linn.  Cashew. 
A  large,  spreading  tree,  very 
impatient  of  frost,  and  there- 
fore adaptable  only 
southern  Fla.  in  the  U.  S.  : 
lvs.  oval,  rounded,  or  even 
emarginate  at  the  top  ;  fls. 
rosy  tinted,  fragrant,  in  pani- 
aating  the  young 
branches  :  nut  kidney-shaped 
or  heart-shaped,  the  size  of  a 
hi.-2:e  bean,  the  kernel  edible, 
borne  on  a  fleshy 


82.  Ampelopsis  tricuspidata. 

receptacle  (the  cashew  applejwhich  varies  from  the  size 
of  a  cherry  to  that  of  a  pear,  from  white  to  yellow  and 
red,  and  is  acid  and  edible.  Gn.  11,  p.  211. — A  vinous 
liquor  is  made  from  the  apple.  The  kernel  of  the  nut 
yields  oil,  and  is  edible  when  roasted  ;  the  shell  of  the 
nut   is   exceedingly  acrid,  even   the    fumes    from  the 


ANACARDIUM 

roasting  being  higlily  irritant.  The  tree  yields  a  gum 
w'iiich  is  the  basis  of  a  varnish,  being  used  to  protect 
booiis  and  woodwork  from  the  ravages  of  white  ants  and 
other  insects.   The  tree  grows  20-40  ft.  high.     L.  H.  B. 

ANAGALLIS  (Greeli,  meaning  delightful).  Primuld- 
<-eri-.  Pi.MPERNEL.  Anuual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs 
cult,  in  the  open.  In  Amer.  only  the  anuual  species  arc 
generally  known.  Fls.  axillary  :  Ivs.  in  pairs  or  3's. 
These  are  easily  grown  in  a  warm  soil,  the  seed  usually 
l.ein^'s.iwii  wlHretliejilaiitsartln  grow.    The  perennials 

arv6nsis,Liuii.  1'oouM.\n's\Vkather-gi,ass.  Spread- 
ing and  low  :  Ivs.  ovate,  pule,  shorter  than  peduncles  : 
Hs.  small,  red  to  white,  the  petals  fringed  with  glandular 
teeth.  Annual.  Eu. — Often  runs  wild.  Fls.  said  to 
close  on  the  approach  of  rain. 

Var.  caeriUea,  Neilr  (A  cm-iilea.  Lam  )  Blue  fl« 
Supposed  to  be  more  tender 

liniffilia,  Linn.  More  upright  a  foot  high  Ivs  linear 
or  lanceolate  :  fls.  ^im  in  <ln>ii  line  ^U\\^  ii  mied 
varieties,  in  various  colors  m  I  I  i  ii  I  i  i  i  1  i  |  i 
ennial,  but  most  of  the  niim  n 

are  supposed  to  be  forms  (  i   i  i  \u 

drews  (blue  annual).  Ail  ^   h   u   i       \      m  li   ii 

greenhouse);  A.  Moiilli,  Lain 
A.  Wilmoredna,  Hook  (purple) 
B.M.   319,    831  (as  ^      ■  ' 


(bhit  f,re.  iiliimse) 
S  Eu  and  N  Afi 
3380  -The    hienni  i 


cult. 


L  cool  greenhouses 


L  n  B 


ANANAS  (modified  fiom  aboriginal  b  Amer  name) 
Written  also  il««)iass(t  Btomehutece  Stove  herbs  ai 
lied  to  the  Billbergias,  and  demanding  the  same  general 
treatment.  As  ornamental  subjects,  grown  mostly  foi 
the  rosette  of  rigid  Ivs.  and  the  strange  often  colored 
head  of  fleshy  lis.,  which  are  6-cleft,  with  6  stamens  and 
one  style.  The  ripe  head  is  composed  of  the  thickened 
rachis,  in  which  the  fleshy  berry  is  imbedded,  and  the 
fleshy  persistent  bracts  ;  in  the  pineapple,  the  fls.  are 
abortive.  Prop,  by  the  leafy  crown  or  topknot,  by 
strong  suckers,  or  by  small  offsets  from  the  base  :  these 
are  treated  as  cuttings,  being  rooted  in  sand  with  bottom 
heat,  or  in  the  S.  set  directly  in  the  field.  Monogr.  by 
Mez,  DC,  Monogr.  Phaner.  9. 

satlvus,  Schult.  f.  Pineapple,  which  see  for  field  cul- 
ture. Fig.  83.  Plant  producing  a  single  shaft  2-4  ft. 
high,  and  when  12-20  iiios.  „l,l  bearing  a  head  or  pine- 

Thesame\tal'k   .l!'.!-' liM    hrar'a'-'c  ,'■!!, ,,1  uuu\  r,,!l'ai,''iv 


Better  results  are  usually  secured  liy  severing  the 
sucker  or  crown,  and  growing  a  new  plant.  Amer. 
tropics.  B.M.  1554.  B.R.  1081. -There  is  a  common 
cult,  form  (var.  variegalii  or strnlifdlia ) ,  with  striped  Ivs. 
Gn.  51,  p.  57.  A.Pnrf,  ./«</.<.  Ku.Ii. is  a  formof  ^.  sad'riis, 
with  olive-green,  shai|.  -|iiii.Ml  Iv-.  with  a  yellow  central 
'lis,.-!.  IImii.,  is   another  form  (in- 

.\ .  i.r.iri.  <}h,.y.  s,  imit.  t',.  is  a  showy  species  with  red  heads, 
a1!  ■'  '  I  ■-  ■  ■  ill:,'  elongated,  spiny  and  prominent.  Braz. 
l:  M  ■:  :;  •..l..!  l.y  Mez  as  a  form  of  A.  sativus.-4.mM- 
"  "'  I      \i      ■     like  a  Bromelia.  has  large  toothed  bracts. 

I'l.i    -  1     M..ni,'.'niiA.  Hort.,  a  form  of  A.  sativus  probably, 
lias  vanesxate.l  spineless  Ivs.  L,  ^    ^ 

ANAFHALIS  (Greek  name  of  a  plant).  CompisiUe. 
Everlasting.  Much  like  Antennaria,  but  differs  in  the 
pappus-bristles  of  the  staminate  fls.  not  being  thickened 
(these  are  thickened  upwards  in  that  genus)  and  the 
St.  leafy.    Hardy  border  plant  ;  useful  for  immortelles. 

margaritacea,  Benth.  &  Hook.  A  foot  or  two  high, 
witli  many  euryiubose  heads,  white  :  Ivs.  sessile,  linear- 
ianeeulate,  I(.iii,'-].ointed  :  involucre  pearly  white,  hence 
tie-  vahp-  lit  tlie  plant  as  an  everlasting.    N.  states. 

ANARRHiNUM  (snoutless).  Scrophulariiceoe.  A 
dozen  biennials  and  perennials  of  S.  Eu.  and  N.  Afr. 
Allied  to  Antirrhinum,  but  not  cult,  in  tl  " 
Fls.  small,  in  spike-like  racemes,  white  or  blue. 

ANASTATICA.    See  Resurreetioii  Plant.i. 


ANDROMEDA  01 

ANCHtlSA  (anchousa,  a  paint  for  the  skin).  Bora- 
gindceo!.  Alkanet.  Hardy  plants,  with  fls.  blue  or  pur- 
ple, in  panicled  scorpioid  racemes,  the  corolla  trumpet- 
shaped  and  the  throat  closed  by  scales.  Of  easy  cult,  in 
sunny  position.    Prop,  by  seed  generally. 


A.    Fls.  small,  like  forget-me-nots. 

BarreliArl,  Vilm.  Perennial:  height  2  ft.  :  Ivs.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  smaller  and  shorter  than  in  A.  Italica  :  fls. 
with  a  white  tube  and  pink  throat.  May.  Eu.  and  Asia 
Minor.  B.M.  2349.  — Valued  for  its  earliness,  and  for  cut 
Hs.    The  hast  common  of  the  three  species. 

Capensis,  Thunb.  Biennial:  height  IK  ft. :  Ivs.  nar- 
rowly hiiir.nhite  and  less  hispid  than  in  A. Italica  :  fls. 
leil-iiiaru^iiied,  with  a  white  throat  ;  buds  red  ;  calyx  in- 
flated after  the  fl.  has  withered  ;  divisions  short,  obtuse. 
June-Sept.  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  B.M.  1822. -Fine  for 
cut  fls.  Often  winter-killed,  but  seeds  itself  freely. 
A  A.    Fls.  large. 

Ittilica,  Retz.  Perennial  :  height  3-5  ft. :  Ivs.  largest 
of  the  three  species  here  contrasted,  ovate-lanceolate, 
rough,  shining ;  radical  ones  sometimes  2  ft.  long. 
Mediterranean.  B.M. 2197.  L.B.C.  14:  1383.-lf  not  al- 
lowed to  go  to  seed,  will  bloom  continuously  from  June 
to  Sept.   Commonest  and  perhaps  best  species. 

A.Agdrdhii.liehTa.  Lvs.  linear.   Siberia.  Rare.- 4.  myoso(i- 
difl&ra.  Lehm.    Lvs.  large  :  raiiieal  ones  long-petiolate,  cordate- 
reniform  :    eauliii.    <.ii.^  v.. -Mr,  n\-a\.   Siberia,  Caucasus.— 4. 
o/^teina/is.  LiiiTi     \ .'      r.,.......]..,..  ■  radical  ones  clustered  :  fls. 

opening  in  pairs    -im.    i'        I    i     i^.M.  1897  is  A.  ofifieinahs  var. 
angustitolia.  —  .1  l.ian-     Lvs.    broadly    ovate; 

lowerones  peti.ilini       i  p.m.  , -Imrt,  generally  bracted  at  the 
base.    Eu.  Esteemed  in  i  ranee.     J.  B.  KELLER  and  W.  M. 

ANDtSA  (Brazilian  name).  Leguminbsce.  Nearly  30 
species  of  tropical  Amer.  trees,  with  conspicuous  fls.  in 
racemes.  Two  or  three  species  are 
hothouses  in  the  Old  World. 


ANDR6MEDA  (Greek  mythological  name).  Erica- 
cea.  Low  shrub,  quite  glabrous:  lvs.  small,  evergreen, 
entire,  short-petioled:  fls.  pedicelled,  in  terminal  umbels; 
corolla  globose-urceolate,  with  10  included  stamens  : 
capsule  splitting  into  5  carpels,  with  numerous  very  small 
seeds.  One  species  through  the  northern  hemisphere  ; 
in  America  from  Penn.  northward,  and  Alaska.     Low, 


ANDROMEDA 


evergreen  shrub,  with  dc 
or  sandy  soil.  Prop.  1>; 
maturity,  in  pots  or  pan 
coolframe.    Thev  germii 


the  wiiit'.-r.  uill'r..ot  r;,-il'  ,.,,..,,;,,      i,,, .  r^ 

See,al^io.  /,,,„,,//,,„■.  rA,,„.  .      ,  ;.„..  ,  /•-,  ,  -    „„.\/.  u..i„.,. 

polifdUa,  Limi.  i_L  ,'.,',.,'..:',,;.  Purahj.  One-half 
to  2  ft.:  Ivs.  oliioii-  l:,iM  ,  M|:,t,  .,v  linear,  %-VAiD.  long, 
whitish-glaucous  Im  in  ;ii li.  \>  iili  strongly  revolute  mar- 
gins: fls.  noddiuir.  whitr  ,„■  pink.  June.  L.B.C.6:546, 
16:1591, 18: 1714. -There  are  a  number  of  forms,  diJfering 
in  the  color  and  size  of  the  fls.  and  shape  of  the  Ivs. 

A.acwmt7iffM.Ait.=Leneothoepopulifolia.— .-l.arfoorea,  Linn. 
=  Oxydeuilniiii  iirl.nreum.  -  a.  axillnris.   Mic-lux.-- Lem-othoij 


Ma.rinuik.—A.iiit"i" 
=  Pieris  ovalifoli;i 
A.  parab6tica,'D\\'ii 
cothoe  popolifoliii  —  l 


la.',  s.espe- 
spikes  ter- 
node  of  the 
t;  the  other 
■  reduced  to 


Miehx.=  Zenobia  pulvenilentu.— 
tetnigona.  —  ^.  tomentdsa,  Hort 
ligustriuapubescens.  Alfred  Rehder 

ANDEOPdGON  (Greek-nui.l.-  ik.ih.-,  r.f.  rrin-  to  t 
bearded  flowers).  Graiii'im^i.  A  |..i|>iiiMr|.l,MU~  -i-m 
spread  over  all  parts  of  tin-  w.-rhi  m  ili.  ii-Mpiral  a 
temperate  zones.  Tin-  s|i.  . 
cially  plains.  L\^.n.u:iII. 
minal  and  axillar^ 
jointed  hairy  braii> 
with  a  pedicel  aw\  ■,;,,■! 

a  single  scale :  a  stiamhi  -i  ;  i~i..!  ;i\',n  ).ri-sent.  Spe- 
cies, about  180.  IncludisiN,,  ,,  ,  ,-,t  I1-.  fill  |.a-tiiri- 
grasses.  Twoorthree  sj..  r  ,  -  ,  ,  _  ,  .■  ,  ,,-i.iiiail>  f..r 
ornament.  They  areof  ea-i  •  ;,'.  ■  i  .  r  tinn  ~.  .iN 
or  division  of  clumps. 

arginteus,  DC.  Silveh  1;i  \i;i.  i  .i:  i--.  A  ~t..ut.  tall 
grass,  2-t  ft.  high,  with  a  .li-nn.  t  nn-  >.t  whit.-  hairs  at 
the  nodes  :  panicles  narn.w.  -il\ .  rl,.  ar.l.  .1  :  If.l.hides 
long:  spikelets  covered  with  lonj,'  wlnii-  hairs  at  the 
base  :  awn  1  in.  long. —A  handsome  ornamental  grass. 
Probably  a  form  of  A.  saccharo'ides,  Swartz,  of  Trop. 
Amer. 

Halep^nais,  Brot.  Johksos  Grass.  A  stout  perennial, 
with  smooth,  erect  culms,  3-6  ft.  high,  and  strong, 
creeping  rootstocks  :  panicles  variable,  more  or  less 
drooping,  exserted,  rays  mostly  in  whorls  of  4,  rarely  2-6 ; 
sessili-  spikelets  variable  ;  pedicellate  spikelets  stami- 
iiatr  ..r   11.  iiir:il,  iiiii.li  narrower  than  the  sessile  ones. 

-  1         -    '     .  I   ,  Aii-iralia.    Gn.  13, p. 305. -Abundantly 

-  Mh.  Ill  states  for  hay,  where  it  makes  a 
v.i  I  i  ,  _  Ml  \\  III  II  once  it  has  become  established 
11  Is  IV...  !  _:  .li'i..  .i!t  ti.  f-rri.lioate,  and  hence  it  has 
beconu  a  .  . . , .  r .',  -  .....m  .  .  .|  in  some  pai^s.  Much 
admin-. 1  I  .1  Lrrass,  and  sometimes 
cult,  ill  t. 

Schoenantkus,  I .  i  I .  ■■/OY)^(«,Hort.). 

Lemon  Grass.  A\  ■  '  .,...,  ... .]....  i  -rass,  growing 
in  fine  clumps  ."i-r.  ■  i    .    i...rders  and  as 

single  lawn  sper  i  1 1 1 .  -     .-  l  Trop.  Africa. 

Gn.  10,  p.  605;  IL'.  1  .  r.i'  -i  .,:i.  i.i  hi.na  and  Ceylon. 
Yields  a  fragrant  oil.i-alK-il  both  oil  of  vi-rliena  and  lemon- 
grass  oil.  Used  as  a  stimulant  and  antispasmodic  for  neu- 
ralgia and  rheumatism,  and  also  in  the  adulteration  of 
attar  of  roses. 

I    \"'.'''  -1/ II  i:.. Ml  I  M,  ;..-..    ( -alt.  in  Ceylon.  Yields 

I  ■  111  nil.' si.iiii  ;ind  perfumery. 

!       ■  .;  .iiiiually  from  this  grass. 

.-  i  ;;i'',  —  .1.  .S'irtf/iuj/i.  Bret. 
.s..i^     I-.    .i_;,.,     i...  I  h,     I.i.  -  1,11  tin- varieties  of  eulti- 

vated  Sur^lumi  ;   of  i;rf  at  L-conomic  value  for  sugar,  brooms. 


.  I  :.-  1-  111  Europe 
1.  .  .i  ml. I  Louisiana. 
P.  B.  Kennedy. 


ANDROSACE  (Greek-made  name).  Primulacem. 
:..  h    .1  s'-MiNE.    Small  tufted  plants  cult,  in  the  alpine 

111.  I.,  ill. ISC  known  in  Amer.  being  perennials.     Fls. 

•11-  '  .'i  I.I  111.-  throat,  primula-like,  in  umbels,  on 
h.  I  |,i  s.    Fl.  in  very  early  spring.    Many 

|||  .      -    .!.  .    II  in  European  gardens,  but  alpine-gar- 

'II     J  I  ii..un  in  this  country,  and  only  those 

I'.  :,    .    1.  .  M  f.iiiud  to  succeed,  and  are  in 


A  iial  shade,  free  circulation  of 

air.    .,!',,!.  i:  :  1 1  nil,' our  dry  summer  months, 

111  I  fall  and  spring  rains,  will 

I.  .  :  '      .    I'li.armiug  alpines.   A  heavy 

-11  -Is  in  winter  will  be  found  of 

^i'  .  i..;i.  '  .  .  ...  I  iiiL.' is  not  to  be  recommended, 
l.r.iLu-..  ii  -iu...tli.  1-  iLu  iilants.  A  great  many  species 
have  been  tried  in  this  country,  with  variable  and  not 
very  encouraging  results,  but  in  a  few  instances,  with 
extra  care,  plants  have  done  well.  The  northern  aspect 
of  a  steep  rockery  seems  to  be  the  most  favorable  posi- 
tiiin  fur  them.  Prop,  by  division,  seeds  or  cuttings. 
Plants  sliould  be  kept  in  pots  until  thoroughly  es- 
'■■'''''-'"•'•■  Cult,  by  J.  B.  Keller. 

lanugindsa,  Wall.  Lvs.  scattered,  oblong-obovate, 
acute,  1  in.  long,  silky-hairy  :  fls.  rose-purple  with  yel- 
low eye,  the  mouth  contracted  with  a  crenated  ring,  in  a 
dense  umbel  :  plant  6-10  in.  high,  with  many  trailing 
shoots,  making  a  good  drapery  for  rocks.  Hinial.  B.M. 
4005.    Gn.  49,  287. 

sarmentAsa,  Wall.  Lvs.  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
silky-hairy  on  the  edges,  in  rosettes  :  plant  producing 
many  pink  runners,  which  root  freely  :  fls.  in  umbels  of 
10-20,  pink  with  white  eve.  Himal.  B.M.  6210.  Gn.  54, 
p.  128. 

ctlmea,  Linn.  Lvs.  very  narrow  and  pointed  :  fls.  a 
half  dozen,  flesh-color,  with  yellow  eye.    Switz. 

Var.  exlmea.  Hook.  Lvs.  less  rigid,  strongly  recurved : 
IN.  larL'cr  I  ';,  in.  a.-ross).    Switz.   B.M.  5906".  "    L.H.B. 

ANDEOSTfiPHIUM  (Greek-made  name,  referring  to 
the  corona).  Lilidcea.  Small  genus  of  S.  W.  United 
States,  with  funnel-shaped,  spreading-limbed,  6-lobed 
perianth,  6  stamens,  and  3-angled  ovary,  and  a  corona 
or  crown  at  the  mouth  ;  lvs.  linear,  radical :  scape 
simple,  leafless.  Plant  in  a  sunny  place  in  sandy  soil, 
placing  the  bulbs  4-6  ft.  deep  ;  protect  in  winter.  Prop, 
by  division  of  the  bulbs  and  by  seeds. 

vioUceum,  Torr.  Slender.  6-10  in. :  fl.  blue,  1  in.  long, 
.3-6  in  loose  umbel.   Blooms  in  spring  ;  pretty. 

ANEILilMA  (Greek  :  no  involucre).  Commelinacew. 
Sixty  tropical  perennials,  of  which  A.  bifloriim,  R.  Br., 
and  A.  Siniciim,  Lindl.,  are  sometimes  cult,  in  Old 
World  hothouses.  These  species  are  blue-fld.,  diffuse  or 
trailing  plants. 

AN£MIA  (Greek,  naked;  the  panicles  devoid  of 
sporangia).  Seliizce&cea.  A  genus  of  tropical  ferns, 
with  the  lower  pair  of  pinnse  elongate  and  bearing  the 
sporangia  in  panicles  at  their  extremities.  Of  the  40 
species,  two  are  found  in  the  southern  states,  and  a  few 
are  occasionally  in  cult.  l.  jr.  Underwood. 

Anemias  are  dwarf,  compact  ferns,  suited  for  shelves, 
or  for  growing  near  the  glass  in  warm  pits  or  low 
houses.  They  prefer  being  grown  in  small  pots  to  being 
planted  out  in  the  fernery.  Their  growth  is  too  slow  to 
make  them  popular  decorative  ferns  for  general  pur- 
poses. Prop,  by  spores,  which  germinate  freely  :  tufted 
kinds  by  division  between  Mar.  15  and  Apr.  30.  — Schnei- 
der, Book  of  Choice  Ferns. 

A.    Xm'/  ,'-.;/..  ii/i.//.  .  «ilh  narrow  dirhion.i. 

adiantUolia.  Sw/.  Liaf  (',-9  in.  long  on  a  stalk  often 
twice  as  luni:.  rh.  iiltiiiiat.-  divisions  oblong  or  linear- 
cuneate,  with  the  nuter  margin  toothed.  S.  Fla.  and 
tropics. 


Leaf  onlrj  i 


ith  broad  pi 


Mexicina,  Klotzsch.  Leaf  G-9  in.  long,  with  4-6  pinnae 
on  either  side,  which  are  distinctly  stalked,  ovate-lanceo- 
late and  rounded  on  both  sides  at  the  base  ;  panicles 
3-1  in.  long,  dense.    Tex.  and  Mex. 

coUlna,  Raddi  Plants  a  foot  high,  on  hairy  stalks  ; 
Ivs  with  about  10  leaflets  on  each  bide,  which  are 
rounded  at  the  outer  ends  and  truncate  at  the  upper  side 
at  the  base  panicles  about  1%  in  long,  dense  Braz 
S    1    Jh-1 

BB      Veins  anastomosing  (tunning  togetlui  ) 

Fhyllitidis,  Swz  (.-1  lauceolata,  Lodd  A  louqifohu 
Lmk  Anenudictiion  Ph!ilUtidis,W\\\i)  Leaf  4-12  m 
long  with  4-12  pairs  of  sessile  pmnae,  with  a  crenulate 
margin  and  a  rounded  oi  unequal  base  ,  reins  fomi 
mg  long  narrow  areolae  panicle  3-9  m  long  dense 
(ubiaudMii  to  Braz     S  1    390      l  jj   Usderwood 

ANEMIDiCTYON     i,ee  Anemia 

ANEMdNE  (iTreek  umd)  Baniincuhlcerr  Anemove, 
or  \neM()N\  Windflower  A  genus  of  about  85  spe 
cies  with  many  handsome  garden  forms,  ail  hardy  per 
ennuN       thielly   native   of    the   north   temperate   and 


ANEMONE  63 

hortensis,  Thore.,  8;  Japoniea,  21  ;  multifida,  22  ;  nar- 
cissiflora,  24  ;  nemorosa,  15  ;  nemorosa,  var.  qninque- 
tolia,  16  ;  occidentalis,  5  ;  Oregana,  19  ;  palmata,  10  ; 
patens,  3;  Pavoniana,  8;  Pennsylvanica ,  23;  Pulsa- 
tilla, 4  ;  quinquefolia,  16  ;  ranunculoides,  18  ;  rubra,  4  ; 
stellata,9;  sulpJwrea.  1;  svlvestris,  12;  umbeUata, 
24  ;    vernalis,  1  ;    Virginiana.   20.     See    supplementary 


settid,  tht  sf  „t  t 
or  remote  f i<  in  1 
like,  no  trm  \m  ti 

The  pi  lilts  thr 


ell  (li 


ally  classed  with  bulbous  pi  i 
in  Sept  or  Oct  bring  forth  i 
Tan    or  March      For  this  pii 


h  places 
»ill  well 
\  lequire 
-1  ntially 

1  in  pots 
1  I  .om  bj 
I  1 1    well 


;ill  i  h'-  ^[M-rics  cnn  lie  read- 
I  i  ^  I '  I  "  I  lairated  by  both  root 
<i:'i-i-M  and  seed.  The 
^i;ivmti  fur  both  out  and 
ind(«.r  planting  will  di- 
rectly influence  the  flower- 
ing season.  Good  seasons 
for  outdoor  planting  are 
Sept.,  Oct.,  Nov.,  Dec. 
Feb.  and  March.  As  a 
rule,  the  tuberous  Anem- 
ones will  blossom  at  any 
time  desired,  being  influ- 
enced by  the  time  they  are 
kept  out  of  the  ground. 
Tlie  bulbs  may  be  ripened 
afterflcAM-riiii;  tiui.l.vh.- 
ingtak.-ii  fn  II,  iIm    _i' I 


Jaiw,,,..,  ,- , 

est  of  all  l,,ll  ..;,„„„. i.< 
herbs.  Pritzel.  Klmmou 
of  Anemone,  in  Linniea 
15:498(1841).  Britton,  N. 
Anier.  Anemone,  in  Ann. 
X.    V.    Acad.    Sci.    6:  217 


Alphabetical  list  of  =.pr-ci,.s  ,h  s,  nbed  below  (syno- 
nyms in  italics):  A.  aniliji,  t„l,t .  ll,,rt.,  6  ;  acutipeiala, 
Schl.,  4  ;  alpina,  Linn.,  6  ;  alphia,  Hort.,  5  ;  apennina, 
13  ;  blanda.  14  ;  Canadensis,  23  ;  Caroliniana,  11  ;  coro- 
naria,  7;  decapetala,  11;  deltoidea,  17;  dichotoma.  23; 
fulgens,  8  ;    Grayi,  19  ;  Halleri,  2  ;  hortensis,  Linn.,  9  ; 


B     Iinnhl,,,   I    • 

1  vemalis.  In         / 

pliuieu  AH)  \  ■  li  I--  '  m  I,, 
nately  parted  se^mt  nis  lutid  rls  ji 
ish  within,  and  smoothish  ,  elect  o: 
cles  ,  sepals  0,  rareh  spreading 
places      Eu     18%      T  H  III   S2    22H 

2  Hallen     \1I      \  ill  u       (     u, 
thel.s     ,    h    ,  ',',      In      'i    ,     I  ',    '  ■ 


imeinii^Uneu, 

Mill       4     sul 

111  ''  without  whit 
\  er)  short  pedun 
Apr  Cool  moist 
r-rn  25    436 

-111   nts  3-4  parted, 

II n    lucre  of  long 

rect     whitish 

\\ti      Sunny  places 


3  p&tens,  Linn  Much  like  the  first  vanetj  below, 
which  IS  more  common  m  Amer  ,  but  differs  m  it« 
broader  and  shorter  leaf -segments  and  smaller  fls.     Eu. 

Var.  NuttalUilna,  Gray  (Pulsatilla  liirsutissima, 
Brit.).  Wild  Patens.  American  Pasque  Flower.  Fig. 
84.  Villous,  with  long,  silkv  hairs,  4-9  in.  high  :  radical 
lvs.petin!..,l.othrT^sr..il,  nil  imiih  divided  into  narrow, 
linear,  amt..  I, -In.-  ■  n  ■.,-.■..  i-idl.'  Iii-fnre  the  root-lvs.. 
bluish  imri.li    "!■  I  Mi.iii  iiiidding  :  akenes 

silky:   st>l.  -  ].;  .i  ;_   :;  i,,.   lung;  peduncle 

elongates  -.vrml  ,,,■■]„.-  alti.i'  iluweriug.  Apr.  Low 
ground.    N.  central  states  and  Siberia. 

Var.  ochroleilca,  Sims.  Fls.  creamy  white,  appearing 
at  same  time  as  basai  Ivs.  Mar.- Apr.  J.  H.  IIL  30:  343. 
B.  M.  1994. 

4.  Pulsatilla,  Linn.  (Pulsatilla  viilgiiris,  Mill.  A. 
aeutip/fahi.i^ahl.}.  Pasqve  Flower  of  Europe.  Villous, 
hairy,  rising  %-l  ft.  :  basal  Ivs.  finely  thrice-pinnately 
divided,  on  slender  petioles  ;  invclnrri-  ^..--ilf  deeply 
cut  into  long  narrow  lobes  :  fls.  liln  '  ■  i  .i  '  -k  inirple, 
iyi-2}i    in.  across.      Apr.    Well  ili  i  '    ^tony 

places.    Eu.    Gn.  32:623.    L. B.i     :-    I  rubra, 

Hort.    (J.   )-»irn.  Lam.).     Dwart.  i        '■  •       -   .rect. 

Var.  variegata,  Hort.    Fls.  pale,  apjiearing  in  May. 

BB.  Ini-uhicral  leaves  3,  on  short  petioles,  sheathing 


the 


occidentilis.  W- 


inn.). 


akenes  pubescent  :  plumose  styles  reflexed  ;  peduncle 
becoming  much  elongated  after  sepals  fall.  May.  Calif, 
to  Brit.  Columbia.    Int.  1892. 


C4 


ANEMONE 


0.  alpina,  Linn.  {A.  aentip^tala,  Bort.}.  Closely  al- 
lied to  the  above.  Stem  %-\%fX.  high,  from  thick,  -strong 
roots  ;  Its.  large,  finely  divided,  cut  and  serrated,  smooth 
or  hairy  ;  Ivs.  of  involucre  similar  :  fls.  few,  in  an  umbel 
or  solitary,  2-3  in.  in  diam.,  creamy  white  inside,  purple 
outside,  but  varying  much  ;  anthers  yellow.  Mountain 
sides.  Eu.  May^une.  L.B.C.  17:  1617.  B.M.  2007  (var. 
major).  Var.  sulphtirea,  Hort.  Fls.  a  delicate  sulfur 
yellow,  larger,  downv  beneath  :  Ivs.  larger.  Moist,  rich 
soil.    1882.    Gn.  35:682. 

AA.    Ahenes  woolly  or  smoothish,  with  short  styles. 
{Anemone  proper.) 

B.   Peduncle  1  (rarely  Z);  involucre  mostly  S-leaved. 

0.   Head  of  fr.  cylindric ;  ahenes  woolly. 

D.   Soots  tuberous  ;  involucre  usually  sessile. 

7.  coron^ria,    Linn.     Poppy-plowered  A.     Figs.  85, 


One-half 


ft.  high,  from  tuberous  roots  : 
Ivs  cut  into  many  fine  lobes 
and  lobules  mvolucral  Ivs.  ses- 
sile   "^-A  parted   deepl 


ANEMONE 

high  :  basal  Ivs.  lobed  and  cut  irregularly  :  Involucre 
small,  3-5-lobed,  usually  3  or  more  in.  below  the  fl. ;  fls. 
red,  rosy  purple,  or  whitish,  single,  VA  in.  across  ;  sta- 
mens brownish  violet.  Rich,  light  soil.  S.  Eu.  May.— 
This  differs  from  A.coronaria  in  its  coarse,  broad  Ivs. 
and  its  elongated,  rather  narrow-pointed  sepals.  Gar- 
den names  are  given  to  the  forms  with  different  colora- 
tion.   B.M.  123,  from  which  Fig.  89  is  taken. 

10.  palmita,  Linn.  St.  6-9  in.  high  from  tuberous 
root  :  basal  Ivs.  leathery,  3-5-lobed,  cordate,  toothed  ; 
involucral  Ivs.  3-parted  :    fls.  golden  yellow,  solitary  - 

-        -  -        -  -   ^p_  ,j^, 

good  va- 
rieties in  the  trade.  Var.  fI6re-pleno,  Hort.,  with  double 
yellow  or  white  fls.  V:ir.  Albida,  Sims  (var.  oJfta,  Hort.). 
Fls.  white  :  basal  Ivs,  I, .1.1(1.  B.M.  2079.  L.B.C.  2:  175. 
Gn.  22:36i.  Var.  lutea,  L..1UI.,  like  the  last,  but  with 
yellow  fls.    L.B.C.  17:  lUUO. 

11.  Carolinijkna,  Walt.  (A.  decapMala,  Amer.  authors, 
not  Ard.).  St.  simple,  slender,  K-1  ft.  high,  arising 
from  a  large  tuber:  Ivs.  of  involucre  sessile,  with  3  wedge- 
shaped  clefts  ;  basal  Ivs.  thrice  divided,  and  much  lobed 
and  parted,  slender-petioled  :  solitary  fl.  erect,  1-1%  in. 
broad,  creamy  white  or  purple  ;  sepals  often  numerous  : 
akenes  densely  woolly.    April-May.    Open  places.    U.  S. 

DD.    nontsfoch  creepinff  :   Ivs.  of  involucre  petioled. 

12.  sylvSstris,  Linn.    St.  1-1 M  ft.,  simple,  or  branched 


1893  232  Caen  Scarlet  The  Bride  St  Bngid  \  ictoria 
Giant  etc  are  some  of  the  trade  names  gn  en  to  the 
single  forms  \  ar  fldre  pUno  Hort  Fls  double,  as 
shown  in  1  u  "^i  1  \  the  pistils  becoming  petal  like,  the 
starain  di  th  t  in  uning  perfect ,  many  colors  scarlet 
beinu  til  111  t  Tiiiii  n  at  present  F  S  16  1078  Var. 
chrysanthemiflora  H  rt  A  seedlmg  varietv  produced  in 
1848  and  intruduted  man\  vears  later  Fls  more  com- 
pletely doubled  than  the  above  variety  b\  the  stamens 
all  becoming  petal  like  A  dozen  forms  beautiful,  self- 
colored,  as  deep  red,  skj  blue  and  even  pure  white, 
have  been  fixed  and  named.  Useful  as  cut  fls.  Gn.  30:564. 
R.H.  1887:36;   1897,  pp.  418-19.    R.B.  21:  260-1. 

8.  fiilgens,  Gav  (A.  Pavonidna,  var.  ftilgens.  DC. 
A.hortinsis,rh6re.).  Fig.  88.  One  ft.  high,  simple: 
basal  Ivs.  3-5-lobed,  with  rounded  outline,  followed  later 
by  deeply  cut  Ivs.  ;  sessile  involucre  several  inches  be- 
low the  solitary  fl. :  fls.  vivid  scarlet,  2  in.  across  ;  sta- 
mens black.  May  and  June.  France.  Sometimes  called 
a  variety  of  A.  hortensis^  Linn. ,  from  which  it  may  have 
descended.  Several  garden  forms,  as  annuata-grandi- 
flora,  multipetala,  and  Southern  Star.  Gin.  11 :  65.  Gt. 
£7:66.    R.B.  21:262-3.    R.H.  1877:  270. 

9.  hort^nsis,  Linn.  (A.  stellAta.  Lara.).  Broad- 
I.EAVED  Garden  A.     Fig.  89.    St.  simple,  erect,  10  in. 


89.  Anemone  hortensis. 
Reduced  from  an  old  cut. to  show 

a  little-improved  form. 
on..-  lit  iiiv.iluire.  from  a  creeping  rootstock  :  Ivs.  3-4- 
part.-.l,  .1.  .[.ly  cut  at  top,  hairy  beneath  :  involucre 
peticli-d  ;  lis.  solitary  or  in  2's,  pure  white,  IK  in. 
across,  nodding,  sweet-scented  ;  sepals  6.  May-July. 
Wooded  places,  Eu.  and  Liberia.  B.M.  54.  Gn.  18,  p.  561  ; 
30, p.  173.  L.B.C.  18: 1739.  Var.fl6re-pl*no,Hort.  Double 
Snowdrop  A.     Has  large,  white,  double  fls.    G.C.  lU. 


739. 


form 


cc.  Head  of  fruit  hemispheri 
silky-pubescent. 
D.  Soots  tuberous. 
Apennlna,  Linn.  St.  simple,  slender,  4-9  in.: 
twi.-.-  .livi.lf.l  an.l  l"l..'.l.  iiiucb  toothed  :  fls.  sky- 
I'.jiii.  n.n.^s  :  .-i|.als  lii-lJ.  elongated,  obtuse; 
■rs  whitr.  Mi,r.-A|.r,  \V,...,ls,  Italy.  Gn.  46: 975. 
vvhiti.sh  fls.,  both  well  suited 
:  of  shrubbery,  etc. 
14.  bl4nda,  Schott  &  Kotschy.  St.  4-6  in.  high,  from 
a  cylindrical  rootstock  :  Ivs.  like  A.  apennina,  but 
harder  and  smoother,  and  principal  divisions  sessile  : 
fls.  intense  sky-blue,  differing  from  above  species  in 
being  larger,  more  finely  rayed,  styles  black -pointed, 
and  sepals  smooth  on  the  outside  ;  opens  in  earliest 
spring  or  mild  winter  weather.  From  Taurus  Mts.  and 
Greece.  Rocky  places.  Int.  1898.  Gn.  14: 143;  46,  p.  152. 


for  shady  no 


ANEMONE 

Mootstock  i^hndtr,  c-reepiiiij,  cylindricaL 

a,  Linn.  Wood  A.  St.  simple,  3-8  in., 
nearly  smooth  :  rootstock  horizontal,  3-t  times  the  St. 
in  diameter  :  Ivs.  of  involucre  petioled,  3-5-parted  ;  ba- 
sal Ivs.  appearing  after  the  fl.  St.,  5-parted,  divisions 
wedge-shaped,  toothed  :  fls.  white  or  purplish,  solitary, 
1  in.  across  :  akenes  pubescent ;  styles  hooked.  Apr.- 
May.  Eu.  and  Siberia.  Three  or  more  horticultural  va- 
rieties. Var.  dlba,  Hort.  (var.  flore-pleno,  Hort.).  Fls. 
larger,  pure  white,  and  abundant.  Int.  1883.  Gn.  32:618. 
D.  25.  Var.  Eobinsoniana,  Hort.  (var.  co-niiea,  Hort. ). 
A  robust  form,  6-12  in.,  with  broader  and  thicker  Ivs., 
and  large  fls.,  becoming  blue.  Sometimes  given  as  a 
separate  species.  Mar.-Apr.  Gn.  46,  p.  153  ;  32:  618: 
p.  345.  Var.  rosea,  Hort.  {va,T.  rubra  flore-pleno,  Hort.). 
Fls.  a  reddish  purple  ;  now  much  used. 

16.  quinquefdlia.  Liun.  (.4.  neviordsa,  var.  qiiinquefd- 
lia,  Gray).  This  American  .species  differs  from  4.  jicnio- 
rosa  in  having  smaller  fls.,  involucral  Ivs.  less  lobed, 
foliage  paler,  and  much  more  slender  st.  and  petioles. 
The  common  Windflower  or  Spring  Anemone,  formerly 
called  A.  nemorosa. 

17.  deltoldea,  Dougl.  St.  simple,  slender,  6-12  in. 
high,  from  a  slender  rootstock  :  Ivs.  trifoliate,  basal 
ones  petioled,  others  nearly  sessile,  coarsely  crenated, 
often  incised  :  fls.  solitary,  white,  rather  large;  akenes 
several,  densely  pubescent ;  style  very  short.  Spring. 
Pacific  slope. 

DDD.    Rootstock  horizontal,  fleshy  or someirhaf  tuberous . 

18.  ranunculoides,  Linn.  Yellow  Wood  A.  St.  3-8 
in.,  from  elongated,  somewhat  tuberous  rootstock  :  Ivs. 
3-5-parted,  divisions  deeply  cut  and  serrated  :  fls.  gol- 
den yellow,  usually  solitary,  single  or  semi-double. 
Mar.  and  Apr.  Rich,  light  soil  in  open  places  and  woods. 
Eu.  and  Siberia.    Gn.  35:  699.    L.B.C.  6:  556. 

19.  Gr4yi,  Behr.  {A.  OregAna,  Gi&y).  St.  slender,  3-12 
in.  high,  from  a  fleshy,  brittle  rootstock:  basal  Ivs.  slen- 
der-petioled,  3-parted,  coarsely  serrate  ;  involucral  Ivs 
petioled,  trifoliate,  the  parts  "2-3-lobed,  much  toothed  . 
sepals  blue  or  purplish:  akenes  pubescent,  in  a  globose 
head.  Moist,  shady  slopes.  Oreg.  and  Wash.  In  gardens 
west  of  the  Rockies.   Int.  1892. 

BB.    Peduncles  2-5  (mostly  S). 

c.    Fruita  [akenes)  woolly  orrery  silky;  secondary 

ineolucre  present. 

20.  Virginiana,  Linn.  Plant  hairy,  2-3  ft.  high,  stout, 
branching  at  flu-  invulurrc:  the  petioled  involucral  Ivs. 
3-parted,  tin-  l.ari.ts  (.Ifft  and  lobed;  basal  Ivs.  similar, 
broader  than  l.>n,ir.  on  long  petioles:  fl.  peduncles  naked 
(or  the  lateral  ones  '2-lvd. ) :  fls.  greenish  or  white,  1-1  Kin. 
across:  akenes  woolly,  in  an  oblong  head  ;  styles  short, 
awl-shaped.  June-Aug.  Woods  and  meadows.  U.S.  and 
Canada.    G.M.  33:763. 

21.  Japdnioa,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Fig.  90.  Stately,  branch- 
ing St.,  2-3  ft.  high  ;  plant  soft  and  downy,  with  short 
hails  :  Ivs.  temate,  much  lobed  and  toothed  :  fls.  rosy 
purple  or  carmine;  1-3  whorls  of  sepals,  2-3  in.  in  diam., 
on  long  peduncles  from  leafy  involucre  ;  stamens  yel- 
low ;  akenes  silky.  A  very  useful  species  for  mixed 
borders  or  for  pot  culture.  Hardy  in  N.  states.  Se])t.  to 
latefrosts.  Rich  soil, Chiuaand.Japan.  1844.  Gn.  30.558. 
B.  M.  4341.  P.M.  14:25.  A.  G.  19;  .305.  Gng.  1:221; 
3:131.  G.C.III.16;661.  A.F.12;29.  F.S.2:74.  \'ar.  41ba, 
Hort.  HonorineJobert.  The  Bride.  Whirlwind,  etc. 
Two  or  three  whorls  of  large,  white  sepals  :  fls.  2-3 
in.  across,  lasting  until  hard  frosts.  Vick's  Mag. 
14:47.  Gng.  5:117.  R.H.  1867:11.  Var.  hybrida,  Hort. 
(vars.  rosea  and  elegans,  Hort.).  Radical  Ivs.  5-lobed, 
often  cordate;  lobes  twice  serrate:  fls.  somewhat  paler, 
earlier;  sepals  rather  broader.  Said  to  be  a  hybrid  of  A . 
Japonica  and  A.  viti folia;  produced  in  Roval  Gardens, 
1848.  G.M. B.  1:17.  Var.  rtbra,  Hort.  Lady  Akdilalin. 
Probably  the  same  as  the  type,  but  having  Ivs.  and  fls. 
with  a  waxy  gloss;  plant  4-5  ft.  high. 

22.  maltiHda,  Poir.  Plant  silky -hairy,  somewhat 
branched,  K-lKft.  high,  from  a  branched,  upright  root- 
stock  :  main  involucre  2-3-lvd.,  others  2-lvd.  or  naked, 
short  petioles,  similar  to  the  root  Ivs.,  2-3  times  3-parted 


ANEMONOPSIS 


65 


and  cleft,  divisions  linear;  fls.  }4-l  in.  across,  red,  vary- 
ing to  white  or  yellow:  akenes  very  woolly.  Early  sum- 
mer.   Rocks  and  uplands.   Middle  states  to  Hudson  Bay. 

cc.   Fruits  (ake 

23.  Canadensis,  Linn.  (^.PeMti.si/h'a'nicn,  Linn.  A.di- 
chdloma,  Am.  Auth.  &  Michx.,not  Linn.|.  Hairy,  stout, 
1-2  ft.  high,  branching  at  or  above  the  involucre  ;  the  3 
Ivs.  of  main  involucre  sessile.  3-oleft;  upper  involucres 
each  2-lvd.;  basal  Ivs.  lir..:i.lrr  tlian  Inng,  much  divided, 
cleft  and  toothed;  petiol.  -  Ihil'  :  il-.  wliite,  1-2  in.  across: 
akenes  wing-margine^l.  nd.^.l.  li.  (  ..niing  pubescent, 
grouped  into  a  spheriral  li.a.l.  Summer.  In  shaded 
woods  and  open  meadows.    N.Amer.    Gng.  2:21. 

24.  narcissifldra, Linn. (4. umficJM^a, Lam.).  St. erect, 
rather  stout,  K-lKft.  high  :  Ivs.  of  involucre  sessile  ; 
basal  Ivs.  petioled,  3-5-parted,  divisions  deeply  cut;  fls 
white,  J^-1  in.  across,  several  in  an  umbel ;  anther.^ 
yellow  :  akenes  smooth,  with  short  style.  May-July. 
Mountainous  regions.  Northern  hemisphere.  Gn.  30,  p. 
173.    B.M.  1120. 


A  alta   Tn??     \IIip(1  t 
4:322     BM     1 

(A.triljbit 
vated  m  h  st 


ns  if  not  the  ^ams  L  B.C. 
i-iy  A  toll  native  species, 
lut  —  A  decapetala  Ard. 
I  Nutt  )  Niti\e  and  culti- 
Fls  pure  white  2-3 


s  B  M  b9j8  trn  34  664.- 
A.paruflbru  Ml  h\  Putt\  white  lis  \atue  of  N  stites  and 
CAnada —A  polyanthus  Don  Allied  to  A  muissiflori  B  M. 
6840  J  H  III  32  2zS —A  prattnsis  Linn  Allied  to  A  Pulsa- 
tilla L  B  C  9  900  —A  pratensis  var  obsoUta  Sims  Fls  pale: 
leaflets  terminated  with  a  sort  ot  hristle  B  M  ISM  —A  spheno- 
phylla  Poepp  Fls  blue  S  W  U  &  —A  tnfblia  Linn  Lvs. 
beaiitifnllyregular  fls  white  1  in  across  Two  blue  vars  B  M. 
6M6  —  A  iitifbhn  Ham  Allied  to  A  Japonica  Has  cordate 
5-7-parted  lvs    B  M  3376 


C  Dams. 


ANEMONELLA.    See  Syndes 


ANEM0N6PSIS  (Anemone-like).  SanunculAcea'.  A 
monotypic  genus  from  Japan,  now  much  planted  in 
American  gardens.  A  beautiful  hardy  plant  for  border 
purposes.  Perennial  herb,  with  erect  stems  ;  radical 
and    stem   lvs.  rather  large,  temately  compound    and 


66 


ANEMOXOPSIS 


much  incised,  similar  to  Actsea  :  sepals  many  ( i.t'tc-n 
only  9),  regular,  petal-like,  deciduous  ;  yntiiN  iiniiv 
(often  12),  short,  sessile,  with  nectariferous  iiii|ii--iMii 
at  the  base;  carpels  few  (3^),  forming  hkih;.  -  r,i,  ,| 
follicles.  In  general  appearance  similar  to  tin-  -hcian.  v,- 
Anemones,  but  smaller  in  all  its  parts,  and  with  numer- 
ous drooping  fls.,  about  IK  in.  across,  of  pale  purple  color. 
Thrives  well  in  rich,  deep  loam,  in  well-drained  situations 
in  partial  shade.  Prop,  by  division  or  seed,  in  late  fall 
or  early  spring. 

macrophylla,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (A.  Califdrnica,  Hort.). 
The  only  known  species.  The  petals,  instead  of  spread- 
ing, form  a  half-closed  bud-like  cone  within  the  sepals. 
K.  C.  Davis. 

ANEMOP.ffiGMA.    Consult  .BJff«o« f" ■ 


AN fiTHUM.    See  Dill  and  Peucedar, 


&\so  Fennel. 


ANG£LICA  (supposed  to  have  angelic  healing  vir- 
tues). UmbelUferif.  A  large  genus  in  temperate  re- 
gions, widely  distributed.  A  number  of  them  are  native 
to  N.  Amer.    See  also  Archangelica. 

Cilrtisu,  Buckley.  Stout  perennial,  2-5  ft.,  glabrous  : 
Ivs.  2-temate,  with  quinate  divisions,  the  leaflets  thin, 
ovate-lanceolate,  irregularly  sharp-toothed.  Pa.  to  N.  C. 
—  Grown  for  the  subtropical  effect  of  its  finely  cut,  ample 
foliage.    Int.  by  H.  P.  Kelsey,  I89I. 

hirstita,  Muhl.  (Archangilica  hirsuta,ToTT.&  Gray). 
Pubescent  above :  Ivs.  twice  pinnately  or  temately 
divided,  the  leaflets  thickish  and  serrate.  E.  states. 
Int.  1892  by  H.  P.  Kelsey. 

ANGELONIA  (South  American  name).  Scrophula- 
riicea.  Perennial  herbs  or  sub-shrubs,  with  pretty, 
irregular  2-lipped  axillary  fls.,  in  a  long,  leafy  terminal 
raceme:  Ivs.  opposite,  long:  branches  4-sided.  Grown  as 
pot  plants  in  warm  glass-houses,  and  prop,  by  seeds  or 
softwood  cuttings. 

salicariaefdlia,  Humb.  &  Bonpl.  Three  ft.  or  less:  Ivs. 
lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  toothed,  closely 
pubescent  :  fls.  deep  blue.  S.  Amer.  B.M.  2478.  P.M. 
5:7.5.    B.R.  415. 

Girdneri,  Hook.    Lvs.  lineiir  km. hit.-,  luon-  strongly 

toothed  throughout  their  1i-tii,-tIi  :  H.  imi|.i.-,  white  -cen- 
tered, handsome:  plant  iiul"-i-.iii  :-'hiiiiluhir  aii.l  aro- 
matic. S.  Amer.  B.M.  :i7.'i4.-Tlic  i.laiit  soM  in  this 
country  as  A.  grandiflora  probably  belongs  here.  The 
A.  grandiflora  introduced  by  Ben'ary  in  1897  (a  good 
annual),  however,  is  represented  as  an  entire-lvd.  pot 
plant:  see  the  picture  in  Gt.  46,  p.  612  ;  G.C.  III.  22:  307  ; 
Gn.  52,  p.  461  :    R.B.  23 :  272.  L.  H.  B. 

ANGIOPTERIS  (Greek,  vessel-fern).  Marattictcem. 
An  Old  World  genus  of  coarse  greenhouse  ferns,  with 
twice-  or  thrice-pinnate  lvs.,  and  the  sporangia  arranged 
in  boat-shaped  marginal  conceptacles.  In  cultivation, 
requires  plenty  of  room  and  abundant  drainage.  The 
only  recognized  species  is 

ev^cta,  Hoffm.  Growing  from  an  erect  caudex,  2-6  ft. 
high  :  lvs.  6-15  ft.  long,  mostly  bipinnate,  with  swollen 
rachises;  leaflets  4-12  in.  long,  ^-IXin.widc,  the  margin 
entire  or  slightly  toothed.  India  and  Jap.  to  Madagas- 
car and  Queensland.  S.  1:399.— Known  under  various 
names  in  cultivation,  as  A.  longi folia,  etc.  The  trade 
names,  which  appear  to  indicate  species,  may  be  re- 
garded as  varieties.  l.  ji.  Underwood. 

Angiopti-ris  LTi.ws  wild  in  sw.-inipy  places,  and  is  of 
robust  ball  t.  li  _r"A!  ill  1"  I-,  tlie  pots  may  stand  in 
2  or  3  in,":'  •  ~  are  freely  produced, 

no  seed  I'll-.  1       :  K   prop,  by  the  fleshy 

scales  at  tin  I  m-.  !  ■  '  i  !  i:ach  scale  contains  at 
least  two   dornian;  -iHniId  not  be  divided. 

They  may  be  laid   :  i  with  sphagnum,  and 

kept  in  a  close  ca-  !-.    They  start  quicker 

in  early  spring.- S.  hi  m  iIc  r.  l.iMk  of  Choice  Ferns. 

AN66PH0EA  (r.sx,  I -hearing:  Greek,  in  allusion  to 
shape  of  fruit  I.  JfyrtAeece.  Five  or  six  Australian 
trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  cult,  in  glass  houses  in  the 
Old  World,  but  not  known  to  the  trade  in  this  country. 


ANGKiECUM    i  Ma 


tum,t\ie  species  of  this  genus  r.  i|uiii-  hi-li  tempera- 
tures in  order  to  develop  .satista-tniilx .  l'..r  culture, 
see  Orchids.  Prop,  by  rcmnvin^-  npii.  r  ]..,i-tion  and 
planting  separately.    It  ^h.i-il.i  in,  In.!,    nfi    ■    ri.ots. 

Angrsecums  are  valih  I  i--'!,!  m^  ■  '  \  iring  and 
lasting  qualities.    Tlir  .  -iiitable  is 

fresh-growing  sphaL-n  .    -  iiiT  being 

desirable,  as  most  of  tIm  r  .ii  ■  ,m  ■  ^  >  h  -:  i  ikm^'  out  into 
the  atmosphere  for  their  ni-i-ds,  and  do  not  take  kindly 
to  confinement  in  pots.  Moisture  is  essential  at  all 
times,  as  AngrEecums  do  not  have  bulbs  to  fall  back  on 
for  their  sustenance  during  rest  or  blooming,  in  which 
respect  they  resemble  the  Aerides,  Vandas  and  Sacco- 
labiums.  The  moss  must  not  be  allowed  to  become  de- 
cayed, but  kept  living  by  renewal  when  seen  to  be 
necessary,  usually  in  springtime.  Some  of  the  favorite 
species  are  A.  Ellisii,  sttperbnm,  sesqtiipedale, 
HumMotii  and  falcatum.  Cult.br  E.  O.  Orpet. 

Alphabetical  list  of  American  favorites  :  A.  articula- 
tum,  6;  citratum,  9;  distichum,  4;  eburneum,  12; 
Elli.sii,  7;  falcatum,  3;  Humblotii,  1;  A.  Leonis,  1; 
modestum,  8  ;  pertusum,  11  ;  Sanderianum,  8  ;  Scotti- 
anum,  5  ;  sesquipedale,  2  ;  superbum,  12  ;  virens,  12. 
A.   Pedicels  winged. 

1.  Humbldtii,  Reichb.  f.  (^.£«d«i.s-,  Hort.  Jn;!iilh,is 
Letniis.  Reichb.  f.).  Lvs.  sword-sha]ieil.  c  (|intant.  al...ut 
8  in.  long:  fls.  few,  white  ;  spur  h>iiL'i  r  tlian  wiiiu.-.! 
pedicel;  petals  and  sepals  lanceolate  ;  laliiUuiu  r..tuiid. 
Comoro  Isls. 

AA.    Pedicels  not  winged. 
B.    Fls.  rarely  more  than  6. 

2.  sesqnipeditle,  Thouars  (Aerdnthes  sesgiiipedilis, 
Lindl.).  Lvs.  coriaceous,  oblong,  about  1  ft.  in  length, 
2  in.  wide,  bluntly  bilobed  at  the  summits,  dark  green  : 
fls.  fleshy,  7  in.  across,  ivory-white  ;  petals  and  sepals 
similar  ;  labellum  ovate,  serrate  in  part,  acuminate  ; 
spur  nearly  1  ft.  long.  Madagascar,  in  low,  hot  districts- 
A.G.  1892:217.  A.P.  7:  831.  Gn.  2,  p.  5.  P.S.  14:  1413. 
B.M.  5113.-Noblest  of  Angraeeums. 

3.  falcjltum,  Lindl.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  about  2  in. 
long  :  fls.  whitish,  about  K  in.  across  ;  sepals  and  petals 
linear,  acute  or  nearly  so  ;  labeUum  trilobed  ;  spur  as 
long  as  pedicel.  China.— One  of  the  first  brought  into 
cultivation. 

4.  distichum,  Lindl.  Plants  rarely  exceeding  5  in.  in 
height :  lvs.  short,  those  below  clasping  those  above  at 
base  :  fls.  inconspicuous,  white,  borne  singly.  Sierra 
Leone.  — Not  worth  cultivating. 

5.  Scottiinum,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.  terete  :  peduncles 
slender  ;  Hs.  inverted,  pale  yellow.    Comoro  Isls. 

BB.    Fls.  numerous. 
c.    Color  white  or  yellowish. 

6.  articulitum,  Reichb.  f.  Dwarf;  lvs.  oblong-cuneate, 
4-5  in.  long,  tinevenly  bilobed  :  fls.  white,  in  pendent 
racemes.  Madagascar.  R.  55.— A  pretty  species,  difficult 
to  grow. 

7.  filliBii,  Reichb.  f.  St.  stout:  Ivs.  oblong:  peduncles 
pendulous  ;  fls.  white.  Madagascar.  Often  confused 
with  A.  articulatum,  but  distinguished  from  it  by  its 
orange-colored  spurs.   L.  92. 

8.  modistnm,  Hook.  f.  (A.  Sanderidnum,  Reichb.  f.) 
Dwarf  :  lvs.  elliptical,  coriaceous  :  fls.  whitish,  in  pen 
dentracemes.  Madagascar.  R.H.  1888:  516.  R.B.  15:217 

9.  citr&.tnm,  Thouars.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  4-5  in 
long,  1  in.  wide:  racemes  of  yellowish  fls.  Madagascar 
in  vicinity  of  swamps.    B.M.  5624.    L.  238.   I. H.  33:  592 

10.  perttlsom,  Lindl.  Lvs.  ligulate  :  peduncles  about 
6  in.  long  ;  fls.  small,  white.    Bourbon.    B.M.  4782. 

cc.    Color  of  fls.  green. 
12.  3up6rhnm,  Thouars  (.4.  eburneum,  Lindl.).    Lvs. 
coriaceous,  striated,  2  in.  wide,  over  1  ft.  long,  strap- 
shaped,  light  green,  unequal  at  the  summits  :  peduncle 


ANGR.ECUM 

from  nearthe  base  of  the  st. ;  fls.  large,  green  and  white, 
placed  alternately  back  to  back  ;  sepals  and  petals 
spreading,  green  ;  labellnm  whitish,  round,  thiekish  ; 
spur  green.  Valuable  ;  grows  to  enormous  proportions. 
Sladagasoar.  B.M.  4761.  B.B.  1522.  L.  236.  Var.  vlrens, 
Hcirt.  {A.  vlrens,  Lindl.).  Fls.  smaller  ;  labellum  tinged 
with  green.    B.M.  5170.  Oakes  Ames. 

Don  Francisco  de  Angulo). 


ANISE 


67 


Lif-blade. 


anhoi 


urge. 


globular,  on  erect  scapes  :  habit  similar  to  Lycasre, 
which  is  a  member  of  the  same  sub-tribe.  The  Anguloas 
grow  under  shade  of  trees  in  leaf-mold.  Some  growers 
find  that  they  do  well  when  placed  under  vines.  They 
are  coolhouse  orchids,  but  require  a  moderate  rise  in 
temperature  during  the  growing  season.    Oakes  Ames. 

Anguloa  is  a  very  interesting  genus  of  cool  orchids 
that  thrive  well  in  an  ordinary  greenhouse  temperature, 
in  which  a  minimum  of  50°  can  be  maintained.  They  are 
natives  of  the  Andes  of  Colombia  and  Peru.  The  popular 
name  of  "  Boat  Orchid "  somewhat  suggests  their 
shape  and  general  appearance,  the  lip,  being  delicately 


hinged  at  i 
shake 


There 


is  organ  to  oscillate  when 
best  known  as  well  as 
ts  color  being  clear  yel- 
n  structure,  but  the  tls. 
•ided  aromatic  fragrance, 
Iso  a  white  variety  of  A. 


Clowesii,  but  it  is  very  rare  in  cultivation,  as  are  all  of 
the  white  forms  of  well  known  orchids,  this  making 
them  very  valuable  commercially.  A.nniflora  is  also  a 
pretty  plant,  with  white  flowers,  spotted  with  pink.  Pot 
culture  is  best,  as  they  require  similar  treatment  to 
Lyctiste  Hkinneri.  '  E.  O.  Orpet. 

tmifldra,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  (A.virgiiiAlis.'EoTt.].  Pseu- 
dobulbs  about  6  in.high(  sometimes  considerably  higher) : 
leaf -blades  VA-2  ft.  long,  lanceolate  :  fls.  whitish,  some- 
times spotted  within,  or  the  labellimi  streaked  with  rose. 
Colombia.  G.C.  III.  19:423. 
A.  F.  6:  607. -There  is  a 
white-fld.  var. 

C16wesii,  Llndl.  Larger 
in  every  way  than  the  above : 
fls.  lemon-yellow,  labellum 
tending  toward  white,  mar- 
bled with  orange.  Colombia. 

Eiickeri,  Lindl.  Smaller 
than  .1.  Clowesii:  fls.  yel- 
low, spotted  with  crimson. 
A  variety  has  been  figured 
with  the  crimson  or  red  color 
predominant  {var.  sangitin- 
i«.  A.F.  0:607).     Colombia. 

ebumea,  Nicholson.  Simi- 
lar to  A .  Clowesiifhut  sepals 
and  petals  pure  white  and 
lip  spotted  pink.  New  Gra- 
nada. Oakes  Ames. 

ANHALONIUM  (name  of 
no  significance).  Cactdceo'. 
Top-shaped  succulent  des- 
ert plants,  mostly  buried  in 


portion  cc  IV 
tubercles  t 
strictly  M. 


as  wide  at  base,  the  upper  surface  variously  fissured, 
even  to  the  edges,  presenting  an  irregular  warty  appear- 
ance :  fls.  central,  about  1  in.  long  and  broad,  shading 
from  whitish  to  rose.  On  limestone  hills  in  the  "Great 
Bend  "  region  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  and  extending 
into  Mexico.    l.H.  16,  p.  73,  and  fig. 

Kotchibeyi,  Lem.  (A.  sulcitum,  Salm-Dyck).  This 
appears  as  a  trade  name,  but  the  form  is  very  uncertain, 
as  no  tyjK'  seems  to  be  in  existence.  According  to  the 
descripticin,  it  is  very  much  like  the  preceding  species, 
except  that  Tile  iipper  surface  of  the  tubercle  is  not  ir- 
regularly Assured,  but  is  smooth,  at  least  at  the  edges, 
except  for  the  central  furrow. 

B.    Upper  surface  of  txibercle  not  grooved. 

prismiticum,  Lem.  The  flat  top  .3-8  in.  across:  tuber- 
cles imbricate,  but  squarrose-spreading,  sharply  triangu- 
lar-pyramidal and  very  acute,  with  a  sharp,  cartilaginous 
tip,  which  usually  disappears  with  age  and  leaves  the 
older  tubercles  blunt  or  retuse,  %-l  in.  long  and  about 
as  wide  at  base,  the  upper  surface  almost  plane  and 
smooth,  except  that  it  is  more  or  less  pulverulent,  and 
often  bears  a  small  tomentose  tuft  just  behind  the  claw- 
like tip:  fls.rose  color.  Mts.ofMex.  — Resembles  an  Aloe. 
John  M.  Coulter. 

ANIGOZANTHUS  (Greek,  expanded-flower).  ffwmo- 
dorAeem.  Eight  or  10  species  of  Australian  greenhouse 
or  half-hardy  perennials,  with  greenish,  yellow  or  purple 
fls.  and  sword-like  Ivs.,  cult,  in  Europe,  but  unknown 
to  the  Amer.  trade. 

ANISACANTHDS  ( Greek,  unequa I  avanth u s).  Aca n - 
IhAcece.  A  genus  of  six  species  of  Mexican  and  Ameri- 
can shrubs,  with  mostly  lanceolate,  entire,  petioled  Ivs., 
and  loosely  spicate  or  scattered  red  fls.  an  inch  or  more 
long  ;  corolla  lobes  4  ;  stamens  2,  equaling  or  exceed- 
ing the  corolla  lobes. 

Wrightii,  Gray.  Height,  2-4  ft. :  Ivs.  1-2  in.  long,  ob- 
long- or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acimiinate.  S.  and  W. 
Tex.  — Once  sold  by  John  Saul,  Washington,  DC. 


A  genus  of  4  or  5  species, 
I  a  single  species  {A.Engel- 
mile  into  Texas.  It  is  referred 
For  A.  Williamsii    and   A. 


to  Mamillaria 
Lewinii.  see 
For  culture,  S( 

a.  Upper  surface  of  tubercle  with  a  broad  and  deep  wool- 
hearing  longitudinal  groove,  which  widens  below. 
fingelmanni,  Lem.  (A.  fissuriltum ,  Engehn. ) .  Living 
Rock.  The  flat  tubercle-covered  top  2-5  in.  across,  taper- 
ing below  into  a  thick  root  :  tubercles  imbricated  and 
appressed,  triangular  in  outline,  K-1  in.  long  and  about 


Anise.  UmbelUferm.  An  aromatic  condimental  and 
medicinal  herb  (Pimpinilla  Anlsum,  Linn.)  of  the  Ori- 
ent. It  is  an  annual,  and  is  easily  grown  from  seeds  in 
any  warm  and  mellow  soU.  The  seeds  are  commonly 
sown  where  the  plants  are  to  stand.  The  seeds  are  used 
in  medicine  and  in  cookerv,  and  for  flavoring  liquors. 
They  yield  a  hit'lilv  perfumed  essential  oU.    "They  are 

mostly  grown  in  M    .liii  n  m.  untries.  The  leaves  are 

alsousedasse;i-    '      _  ,i-liing.  The  plant  reaches 

a  height  of  2  ft,  i  .     r-  ;  ;.  innate  Ivs.  and  small  yel- 

lowish white  tl-.  ,11   111-'  .  ;  —  •    umbels.    The  seeds  are 
oolong  and  curved,  ribbed  on  the  convex  side,  grayish, 


the  size  of  carawuy  seed.  In  common  with  all  umbel- 
liferous seed.  Anise  seed  does  not  retain  its  viability  long, 
the  normal  longevity  being  1  to  3  years. 

Annuals.  Plants  which,  in  cultivation,  are  prefer- 
ably grown  from  seeds  each  year  are  commonly  classed 
as  Annuals.  More  strictly.  Annuals  are  plants  which 
normally  live  but  a  single  season.  Among  Annuals  are 
found  a  number  of  the  most  showy  flowers.  As  a  rule, 
they  are  easily  grown,  pioducing  quick  results  and  af- 
fording a  variety  of  brilliant  colors.  The  class  is,  there- 
fore, one  of  the  greatest  value.  Some  of  the  Annuals  last 
only  a  few  weeks  iu  bloom,  others  continue  throughout 
the  summer.  There  are  trailers  and  climbers,  dwarfs  and 
tall  growers.  By  a  judicious  selection  and  arrangement 
of  kinds,  the  han<lsomf-stefFo(-ts  may  be  produced.  Many 
of  theshowy  kin^l-  :nr-  ri.l;ii.fp.l  fn  mass  effects,  while  the 

dwarf -growing' ,,    ,i  ,  |..,,.  M..wi;ringedgings  for  beds 

orwalks.  Witli  tin  I.  -me  ribbon-beds  are  pos- 

sible, but  this  ir,|i..n  I  M  ill  I  111'  selection  of  kinds,  and 
as  the  use  of  thu  tiimiiuii-;  -'m  :ir<  is  almost  precluded  it 
is  best  to  limit  ouusflf  to  suupU-  designs.  Annuals  are 
well  adapted  to  the  covering  of  bare  spots  of  ground  in 
the  border.  Annuals,  like  other  flowers,  show  off  best 
when  seen  against  a  background  of  foliage.  See  Pigs. 
91,  92.  The  tall  and  leafy  kinds  make  excellent  covers 
for  unsightly  objects  ;  see  Screens.  For  climbing  and 
twining  kinds,  see  Vines.  See,  also,  Hverla.itings  and 
brasses. 

In  the  ease  of  others  tlian  tin-  rnntiiinon-j  hl-mmers,  a 
succession  of  sowings  or  plaiitiiiL-^  i-  il. -imlil.-  in  pro- 
vide for  a  continuous  dis|.l;iv  ;  ili.  ii  n  -  ,i  l.nul  li,  -ins  to 
fail  its  place  may  be  filled  wiih.\"Ui,-  |.l;u.' -  "I  th.-  same 
or  other  species.  The  usual  niutbud  ■■1:  ^Leuriiig  suc- 
cession is  to  sow  the  seeds  in  flats,  or  beds,  and  trans- 
plant the  seedlings  first  to  pots.  The  potted  plants  may 
be  set  out  at  any  time,  with  but  little  check  to  growth. 

Most  Annuals  prefer  an  open,  sunny  situation,  but 
pansies,  forget-me-nots,  -.nul  -.mi.'  ..th.i-.  tlirivr  where 
they  get  the  full  sunshiin^  l-r'  ..nl>-  li.ili  'h.-  M  .> ,  In  all 
cases  the  best  results  ar.-  "Miiiih  A  miUv  «  hm  <]>.■  soil  is 
well  enriche<l  and  t)ior.MiL'lil\  pi  .liuii  ^1  |.r.\iiius  to  sow- 
ing orphmiin-  ;  aiMl  it  i-  lir  I"  ;t,  I-  to  iNukeiliis  prepa- 
ration:. f.oHilL'lii  or  nio,,'  II,  :mIm .'      A  considerable 

proporiioMoi  linnii-  III  I'l-  -'il  I-  >|i-;i-.l.k-,  rendering  it 
less  suli|ori  lo  l..ikni-  iiipI  .  1 1 ',  1 1!  ^  .ml.  ( 'ow  -  manure, 
Ml,  Wo,  k,a  ill  liberally,  will  snp- 
-  ~  pill.  .1  thoroughly  and  at  least 
,  .  i-  ilion  again  worked  over  to 
r  nil ,  will  bo  obtainable.  The 
In  a.  lioufviT.  unless  it  pulver- 
,  .  ,  I.I  i..ii   ..f   ~,-,.,ls,  the  surface 


stable-maiiui... 
ply  this.  Beds- 
a foot  deep.  If 
half  this  depth. 
soil  should  not 
izes  readily.  1 
should  be  mell. 
drills  or  concei, 
planting  decide 


Is  are  sown  in 
the  method  of 


:P.^^ 


ANNUALS 

toward  the  center  or  back  of  tlie  bed.  Only  the  best 
seeds  should  be  purchased,  and  it  is  generally  best  to 
get  the  colors  in  separate  packets.  In  the  open  ground, 
seeds  may  be  covered  to  a  depth  of  four  or  five  times 
their  own  thickness,  but  when  sown  indoors  in  trays  or 
pots,  the  rule  is  to  cover  them  to  about  their  own  thick- 
ness. The  position  of  each  row  or  kind  should  be  marked, 
so  that  when  weeds  and  flowers  spring  up  there  will  be 
no  trouble  In  separating  the  sheep  from  the  goats.  After 
covering,  the  soil  should  be  pressed  firmly  over  the  seed 
with  a  board  or  hoe,  or  the  feet.  In  soils  which  are  in- 
clined to  bake,  a  sprinkling  of  sand  or  fine  litter  over 
the  surface  after  sowing- will  remedy  this  evil.  Ever- 
green bout,'!,^  ).l„.-o.l  .IV,  T  the  beds  until  the  seedlings 
have  appciiri,!  will  allor.l  useful  shelter  from  beating 
rains.  It  i-;  . I. ■^iinl. I,- i.,  s.>w  the  seeds  thickly.  When 
up,  the  plants  may  \f-  tljimied  to  their  proper  distances. 
Particular  care  should  be  given  to  this  matter,  and  to 
keeping  down  weeds,  or  the  plants  may  become  weak, 
spindling  and  valueless.  No  seed  pods  should  be  allowed 
to  form,  else  the  vitality  of  the  plants  will  be  exhausted. 
The  flowers  may  be  freely  gathered  with  advantage  to 
the  flowering. 

It  is  customary  to  divide  Annuals  into  three  classes: 
(1)  Hardy  Annuals  are  those  which  are  sown  directly  in 
the  open  ground  where  they  are  to  grow.  They  are  vitally 
strong,  developing  without  artificial  heat,  and  may  be 
sown  from  February  to  May,  according  to  the  season  and 
latitude.  Some  of  them,  as  sweet  peas,  may  be  sown 
even  iu  the  fall.  For  this  class,  a  well  prepared  border 
on  the  south  side  of  a  fence  or  wall,  or  other  sheltered 
place,  is  usually  preferred  for  early  sowings.  From  here 
the  seedlings  are  transplanted  later  where  they  are  to 
grow.  Some  sorts,  however,  do  not  bear  transplanting 
well,  con3eqnent;ly  must  be  sown  in  the  places  they  are  to 
occupy.  Among  such  are  poppies,  eschscholtzia,  barto- 
nia,  Venus'  looking-glass,  lupine,  malope,  and  the  dwarf 
convolvulus.  (2)  Half-hardy  Annuals  are  usually  sown 
in  February  or  March  in  the  window  or  a  warm  frame. 
The  season  is  usually  not  long  enough  to  enable  them  to 
reach  full  development  in  the  open.  In  the  early  stages 
of  growth,  they  need  protection  and  warmth.  Such 
kinds  are  sometimes  sown  in  the  fall  and  wintered  over 
in  a  coldframe.  When  once  established,  they  are  hardy 
with  slight  protection.  Pansies  and  some  other  kinds 
are  grown  to  their  greatest  perfection  only  in  this  way. 
(3)  Tender  Annuals  require  still  more  warmth,  and  are 
started  from  January  to  May  in  the  greenhouse  or  other 
suitable  place.  They  commonly  need  a  temperature  of 
from  60°  to  70°.  The  danger  with  early  grown  seedlings, 
especially  those  started  in  the  window,  is  crowding  and 
want  of  light.  As  soon  as  crowding  begins,  the  plants 
should  be  thinned  out  or  transplanted  to  other  trays,  or 
into  pots,  and  reset  from  time  to  time,  as  they  need  ; 
frequent  transplanting  is  usually  an  advantage.  The 
last  transplanting  is  preferably  into  small 
i,  as  then  the  seedlings  may  be  readily 
out  in  the  open  ground  at  the  proper 
',  with  little  or  no  check  to  growth, 
mie  of  the   staple   or    general  purpos. 


tjpesof  -Vnnuals  m  th. 
lowing      Petuiins    phlo\, 
thu.-es  Hrk-pur..  or  delpli 


Noith 


the  fol 


, 

,    C/riHi.s 

1  ..,etes   col 

,       or  esch 

1    1 

1            ill 

1 

1  1  1        1  liina  asters 

n      t 

I     1,   111  I 

l,il  1 

1    itiilitas   silenes 

C  lU  i\ 

ufts    or   ibt 

lis 

iljssum     stocks    oi 

m  itth 

gglc 

ries  nasturtiums  or 

trop-ei 

hims      Otl, 

1       -lie  mo  tl\   of 

specii 

1  1  1 

It        n   1    1  n  p 

tvpe'i 

Inth.   ^ 

North 

some     1 

1 

Petun 

a',    phl.x 

,11  ' 

exan.ples 

For 

furthei     SI 

eeestions     see    Seedaqe 

For  an 

annotated  list  of  Annuals  suited  for 

northern   climates 

,    sec 

Bull.    161,  Cornell 

Exp.  Sta. 

Ernest  Walker. 

AXCECTOCHILUS 

AN(ECTOCHlLTJS  (Grppk  o/ .-n  !  p]  OichicUiKV, 
tril  e   \     //     .       \  LPiiiis       It       t    1   t   .    tl      I  eautifully 

II  I  II  iital     The 

k  I    1  ly  Archi- 

I    I  \l  I         I  lopted  for 

flu  su       sxtul     lit  I  t    ]      1  s  and  varie- 

ties  failure  his  1  il  [  i  ile    so  that  at  the 

present  tune  few    \  II  ntam  eren  a  single 

specimen        Fcr    i  ti  t   i  le  two    or  e^en   favo 

\ears  — they  will  t,i  w  ml  teiinin  in  heilth  and  then 
suddenly  they  go  wrong,  the  plants  perii-hing  one  after 
the  other,  in  spite  of  all  one  can  do."— W.  Watson. 

Biilleni,  Low.  Lvs.  ahout  2  in.  long,  bronze-green, 
with  3  longitudinal  bands  of  copper-red.    Borneo. 

regillis,  Blume.  One  of  the  most  attractive  species  of 
the  group  :  lvs.  oval,  large,  bronze-green  netted,  veined 
with  gold,  the  surface  of  the  lvs.  like  velvet.  Java. 
B.M.  412:i.    P.S.  2:  79  as  A.  sedJcetts.  — Several  good  va- 


ANOMATHfiCA,    %ee  Lapc 

ASdHA  (aboriginal  name 
Apple.  Tropical  trees  and  sh 
fleshy  fruits,  and  for  ormmu 
terminal  or  opposite  the  lvs. : 
of  them  sometimes  reduced  to 


mg: 


ilsi 


hy  fruit-like 
shrubs,  over  50  ii 
few  in  Africa  and 


descrilii-i 
by  Linnii 
pubescei 
toba;  A 


t  thpy  arc  generally 
irists  and  botanists, 
clow,  various  other 
iiithern  Florida,  but 
and  some  of  them 
s.  Amongst  these 
s  a  rataliigue  name 
■  liavin-  been  fully 
inv  MH.,.irs  founded 


by  Reas ,    i     ,  ,  -  a  Kollinia, 

possibly  //.  Ill  -,  ,.  Dnguetia, 
anil  for  .1  .;     '  ■       ,    /;        ,  ■- I'  the  species 

Anonas  ar.' .if  .ii-N   .ulnir.  .  M'li'ial  treat- 

ment in   frostlcss  .■oijiitrir- .      i!.       ,■      i  I      r.aclilyby 

seeds,  and  ariMisuallv  lliii^  L'l  ■  I  ■!  ••  i  ri|irni.lViit. 
tings  under  uiass.  In  tlir  I  .v.  ii,r>  ■.„:■  s,,iHctimcs 
grown  under  glass  as  ornamental  sul,.,ects.  Thev  should 
then  be  kept  fairly  dry  in  winter,  (or  at  that  time  they 
assume  a  semi-dormant  condition.  They  thrive  best  in 
heavy  loam. 


Pet 


■<h,tf-, 


■petals 
.    Frill, 


tree,  the   size  of   a  peach   trei 
growthscurfy-pulii-i.nl    .    i.  li 
ing  the  interior  0111  -   '    '        ' 
ish,the  inner  ones  \ . 
varnished  above  an.,   i  . 
brous:  fr.  very  lart,'i    ,  i.--  m.  l..i 
.),  oblong  or  conical  and  bill 


,  the 


■gri-i'ii,  the   young 

i^hor  green- 
inil  pointed, 

'  .    '  ling  gla- 

\.i  i^liiiig  from  1-5 
rk  green, the  skin 
ugh  and  spiny;  pulp  soft,  white  and  juicy,  subacid,  with 
I  turpentine-like  flavor,  West  Indies,  where  it  is  a  popu- 


ANONA  69 

lar  fruit.  — It  is  grown  with  especial  excellence  in  Porto 
Rico,  and  is  common  in  the  markets  of  Key  West,  whither 
it  is  shipped  from  the  islands  to  the  southward.  A 
favorite  drink  is  made  from  the  juice.  It  is  one  of  the 
tenderest  trees  of  the  genus,  and  thrives  only  in  extreme 
southern  Florida  and  California.  Introduced  in  the  Old 
World. 

PC.    Fruit  iicarli/  or  quite  smooth  (or  in  A.  pi/riformis 

uniUacribed). 

glibra,  Linn.  (A.  laitrifilia,  Dtmal).    Pond-Apple. 

Mamon.     Fig.  93.     Small   nearly   evergreen  tree,   with 

smooth  growth:  exterior  petals  somewhat  exceeding  the 


or  long-ovate, 
ibove  :  fr.  the 
)X  s  heart,  yel- 
m  pulling  out 


elabra     Nt  irly 


interior  ones    „i      ni   I       I  M 

pointed   gret  ii     n   I    il 

size  and  sh  ij  i      I      I     i  [ 

low  or  bro\Ani  h   \    M 

of  the  fruit   it  m  iiniit\     ill      v 

pulp  cream  i    1    i     I    m  I  x    in    li    .i  ml    I  ni    n,  <|inilit>. 

Native    in   sw  nn|        I    ili        If     m  I    li      I,     in    ..lutlnrn 

Florida  and  on  th    Inlnuln    i      il       mili    W  ,st  Imllis. 

B.R   H38     SS   1   17   Ib-lhe  iiuit    Uthim„h  accejitable 

to  many  people  is  not  geneiall}  puzed 

pyriJ6nni8,  Bo]er  Climbing  glabrous  petals  of  the 
two  series  nearly  equal  oblon^'  spatulate  or  obovate 
(about  2  in  lon„l  tiit  the  ntirnn  h  i  ded  or  cucuUate 
at  the  top  SI]  I  1  m  I  li  It  ili  n  I  luth  lvs.  nearly 
oblong  (3-6  in  I  n^  i  li  i  i  iiii  h  tliick  and  rigid, 
somewhat  slnnin^  ml  .,1m  n  'M  uiiitius.— Said  to 
have  been  mti  In  lint  nth  mil  ml  i  lecently,  but 
it  is  imperfLCtlj  known 

EB     ijTteiio)  pettdi,  obtiihe  o>  iieaily  so. 
palustns,   Linn      Allicator   Apple      Cork -Wood. 


long  inner  ones  a  half  inch  or  moi  e  long  and  yellow,  witti 
a  red  spot  at  the  base  within  the  interior  red  inside :  lvs. 
ovate  elliptic  or  oblong  with  a  short  narrow  point  (or 
occasionallj  bluntish)  smooth  on  both  sides,  rather 
thick  and  more  or  less  evirgieen  fr  2  m  in  diam.,  yel- 
low, and  somewhat  roughened  or  scaly  Cuba  to  Rio 
Janeiro       ilso    m  Africa      B  M    4220  —Introduced    in 


southern  Florida  but  imperfectly  known  m  cultivation. 
Unless  improved  by  cultivation  the  fruit  is  probably 
unworthy  of  cultivation 

BBB  Fxteiio)  and  interior  petals  all  acute. 
paluddsa,  Aubl  Shrub  with  rusty  villous  branches  ; 
outer  petals  acute  twice  longer  than  the  canescent  inner 
ones  :  lvs.  oblong-acute,  rounded  at  the  base,  sparsely 
pubescent  above  and  tomentose  beneath  :  fr.  ovate  and 
tuberculate,  pubescent  when  young.  Guiana.  —  Intro- 
duced into  southern  Florida,  where  it  is  yet  very  little 
known. 


70 


ANONA 


AA.  I'etals  {exterior)  linear  or  oMong,  the  inner  ones 

minute  | or  conspicuous  in  A.  muscosa ) . 
B.  Frtiit  smooth  or  very  nearly  so  {in  A.  amplexicanlis 
undescribed ) . 
c.  I/vs .  velvety  heneath . 
Cherimdlia,  Miller  {A .  tripftala ,  Mton) .  Cherimoter, 
or  Cherimoya.  Jamajca-Apple.  Tree,  15-20  ft.  high, 
with  young  growth  scurfy -[lubescent :  fls.  opposite 
the  Ivs.,  greenish,  and  fragrant,  the  exterior  petals  ob- 
long-linear and  keeled  on  the  inner  side,  velvety  :  Ivs. 
ovate  or  oblong  (about  3  in.  long},  obtuse  or  scarcely 
acute,  dark  green,  and  sparsely  hairy  above  and  velvety 
beneath  :  fr.  very  large  (from  the  size  of  a  large  apple 
to  8  in.  or  more  in  diam.),  spherical  or  slightly  flattened 
at  the  ends,  nearly  smooth,  brownish  yellow,  sometimes 
with  a  red  cheek,  the  flesh  soft  and  rich.  Peru  and  ad- 
jacent regions  northward,  but  naturalized  in  Central 
America  and  Mexico,  the  West  Indies  and  parts  of  the 
Old  World.  B.M.  2011.-  It  is  a  well-kiM.wi,  fniit  .,f  the 
tropics,  and  it  thrives  upon  the  Fl"iiil;i  K.  \  -  .umI  the 
adjacent  coasts.  It  is  also  grown  tu  :i  linnii  d  .  \i,iit  in 
southern  California.  Fruit  will  stum  1  (  r;iiis]i.,rr;nii)n  if 
picked  green.  Possibly  the  plants  sukl  as  A .  iiiavmisiirpa 
and  A.  suavissima  are  forms  of  the  Cherimoyer.  See 
Cherimoyer. 

CC.  ics.  not  velvety. 
retictd&ta,  Linn.  Custard-Apple.  Bullock's-Heart. 
Pruta  de  Conde.  a  tree,  15-25  ft.  high,  with  growth 
smooth  or  nearly  so:  fls.  with  the  exterior  petals  oblong- 
linear  and  keeled  on  the  inside,  acute,  greenish,  with 
purple  spots  at  the  base  :  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  oblong  and 
pointed,  glabrous  above  and  rough  beneath,  but  becoming 
smooth:  fr.  3-4  in.  in  diam.,  smooth,  with  small  depres- 
sions, in  various  shades  of  yellow  or  even  russet,  with 
»  soft  yellow  cream-like  pulp  next  the  skin,  and  a  white 
pulp  at  the  middle,  sweet  and  excellent.  West  Indies, 
where  it  is  a  very  popular  fruit.  It  thrives  in  southern 
Florida,  where  it  has  lately  been  introduced.  B.M.  2911, 
2912. 


^uamosa.  grow 


'amplexicatllis,  Lam.  Erect  shrub,  glabrous  :  outer 
■petals  oblong  and  obtuse  (l/^in.  long},  the  inner  very 
much  shorter  and  lanceolate  and  pointed :  Ivs.  oblong  or 
ovate,  obtuse  or  acute  (4-6  in.  long),  thick  and  rigid, 
glaucous  and  somewhat  shining,  deeply  cordate-clasping 
at  the  base.  Mauritius  and  Madagascar.  — Said  to  have 
been  lately  introduced  into  southern  Florida.  Little 
BB.   Fruit  tuberculate. 

squamdaa,  Linn.  {A.  cinerea,  Dunal).  Sweet-Sop. 
SuaAR-AppLE.  Fig.  94.  Diffuse  small  tree,  or  a  shrub, 
10-20  ft.  high :  fls.  with  the  outer  petals  oblong-linear  and 


ANTENNABIA 

blunt,  keeled  on  the  inner  side,  greenish:  Ivs.  thin,  ob- 
long-ovate, very  sparsely  hairy  on  both  sides,  but  often 
becoming  smooth,  glaucous  :  fr.  egg-shaped,  or  of  the 
form  of  a  short  pine  cone,  3-4  in.  in  diam.,  yellowish 
green,  and  tuberculate  (each  carpel  forming  a  protuber- 
ance); the  pulp  creamv  vellow  and  custard-like,  very 
sweet.  West  Indies  to  Brazil.  B.M.  3095.  — Much  prized 
in  the  tropics,  and  considerably  grown  on  the  Florida 
keys,  and  extending  north,  with  some  protection,  nearly 
to  the  middle  of  the  state;  also  cultivated  in  California. 
Introduced  in  the  Old  World.  Lvs.,  green  frs.,  and  seeds 
said  to  be  used  for  destroying  vermin.  l_  jj_  b_ 

Or- 


culturc.see  Orchids. 

AfTic&,na,  Lindl.  Plants  2  ft.  or  more  high  :  stems 
cylindrical  :  fls.  numerous  (40-80J,  yellowish,  verging  on 
green,  marked  with  curiously  oblong,  brown-purple 
spots  ;  labellum  yellow,  3-Iobed.  Sierra  Leone.  B.M. 
4965.— This  is  undoubtedly  the  type,  all  other  forms  so 
far  known  being  departures  from  it  of  horticultural 
merit  only. 

gigantSa,  Reichb.  f .  (Cymbidium  S<fH<ifr.soni,  Harv.). 
Habit  as  above.  Sepals  and  petals  sparingly,  if  at  all, 
spotted.    Natal  ?  _ 

Cakes  Ames. 

ANSdNIA.    SeeAmsonia. 

ANTENNAKIA  (pappus  likened  to  antennoi).  Com- 
pdsitie.  Everi^sting.  Cat's-Ear.  Small,  white-woolly 
perennial  herbs,  with  spatulate  or  obovate  root-lvs.,  and 
mostly  leafless  scapes,  bearing  small  gray  or  white 
heads  which  remain  stiff  and  dry.  They  are  interesting 
for  rockwork  and  the  edges  of  borders,  and  for  this  pur- 
pose have  been  sparingly  introduced  in  the  last  few 
years.  They  are  perfectly  hardy,  and  thrive  in  poor 
soil.  The  fls.  are  often  cut  before  fully  mature  and 
dried  (and  often  dyed)  as  everlastings.  Several  spe- 
cies grow  wild.  Prop,  mostly  by  division  of  the  mats  ; 
also  by  seeds.  Allied  to  Anaphalis  and  Gnaphalium. 
Dioecious.    See  Everlastings. 

A.    Pappus  of  sterile  fls.  not  thickened  at  the  tip, 
minutely  roughened. 

dim6rpha,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Tufted  with  spatulate  Ivs. 
and  a  sparsely-leaved  fl.-st.  an  inch  or  less  high,  from  a 
stout,  much-branched  caudex.    Neb.  west. 

AA.    Pappus  of  sterile  fls.  thickened  at  the  top. 
B.    jVot  spreading  by  stolons. 
Gejeri,  Gray.    Stout,  thick-wooUy,  from  a  woody  base: 
fl.-st. .!  in.  or  more  high,  very  leafy  to  the  top  :    pistil- 
late heads  narrow  :  involucre  with  rose-purple  or  ivory- 
white  tips  to  the  inner  scales.    Cal.  N. 

BB.    Spreading  by  stolons, 
c.    Heads  solitary  or  in  a  cymose  cluster. 

diolca,  Linn.  Basal  Ivs.  114  in.  or  less  long,  1-nerved 
or  only  indistinctly  3-nerved  :  St.  2-12  in.  :  involucral 
bracts  all  light  green  or  light  brown,  with  white  or 
pinkish  tips.  N.  states  and  Eu.  — The  plant  in  the  trade 
as  A.  tnmentfisum  is  probably  a  form  of  this  species. 
Also  in  cult,  under  the  proper  name,  A.  dioica. 

alplna,  Gsertn.  Plant  l-l  in. :  involucral  bracts  in  fer- 
tile heads,  dark  brownish  green,  acute.  Canada,  Rocky 
Mts.,  Sierra  Nevadas. 

plantaginildlia,  Rich.  Basal  lvs.  IK  in.  or  more  long, 
distinctly  3-nerved  :  st.  6-18  in.  high.  Stoloniferous, 
making  broad  patches.  Common  in  fields  and  old  pas- 
tures.  Perhaps  not  In  cult. 

CC.   Heads  loosely  panicled. 

racemdsa,  Hook.  Light-woolly,  6-20  in.  high,  the  sts. 
sparsely  leafy,  the  heads  mostly  on  slender  peduncles  : 
involucre  brownish.    Rocky  Mts.  l_  jj_  g^ 


ANTHEMIS 

ANTHEMIS  (Greek  name  of  the  chaaiomile).  Com- 
p6sit<r.  Chamomile.  Pyrethrum-like  heavy-scented 
plants,  annual,  biennial  or  perennial,  members  of  a 
large,  Old  World  temperate-region  genus.  Heads  many- 
flowered,  the  disk  yellow,  the  rays  white  and  yellow  and 
(in  the  common  cult,  species)  pistillate,  the  receptacle 
conical  and  chaffy,  the  akenes  terete  or  ribbed,  and 
either  naked  or  bearing  a  minute  crown  :  Ivs.  pinnately 
dissected.  Two  or  three  of  the  species  are  weeds 
Others  are  excellent  border  plants.  The  true  chamo 
mile  is  a  medicinal  plant.  The  hardy  perennial  species, 
which  alone  are  grown  in  this  country,  are  easilj 
handled  in  the  border,  where  they  bloom  from  midsum 
mer  till  frost.  They  thrive  in  almost  any  soil,  but  need 
full  exposure  to  sun.  Prop,  by  seeds  or  division  of  the 
clumps,  usually  the  latter. 

A.  Sans  normally  yelloir. 

tinctoria,  Linn.  Golden  Margiekite.  Of  buvh> 
habit,  2-3  ft.,  with  angular  st.  and  piiniatrly  .IiM.l.d. 
and  again  pinnatifid  or  cut-toothed  Iv^,.  i,u'\  Iihl:.'.  ilaisy- 
like,  golden  yellow  lis.  (1-2  in.  acr.."i.  J.  A  .  ./w.,//, 
Hort.  (or  var.  Kilwayi,  Hort.),  ha.s  lin.-i-.ut  l..liai.'i-  and 
deeper  yellow  fls.  There  is  also  a  palu-raytd  var.  Gn. 
52:1149.— An  excellent  hardy  borderplant, and  useful  at 
the  same  time  for  cut  fls. 

aa.    Bays  white. 

B.  Pmnnial;  cultivated. 

n6bili3, Linn.  Chamomile.  Half-spreadingandmuch- 
branched,  downy,  the  Ivs.  very  tinely  dissected  :  pappus 
wanting,  chaff  of  the  receptacle  blunt.— A  pleasant- 
scented  herb,  sometimes  escaped  from  cult.  It  yields  the 
medicinal  chamomile  fls.  of  commerce.  For  medicinal 
purposes,  the  heads  (the  single  preferred)  are  cut  as 
soon  as  fully  expanded,  and  dried.  Cult,  also  as  a  hardy 
border  plant ;  often  double. 

aryfensis,  Linn.  Pubescent,  not  ill-scented;  Ivs. rather 
coarsely  1-2  pinnately  parted  :  pappus  a  minute  border: 
heads  1  in.  or  more  across:  rayspistillate.  — Not  common. 

C6tula,  DC.  Mat-weed.  A  common  weed  along  road- 
sides, ill-scented,  growing  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  finely 
dissected  Ivs.,  neutral  rays,  and  many  aster-like  fls.  1  in. 
across. 

A.  Aizoon,  Griseb.^Achillea  ageratifolia.— A.  A  rdbica.  Linn. 
•— Cladanthus.— .i.  corondria,  Hort.=Chrysanthemum  coro- 
°''"™-  L.  H.  B. 

ANTHER,    ^ee  Flower. 

ANTHfiElCUM  (Greek,  flower  hedge).  Includes  Pha- 
langiiim.  Liliiicew.  Herbs,  with  tuber-like  rhizomes, 
and  racemes  of  rather  small,  white,  deep-cut  fls. :  peri- 
anth rotate  ;  anthers  attached  between  their  basal  lobes, 
and  the  locales  many-ovuled— in  these  characters  differ- 
ing from  Paradisea.  Grown  in  borders,  where  the  roots 
should  have  a  cover  of  leaves  or  litter  in  winter  ;  also 
in  pots  and  under  benches  in  coolhouses.  Useful  for 
lawn  vases.  Prop,  naturally  by  stolons  ;  increased  also 
by  division  and  seeds.  Of  easiest  culture.  Give  plenty 
of  water  when  in  bloom.  A.  Liliastrum,  St.  Bruno's 
Lily,  will  be  found  under  Paradisea.  A.picttiratum,  ra- 
riegatum  and  vitfatum  will  be  found  under  Chlorophy- 
timi.  A.Califomicumoi  some  catalogues  perhaps  be- 
longs to  Chlorophytum. 

Liliigo,  Linn.  St.  Bernard's  Lilt.  Fig.  95.  Stem 
simple,  2-3  ft.  high,  bearing  an  open  raceme  of  open- 
spreading  fls.  1  in.  or  less  across,  the  segments  linear- 
oblong  :  Ivs.  long  and  narrow.  S.  Eu.  and  N.  Afr.  B. M. 
9U.  Var.  major,  Sims,  is  larger  in  all  its  parts.  B.M.1635. 

ramdsum,  Linn.  {A.  graminifblium,  Hort.).  Stem 
branched  :   fls.  somewhat  smaller.    Eu.    B.M.  1055. 

L.  H.  B. 

ANTHOLtZA  (name  from  the  Greek,  of  no  particu- 
lar application).  IridAcece.  About  20  Cape  and  Trop. 
African  cormous  plants,  with  linear  or  sword-shaped 
Ivs.  and  bright  fls.  in  2-sided  spikes.  Perianth  long- 
tubular,  curved,  dilated  above,  the  uppermost  segments 
largest :  stamens  3  :  style  branched  :  ovary  3-loculed. 
Cult,  the  same  as  gladioli,  being  taken  up'in  the  fall. 
The  tubers  are  often  started  in  a  frame  or  in  the  house 
before  planting  in  the  open.    See  Baker,  Irideas. 


ANTHURIUM 


71 


a.    Perianth  red,  segments  very  unequal. 

Cundnia,  Linn.    Corm  small:    st.  simple,  1-1  >$  ft.: 

Ivs.  about  4,  linear,  1  ft.   or  less  long  :    fls.  4-6,  in  a 

lax  spike,  bright  red,  an  inch  long,  the  stamens  reaching 

to  the  tip  of  the  upper  segment.    Cape.    L.B.C.  20: 1971. 


95.  Stolon  of  Anthericum  Lilia^o. 

C4ffra,  Banks.    Coi-m  large  :  st.  2  ft.  or  less  :  Ivs.  nar- 
row-linear, 1  ft. :  fls.12-20,  in  a  lax  spike,  bright  red,  1-lH 
in.  long,  stamens  not  quite  reaching  tip  of  upper  segment. 
Cape.  — Has  been  hybridized  with  gladiolus. 
aa.    Perianth  red  and  yellow,  segments  less  unequal. 

.ffithiopica,  Linn.  Corm  large  :  st.  branched,  3-4  ft.: 
Ivs.  several,  sword-shaped,  1  in.  broad  and  1-lH  ft.  long: 
spike  6-9  in.  long,  rather  dense  :  fls.  VA-2  in.  long,  red 
and  yellow ;  stamens  reaching  to  the  tip  of  the  upper 
segment.   Cape.    B.M.  561. 

Var.  minor,  Lindl.  {A.blcolor,  Gasp.).  Dwarf:  Ivs. 
narrow  :  fls.  red  at  top,  pale  yellow  below. 

Var.  vittigera,  Baker  (var.  ringens,  Nichols.).  Tall 
as  the  type  :  fls.  bright  yellow,  striped  red.    B.M.  1172. 

Var.  immarginata.  Baker.    Fls.  red,  with  dull  yellow. 
L.  H.  B. 

ANTHOXANTHUM  [inUow-nower,  from  the  Greek). 
Graminea.  A.  odoraliim,  Linn.,  of  the  temperate  parts 
of  the  Old  World,  is  the 
Sweet  Vernal  Grass.  It  is 
a  perennial,  of  low  growth, 
very  early  bloom,  and 
sweet  odor  when  mown. 
It  is  used  in  mixtures  of 
pasture  grasses, and  is  also 
spontaneous  in  the  E. 
states  in  pastures,  mead- 
ows, and  along  roads.  A . 
Puilii,  Lee.  &  Lamotte. 
is  an  annual  species,  of 
smaller  size,  sometimes 
used  in  forage  mixtures. 

ANTHtlElUM  (Greek, 
tail  •  flower) .  A  ro  1  d  e  a- . 
Tropical  herbs,  of  200  or 
more  species,  cult,  mostly 
in  stoves,  grown  for  the 
showy  spathes  and  spadi- 
ces  or  for  foliage.  Spathe 
usually  spreading  or  even 
reflexed,  only  rarely  par- 
tially enclosing  the  spadix. 
Differs  from  Alocasia  and 
allied  genera  in  technical 
characters.  Monogr.  by 
Engler  in  DeCandolle's 
MonographiEB  Phanero- 
gamarum,  Vol.  2  ( 1879) . 

Propagation  is  effected  by  .suckers  or  cuttings  of  the 
rhizome  inserted  in  .small  pots  containing  a  mixture  of 
peat  fiber,  chopped  sphagnum  moss  and  silver  sand  in 


m  Scherzenanum. 


72 


ANTHURIUM 


equal  proportions,  and  plunged  in  a  propagating  box  m 
a  temperature  of  75°  to  80°,  with  bottom  heat.  About 
the  end  of  January  is  the  most  suitable  time  to  take  the 
cuttings.  Anthuriums  may  also  be  propagated  by  seeds 
sown  in  a  mixture  of  very  fine  fibrous  peat  and  chopped 
sphagnum  mo.^^s  in  4-inch  pots.  The  seeds  should  be 
lightly  covered  with  sphagnum  and  tho  pots  placed 
either  in  a  propagating  case  or  under  bell  glasses,  where 
a  temperature  of  80°  can  be  maintained.  A  constant  hu- 
mid atmosphere  is  very  necessary  to  induce  the  seeds  to 
germinate.  The  compost  in  which  Anthuriums  thrive 
best  is  a  mixture  of  one-third  fern  root,  or  the  fiber  of 
peat  with  the  dust  shaken  out,  one-third  sphagnum 
moss  and  one-third  broken  crocks  and  charcoal.  The 
pots  must  be  well  drained,  and  the  plants  should  be 
coned  up  2  or  a  inches  above  the  rim  of  the  pots,  and 
finished  off  with  a  surfacing  of  live  sphagnum  moss. 

Established  plants  will  only  need  repotting  once  in  2 
or  3  years,  but  should  have  a  fresh  top-dressing  every 
year  ;  the  best  time  to  overhaul  them  is  about  the  end 
of  .January,  or  before  active  growth  commences.  They 
should  be  given  a  shaded  position,  free  from  draughts 
of  cold  air,  and  ordinary  stove  temperature. 

Like  most  evergreen  aroids,  they  require  a  copious 
supply  of  water  at  the  roots  and  a  humid  atmosphere 
during  the  spring  and  summer  months,  and  at  no  season 
of  the  year  must  the  plants  be  allowed  to  become  dry. 
Care  must  also  be  taken  not  to  mar  the  leaves  by  hard 
spraying.  The  temperature  during  winter  should  not 
fall  below  55°.  Cult,  by  Edward  J.  Canning. 

Anthuriums  such  as  A.  Amlrfeaniim,  A.  ornntum, 
and  their  numerous  hybrid  progeny,  require  at  all  times 
a  high  and  humid  atmosphere.  Under  those  conditions 
and  in  a  good  rooting  medium,  they  ought  to  be  contin- 
ually in  flower.  A  bloom  is  produced  from  the  axil  of 
each  leaf,  and  immediately  beneath  this  leaf  a  new  root 
is  produced,  thick  and  succulent  at  first,  becoming  tough 
with  age,  and,  if  not  allowed  to  bury  itself  among  the 
compost  in  which  the  plant  grows,  it  eventually  hardens 
and  is  of  no  help  in  the  sustenance  of  the  plant.  There- 
fore, the  growing  point  of  the  specimens  should  not  be 
allowed  to  get  too  high,  or  the  flowers  will  lie  few  and 
poor.  When  the  plant  forms  stems  above  the  pot,  the 
compost  should  either  be  built  up  around  the  stem,  to 
catch  the  roots,or  the  plant  may  be  cut  over, rooted  afresh 
in  sand,  and  given  a  new  start  in  a  pot.  The  two  orna- 
mental-leaved species,  A.  Veitehil  and  A.  Warocqiie- 
anum,  should  be  treated  in  the  same  manner.  When  cut 
down,  we  may  look  for  the  old  stocks  to  send  out  small 
growths,  which  in  course  of  time  may  be  taken  off  and 
put  in  small  pots.  All  of  the  above  are  such  free-rooting 
kinds  that  they  may,  with  the  addition  of  some  rotted 
manure,  be  grown  in  sphagnum  moss.  A  good  mixture 
is  as  follows:  Sphagnum,  chopped  not  too  fine,  one  part; 
fern  or  kalmia  roots,  chopped  up  and  the  fine  substance 
removed,  one  part ;  another  part  to  be  made  up  equally 
of  sand  and  rotted  manure.  With  well-drained  pots,  this 
forms  an  admirable  rooting  substance.    Most  of  the  other 


97.   Anthurium  Andraeanum. 


species  and  their  forms,  including  A.  Schtrzeriatntm 
and  A.  crystaUinum,  will  thrive  better  in  material 
mainly  composed  of  rough,  fibrous  loam  and  peat  with  the 
fine  material  sifted  from  it.  This  rough,  tibrous  material 
should  be  mixed  with  a  small  quantity  each  of  sphagnum, 


ANTHURIUM 

charcoal  and  sand.     Good  drainage,  and  less  water  than 
is  needed  for  the  Andreanum  section,  will  be  necessary. 
A.  Scherzerianum,  although  thriving  well  in  the  hottest 
house,  will  succeed  in  an  interme- 
diate house.   Seeds  are  obtained  by 
pollinating  the    flowers,    the   stig- 
mas of  which  become  mature 
before   the    anthers        The    seeds 


should  be  sown  on  the  surface  of  a  pan  of  chopped  moss 
and  sand  covered  with  glass;  they  sometimes  show  signs 
of  germinating  almost  before  being  gathered,  so  that  it 
is  dangerous  to  keep  them  any  length  of  time  before  sow- 
ing. To  prevent  damping.the  seedlings  should  be  pricked 
off  round  the  edge  of  a  3-inch  pot  as  soon  as  the  first  leaf 
is  large  enough  to  handle.  Seeds  of  such  kinds  as  crys- 
taUinum and  regale  will  germinate  well  on  the  moss  of 
nepenthes  baskets.  q^^^  by  q_  ■^y.  Oliver. 

A.    Li'S.  plain  green:  grown  mostly  for  the  sJioivy 
"flowers." 

Scherzeriinnm,  Schott.  Fig.  96.  A  foot  or  two  high, 
fvergri-en  :  Ivs.  long-lanceolate  (the  blade  1  ft.  or  more 
long  and  petiole  of  nearly  equal  length),  thick,  usually 
somewhat  revolute,  with  a  strong  vein  parallel  with  each 
edge  and  close  to  it,  and  many  cross-veins  :  scape  long 
and  slender  (1-2  ft.),  red  :  spathe  ovate-oblong,  3-4  in. 
long,  spreading  or  deflexed,  intense  red  (sometimes 
double,  I.H.  37:  67):  spadix  slender,  often  curled,  yel- 
low. CentralAmer.  B.M.5319.  R.B.22:121.  A.P.6:569 
(in  variety).— An  old  favorite.  Runs  into  many  forms  : 
Spathe  white,  vars.  tilbum,  album  magnlficum,  Idcteum, 
maximum  dlbum,  Williamsii,  Vervameum  ;  spathe  par- 
ti-colored, vars.  Andegavinsis  (scarlet  on  the  back, 
white  and  scarlet  spotted  above),  »nKW6i(e  (white-boi* 
dered),  nebulbsum  (double,  white  spotted  rose),  Roth- 
schiUUAnum  (scarlet  mottled  white,  Gn.  30:  5701,  H'o- 
rocqiiednum  (not  A.  Warocquedmim)  (white  spotted 
red);  spathe  very  large,  vars.  giganthnu,  nnijiiinitu, 
Wdrdii,  Woddbridgei.  Very  dwkrf  is  var.  jn,:,,,,,,  „,„  : 
rose-salmon  spathe  and  orange  spadix  is  vai-.  /'■nisi- 
(nse ;  sharp-pointed  Ivs.  and  spathes  is  var.  BiiiHittii. 


ANTHURIUM 

SpathiphJUum,  N.  E.  Brown  Two  ft  or  less  stem 
less  or  nearly  so  :  leaf-blade  2  ft  or  less  nirion  Ian 
ceolate,  attenuate  in  a  straight  line  from  the  middle  to 
the  base,  acuminate,  bright  green  above  and  giaM  h 
beneath,  with  prominent  midiib  spathe  2  in  or  less 
long  and  a  half  or  more  as  wide  erect  boat  shaped  pnle 
green  or  whitish  :  spadix  1  in  long  and  v  ery  blunt  pale 
yellow.    Trop.  Amer. 

AndTaeElnum,  Lind.  Fig.  97  Low  species  with  leaf 
blades  drooping  like  an  Alocasia  and  cordate  ovate  Ian 
ceolate  :  spathe  cordate-ovate  thick  in  tes.ture  6-10  in 
long,  orange-red,  widely  open  spreading  sp  idix  "i-i  m 
long,  yellowish,  with  white  band  marking  the  zone  in 
which  the  stigmas  are  receptive  Colombia  B  M  b61b 
A.F.  (k5C9;  10:1005.  Gt.  3b  1293  I  H  2-4  271  37  105 
—  Beautiful  and  popular.  Runs  into  many  varieties  some 
with  very  large  spathes  and  others  with  white  ones 
Also  hybridized  with  other  species 

AA.  Li's.  prominently  marked  until  uhite  or  colots    ot 
with  deep  bands  of  green     cult  mostly  tot  foliage 

B.  Marliings  green  or  greenish 
VMtchii,  Mast.  Pig.  98.  Tall  and  robust  species  (st 
2-3  ft.):  If. -blades  pendent  like  a  fine  Alocasia  often 
3-4  ft.  long,  cordate  or  eared  at  base  metallic  green  but 
marked  by  deep-sunk  nerves  which  arch  off  the  mid 
rib  :  spathe  1  ft.  long,  horizontal  green  spadi\  G-8  m 
long,  straw-color.  Colombia  t  C  II  6  773  B  M  0908 
Mn.  8: 187. -Striking. 

BB.    Markings  white  or  essentially  so 
Warocqueinum,  Moore.    Fig  99     Very  vigorous    Iv 
oblong-lanceolate,  long-tapering   hanging  i-i  ft  long 
deep  velvety  green,  with  rib  and  principal  veins  of  a 
prominently  lighter  shade,  making  handsome  contrasts 
Colombia.— A  handsome  and  striking  foliage  plant 

magniliicum,  Lind.     Leaf  blade   deep  cordate    oval 
2  ft.  long,  upper  surface  olive  green  with  white  nerve 
petiole  4-angled  :  spathe  small    oblong   green     spadi\ 
green,    cylindrical.      Colombia 

crystaUlnum,  Lind.  &  Andr^      I  il       \    i      i     f 
differs  in  petiole  terete  or  only  vii  \   i  i       I       i 

sinus  of  blade  smaller,  veins  will  I 

and  very  regular  :  leaf -blade  ov  t 
velvety   green,  with  the  midiib    ii    i   i 
bands  crystal  white:   spathe  linexi     11  iig   ii  \niiiii  it 
green.   Peru.  I. H. 20: 128.  G  C  III  2i   il7Cvar  illustte) 
regftle,  Lind.    Leaf -blade  cordate  oblong  long  cuspi 
date,  3  ft.  or  less,  at  first  tmgcd  lose  but  becoming  dull 
green  and   marked  with  white  veins      petiole  neailj 
terete  :  spathe  broad-lanceolate   gieeuish     Peru 

Various  horticultural  forms  and  h-^brids  are  in  cult 
in  this  country  :  4.  a mn'f<i?e  L\  sjftrose  cr\stilh 
num  X  magniflcum.  — J.  cu(»f»iH  i  a  hvbnd  of  Audra) 
anura  and  ornatum.  — .1.  Chintntn  L\  tri  tnt,ular 
with  wide-spreading  biisal  lobe  pathe  iv)i\  white 

erect:  nyrapheefoliumxsub  ignatum  —  1  C!  iikianum 
Lvs.  large  and  broad  :  spathe  re  embling  that  of  An 
draeanumbut  salmon-rose.— J.  Fei  lutenn  Lvs  large 
cordate  :  spathe  cordate,  brilliant  red  ornatumxAn 
dreeanum.  — J .  floribundum  Linden  and  Andr^=Spathi 
phyllum  floribundum.  —  ^.  Ji^rcehelii.  Lvs.  large  and  cor- 
date :  spathe  deep  carmine  :  Andrseanum  x  ornatum.— 
A,  {;ronde  =  magnificum.—^.  hyhridum,  Lvs.  large, 
lobed  at  base,  obtuse,  green.— j1.  tnu.'n'iicum.  —  A.  ornH- 
tum.  Lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  cordate  :  spathe  linear-oblong, 
white.purple-tinted. — ji .  JJej/HO  Ws(  rJ  H  u  m  ,various  forms : 
Ferrierense  X  Andrseanum  ?  — -i .  Siehrerhtictniim.  Lvs. 
much  as  in  magnificum,  rich,  velvety  green,  with  thick 
margins  :  spathe  light  green  shading  to  cream  :  spadix 
large, crirason.  —  4.Wi«»ip7ia«s.  Lvs. long-heart-shaped, 
bright  green  with  lighter  veins  :  spathe  narrow,  green: 
spadis  greenish  white. 

A.  acdtni  N  E  Brown  Lvs  8  10  in  long  triingiiHr  -ml 
longacumiuate  green  spathe  reflexe  1  gieen  spadix  de  p 
green.  Braz  —A  \Ue  I  rf  Andreanum  X  Grusoni  —A 
J?aA-eri,  Hook  Lvs  ellipti  1  nee  late  or  hnear  green  spitlie 
small,  reflexed  gieen  sj  hx  i  in  long  jellowish  gieen  le 
coming  longer  an  1  re  1  a    1   1       i  fn   t  —the  chief  merit 

of  the  plant     Costa  R  ^  \|         1  —  (     7    intense    bchott 

Lvs.  with  a  very  broad  h  1  a  long  acumi 

nate  middle  lobe   dark  g  1    breiilobvm 

N.E.Brown    Lvs  oval  a  n    paper  like 

green  :  spathe  lanceolate  i  pUsh  brown  — 


hanging  tapering  t 


—Philcdcndi 
lvs  9  parte  1 
Koch  Spatl 


e  oblong  not 
light  veined 
1     also    the 


short  pomte  lor  Hunt   thel  i     1 
tied  gieen  1  ft  crle  s  lonj,       i    t 
green  becoming  j  ell  w  and  1 1 1  1 
Amer     t  (.  Ibb3  1  3bl    B  M  tib  i 
—A  tnfidum  Ohver     B  M  OJJJ= 


,D.  ^ 


ANTHtLLIS  (Greek, 
NEV  Vetch.  Leguminb: 
what  shrubby,  prized  for  their  spikes  or  heads  of  yel- 
low, purple  or  white  fls.  and  usually  silky  pinnate  foli- 
age ;  also  for  forage.  In  the  Old  World,  prized  mostly 
for  roekwork.  The  cult,  is  the  easiest,  as  the  plants 
thrive  even  in  poor  soil.  Prop,  by  seeds  or  division,  or, 
rarely,  by  soft  cuttings.    Not  generally  known  in  U.  S. 

Vulneraria,  Linn.  Sand  Clovtee.  'Woundwort.  A 
foot  high  :  Ifts.  5  or  more  :  fls.  normally  yellow,  but 
there  are  red  and  white  varieties.  Eu.— A  deep-rooted, 
clover-like,  hardy  plant,  excellent  for  sandy  and  light 
lands.  Useful  for  forage,  and,  for  that  purpose,  occa- 
sionally grown  in  this  country.  Requires  20  lbs.  of  seed 
to  the  acre. 


74 


ANTHYLLIS 


Linn.   Afoot  or  less  high,  silkr-hoary  :  Ifts. 
numerous;  tls. purple.   Herbaceous.    Eu.    L.B.C.6:578. 

Btliba-J6viB,  Linn.  Jupiter's  Beard.  Glasshouse 
silky  evergreen,  3-8,  or  even  12  ft.  high,  with  several 
to  many  pairs  of  narrow,  pointed  Ifts. :  fls.  straw-colored 
or  whitish,  in  clover-like  heads.  S.Eu.  B.M.  1927.-In 
frostless  countries,  endures  sea-winds  and  salt  spray. 
L.  H.  B. 

ANTIARIS  toxiciria,  Lesch.  UHicdcece.  Upas  Tree 
of  Java.  The  juice  and  gum  are  virulently  poisonous,  and 
it  was  once  supposed  that  no  life  could  exist  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  tree,  but  this  is  false.  The  tree  has  been 
grown  in  botanic  gardens.  See  Hooker,  in  Companion 
to  Botanical  Magazine.    Gn.  12,  p.  407. 

ANTIDfiSMAl  Greek,  for  and  band,  the  bark  of  A.  Bu- 
niii.s  being  us.-.l  for  cordage).  Eiiphorbiiicem.  Tropical 
trees  or  shrubs, with  simple,  entire  Ivs.  and  inconspicuous 
unisexual  fls.,  in  spikes  :  fr.  a  1-seeded  little  drupe. 

Bilnius,  Spreng.  A  tree  with  dark  green  foliage  and 
small,  round  berries  of  a  subacid  taste,  much  used  for 
preserves  :  the  bark  vields  a  fiber.  Adapted  to  S.  Calif, 
and  S.  Fla.    Malay. -Cult,  in  S.  Calif. 

ANTlGONON  (name  from  the  Greek).  Poltjgondcea. 
Tropical  tendril-climbers  :  sepals  5,  colored  and  petal- 
like, the  2  interior  ones  narrower  ;  stamens  8  ;  styles  3, 
and  ovary  3-angled  :  Ivs.  alternate  and  entire  :  fls.  in 
racemes,  which  end  in  branching  tendrils. 

ISptopus,  Hook.  &  Am.  Mountain  Rose.  Rosa  de 
MoNTiVA  San  MiGUELiTO  Probably  the  only  species 
cult  m  this  countr\  Stem  slender  and  tall,  glabrous, 
or  nearlj  so  h  s  cordate  and  acuminate,  or  hastate- 
ovate,  .3-5  in.   long  :    fls.  fi-l.i 


Guatemala 


greenhou.su   ciimlu  i,-..  injuii 
ing  abundaucu  of  light  ;  usu- 
ally grown  from  seeds,but  also 
from   cuttings.    In   the  S.   it 
1  looms  freely  in  the  open,  pre- 
t   rring  sunny  and  hot  places ; 
1    rtect  the  root  well  in  win- 
r,  or  plant  deep.     It  is  tu- 
rous-rooted.    Give  plenty  of 
iter   when    in  fl..   but  keep 
I  y  when  at  rest. 

GuatemaUnse.Meissn. 
1.1.  insifine.  Mast.). 
Pubescent :  Ivs.  broad- 
er: fls.more  numerous, 
the  sepals  nearly  twice 
longer  (1  in.  long)tha 
in  the  las 
G.C.  II. 

L.  H.  B. 

ANTIKRHiNUM 

I  Greek,  snout-flower). 
Scrop  h  n  la  ri  d  cecr. 
Snapdragon.  Over  60 
species  of  herbs,  na- 
tives to  the  Old  and 
New  World,  in  warm 
temperate  regions. 
Lvs.  usually  opposite 
below  and  generally 
entire,  never  com- 
pound ;  corolla  saccate 
or  gibbous  at  base,  but 
not  spurred,  personate 
or  closed  at  the  throat : 
stamens  4.  Closely  al- 
lied to  Linaria,  from 
which  it  differs  in  the 
spurless  fls. 
Snapdragons  are  flowered  either  in  the  open  or  under 
glass.  The  common  varieties  are  forms  of  A.  majii.s,  and 
are  perennial,  although  the  first  crop  of  bloom  is  usually 


APHANANTHE 

the  only  one  which  is  desired.  Most  of  the  varieties  of 
this  species  are  hardy  in  the  N.  if  well  covered  during 
winter.  Seeds  sown  very  early  in  the  spring,  especially 
under  frames,  and  transplanted, produce  blooming  plants 
the  same  season.  It  is  usual,  however,  if  early  bloom  is 
desired,  to  sow  the  seeds  in  Aug.  or  Sept.,  and  cover 


101.   Antirrhi 


the  plants  with  a  mulch  on  the  approach  of  cold  weather. 
These  fall-sown  plants  may  be  transplanted  into  pots  (or 
grown  in  them  from  the  first)  and  flowered  in  the  house. 
For  forcing  in  this  way.  Snapdragons  are  very  satisfac- 
tory. The  temperature  and  treatment  required  for  gera- 
niums and  carnations  suit  them  well.  Dwarf  vars.  are 
used  for  edgings. 

a.    Common  Snapdragons,  strictly  erect, 

mHjus,  Linn.  Common  or  Large  Snapdragon.  Fig. 
1011.  Pi-rennial,  or  practically  a  biennial  under  cult.: 
I  :;  II-,  II "t  downy  except  in  the  fl. -cluster  :  lvs.  oblong 
!■  ,  entire,  sometimes  variegated:  fls.  large, 
I  :  -  .1  iiir.  with  spreading,  very  irregular  lobes,  in  an 
'  ;■  '  -  •riiiinal  spike  or  raceme.    In  many  colors  and 

vaihii  i;  ih-iii-  from  red  and  purple  to  white),  in 
form-    I  i.l    dwarf.     Mediterranean   region; 

sf.iiM  ; ,    I.     J    wild  about  gardens.     A. F.  9:909; 

13:. U-  i  II  ii  J.  A.G.17:379.  F.E.  7: 711. -There 
are.  I..  I  i  I.;.  i..riii-.  ^.  line  of  thevarietal  names  used  by  hor- 
ticuliuii^t-  ;ir«_'  'ill'uni,  btcolor,  cocclneiim,  rariegdtum, 

Ordntium,  Linn.  Small  Snapdragon.  A  low,  slender 
annual,  with  lirnar  lvs.  and  small  fls.  purple  or  white 
(H;  in.  long)  iu  the  axils.  An  occasional  weed  in  cult, 
grounds,  6  in.  or  less  high  ;  not  cult. 
AA.  Native  species,  producing  tendril-like  branches  in 
the  inflorescence. 

Orcuttianum,  Gray.  Slender,  2-4 ft.,  glabrous:  corolla 
Kin-  I.  III.-,  uhiir  .T  violet,  lower  lip  not  much  larger 
than  thr  n|ip.r  :  Iwwi-r  lvs.  spatulate-lanceolate,  the  up- 
per lin.-ar.  Annnai.  Lower  and  S.  Calif .  Int.  by  Orcutt 
in  IWIl. 

AAA.    Climbing  vine. 

maurandioldes,  Grav  (Jtaurandia  antirrhinifldra, 
Willd.).  Fig.  101.  Climbing  2-5  ft.  by  means  of  the 
coiling  petioles  and  peduncles  :  lvs.  3-lobed,  halberd- 
shape  :  fls.  axillary,  1  in.  or  more  long,  violet  or  purple, 
handsome.  Tex.  to  Calif.  B.M.  1643. -Attractive  plant 
for  the  window,  cool  greenhouse  or  conservatory. 
Suitable  for  baskets.  l.  H.  B. 

ANTBOPHYUM  (Greek,  sfrowini?  in  caverns).  Poly- 
podidcere.  A  genus  of  inconspicuous,  simple-leaved 
ferns  rarely  found  iu  cultivation.    Require  high  temp. 

AViliA  (Greek,  undivided).  Gramlneir.  One  or  two 
European  and  Asian  grasses  of  the  tribe  Agrostidea.  A. 
arundinitcea,  Hook.,  is  a  tender  grass  from  New  Zea- 
land, of  erect  habit  and  exceedingly  long,  pendulous 
panicles,  grown  under  glass  ;  but  it  really  belongs  to  the 
genus  Stipa.  G.C.  III.  22  :  283.  Likely  to  come  into 
American  trade. 

APHANANTHE  (Greek,  aphanes,  inconspicuous, 
and  anthe,  flower).  Urticclcea.  Trees  or  shrubs  :  lvs. 
alternate,  petiolate,  serrate  :  fls.  moncecious,  inconspic- 
uous ;  staminate  iu  corymbs;  pistillate  single,  axillary: 


APHANANTHE 

fr.  a  drupe.  Three  species  in  Jap.  and  Austral.  Prop, 
by  seeds  or  perhaps  in  the  same  way  as  Celtis,  and  also 
by  grafting  on  Celtis. 

aspera,  Planch.  Small  tree  :  Ivs.  ovate,  oblique,  acu- 
minate, serrate,  2K-t  in.  long,  rough  to  the  touch  :  fls. 
greenish,  with  the  Its.:  drupe  globular,  black,  slender- 
stalked.  Jap. — Not  hardy  N.,  with  slender  branches, 
not  much  different  in  appearance  from  Celtic  occiden- 
talis.   Little  known  in  this  country.  Alfred  Rehder. 

APHELANDRA  (Greek-made  name).  AranlhAcen-. 
Nearly  70  species  of  evergreen  tropical  American  shrubs, 
grown  in  hothouses  for  the  fine  foliage  and  showy  4-aided 
terminal  spikes  of  red  or  yellow  gaudy-bracted  fls.  Of 
easy  culture,  if  given  plenty  of  diffused  light  in  the  grow- 
ing season,  and  plants  are  not  allowed  to  become  tall  and 
leggy.  It  is  well  to  grow  new  plants  frequently.  Prop, 
by  seeds  when  obtainable,  or  by  cuttings  of  partially 
ripened  wood  at  any  season.  They  bloom  in  autumn, 
but  can  readily  be  brought  into  flower  at  other  seasons. 
When  done  blooming,  the  plants  should  be  rested  in  an 
intermediate  temperature,  kept  rather  dry,  but  not  al- 
lowed to  wilt  or  shrivel.  Require  treatment  of  Justicias, 
and  thrive  along  with  AUamandas  and  Poinsettias. 

L.  H.  B. 

All  Aphelandras  like  a  stovehouse  temperature  and  a 
light  leaf -mold,  with  a  liberal  proportion  of  sand.  They 
should  not  be  kept  very  wet  in  winter.  They  propagate 
readily  from  cuttings  and  seeds.  The  leading  trade 
names  are  A.  auranflaca,chrysops,  Fascinator,  Mazlii. 
A.  chrysops  is  one  of  the  handsomest  of  the  group. 

H.  A.   SlEBRECHT. 

A.   Fls.  in  sJiades  of  yellow. 

Chamissoniina,  Nees.  {A.  punctdta,  Bull).  Lvs.  ob- 
long-lanceolate or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acimiinate,  the 
center  banded  witli  whit...  .ind  white  dots  running  off 
towards  the  niar^'iii,  tlip  miilrib  green:  fls.  and  spiny 
bracts  bright  y.-ll..«-.    S.  Anin-.    I,H.29:457.    B.M.  6627. 

squarrdsa,  Jvitn,  (.1.  y,.'. ./.,./(/(,  Hort.  A.  chrjsops, 
Hort. ).  Lvs.  large,  ovate  to  ovate-elliptic,  acuminate, 
dark  green  above  (pale  below),  with  white  rib  and  main 
veins  :  fls.  bright  yellow  and  much  exserted  beyond  the 
yellow crenate-dentate  bracts.  Braz.  A.sqtiarrbsaitseK 
is  probably  not  in  cult.,  the  showy  plant  in  the  trade 
(and  described  above)  being  called  A.  squarrosa  var. 
Leopoldi  by  Van  Houtte  (F.S.  9:  889).  — One  of  the  most 
showy. 

Blanchetiina,  Hook.  f.  {A.  anikna,  Bull).  St.  thick 
and  stout:  lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  with  many  pairs  of  con- 
spicuous nerves,  green,  the  midrib,  and  often  the  main 
veins,  white:  fls,  dark  yellow,  exceeding  the  long,  entire, 
cusp-pointed  red  scales  :  spike  sessile.  Braz.  B.M. 
7179.  — Known  in  the  trade  as  A.  amcena,  having  been 
described  under  that  name  before  it  had  flowered  in 
cult. 

AA.   Fls.  oranrje,  verijing  to  scarlet. 

aurantiaca,  Lindl.  Lvs.  oviite-elliptic,  dfip  green 
above,  light  green  below,  strongly  vcinrd.  l.ut  imt  parti- 
colored, slightly  wavy  edged:  fls!  oranu.-,  with  a  tinge  of 
scarlet,  the  spreading  limb  overhanging  tin-  grtenish 
sharp-toothed  scales.    Mex.    B.JX.  4-'J4.    i!.i;,31:12. 

Var.  Boezlii,  Nicholson  {A.Boeslei,  Carr.).  Fls.  with 
more  scarlet:  lvs.  twisted,  with  silvery  hue  between  the 
veins.  Mex.  — Showy  and  good.  Not  so  tall  as  A.  au- 
rantiaca. 

AAA.   Ft.':,  red. 

Fascinator,  Lind.  &  AndriS.  Lvs.  ovate  to  ovate-ellip- 
tic, the  rib  and  veins  widely  margined  with  interlocking 
bands  of  white,  the  under  surface  purple  :  fls.  large, 
brilliant  vermilion,  obscuring  the  inconspicuous  bracts. 
New  Granada.    I.H.  21:164.  — Very  showy  and  desirable. 

A.  atrdvirens,  N.  E.  Browii.  Dwarf  :  lvs.  very  dark  green 
above  and  purplish  beneath  :  fls.  yellow,  1  in.  Ions.  Braz.  I.H. 
31:  527.  — J.  cristata.  R.Br.  Lvs.  ovate-elliptic,  green:  fls.  dark 
red,  very  long  and  curbing,  2-3  in.  Long  known.  W.  Ind.  B.M. 
1.578.—.!.  J.ihmiiann.  Linden.  Dw.lrf  :  lvs.  ovate  and  long-acu- 
minate, with  a  wliite  rib,  green  below :  fls.  deep  yellow,  small, 
scarcely  exserted  beyond  the  red  bracts.  Br,iz.?  B.M.  W63.— 
A.  Macedoidna.  Lmd.  &  Rod.  Said  to  be  a  form  of  A.  atrovi- 
rens.  Lvs.  with  white  rib  and  main  veins.  Braz.  I.H.  33:  583. 
—A.  Margarita.  Hort.  Lvs.  elliptic-acuminate,  barred  with 
white,  purple  below :    fls.  yellow,  the  bracts  strong-toothed. 


75 


Once  catalogued  by  John  Saul.  Braz.  G.C.IIl.  2:585.— A. 


Hook.  Compact :  lvs. 
purple  beneath  ;  fls. 
showy.  New  Granad 
offered  in  America, 


hining  green  above,  dark 
'  irge,  the  bracts  rot 
1027.— A.  orientalis, 
»f  some  well  known 

L.  H.  B. 
vi.    tilirtcem,  tvihe 


Aga 


.  green- 
er pris- 
ab  surpass- 


APlCEA  (not  bitt,  r.  f 
Aloinea.  Shortly  .aiil 
spirally  arranged  'or .  •  i.  .\ 
ish,  often  striped  witlt 
matic,  with  short,  flat  o 
ing  the  stamens.  Cape 
house  ;  suitable  for  i 
Prop,  like  Aloe.  Monogr.  by  Baker.  G.C.  11.11:717 
( 1879) ;  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:  216. 

A.  Lvs.  as  broad  as  long,  acuminate,  horizontal. 

folioldsa.Willd.  (Aloe  folioUsa,  Haw.  Saw6rthia  folio- 
Idsa,  Haw. ) .  Lvs.  densely  crowded,  thm-margined,  very 
acuminate,  smooth,  serrulate  :  fls.  smooth.  Cape.  B.M. 
1352. 

AA.  l/vs.  more  elongated,  thick,  acute,  erect  or  ascending, 
except  in  age. 
B.  Fls.  smooth. 

4spera,Willd.  (Aide aspera,  Savi.  JTawMhiadspera, 
Haw.).  Lvs.  small,  crowded,  finely  tuberculate,  rough- 
ened on  the  back  and  margin,  only  the  uppermost  erect. 
Cape. 

pentigona,  Willd.     (Aide  pentdgona.  Haw.,  not  Jaeq. 
Hawdrthia  pentdgona,  Haw.).     Fig.  102.     Lvs.  larger, 
from   slightly  concave    and 
angled  becoming  biconvex  ; 
5-ranked  ;  finely  pale-tuher 
culate  on  back  and  m  irgm 
Cape.    B.M.  1338  -In.hil  - 
several   forms  :     \  ai     Wll 
dendvii,  Baker  ;    var  bullu 
lita,  WUld.  (AUe  bnllulat  i 
Jacq.);  var.  spirilla,  Baku 
(Aloe   spirilla,   Salm      Ht 
wdrthia  spirilla,  Haw  ) 
BB.  Fls.  rough-tuberculal 

spiralis,  Bak.  (A  imlii 
cdta,  Willd.  Aide  spudli 
Linn.,  not  Haw  Jlauoi 
thia  imbricdta,  Haw  )  Lvs 
small,  irregularly  dispersed 
smooth,  the  margin  and  kee 
denticulate.  Cape  B  M 
14.55. 

Other  species  are : 
nata.  Haw.  (Aloe  bicarinata, 
Spreng.) ;  A.co/i^esea.Bak.CAloe 
congesta,  Sahn.)  ;  A.  deltoldea, 
Bak.  (Aloe  deltoidea.  Hook.  f.). 
B.M.  6071. 

William  Trelease. 

APIOS  (pear,  from  the  Greek,  alluding  to  the  shape  of 
the  tubers).  Leguminbsw.  Perhaps  half  a  dozen  species 
in  N.  Amer.  and  Asia,  of  twining,  tuberous-rooted  pm- 
nate-Ieaved  herbs.  Fls.  in  dense,  short  racemes  :  pod 
linear  and  flat,  several-seeded.  A  light  soil  and  sunny 
place  are  essential  to  free  growth.  Under  these  con- 
ditions, the  plant  covers  a  trellis  or  other  support  in  a 
comparatively  short  time. 

tuberbsa,  Monch.  Groltndnut.  Wild  Bean.  Four 
to  8  ft.,  climbing  over  bushes  :  root  bearing  strings  of 
edible  tubers,  1-2  in.  long:  leaflets  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate : 
fls.  fragrant,  chocolate-brown,  the  standard  very  broad 
and  turned  back,  the  keel  long,  incurved  and  of  scythe- 
shape.  July-Aug.  G.W.F.  44.  — Common  in  low  grounds. 
The  fruit  often  faUs  to  mature.    Prop,  by  the  tubers, 

2  to  4  of  which  should  be  planted  together  at  a  depth  of 

3  or  4  inches  ;  also,  by  seeds.  Grows  well  in  the  wild 
border,  in  any  loose,  rich  soil.  Likely  to  become  a  weed 
in  rockeries. 

A.  Furtunei,  Maxim.,  is  occasionally  cult,  in  Japan  for  its 
small,  ovate,  edible  tubers.  A.G.  1892:77.- A.  Priceana.  Robin- 
son, native  to  Kentucky,  may  be  expected  to  appear  in  the  trade. 
The  root  is  a  single  large  tuber,  becoming  6  or  7  in.  in  diam.: 
fls.  greenish  white,  tinged  with  rose-purple  or  magenta.  A  vig- 
orous cUmber,  first  described  Sn  1898  (Bot.  Gaz.  25:451,  with 
illustration).  j.  b.  Keller  and  L.  H.  B 


hanging, 
103).    Ha 


APIUM.    See  CUrn. 

APLfiCTEtTM  (Greek,  with  no  spur).  Orchid&cea.  A 
small  orchid,  with  smallish  dull-colored  fls.  in  a  raceme, 
on  a  leafless  scape,  which  springs  from  a  large  corm-like 
tuber.    Single  species,  in  woods  in  the  N.  states. 

hyemile,  Nutt.  Putty  Root.  Adam-and-Eve.  Fig. 
103.  Sends  up  a  pointed  green  If.  2-6  in.  long,  which 
lasts  through  the  winter,  and  in  spring  a  stalk  about  a 
foot  high,  bearing  a  raceme  of  rather  large  greenish 
brown  fls.,  which  are  succeeded  by 
oblong-pointed  pods  (Fig. 
lardy.  May  be  grown  in  rich, 
loamy  borders.  Interesting,  but  not 
show^'. 

APLOPAPPUS  (Greek,  simple 
pappus}.  Syn. ,  ffaplopapptis.  Com- 
posite. About  115  species,  mostly 
from  California  and  Chili.  Fls.  yel- 
low, in  summer  and  autumn.  The 
only  species  known  to  be  in  Ameri- 
can trade  is 

lanugindsus,  Gray.  Hardy  alpine 
herb,  woolly,  4  in.  high,  from  creep- 
ing rootstocks  :  Ivs.  soft,  narrowly 
spatulate,  or  upper  linear,  1-2  in. 
long :  rays  15-20.  Mts.  of  Wash, 
and  Mont.  Int.  1889,  by  P.  H.  Hors- 
ford. 

A.  ericaWes,  Hook.  &  Am.  Shrub.  2-:> 
ft.  higli  :  Ivs.  very  uumerous,  filiform, 
those  iif  till-  dense  fascicles  2  or  3  lines 
long;  tis. very  numerous.  G.C.  III.  20:  301. 

APbCYNUM  (Greek  for  dog-bane). 
Apoeyniicecc.  Dog-bane.  Indian- 
Hemp.  Tough  perennial  herbs,chiefly 
of  N.  Temp,  zone,  with  oblong  or 
ovate  opposite  Ivs.,  milkweed-like  fls. 
in  small  cymes,  and  slender  follicles 
or  pods.  About  25  species,  3  or  4  native 
toN.Amer. 

androssemifdlium,  Linn.  Three  ft. 
or  less  high,  usually  glabrous,  the 
branches  spreading  :  lobes  of  corolla 
revolute  and  tube  of  corolla  longer 
than  the  calyx  :  Ivs.  oval  or  ovate, 
short-petioled:  cymes  loose:  fls. bell- 
like, white  or  pink.  N.  states  :  com- 
mon. B.M.  280.  D.  189.-Sold  by 
dealers  in  native  plants.  Useful  for 
the  hardy  border. 

cann&binum,  Linn.  Branches  erect 
or  nearly  so:  lobes  of  corolla  nearly 
erect,  the  tube  not  longer  than  calyx: 
Ivs.  ovate  to  lance-oblong,  short- 
petioled  :  cymes  dense:  fls.  greenish 
white.  N.  states:  common.— Not 
known  to  be  in  the  trade,  but  apt  to 
be  confounded  with  the  above. 

APONOGfiTON  (Greek  name,  re- 
ferring to  its  habitat  in  the  water). 
NaiaaAcio!.  About  20  tropical  or  sub- 
tropical water  plants.  Pis.  in  twin 
terminal  spikes,  wholly  naked,  but 
subtended  by  a  double  row  of  petal- 
like bracts. 
distichyum,  Thunb.  Cape  Pond-weed.  Water  Haw- 
thorn (from  the  fragrance).  Forked  spikes  4-8  in.  long, 
with  several  pairs  of  pure  white  bracts,  borne  on  the 
emersed  ends  of  long  scapes  :  fls.  very  fragrant,  with 
purple  anthers  :  Ivs.  with  very  long  petioles,  the  blade 
floating,  oblong-lanceolate,  round-based,  parallel-veined, 
3-6  in.  long.  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  B.M.  1293.  F.R. 
1 :  463.  P.G.  4:  106. -A  charming  and  interesting  plant. 
In  a  protected  pool,  especially  if  it  can  be  covered  in 
winter,  the  plant  is  hardy  in  the  N.,  blooming  nearly  all 
summer.  Removed  to  tubs  in  the  fall,  it  blooms  nearly 
all  winter  ;  or  it  can  be  grown  permanently  in  tubs  or 
deep  pans  in  the  house.    Requires  about  2  ft.  of  water. 


103.  Fruit  of  Aplec- 
trum  hyemale. 

Nearly  natural  size. 


APPLE 

or  out-of-doors  it  may  have  twice  that  depth.  Prop, 
chiefly  by  seeds,  but  fls.  should  be  pollinated  and  kept 
above  water  at  least  24  hours  afterwards,  and  seeds  not 
be  allowed  to  become  dry.  Var.  Lagringei,  Hort.  (.1. 
Lagrdngei,  Hort.),  is  a  rare  and  beautiful  variety,  with 
violet  bracts  and  Ivs.  violet  beneath.  It  props,  slowly. 
R.H.  1895:380.  L.  H.  B. 

/'APPLE.  BosAeea.  TheApple  is  native  to  southwestern 
Asia  and  adiacent  Europe.  It  has  been  cultivated  from 
timeimmeninrinl.  Chnrred  reiiiniTU  of  the  fruit  are  found 
in  the  prelii-t"ri''  Inkc  ■hvi  llinir^  c,f  Switzerland.  Now 
widely  culti\at.(l  ami  i)niio  ii-.ly  variable,  it  is  grown 
in  every  tiiii|M  i  at.-  c  liinatc.  ami  i-;  the  most  important 
commercial  pomolu^icul  fruit. 

TheApple  has  come  from  two  original  stems.  All  the 
commonApples  are  modifications  of  Pyrti.i  Malus  (see 
Pyrus).  a  low  round-headed  tree,  with  thick  and  fuzzy, 
irregularly  dentate,  short-.stemmed  leaves  and  fairly  com- 
pact clusters  of  wooUystemmed  flowers.  The  crab- 
apples  are  derived  from  Pyrus  baccata ,  commonly  known 
as  the  Siberian  crab.  This  species  is  probably  of  more 
northern  or  eastern  origin  than  the  other.  It  is  of  smoother 
and  more  wiry  p-r.nvth.  with  iiarrow.i-  aiol  thinner  es- 
sentially glaliiou^  IniiL'  -^ti  nmi'-d  I' r!\t -.  ami  more  open 
clusters  of  (.'laliroii.--ti-niiii.al  ilow,  r~.  'I'lo-  fruit  is  small 
and  hard,  aial  t  li  i- calyx  lota  ■>  fall  at  inaturny.  leaving  the 
eye  or  basin  of  tlie  fruit  smooth  imd  plain.  Hybrids  be- 
tween these  species  have  given  the  race  of  large-fruited 


ki  ■.:/,>' 


:fe 


'h 


crab-apples,  of  which  the  Transcendent  and  Hyslop  are 
examples.  This  race  is  known  to  botanists  as  Pyrus 
prunifolia.  CertainApples  are  native  to  North  America. 
Two  species,  Pyrus  Joensis  and  P.  coronnriii,  are  of  in- 
terest to  the  pomologist.  The  former  is  the  prairie- 
states  crab,  and  is  the  more  promising.  In  characters  of 
growth,  leaves  and  flowers,  it  bears  a  striking  resem- 
blance to  forms  of  Pyrus  Malus.  The  fruit  is  spherical 
or  spherical-oblong,  short-stemmed,  very  hard,  and  re- 
mains green-colored.  The  fruit  of  the  eastern-states 
crab,  Pyrus  eoronaria,  is  distinctly  flattened  endwise, 
and  is  long-stemmed.    The  leaves  are  deep-cut  and  often 


three-lobed.  There  are 
eastern  species,  and  no  authei 
the  common  Apples.  Thefrni 
tiers,  but  it  has  little  conie.i 
has  produced  a  number  of  jo 
common  Apple,  and  this  moiif.- 
Soulardi.  The  Soulard  crab  i 
Its  value  lies  only  in  its  extre 
logical  value  of  the  native  c 
completer  account 


of  this 


,  .,,_  ;,,..al.  with  the 
rare  ,-,  known  as />l/)-l(S 
lie  best  known  of  these 
hardiness.  The  pomo- 
is  is  prospective.  For 
ve  Apples,   see  Bailey 


"Evolution  of  our  Native  Fruits 

The  most  perfect  Apple  region  of  this  country— consid 
ering  productiveness,  quality,  long-keeping  attributes, 
longevity  of  tree  — is  that  which  begins  with  Nova  Scotia 
and  extends  to  the  west  and  southwest  to  Lake  Michigan. 
Other  important  regions  are  the  Piedmont  country  of 
Virginia  and  the  highlands  of  adjacent  states,  the  Plains 
regions,  the  Ozark  and  Arkansas  region,  and  the  Pacific 


APPLE 

••egion,  the  last  comprising  the  foothills  in  California  and 
the  country  to  the  northward.  All  parts  of  the  United 
States  north  of  Florida  and  the  Gulf  borders,  and  exclud- 
ing the  warm-temperate  parts  of  the  Southwest  and  the 
Pacific  coast,  are  adapted  to  the  Apple  in  greater 


and  Canada,  of  all  kinds  and  grades,  is  probably  not  less 
than  100,000,000  barrels.  The  Apple  is  a  cosmopolitan 
fruit  ;  and  since  it  thrives  almost  anywhere,  it  is  com- 
monly neglected.  The  plants  which  are  most  difficult  to 
cultivate  are  the  ones  whifli  ;m  lust  cultivated. 

The  Apple  was  early  intr(«hii'fil  inu.  this  country.  In 
the  early  days  it  was  priztil  i-hie(ly  for  cider.  It  is  an 
ancient  and  common  notion  that  any  Apple  is  good  enough 
for  cider  ;  and  this  is  one  reason  for  the  neglect  in  which 
the  Apple  plantation  is  commonly  allowed  to  stand.  The 
best  results  in  Apple-growing  are  to  he  expected  when 
the  land  is  tilled.  The  reasons  for  tilling  the  orchard  are 
those  which  apply  to  other  crops,  — to  make  plant-food 
available,  to  extend  the  area  in  which  tlic  roots  can  grow, 

hot  and  sunny  country,  that  1 1].-  ro<  its  ex  tend  deep  enough 
to  escape  the  disastrous  ettrcts  of  drought.  The  ideal 
treatment  of  orchard  land  is  to  tit  the  ground  deep  before 
the  trees  are  planted,  to  plow  deep  for  a  year  or  two  or 
three  in  order  to  force  the  roots  down  and  to  thoroughly 
ameliorate  the  soil,  and  to  practice  shallow  tillage  in  order 
to  conserve  moisture.    {See  Tillage.)    Since  trees  make 


APPLE 


77 


1^" 


105    A  Eood  New  York  Apple  orchard  at  25  years 

most  of  their  growth  early  in  the  season,  the  tillage  should 
be  begun  as  soon  as  the  land  is  fit  in  spring;  and  it  may  be 
discontinued  by  midsummer  or  August.  This  cessation 
of  the  tillage  allows  of  the  growing  of  some  cover  crop 
or  catch  crop  (see  Cover'  crops)  late  iu  the  season,  in 
order  to  secure  humus  and  to  improve  the  physical  tex- 
ture of  the  soil.  If  the  laud  is  well  handled  in  the  first 
few  years,  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  turn  a  furrow  in  the 
orchard  thereafter,  but  merely  to  loosen  the  surface  in 
the  spring  with  a  spading  harrow,  spring-tooth  harrow, 
or  other  tool,  in  order  to  reestablish  the  surface  mulch. 
The  only  reasons  for  turning  a  furrow  will  occur  when 
the  land  is  so  hard  that  the  surface  tools  cannot  mellow 
the  surface,  or  when  it  is  desirable  to  turn  under  a  green- 
manure  crop.  Even  hard  lands  may  be  got  in  such  con- 
dition, by  means  of  tillage  and  green-manures,  that  they 
may  be  worked  up  with  harrow  tools  when  the  orchard 
comes  into  bearing.  Plowing  the  orchard,  therefore,  has 
two  legitimate  objects  :  to  mellow  and  ameliorate  the 
land  to  aconsiderable  depth,  so  that  the  roots  may  forage 
deep  ;  to  turn  under  a  cover  crop.  The  former  purpose 
should  not  be  necessary  after  the  first  few  plowings.  An 
incidental  object  of  plowing  is  to  facilitate  the  making 
of  the  annual  surface  mulch  ;  and  this  mulch  is  to  save 
the  moisture. 

The  Apple  thrives  in  a  variety  of  soils,  but  it  is  most 
productive  and  longest-lived  on  land  which  has  a  con- 
siderable original  admixture  of  clay:  that  is,  in  a  clay 
loam.  Iiands  which  yield  good  crops  of  wheat  and  corn 
may  be  expected  to  be  good  Apple  lands,  if  other  condi- 
tions are  right.  Rolling,  inclined,  or  somewhat  elevated 
lands  are   generally  considered  to  be  most  desirable. 


Their  value  lies  in  the  better  drainage  of  water  and  air. 
The  trees  may  be  set  in  either  fall  or  spring.    Forty  feet 
apart  each  way  is  the  standard  distance  for  Apple  trees  • 
but  some  varieties,  as  the  Wag- 
ener  and  the  crabs,  may  be  set  ~ 

closer.  In  the  .South  and  on  the 
Plains,  trees  may  be  set  closer, 
as  they  do  not  attain  such  great 
size  as  in  the  northeastern 
states.  In  general,  it  is  best  to 
devote  the  land  to  Apples  alone; 
but  persons  who  are  willing  to 
give  the  plantation  the  best  of 
care  may  plant  other  trees 
between  theApples,  as  fill- 
ers. The  more  diverse  the 
kinds  of  trees  which  are 
planted  together,  the  more 
difficult  it  is  to  give  the 
proper  care  to  each.  Some 
of  the  shorter-lived  varieties  of  Apples  make  excellent 
fillers  in  the  Apple  orchard  :  and  in  special  cases  dwarf 
Apples  may  be  used. 

It  should  be  the  general  purpose  to  till  the  Apple 
orchard  throughout  its  life;  but  whenever  the  trees  seem 
to  be  growing  too  rapidly,  the  plantation  may  be  seeded 
down  for  a  time.  That  is,  tillage  is  the  general  practice; 
seeding  down  is  the  special  practice.  For  the  first  few 
years,  annual  crops  may  be  grown  in  tbo  Apple  orchard; 
but  every  year  a  more  generous  open  space  should  be 
left  about  the  trees.  Till  as  often  as  the  land  becomes 
crusted  or  baked.  On  strong  soils  which  are  well  han- 
dled, it  is  rarely  necessary  to  apply  concentrated  fertil- 
izers until  the  trees  are  old  enough  to  bear.  What  fer- 
tilizers are  then  needed,  and  how  much  to  apply,  are  to 
be  determined  by  the  behavior  of  the  trees.  If  the  trees 
are  making  insufficient  growth,  and  the  foliage  lacks 
color,  one  or  all  of  three  things  may  be  the  trouble  :  the 
trees  may  need  water  ;  they  may  be  suffering  from  in- 
sects or  disease  ;  they  may  lack  nitrogen.  If  it  is  thought 
that  they  lack  nitrogen,  this  material  may  be  supplied  in 
the  form  of  nitrate  of  soda,  siilfati-  ■■{  aiiniLonia,  or  the 
uuburned  animal  substances,  as  l.l.ioM  ami  laiikage.  Two 
to  three  hundred  pounds  to  tin-  aire  oj'  tlir  nit  rate  of  soda 
or  sulfate  of  ammonia  are  lilaral  applirati.ms  on  well- 
tilled  lands.  If  the  trees  are  making  vigorous  growth, 
the  probability  is  that  they  are  not  in  need  of  more  nitro- 
gen. Potash  and  phosphoric  acid  may  then  be  applied. 
Three  hundred  pounds  of  muriate  of  potash,  or  other 
concentrated  material,  should  be  sufficient  for  an  acre, 
under  ordinary  conditions.  As  a  rule,  all  orchards  in 
full  bearing  should  have  a  liberal  annual  application  of 
fertilizing  materials.  In  the  East,  Apple  trees  sbuuid  he 
iu  profitable  bearing  at  10  years  from  planting,  and 
should  continue  in  that  condition  for  30  years. 

The  two  staple  enemies  of  the  Apple  are  the  apple- 
worm  (the  larva  of  the  codlin -moth),  and  the  apple-scab 
(Fig.  106).  These  are  readily  held  in  check  by  spraying, 
—  with  arsenical  poisons  for  the  worm,  and  with  Bor- 
deaux mixture  for  the  scab.  (See  Sprayino.)  Spraying 
for  the  worm  should  be  performed  as  soon  as  the  last 


Ready  for  the  first  general  spraying. 


petals  fall ;  for  the  scab  as  soon  as  the  buds  are  well 
burst  (Fig.  107).  In  badly  infected  regions  and  on  very 
susceptible  varieties,  it  may  be  necessary  to  spray  first 
for  the  scab  before  the  buds  swell.  Since  there  are  insects 
(as  canker-worms,  case-bearers,  bud-moth)  which  appear 


before  the  flowers  open,  it  is  advisable  to  add  Pans  frreen 
or  other  arsenical  poison  to  the  Bordeaux  mixture  it  the 
early  spraying     The  number  of  times  to  sprav  depends 


upon  the  thoroughness  of  the  work,  the  pests  to  be  com- 
batted,  and  the  season  ;  but  it  is  a  good  rule  to  expect 
to  spray  with  the  combined  Bordeaux  and  Paris  green 
mixture  when  the  buds  burst,  and  again  when  the  petals 
have  fallen.  In  the  Plains  country,  less  spraying  may 
be  necessary  for  the  fungous  diseases. 

The  A  pple  commonly  bears  on  spurs.  The  fruit-bud  is 
distinguished  by  its  greater  size  (usually  somewhat 
thicker  than  its  branch),  its  greater  width  in  proportion 
to  its  length,  and  more  conspicuous  pubescence.  It  is 
also  distinguished  by  its  position.  A  fruit-bud  is  shown 
in  Fig.  108.  A  fruit-scar  is  shown  near  the  base  of  the 
branch.  If  this  fruit  was  borne  in  1898,  the  side  branch 
grew  in  1899,  from  a  bud  which  came  into  existence  in 
1898.  If  we  go  back  to  the  spring  of  1898,  the  matter  can 
be  made  plain.  A  cluster  of  flowers  appeared.  One 
flower;set  a  fruit  (Fig.  109).  This  Apple  is  at  the  end  of 
the  branchlet  or  spur.  The  spur  cannot  increase  in 
length  in  the  same  axis.  Therefore,  a  bud  appears  on 
the  side  (Fig.  110).  The  fruit  absorbs  the  energies  of 
the  spur.  There  is  little  nourishment  left  for  the  bud. 
The  bud  awaits  its  opportunity  ;  the  following  year  it 
grows  into  a  branchlet  and  makes  a  fruit-bud  at  its  end 
(Fig.  108);  and  thereby  there  arises  an  alternation  in 
fruit-bearing. 

The  Apple  is  budded  or  root-grafted  upon  common 
Apple  seedlings.  These  seedlings  are  usually  grown  from 


APPLESEED 

hardiness  can  be  secured.  (See  Graftnge.)  In  Russia. 
seedlings  of  Pyrus  baccata  are  used  as  stocks.  They 
prevent  root-killing,  and  give  earlier  fruit-bearing.  Ap- 
ples are  dwarfed  by  working  them  on  various  kinds  of 
Paiddiseaud  Doucin  stocks.  These  stocks  are  merely 
naturally  dwarf  forms  of  the  common  apple,  and  which, 
in  some  remote  time,  have  originated  from  seeds.  Dwarf 
Apples  are  much  grown  in  Europe,  where  small-area  cul- 
tivation and  wall-training  are  common,  but  they  are  lit- 
tle known  in  America.  Apple  trees  are  usually  planted 
when  two  or  three  years  old. 
^  Tlie  varieties  of  Apple  trees  actually  on  sale  in  North 
\inprica  in  any  year  are  not  far  from  1.000  kinds.  Each 
„'if  It  geographical  area  has  varieties  which  are  particu- 
Hrh  adapted  to  it.  In  the  northern  Mississippi  valley, 
there  are  few  of  the  eastern-states  Apples  which  thrive. 
Varieties  have  been  introduced  from  Russia  with  the 
expectation  that  they  will  be  adapted  to  the  region :  but 
more  is  to  be  expected  of  their  progeny  than  of  them- 
selves. Varieties  of  local  origin,  coming  from  various 
stem  types,  are  now  providing  that  countrv  with  satis- 
factory Apples.  In  the  selection  of  varieties",  one  should 
be  guided  by  this  adaptation  to  the  region,  and  by  the  pur- 
pose for  which  the  fruit  is  designed  t..  1..-  ltowh.  Con- 
sult the  recom- 
mended lists  of 
the  state  horti- 
cultural socie- 
ties ;  ask  per- 
sons who  have 
had  experience 
in  the  tjivt-Ti  r.- 
gion:     ^w,„.   , 


9 


111.  The  flat  or  oblate  i 


1  apple. 


seeds  obtained  from  cider  mills.  In  the  East,  budded 
trees  are  preferred.  In  the  West,  root-grafted  trees  are 
preferred,  largely  because  own-rooted  trees  of  known 


The  leadii.L- 

commercial  v.i 
rieties  in  Norih 
America  are  A I 
bemarle  Pippin, 
American  Gol- 
den Russet,  As- 
trachan,  Baldwin,  Ben  Davis,  Blue  Pearmain,  Duchess 
of  Oldenburg,  Fameuse.  Gilliflower,  Gravenstein,  Janet, 
King,  Lawver.  Maiden's  Blush,  Missouri  Pippin,  New- 
town Pippin,  Northern  Spy,  Peck's  Pleasant,  Pennock, 
Rhode  Island  Greening,  Rome 
Beauty,  Shocklev,  Twenty  Ounce, 
Wealthy,Willow  Twig,  Wolf  River, 
York  Imperial.  See  Plate  I.  Bald- 
win and  Ben  Davis,  the  former  of 
inferior  quality  and  the  latter  of 
worse,  hold  the  supremacy  in 
American  market  Apples.  The 
Apples  of  the  eastern  and  central 
country  tend  toward  flattened  or 
oblate  shape  (Fig.  111).  The  typi- 
cal form  of  the  so-called  long  or 
conical  American  Apple  may  be 
seen  in  Fig.  110.      The  Apples  of 

Europe  are  often  distinctly  attenuated  and  ribbed  at  the 
apex  (Fig.  11'2);  and  this  "form  is  also  accented  in  the 
regions  beyond  the  Rockies. 
Three  books  devoted  wholly  to  the  apple  have  ap- 
11  :  Warder.  Apples,  1867  (the 
n-i,  I-:i  ;  l;:.il.-y,  Field  Notes 
\  '1.  '25,  Nebraska 
I  -  I  .  I  '  Apple,  a  report 
1,  -i;-.  I  -...  i..,v.  1898.  Nearly 
.If  sp:K-i-  lo  ihe  apple. 

L.  H.  B. 
APPLESEED,  JOHNNY.  An  interesting  and  eccen- 
tric character,  who  sowed  apple  seeds  in  the  wilds  of 
Ohio  and  Indiana  between  1801  and  1847.  His  real  name 
was  Jonathan  Chapman.  He  was  bom  in  Boston  in 
1775,  and  died  in  1847.  For  46  years  he  walked  bare- 
foot through  the  wilderness,  and  was  never  harmed  by 
snakes,  wild  animals,  or  Indians.  He  was  often  clad  in 
a  coffee-sack,  in  which  he  made  holes  for  the  arms  and 
legs.  He  would  never  kill  any  creature,  and  considered 
pruning   and  grafting  wicked.     Swedenborg  and   the 


112,  An  Irish  apple. 


peared  in  North  Amei 
best);  Todd, Apple  Cu 
on  Apple  Culture,  1881',. 
State  Horticultural  S(" 
of  the  Kansas  State  Hn 
all  the  fruit  m<inuals  di 


113.  Apricot  leaves. 

P.  Mume  on  left ; 
P.  Armeniaea  on  right. 


APPLESEED 

New  Testament  he  read  aloud  in  many  frontier  log 
cabins.  He  had  many  peculiarities,  but  was  always 
welcomed  and  respected  everywhere.  In  the  war  of 
1812  he  saved  many  lives  by  warning  the  settlers  of 
Hull's  surrender  and  the  approach  o£  the  Indians.  He 
lived  to  see  trees  bearing  fruit  over  a  territory  of 
100,000  acres.  The  story  of  this  self-sacrificing  and 
useful  man  is  told  by  W.  D.  Haley  in  Harper's, 
43:830-836(1871).  W.  M. 

AFBICOX.  MosAcca.  The  Apricot  is  a  fruit  some- 
what intermediate  between  the  peach  and  the  plum. 
The  tree  is  a  round-headed,  spreading  grower,  with 
dark,  somewhat  peach-like  bark,  and  very  broad  or  al- 
most circular  leaves.  The  fruit,  which  generally  ripens 
in  advance  of  both  the  peach  and  plum,  is  peach-like  in 
shape  and  color,  with  a  smoother  skin,  rich,  yellow  flesh 
and  large,  flat,  smooth  stone.  The 
flesh  is  commonly  less  juicy  than 
that  of  the  peach,  and,  as  a  rule, 
perhaps,  of  higher  quality.  The 
Apricots  are  of  three  species,  all 
probably  native  of  China  or  Japan. 
The  common  Apricot  of  Europe 
and  America  is  Prtinus  Arnieni- 
aea  :  fr.  variable,  but  smooth  at 
maturity,  red  or  yellow,  the  sweet 
and  firm  flesh  free,  or  very  nearly 
so,  from  the  large,  smooth,  flat 
stone  :  tree  with  a  round,  spread- 
ing top,  and  a  reildish,  cherry-like 
or  peach-like  bark:  Ivs.(Fig.  113, 
right)  ovate  or  reund-ovate,  with 
a  short   point   and,  sometimes  a 

heart-shaped  base,  thin  and  bright  green,  smooth,  or 
very  nearly  so  below,  as  are  the  gland-bearing  stalks,  the 
margins  rather  obtusely  and  mostly  finely  serrate  :  tis. 
pink-white  and  borne  singly,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so, 
preceding  the  leaves  (Fig.  IIG).  The  Russian  Apricot 
is  a  hardy  but  smaller-fruited  race  of  this  species.  The 
Japanese  Apricot,  in  Japan  grown  for  flowers  rather 
than  for  fruit,  is  Prunus  Mume  :  fr.  small,  yellowish  or 
greenish,  the  flesh  rather  hard  and  dry,  and  adhering 
tightly  to  the  pitted  stone  :  tree  like  the  commonApricot, 
but  with  a  grayer  or  greener  bark  and  duller  foliage  : 
Ivs.  grayish  green,  generally  narrower  (Fig.  113,  left) 
and  long-pointed,  more  or  less  hairy  along  the  veins  be- 
low and  on  the  shorter  mostly  glandless  stalk,  thick  in 
texttire  and  prominently  netted  beneath  :  fls.  fragrant, 
borne  singly  or  in  2's,  and  sessile  (without  stalks). 
Only  rccentir  introduced  into  this  country,  chit-Hv  under 
the  name  of  Bungoume  plum.  The  thir.i  s-,.ecii's  is  the 
purple  or  black  Apricot.  Pnimis  dasycarpa,  which  is 
little  cultivated:  fr.  globular  and  somewhat  plum-like, 
with  a  distinct  stem,  pubescent  or  fuzzy  even  at  ma- 
turity, dull  dark  purple,  the  sourish,  soft  flesh  clinging 
to  the  plum-like  fuzzy  stone:  tree  round-headed,  with 
much  the  habit  of  the  common  Apricot,  with  Ivs.  ovate 
and  more  or  less  tapering  at  both  ends,  thin,  dull  green, 
on  slender  and  pubescent  mostly  glandless  stalks,  finely 
appressed-serrate,  and  hairy  on  the  veins  below:  fls. 
large  and  plum-like,  blush,  solitary  or  in  2's,  on  pubes- 
cent stalks  a  half -inch  or  more  long,  and  appearing  in 
advance  of  the  leaves.  See  Prunus  for  related  species. 
The  Apricot-plum,  Prunus  Simonii,  is  discussed  under 
Plum. 

The  Apricot  is  as  hardy  as  the  peach,  and  it  thrives  in 
the  same  localities  and  under  the  same  general  cultiva- 
tion and  treatment,  but  demands  rather  strong  soil.  It 
is  grown  commercially  in  New  York  and  other  eastern 
states.  There  are  three  chief  reasons  why  the  Apricot 
has  remained  in  comparative  obscurity  in  the  East  : 
Ignorance  of  the  fruit;  loss  of  crop  by  spring  frosts, 
because  of  the  very  early  season  of  blooming  of  the 
Apricot;  the  fondness  of  the  curculio  for  the  fruit.  To 
these  may  be  added  the  fact  that  we  have  not  yet  ar- 
rived at  an  understanding  of  the  best  stocks  upon  which 
to  bud  the  Apricot ;  but  this  difficulty  may  be  expected  to 
disappear  as  soon  as  greater  attention  is  given  to  the 
fruit  and  our  nurserymen  begin  to  propagate  it  exten- 
sively. Aside  from  the  above  difficulties,  there  are  prob- 
ably no  reasons  why  Apricots  should  not  be  grown  in  the 
East  as  easily  as  plums  or  peaches.     The  varieties  of 


APRICOT 


79 


Apricots  which  are  chiefly  prized  in  the  eastern  states 
are  Harris,  Eariv  ^loorpark,  and  St.  Ambroise  for  earlv: 
TurkMi  ..1  K>.,r,:.i,  <  Fi-.  1111.  M..,il-uraet,  Royal  and 
Muufj:!    ■  '     ■     --U  :iii'i  l.iii  .    f  M' tlie  Russian  race, 

the  1"  -  '  ,  .  .  Al. Mirnlrr.  inMi,  Budd,  Alexis, 
Nirl,..!:.-.  ,•,,,.1  .   .,.:..  nur. 

ThL-  ukal  ..i.il  l.jr  ibL-  April-. .t  sti)ii,-.  to  be  one  which 
is  deep  and  dry,  and  of  a  loamy  or  gravelly  character. 
The  rolling  loamy  lands  which  are  well  adapted  to  apples 
seem  to  be  well  suited  to  the  Apricot,  if  the  exposure 
and  location  are  right.  The  Apricot  seems  to  be  particu- 
larly impatient  of  wet  feet,  and  many  of  the  failures  are 
due  to  retentive  subsoils.  Particular  attention  should 
be  given  to  the  location  and  exposure  of  the  Apricot 
orchard.  In  the  East,  the  bist  r.sults  are  obtained  if 
the  plantation  stands  iip -n  -  '•  >  :''  '  land  ne.ar  a  large 
body  of  water,  for  thii.      '  ■  fn.sts  are  not   so 

serious  as  elsewhere.    tn' what  backward 

exposure,  if  it  can  be-w.,,,; .lalde.in  order  to 

retard  blooming.  Apricui-  u  ill  In  .-liil- to  fail  in  frosty 
localities.  The  Apricot  should  always  be  given  clean 
culture.  For  the  first  two  or  three  years  some  hoed 
crop  may  be  grown  between  the  trees,  but  after  that 
the  trees  should  be  allowed  the  entire  land,  particu- 
larly if  set  less  than  20  feet  apart.  Cultivation  should 
be  stopped  late  in  summer  or  early  in  the  fall,  in  order 
to  allow  the  wood  to  mature  thoroughly.  The  trees  are 
pruned  in  essentially  the  same  way  as  plums.  The  fruit- 
buds  are  borne  both  upon  spurs  (two  are  shown  in  Fig. 
115),  and  also  on  the  wood  of  the  last  season's  growth, 
on  either  side  of  the  leaf -bud,  as  shown  in  the  twin  and 
triplet  buds  above  a  in  Fig.  115.  Each  bud  contains  a 
single  naked  flower  (Fig.  IIG).  As  the  fruit  begins  to 
swell,  the  calyx-ring  is  forced  off  over  the  top  (Fig.  117)  ; 
and  the  injury  from  curculio  may  then  be  expected. 

When  grown  under  the  best  conditions,  the  Apricot 
may  be  considered  to  be  nearly  or  quite  as  productive 
as  the  peach.  Like  other  fruit  trees,  it  bears  in  alter- 
nate years,  unless  the  crops  are  very  heavily  thinned; 
but  it  can  never  be  recommended  for  general  or  indis- 
criminate planting.  Only  the  best  fruit-growers  can 
succeed  with  it.  AjTicots  are  to  be  considered  as  a 
dessert  or  fan.y  fiiiit.  aii.l.  therefore,  should  be  neatly 
packed  in  small  and  ta^iy  j.ackages.  The  most  serious 
enemy  of  the  Ai.ri.cif  is  tli.-  curculio,  the  same  insect 
which  attacks  the  plum  and  peach.  It  seems  to  have  a 
particular  fondness  for  theApricot,  and  as  the  fruit  sets 
very  early  the  crop  may  be  expected  to  be  destroyed  un- 
less the  most  vigilant  means  are  employed  of  fighting 
the  insect.  Spraying  with  arsenical  poisons  is  uncertain. 
The  insect  must  be  caught  by  jarring  the  trees,  in  the 


\ 


'k 


114    Apricot  the  Roman  tX 


same  manner  as  on  plums  and  peaches,  but  the  work 
must  be  even  more  thoroughly  done  than  upon  those 
fruits.  The  jarring  should  begin  as  soon  as  the  blos- 
soms fall,  and  continue  as  long  as  the  insect.s  are  nu- 
merous enough  to  do  serious  damage.    It  will  usually  be 


work  must  be  done  early  in  the  mornins,  while  the  cur- 
culio  is  indisposed  to  fly.  The  operation  consists  iu 
knocking  the  insects  from  the  tree  by  a 
quick  jar  or  shake,  catching  them  upon  a 
white  sheet  or  in  a  canvas  hopper.  The 
catcher  most  commonly  used  in  western  New 
York  is  a  strong  cloth  hopper  mounted  upon 
a  wheelbarrow-like  frame,  and  running  upon 
two  wheels.  The  hopper  converges  into  a  tin 
box,  into  which  the  curculios  roll  as  they  fall 
upon  the  sheet.  One  man  wheels  the  device, 
by  barrow-like  handles,  under  the  tree,  then 
drops  the  handle 
times  two  men  g 

ing  it  and  the  other  jarring  the  trees.  This 
device  is  used  extensively  by  practical  fruit- 
growers for  catching  the  curculio  on  the  vari- 
ous stone  fruits.  . 

It  is  not  yet  certain  what  are  the  best  stocks 
for  Apricots  in  the  East,  in  commercial  or- 
chards. It  is  probable  that  no  one  stock  is 
best  under  all  circumstances.  The  Apricot 
root  itself  seems  to  be  i)iii>:it  irni  .if  ^'^n-  im1,1 
and  wet  soils,  whichan-.l'    !    'i   ■!  I     M.  .Iiiin 

soil,  but  it  is  doubtful  li  m  ,-  -.i.  lh  iIm- 
East.  The  common  pluui  ,ii..t  ^Hjn.baUan  is 
an  excellent  stock  for  plum  soils,  and  the  Apri- 
cot does  well  either  nursery-budded  or  top- 
worked  upon  it.  Peach  is  probably  the  com- 
monest stock,  and,  for  peach  soils,  it  is  prob- 
ably the  best  that  can  be  used.  If  the  Apricot 
thrives  upon  various  stocks,  it  is  thereby 
adapted  to  many  soils. 

it  is  often  trained  on  walls,  where 
hes  the  highest  perfection.  Care 
should  be  taken  that  the  wall 
does  not  face  to  the  east  or  the 
south,  or  the  early-forced  flowers 
may  be  caught  by  frost.  An  over- 
ii:mging  cornice  will  aid  greatly 
iu  protecting  from  frost. 

L.  H.  B. 
The  Apricot  in  California. 
-TheApricot  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing commercial  fruits  of  Cali- 
fornia. It  was  introduced  by  the 
Mission  Fathers,  for  Vancouver 
found  it  at  the  Santa  Clara  Mis- 
sion in  1792.  However,  there  is 
no  relation  between  this  early 
the  peach,  introduction  and  the  expansion 
anu  aiso  on  spurs.  which  quickly  followed  the  Amer- 
ican occupation,  because  the  Mis- 
sion Fathers  had  only  seedling  fruits,  while  the  early 
American  planters,  shortly  before  the  gold  discovery, 
introduced  the  best  French  and  English  varieties,  and 
were  delighted  to  find  that  these  sorts,  usually  given 
some  protection  in  the  Old  World,  grew  with  surpris- 
ing thrift  of  tree  and  size  of  fruit  in  valley  situations 
in  California  in  the  open  air.  Upon  these  facts  the  Apri- 
cot rose  to  wide  popularity.  The  acreage  has  steadily 
increased  during  the  last  fifty  years,  and  with  particu- 
larly swift  rate  during  the  last  twenty  years,  until  the 
number  of  trees  at  the  present  date  ( 1899)  is  about  three 
millions,  occupying  upwards  of  forty  thousand  acres  of 
land.  This  notable  increase,  and  the  present  prospect  of 
much  greater  extension,  is  based  upon  the  demand  which 
has  arisen  for  the  fruit  in  its  fresh,  canned,  dried  and 
crystallized  forms,  in  all  the  regions  of  the  United  States, 
in  England  and  on  the  Continent,  where,  by  reason  of 
its  superior  size  and  acceptable  manner  of  curing,  it  has 
achieved  notable  popularity.  The  year  1897  was  the 
greatest  thus  far  in  amount  of  dried  product  realized, 
viz. :  30,000,000  pounds.  The  year  1895  was  greatest  in 
amount  of  canned  product,  which  reached  upwards  of 
360,000  cases,  each  containing  two  dozen  2^-pound  cans. 
The  shipment  of  fresh  Apricots  out  of  California  during 
the  summer  of  1897  was  177  carloads. 

The  chief  part  of  the  Apricot  crop  of  California  is 
grown   in  the  interior  valleys.    In   the  low   places   in 


115.  Fruit 

Apricot, 
Borne  beside  the  leaf- 
bud. 


APRICOT 

these  valleys,  however,  the  fruit  is  apt  to  be  injured  and 
sometimes  almost  wholly  destroyed  fcy  spring  frosts,  al- 
though the  trees  make  excellent  growth.  In  foothill 
situations  adjacent  to  these  valleys,  there  is  also  serious 
danger  of  frost  above  an  elevation  of  about  fifteen  hun- 
dred feet  above  sea-level,  and  the  tree  is  rarely  planted 
for  commercial  purposes.  In  southern  California  the 
Apricot  succeeds  both  in  the  coast  and  interior  valleys. 
But  along  the  coast  northward,  excepting  the  very  im- 
portant producing  regions  of  the  Alameda  and  Santa 
Clara  valleys,  eastward  and  southward  from  the  Bay  of 
San  Francisco,  the  Apricot  is  but  little  grown  owing  to 
frost  troubles.  In  respect  to  these,  the  Apricot  is  some- 
what less  subject  to  harm  than  the  almond,  but  it  is 
less  hardy  than  the  peach,  and  has,  therefore,  a  much 
narrower  range  of  adaptation.  The  average  date  of  the 
blooming  of  Apricot  varieties  is  about  two  weeks  later 
than  that  of  the  almonds.  The  Apricot  is  adapted  to  a 
wide  range  of  soils,  because  to  the  rather  heavy,  moist 
loams  which  its  own  root  tolerates,  it  adds  the  lighter 
tastes  of  the  peach  root,  upon  which  it  is  very  largely 
propagated.  However,  attempts  to  carry  the  Apricot 
upon  heavier,  moister  soils  by  working  it  upon  the  plum 
root  have  not  been  very  successful,  owing  to  the  dwarf- 
ing' of  tilt'  tree;  and  the  movement  toward  the  light,  dry 
I'l.ciM-.  liy  working  upon  the  almond  root,  has  failed  be- 
•■Hii-.  111.  attachment  is  insecure,  and  the  trees  are  very 
apt  ti.  Iir  -^napped  off  at  the  joining,  even  though  they 
may  :iit:iiii  li.arlnrr  nL'f  lufore  the  mishap  occurs.     The 

A\ir 1  I I  iT^i  If  i^  :i  f;n-nritp  morsel  with  rodents,  and 

is  f.ir  tlini  I,  .i-ci,  ih.i  I;ir-i  ly  used.  Our  mainstay  for  the 
Ai'iiii'i.  III.  II.  I-  III.  |i.  aih  root,  and  the  soils  which  this 
ro..t  .iijoys  ill  Idealities  suUiciently  frost-free  are,  there- 
fore, to  a  great  extent  the  measure  of  our  Apricot  area. 
Apricot  trees  are  produced  by  budding  on  peach  or 
Apricot  seedlings  during  their  first  summer's  growth  in 
the  nursery  row,  from  pits  planted  when  the  ground  is 
moist  and  warm,  at  any  time  during  the  preceding  win- 
ter. When  there  is  a  great  demand  for  trees,  planting 
in  orchard  is  sometimes  done  with  dormant  buds,  but 
ordinarily  the  trees  are  allowed  to  make  one  summer's 
growth  in  the  nursery.  The  trees  branch  during  the  first 
year's  growth  from  the  bud,  and  usually  come  to  the 
planter  with  a  good  choice  of  low-starting  branches,  from 
which  to  shapp  the  low-headed  tree  which  is  universally 
prefcrreil.  I'lii-  method  of  securing  such  a  tree  is  iden- 
ti.-al    '  ;n    liiii    I  ir.-ady  described  for  the  almond,  but  the 

tn   I  I  I    I,:     tree  after  reaching  bearing  age,  in  its 

111  Ml  ;■       'V  .lifferent  from  the  after  treatment  of 


Apr 


most  pi  of  use 
bearer.  Unless  kept  contmually  in 
check  it  will  quickly  rush  out  of 
reach, and  will  destioy  its  low  shoots 
and  spurs  by  the  dense  shade  of  its 
thick,  beautiful  foliage  There  is 
continually  necessary,  then  a  cer 
tain  degree  of  thinning  of  the  sur 
plus  shoots  and  shortening  of  the 
new  growth  to  continue  the  system 
of  low  branching,  to  relieve  the 
tree  from  an  excess  of  bearing 
wood,  and  to  avoid  small  fruit  and 
exhaustion  of  the  tree,  resulting  m 
alternate  years  of  bearing  In  the 
coast  regions,  where  the  ti  ee  makes 
moderate  wood  growth,  it  can  be 
kept  in  good  form  and  beLiiii-  1 
regular  winter  pruning  In  u 
regions,  where  the  tenden 
exuberant  wood  growth,  tli  i 
pruning  is  done  m  the  suiuu  1 1 
immediately  after  the  fruit  is 
gathered.  This  has  a  tendency  to 
check  wood  growth  and  promote 
fruit  bearing,  and  where  the  main 
cutting  is  done  in  the  summer  win- 
ter pruning  is  reduced  to  thmnm?: 
out  shoots,  to  prevent  the  tree  from  becoming  too  dense 
and  to  lessen  the  work  of  hand-thinning  of  the  fruit  later 
on.  In  addition,  however,  to  the  most  intelligent  prun- 
ing, much  fruit  must  be  removed  by  hand  when  there 
is  a  heavy  set  ot  it.  in  order  to  bring  the  fruit  to  a  size 


jf.' 


Bfttisfactory  to  shippers  or  canners,  and  to  reach  the 
highest  grades,  if  drj-ing  is  practiced.  CaliforniaApri- 
cot  orchards  are  all  grown  with  clean  tillage,  for  the 
main  purpose  of  moisture  conservation.  In  regions  of 
good  rainfall  and  sufficiently 
retentive  loams  no  irrigation  is 
required  ;  good  tillage  will  suf- 
fice for  the  production  of  large 
fruit  and  perfection  of  fruit-buds 
for  the  following  year.  As  the 
trees  are  becoming  older  and 
bearing  larger  crops  the  demand 
for  moisture  increases,  and  the 
use  of  irrigation  water  is  grow- 
ing. In  most  places,  however, 
one  irrigation  is  sufficient,  and 
that  is  given  after  fruit  gather- 
ing, to  carry  the  tree  through  the 
last  half  of  its  season's  work.  In 
the  regularly  irrigated  regions  of 
the  state,  water  is  periodically 
applied  through  the  growing  sea- 
and  at  such  intervals  as  the  local 
requ' 


very  small  fraction  of  the  California  product  of  evapo- 
ratedApricots  is  cured  in  an  evaporator  It  requires  about 
six  poun  is  of  fresh  \pricots  to  make  one  pound  of  cured 
fruit 


in  such 


Clin 


Though  probably  all  the  good  varieties  of  theApricot 
in  the  world  have  been  introduced  into  California  during 
the  last  half  century,  and  scores  of  selected  seedlings 
of  local  origin  have  been  widely  tested,  the  varieties 
which  have  survived  the  tests  and  are  now  widely  grown 
are  comparatively  few  in  number.  Most  of  the  rejected 
varieties  met  this  fate  because  of  shy  bearing,  and  those 
which  now  constitute  the  bulk  of  the  cropare  very  regu- 
lar and  full  bearers  under  rational  treatment.  A  local 
seedling,  the  Pringle,  was  for  many  years  chiefly  grown 
for  the  earliest  ripening,  but  this  has  recently  been 
largely  superseded  by  another  local  seedling,  the  New- 
castle, which  is  of  superior  size  and  about  as  early. 
The  European  varieties.  Large  Early  and  Early  Golden, 
are  fine  in  a  few  localities  where  they  bear  well,  and  do 
better  in  southern  California  than  elsewhere.  The  uni- 
versal favorite  is  the  Royal ;  probably  three-fourths  of 
all  the  trees  in  the  state  are  of  this  variety,  though  re- 
cently the  area  of  the  Blenheim  has  been  increasing 
largely.  The  Hemskirk  stands  next  to  the  Blenheim  in 
popularity.  The  Peach  is  largely  grown  in  the  Sacra- 
mento valley.  The  best  Apricot  grown  in  California  is 
the  Moorpark  ;  in  size  and  lusciousness,  when  well  ri- 
pened, it  heads  the  list.  It  is,  however,  rather  shy  in 
bearing,  and  is  forsaken  for  this  fault  in  most  regions. 
It  shows  the  best  behavior  in  the  Santa  Clara  valley,  and 
is  there  retained,  in  spite  of  frequent  lapses,  because  of 
the  high  prices  which  it  commands  at  the  canneries. 
About  a  dozen  other  varieties  are  carried  in  small  num- 
ber by  the  nurserymen  to  meet  limited  local  demands. 

Apricots  for  canning  and  drying  are  graded  according 
to  size  :  Extra,  not  less  than  2M  inches  in  diameter  ; 
No.  1,  2  inches  ;  No.  2,  IK  inches  ;  No.  3,  1  inch.  The 
first  three  grades  must  be  sound,  clean  and  free  from 
blemish,  and  No.  3  must  be  of  good  merchantable  quality. 
The  shippers  and  canners  require  well-colored  but  only 
firm-ripe  fruit,  because  both  the  long  rail  transportation 
and  the  canning  process  require  it ;  soft-ripe  fruit  will 
neither  can  nor  carry.  For  drying,  riper  fruit  is  used, 
and  yet  over- ripeness  has  to  be  guarded  against  to  avoid 
too  dark  color.  For  canning,  the  fruit  must  be  carefully 
hand-picked  ;  for  drying,  much  is  shaken  from  the 
trees.  The  drying  process  consists  in  cutting  the  fruit 
in  halves  longitudinally,  dropping  out  the  pits  and  plac- 
ing the  halves  cavity  uppermost  upon  light  wooden 
trays.  Breaking  or  tearing  the  fruit  open  will  not  do  ; 
it  must  show  clean-cut  edges.  When  the  trays  are  cov- 
ered they  are  placed  in  a  tight  compartment,  usually 
called  a  "sulfur  box,"  though  it  may  be  of  considerable 
size,  and  the  fruit  is  exposed  to  the  fumes  of  slowly 
burning  sulfur,  to  ensure  its  drying  to  the  light  golden 
color  which  is  most  acceptable  to  the  trade.  The  pro- 
duction of  the  right  color  is  the  end  in  view,  and  differ- 
ent dryers  regulate  the  amoant  of  sulfur  and  the  length 
of  exposure  according  to  the  condition  of  their  fruit  and 
their  judgment  of  what  it  needs.  The  exposure  varies 
from  half  an  hour  to  two  or  three  hours,  according  to 
circumstances.  After  sulfuring,  the  trays  are  taken  to 
open  ground,  and  the  fruit  is  cured  in  the  sun.   Only  a 


More  animal  life  would  make  a  better  equilibrium. 

A  moderate  estimate  of  the  yield  of  Apricots  might  be 
placed  at  seven  and  one-half  tons  to  the  acre  :  extreme 
yields  are  far  away  from  this  both  ways. 

TheApricot  is,  as  a  rule,  a  very  healthy  tree  in  Cali- 
fornia. It  is,  however,  subject  to  injury  by  scale  insects 
of  the  lecanium  group  in  some  parts  of  the  state.  Dur- 
ing recent  years  there  has  been  increasing  injury  by  a 
shot-hole  fungus,  which  perforates  the  leaves  and  makes 
ugly  pustules  upon  the  fruit.  Such  fruit  is  unfit  for 
canning  except  the  fruit  be  peeled,  which  is  little  done 
as  yet.  It  also  makes  low-grade  dried  product.  This 
fungus  cau  be  repressed  by  fungicides  of  the  copper 
''''"•*^-  Edward  J.  Wickson. 

AQUARIUM.  AuAquarium,  to  be  in  a  healthy  condi- 
tion, should  contain  living  plants— oxygenators— which 
are  as  necessary  as  food,  as  fish  cannot  live  on  food  only. 
TheAquarium  must  be  kept  clean.  The  sediment  should 
be  removed  from  the  bottom  with  a  dip  tube  t'vice  a 
week,  and  the  inner  side  of  the  glass  cleaned  with  a 
wiper  once  a  week.  Encourage  the  growth  of  the  plants 
at  all  seasons  ;  admit  plenty  of  light,  but  no  direct  sun- 
shine. There  should  also  be  a  few  tadpoles  and  snails 
in  the  Aquarium.  These  are  very  essential,  as  they  are 
scavengers,  and  devour  the  confervoid  growth  that  fre- 
quently accumulates  on  the  plants.  In  fall,  give  a  thor- 
ough cleaning  and  rearrangement  of  theAquarium,  so 
that  all  are  in  the  best  condition  possible  before  winter 
sets  in.  In  March 
it  should  be  care- 
fully looked  over, 
and  undesirable 
plants  removed  or 
transplanted.  Ad- 
ditions may  be 
made, or  any  change 
if  necessary.  Pol- 
lowing  are  some  of 
the  best  plants  to 
place  in  the  Aqua- 
rium, all  of  which 
can  be  easily  and 
cheaply  procured 
from  dealers  who 
make  a  specialty  of 
aquatics  :  Cabomba 
Fanwort  (sometimes 
being  found  in  quantities  in   D.C.  and   southward),  is 


tangular  glass  Aquarium. 


bZ  AQUARIUM 

a  most  beautiful  and  interesting  plant  of  a  light  green 
color.  The  leaf  is  fan-shaped,  composed  of  filaments 
or  ribs,  much  like  a  skeletonized  leaf.  Jjudwigia  Mu- 
lerttii  is  also  a  beautiful  plant,  as  well  as  a  valuable 
oxygenator,  having  dark  green,  glossy  foliage,  the 
under  side  of  the  leaf  bright  red.  ^^aUisneria  spiralis 
is  the  well  known 
eel  grass:  Lvs.  strap- 
like :  root  creeping 
and  spreading  :  fls. 
strictly  dioecious  : 
a  very  interesting 
plant  in  large  Aqua- 
riums. Sagittaria 
nutans  somewhat  re- 
sniil.lrs  Vallisneria, 
liiit  i1h-  lvs.  are  wider 
iiiiil  lilt  so  long,  of  a 
lui^'ht  green  color, 
uud  it  makes  better 
growth  in  winter, 
which  is  very  desirable.  Myriophyllum  verticillatum  : 
lvs.  pinnately  parted  into  capillary  divisions  ;  foliage 
and  stem  of  a  bronzy  green  color.  This,  with  M.  hefe- 
rophylliim,  as  well  as  Cabomba,  are  sold  by  dealers  in 
bunches,  but  established  plants  are  preferable  for  stock- 
ing the  Aquarium.  The  above  plants  are  wholly  sub- 
merged, growing  under  the  surface  of  the  water,  and 
are  of  the  most  importance  in  the  Aquarium.  Another 
submerged  plant  that  does  not  require  planting,  aud 
is  sometimes  used,  is  Stratiotes  aloides,  the  water 
soldier  or  water  aloe.  The  young  plants  are  very 
pretty,  but  the  large  plants  are  stiff  and  the  edges  of 
the  lvs.  are  dangerous,  being  armed  with  spines.  Nu- 
merous floating  plants  are  adapted  to  the  Aquarium, 
but  too  many  must  not  be  in  evidence,  or  the  fish  may 
become  suffocated.  The  Azollas  are  very  pretty,  and  the 
fish  will  occasionally  eat  the  plants.  The  Salvinia  is 
another  small  plant  often  seen  in  the  aquarium,  but 
under  favorable  conditions  it  grows  very  rapidly,  and 
forms  a  complete  mat,  which  must  be  avoided.  The  Eu- 
ropean and  American  frog's-bits  (Limnobitim  Spongia, 
Hydrocharis  Morsns-ranw)  are  very  attractive  plants, 
their  long,  silky  roots  reaching  down  in  the  water.  The 
water  hyacinth,  JSichhoniia  crassipes,  var.  major,  in  a 
small  state  is  a  curious  and  pretty  plant,  but  does  not 
continue  long  in  a  good  condition,  generally  resulting 
from  too  much  shade  and  unnat- 
ural conditions  of  atmosphere. 
This  plant  is  of  benefit  to  the 
Aquarium  in  the  breeding  sea- 
son, as  the  roots  are  receptacles 
for  fish  spawn.  The  water 
lettuce  (Pislia  Stratiotes)  is 
another  very  attractive  plant, 
but  it  should  be  avoided  except 
where  the  water  is  kept  warm. 
William  Thicker. 

Aquariums  are  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  popularity  for  home 
use,  and  are  of  great  service  in 
nature  study.  The  following 
points,  together  with  the  illus- 
trations, are  taken  from  Life 
in  an  Aquarium,  Teachers* 
Leaflet  No.  II,  published  by  the 
College  of  Agriculture,  Cornell 
University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. :  A 
permanent  Aquarium  need  not 
be  an  expensive  affair.  The  rec- 
tangular ones  are  best  if  large 
fishes  are  to  be  kept,  but  they 
are  not  essential.  A  simple 
home-made  ,\quarium  of  glass 


AQUATICS 

for  the  ends.  Three-eighths  of  an  inch  from  the  edge 
on  either  side,  with  a  saw,  make  a  groove  i4  inch  deep 
and  wide  enough  to  receive  loosely  double-strength 
glass.  Groove  the  end  boards  and  fasten  them  to  the 
bottom  with  screws,  so  that  the  grooves  will  exactly 
match.  Partially  fill  the  grooves  with  soft  putty,  or, 
better.  Aquarium  cement,  and  press  into  each  side  a 
pane  of  glass.  By  making  the  bottom  board  UK  inches 
long,  an  ordinary  10  x  12  window  pane  will  be  the  proper 
size.  When  the  glass  is  pressed  to  the  bottom  of  the 
groove,  draw  the  two  ends  in  at  the  top  until  the  glass 
is  held  firmly  and  then  fasten  them  in  place  by  narrow 
strips  of  wood,  one  on  each  side  of  the  tank,  placed  on 
top  of  the  glass  and  screwed  to  the  end  pieces.  These 
strips  also  protect  the  hands  from  injury  while  working 
with  the  specimens  in  theAquarium.  Before  filling  with 
water,  the  inner  surface  of  the  bottom  and  ends  should 
be  well  rubbed  with  oil  or  paraffine  and  the  grooves 
inside  the  glass  well  packed  with  putty."  After  the  box 
is  made  it  would  be  well  to  let  it  staud  in  water  for  a 
day  or  two.  The  wooden  sides  will  swell  and  tighten 
the  joints,  and  leakage  will  be  less  probable. 

+  AQUATICS.  America  is  the  most  highly  favored  coun- 
try in  the  world  for  the  cultivation  of  Aquatic  plants. 
Collections  can  easily  be  made  to  furnish  a  display  of 
flowers  from  April  to  October  in  the  open  without  arti- 
ficial heat. 

All  Aquatics  require  a  rich  soil,  ;in<l  This  without  limit, 
a  depth  of  water  from  1  to  :t  fc  .  t.  an.l  ;iiii|.li-  space  to 
spread  their  succulent  leaves.  In  :i  tKitiiml  jM.nd,  where 
there  is  an  accumulation  of  humus  ..v.  rl;iyiiig  a  clayey 
subsoil,  nothing  more  is  wanted,  but  on  a  sandy  or 
gravelly  bottom  it  is  necessary  to  place  a  layer  of  rich  soil 
12  to  18  inches  deep.  In  artificial  ponds,  builtof  masonry 
(Fig.  122),  a  layer  of  rich  soil  is  necessary  if  the  plants 
are  to  be  planted  out,  as  is  best  for  Nelumbiums.  The 
soil  best  suited  for  Aquatics  is  a  turfy  loam,  inclining 
to  heavy,  and  thoroughly  rotted  cow-manure,  two  parts 
of  the  former  to  one  of  the  latter,  and,  where  possible, 
it  should  be  composted  some  time  before  using,  and 
turned  over  two  or  three  times  to  thoroughly  incorporate 
the  manure.  When  cow-manure  can  not  be  obtained, 
other  thoroughly  rotted  manure  may  be  used.  The  next 
best  fertilizer  is  pulverized  sheepmanure,  but,  this  being 
less  bulky  and  stronger  in  proportion,  should  not  be  used 
as  frei'Iy  as  other  manures  ;  one  part  sheep  manure  to 


(the  dim.  ! 

altered  1 :        I 

UKinchf.su, 

long  for   the 

boards  of  the   same  thickness 

and  length,  10?^   inches  high, 


I-  juches 


nine  of  soil   i-.   "sufficient      Chenm  al   m  mures    sroiin 

extremt  i  i  t      ml  tli  n  -v  <  r^      mli   ti  h 

Oepih.  I.  W  iin  -111  iiitin  il  1  Til  «  It  1  hli  ire 
found  gi  wiUr,  111  "  ii  1  ti  111  I  t  u  111  li  t  1  mil  b 
feet  deep  1  ut  m  11  till  nl  1  n  1  i  I  |  tli  t  l_  1  IKiiuliis 
Will  be  found  sufli  i  nt  1  i  n  t  \Mn|  li  i  i  ind  18  to  24 
inches  IS  a  good  dt  1  111  1  i\i  t  iii  In  ii  tructing  an 
artificiil  pond   i  d  i  th     1      i  1      t  i     miple     Water 

to  the  depth  of  ].  Ill  Ii         1    \     tl       i    «ii      t  the  pHnts 
issuffiii.nt    ml  li     \      iit,iiiin_lli         iliiiu!     1     iii  li. 
deep     lliu     I  1    ill  _  1      t  ill    1  I  111  1      1     I      11   11-1      111  1 
wiUalliH    1  111   n   xMtli  1.11    '      '       "   '     "  ill    1    '"      "  '1' 
plants  v.\X\i  II  1    1    I     in  ill  !    11  1    I         111  111    1     1     I 

over  a  plank  1  u  1       i         \\tll    iitli       1    i    ill     |    i    'i   n 

Protection  —  \\  1 1  i  \  i  li  i  u  i  i  \  I  nt  m 
winter  and  ice  1  _  t  1  s  1 1 1  1 1  1 1 1  t  I  n  1  1 1  i  i  1 1 1 1  I 
there  will  be  diUf,!  1  t  th  i  t  li  n  _  In  n  h 
an  additional  del  th  '  '  "'  •'  "ill  I  if,i  it  i  1\  ml  i^ 
and  a  protection  ot  brii  ken  silt  hi\  t,rifn  nnnuii 
lea\es  or  auj  other  non  conducting  materials  should  be 
used  to  protect  the  masonry  in  severe  weather  against 
expansion  and  breiki^e 

PLANTlNt    -\Ullll  1\   \Mllllll    1      mix    I       ilmtiliiu 

time  between  tilt  It  t  \)iil  n  I  ih  It  t^  p  nil  i 
Those  pi  mted  e  u  h  tliitlin.  I  m.  |iil  «ill.n 
good  results  the      iin  i     n   hIiiI     tli         |  I  uit    1  lit 

will  get  well  established  bt  ti  n  wiiiti  r  and  \\ili  be  in 
excellent  condition  to  start  at  natuie  s  sunimous  eiih 
the  following  spring  The  hard\  N^-mphaeas  differ  con 
siderably  as  to  rootstocks  Those  of  the  nati\  e  \  arieties 
are  long  and  of  a  spongj  soft  texture  and  rambling  in 
growth  wh'le  the  Europea  pe  "es  have  a  i  uch  large 
and  very  firm  rootstock  a  d  grow  more  compact  In 
plant  ng  all  that  s  nece  arv  to  press  the  root  tock 
firmly    nto  the     o  1         1    f  th  a        In  t  tl 

root  r     ng  to  tl  e         t  j  I  Ik  1 

upon   t  to  keep    t       ]  1111 

root       Tender  ><       i  1  III  j  1  I  I 

the  latter  end  of  AI  1  I 

loeat  on     They    h      1 1  1     r  1  1  I  i 

Alternanthera    an  1  oth  r  t      1      111         [I  1 1    y 

requ  re  to   be     t  rt    1        loor  1111  n 

pot     wl     h  are      u  h  h      1  er  t    j  1  I  t  the 

hardj     ar    t  es  and  can  1  e  ylante  1        1      tU         t  tl 

ease  an  I  f ac  1 1  NelumI  un  s  si  ould  not  1  e  plante  1 
unt  1  about  the  1st  of  Ma  bouthward  the  season  s 
earl  er  The  ex  st  ng  cond  t  ons  should  be  such  that 
tubers  shall  start  at    n  e     to  a  t  ve  growth    They  shoul  1 


AQUATICS  83 

Tl «  kei  I  brought  the  \  ictoria  within  easj  reach  and  cul 
ture  of  all  lo\  ers  of  aquatic  plants  I  frieleri  is  en 
tirely  distinct  from  other  known  varieties  and  can  be 
grown  m  the  open  alongside  of  Nyinplioea  Zamtbarensis 
and  iV"  Deinnieniis   and  under  precisely  the  same  con 


than  mo  t  plant       Aj  1 
or  at  least  ve  } 
enem  e     espe      11     tl 
orous  b  rds 


1  out  tl  e  d  lie  of  June, 
11  levelop  their  gigantic 
n  August  and  continne 

her  plants  have  their  ene- 
t  though  n  a  less  degree 
e  somet  mes  troubiosome, 
'lee  however  have  their 
ella  (lady  b  rl),  insectiv- 
e  lo  not  keep  them  down, 


be  already     star     1     1    t 

t    g  out      The   tubers 

us  ng  a  1  ttle  for  e 

should  be  la  dh               11             1 

1  tlv  excavated  trench 

anl    a    they  real 

and  covered  witl                      1 

In    ng  a  we  ght 

the  ho  e  will  dr  ve 

if  necessary   to  k     i     1 

pos  t  on      Plants 

cently  an  in  ect  p 

establ  shed    n  p              i 

r>   con  en  ent   for 

m  grated  n      In 

plant  ng  and  n        1      i        1         1 

1  en  t  1  er     can  no 

of  the  moth  (77    J 

longer  be  procur   1        1         1     i  1 

t  d  a  u  nth  later   n 

also  cut   0  t] 

the  sea  on  w  th          1           1 

ton   therel 

The    \     tora   J    1       h         1« 

been   an    ar    tocrat 

sa  ne  t  me        k 

among  water  lie       nd  few  cult 

atorscouH    ndulge    n 

1  e  t  reme  1    f  r  tl 

such  a  hort  cult  ral  lux  iry     To 

grow   t    at    fact      1 

very   nuch  1  ke    t 

a  large      rfa  e     pace  w  th  a  "reater   leptl   of  water 

pla  ed  near  the  pla 

neces  ar     1        t          1           | 

1     1      1    rt      I      a 

ture             i            1          1 

1                     1             1 

wh  ch    on 

the  op 

11     1        111     1 

re   no   f 

andp 

troul  le 

weak  appl  t  on  of  kero  ene  e  n  1  on  will  make 
clearance  Another  uethod  of  gett  g  r  d  of  these  pests, 
espec  ally  n  a  mall  art  tic  al  pon  1  where  an  overflow  is 
(or  should  be)  prov  ded       to  take  tl  e  hose  with  a  spray, 

anllrvetlene       off  the  plants, 

1\   float  on  the  water  the  action  with 
th  n    o  t  at  tl  e     verfl    v  pipe.    Re- 


ance.  The  larva 
ts  the  leaf,  and 
t  uses  for  protec- 
I  Hnt  and  at  the 
the  enemy.  The 
1  oth,  which  is 
.n>     r  linary  lamp 

t  r     t  the  insects, 

1  e  kerosene  and 

more  or  less 

m     are  grown. 

I     sprinfr.  nnd 


1  II  I  1     I      Th  s  greatly  weakens 

II      I       1      1  1  11        1    ea  e  5     1  Is  readily  to  a 

I  til  ture     Tl  e    ame  remedy 

I  111      n  r  U     g  tl  e  po    i  of  all  con- 

I  th 

I  RE  shoul  1  be  re  orted  to  onlj  from  lack  of 

]  1    n  no  other  method  cant  ealopted(  Fig.  123). 

t        1  tem  of  culture  Nymphaeas  should  be  selected 

1  at  are  moderate  growers   vet  free  flower  ng,  and  other 

Uaneous   a  juat  c   plants      The  tul  s   should    hold 

from  4  to  1    cub  c  feet  of  so  1  for  ^ymphffias,  according 


William  Tricker. 
[The  best  book  on  the  American  culture  of  Aquatics  is 
The  Water  Garden,  by  Wm.  Tricker,  X,  Y.  1S37,  pp.  120, 
to  which  the  reader  is  referred  f"V  i  \b  n-ivr  ,  uliural 
directions  and  for  lists  of  Aquatic  j-ln.!  1  ri-  rmical 
descriptions  of  the  various  kinds  of -\  h  !.rii-f, 

special  cultural  directions,  the  reaiK  r  i...  >  :>  ..!i  the 
Cyclopedia  of  American  Hokticllil  i.i,,  umli  r  the 
various  genera,  as  IVijmph(va,jyelumbium,  aad  Victoria. 
-L.  H.  B.] 


AQUlLfiGIA  (ti 

a^wito, eagle),  /i". 
ennial  herbs  of  tl 
paniculate  branch 


legus,  water-drawer,  not  from 

'(i.r.  Columbine.  Hardyper- 
i?i  liiiiiisphere  ;  mostly  with 
iiiaTiil  liy  showy  flowers,  and 
iv.>.  .-..inmonly  glaucous;  the 


leaflets  roundish  an  I  obtusely  lobed  fls  Hrge  showy 
usually  in  spring  or  early  summer  ,  sepals  5  regular 
petaloid  ,  petals  concave,  produced  backward  between 
the  sepals,  fonuing  a  hollow  spur  ;  stamens  numerous : 
fr.  of  about  5  many-seeded  follicles.  About  30  distinct 
species.  The  Columbines  are  among  the  most  beautiful 
and  popular  of  all  hardy  plants.  Seeds  sown  in  pans,  in 
coldframes  in  March,  or  open  air  in  April,  occasionally 
bloom  the  first  season,  but  generally  the  second.  The 
different  species  should  be  some  distance  apart,  if  pos- 
sible, if  pure  seed  is  desired,  as  the  most  diverse  species 
hybridize  directly.  They  may  be  propagated  by  division, 
but  better  by  seeds.   Absolutely  pure  seed  is  hard  to  ob- 


AQUILEGIA 

tain,  except  from  the  plants  in  the  wild  state;  and  some 
of  the  mixed  forms  are  quite  inferior  to  the  true  species 
from  which  they  have  come.  A.  ccendea,  glandulosa. 
and  vulgaris  are  likely  to  flower  only  two  or  three  years, 
and  should  be  treated  as  biennials;  but  ^.  vulgaris  may 
be  kept  active  for  a  longer  period  by  transplanting.  A. 
Gray,  Syn.  Flora  of  N.  A.,Vol.  1,  Part  1,  Pasc.  1,  pp. 42-45. 
J .  G.  Baker,  A  Synopsis  of  the  Aquilegia,  in  Gard.  Chron. 
II.  10:19,  76,  111",  203  (1878).  k.  C.  Davis. 

A  light,  sandy  soil,  moist,  with  good  drainage,  shel- 
tered, but  exposed  to  sun,  is  what  they  prefer.  Some  of 
the  stronger  species,  when  of  nearly  full-flowering  size, 
may  be  transplanted  into  heavier  garden  soil,  even  heavy 
clay,  and  made  to  succeed;  but  for  the  rearing  of  young 
seedlings,  a  light,  sandy  loam  is  essential.  The  seed  of 
most  Columbines  is  rather  slow  in  germinating,  and  it  is 
necessary  to  keep  the  soil  moist  on  top  of  the  ground 
until  the  young  plants  are  up.  A  coldf  rame,  with  medium 
heavy  cotton  covering,  is  a  good  place  to  grow  the  plants. 
The  cotton  retains  sufficient  moisture  to  keep  the  soil 
moist  on  top,  and  still  admits  sufficient  circulation  of  air 
to  prevent  damping  off  of  the  joung  seedlings  When 
large  enough,  the  seedlings  may  be  pricked  out  into 
HUother  frame  for  a  time,  or,  by  shading  tor  a  few  days 
until  they  get  a  stirt  they  may  be  set  into  the  permanent 
border,  or  wherever  the\  are  to  be  placed 

F    H    HORSFORD 

The  foUowmg  is  an  alphabetical  list  of  the  species  de 
s  ribed  below     A   alpma  16,  atrafa   9,  atropurpurea , 

Ml)     r     at,    111,  n     I    Willi     i      1        I  ,     m     til,   li    <) 


10 


/// 


18 


4, 


( ulgaris,  9  , 
Sepals  "not  ; 


ItHn 


I   ngissima, 
'      Sibir 

viridiflora, 
expanded 


:  tlian  K  or  %i, 

fls  lot  ly.m   indiam 

B     Limt)  of  petal  shorter  than  the  sepal 

1  Jdnesu,  Perry  True  st  very  short  or  almost  want 
mg  sf  ft  ]>ubescent  tufted  root  Ivs  1-2  in  high  from 
tl  H    t    it     IS  pii  img  branches  of  the  root^^tock,  biter 

I    I      t  il  petioles  very  short  or  none ,  leaf 

tl     blue,  sepals  oblong  obtuse,  equal 

t « ice  the  length  of  the  petal  limbs 

I  I       I     t  lis     follicles  glabrous,  large,  nearly 

1  in  1  ii„     st\  h  s  h  ilf  as  long  ,  peduncles  lengthening  to 

about  a  in  in  fr     Julj      W  j  om  and  Mont      G  F  9   365 

2  oxysfepala,  Traut  &,  Mey  Plant  2K  ft  ,  slightly 
pubescent  above  ;  radical  Ivs.  long-petioled,  secondary 
divisions  sessile  :  sepals  blue,  ovate-lanceolate,  much 
exceeding  in  length  the  petal  limbs,  which  are  6  lines 
long,  white,  rounded-truncate  ;  stamens  not  protruding 
beyond  the  petal  limb  :  spur  knobbed,  bent  inward, 
shorter  than  petal-limb  :  follicles  pubescent,  with  styles 
theirownlength.  June.  Siberia.-Inl898F.H.Horsford 
said  :  "The  first  to  bloom  with  me,  and  one  of  the  most 
attractive  in  the  list.  It  is  one  of  the  most  dwarfed  ; 
fls.  large,  blue,  yellow  and  white  :  it  comes  so  much  be- 
fore the  others  that  its  capsules,  as  a  rule,  all  fertilize 
before  any  of  the  other  species  come  into  flower."  Only 
recently  introduced. 

3.  lactilldra,  Kar.  &  Kir.  St.  IKft.  high,  glabrous  in 
the  lower  part:  partial-petio'es  of  root-lvs.  l!^-2  in.  long; 
Ifts.  sessile  or  short-stalked,  1  in.  long,  many  lobes  reach- 
ing half  way  down;  St.-  Ivs.  petioled  and  compound:  fls. 
about  3  to  a  st. :  sepals  nearly  white  or  tinged  with  blue, 
over  Kin.  long,  narrow;  petal-limb  half  as  long  as  sepal; 
spur  ^-lin.,  slender,  nearly  straight,  not  knobbed  at  tip; 
stamens  equal  in  length  to  the  limb.  June.  Altai  Mts., 
Siberia.  — A  desirable  species,  but  not  much  used. 

BB.    IJtt'f'  "f  /'"  till  about  equal  to  sepal. 

4.  viridiflora,  Pallas.  St.  1-lKft.  high,  finely  pubes- 
cent throughout,  s,  \  .ral-tid. :  the  partial-petioles  of  root- 
lvs.l-2in.long;  Ifts.sessilf  or  the  end  one  shortly  stalked, 


AQUILEGIA 

lobes  rather  narrow  and  deep  ;  lower  st.-lvs.  petioled, 
biternate  :  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  ascending,  greenish, 
equaling  the  broad,  greenish  petal-limb,  but  not  reaching 
the  head  of  stamens  ;  spur  straight,  slender,  J4in.  long, 
not  knobbed :  pubescent  follicles  as  short  as  their  styles. 
Summer.  E.  Siberia.— Not  so  much  used  as  the  follow- 
ing variety  : 

Var.  atropurptirea,  Vilm.  (J^.  atropiirpurea,  WiMA.). 
Limbs  of  the  petals  deep  blue  or  lilac-purple,  and  the 
sepals  and  spur  somewhat  tinged  with  the  same  hue. 
B.R.  922. 

5.  Canadensis,  Linn.  Cosraox  Colitmbine  of  America. 
Fig.  124.  Height  1-2  ft. :  primary  divisions  of  petioles 
of  root-lvs.  1-2  in.,  having  3  divis'ions  ;  2  or  3  of  the  st.- 
lvs.  petioled,  biternate  :  lis.  several  to  a  st. ;  sepals  yel- 
lowish or  tinted  on  the  back  with  red,  about  Join,  long, 
not  reflexing  ;  limb  of  petals  a  little  shorter,  yellowish, 
truncate  ;  spur  %in.  long,  nearly  straight,  knobbed  at 
the  end,  bright  red  throughout;  stamens  mucli  protrud- 
ing :  follicles  %m.  long,  with  .styles  half  as  long.  May- 
July.  Stony  banks,  etc.,  east  of  Rocky  Mts.  Int.  1890. 
B.M.  246.  L.B.C.  9:888.  Mn.  5:21.  R.H.  189G,  p.  109. 
G.W.P.  1.  There  are  some  beautiful  hybrids  of  this 
and  the  blue  species.  Var.  nina,  Hort.  Plant  1  ft.  high 
or  less:  fls.  like  the  type. 

Var.  flav^scens.  Hook.  A  pale-lvd.  yellow-fld.  variety. 
Very  pretty.  Int.  1889.  This  has  often  been  called  A . 
ftavescens,  Wats.;  A.  cwrnlea,  var.  flavescens,  Lawson; 
and  A.  flaviflora,  Tenney  ;  A.  Canadensis,  var.  flavi- 
flora,  Brit.    B.M.  6552  B. 

Buergeriina,    Sieb.    &    Zuce.    (.4.   atropur 


Miq.).      More    sb 
finely  pnli 

petioles  (. 
ions  :  fls. 


tha 


,J,inrls, 


ft.  high, 
o  form  sev- 
"s. ;  partial- 
LSsUe  divis- 

erect,  nearly 


sepals  %\Xi.  long,  acute,  spreading 

straight,  as  long  as  the  limb  of  petals,  and  about  equal- 
ling the  sepal ;  head  of  stamens  equal  to  limb  in  length : 
follicles  pubescent,  ''Ain.  long,  style  half  as  long.   Early. 
Japan. -Brought  from  St.  Petersburg,  1892. 
AA.  Sepals  about  1  in.  loiuj  :  expanded  fl.  ahoul  2  in. 


in  di, 


B.    S/M(l 

7.  {labellita,  Sieb.  &  Zu 
partial-petioles  of  root-h> 
sessile  ;  st.-lvs.  large  and 
pale  purple  or  white  ;  sep;i 
petal  half  as  long,  often  wh 


shorter  than  the  pi 

itni,  I-l',,  ft.,  few-fld.: 
I.  .![■  iihii-,-,  Ifts.  nearly 
rd  ;  IN.  liiiglit  lilac,  or 
1.  liaiK.  obtuse  ;  limb  of 
the  lllac-fld.  form;  spur 
shorter  than  the  limb,  slender  toward  the  end,  much 
incurved  ;  stamens  not  protrading  beyond  the  petal- 
limbs  :  follicles  glabrous.  Summer.  Japan.  R.H.  1896, 
p.  109.  Var.  nina-ilba,  Hort.  (var.  flore-atba,  Hort.). 
Fls.  pure  white  :  plant  dwarfish.  R.B.  15:  157. 
BB.  Spur  at  least  as  tomj  as  petal-limb. 
c.  Stamens  short,  not  much  protruding . 

8.  leptoo^ras,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Stem  several-fld.,  about 
1  ft.  high  :  partial-petioles  of  root-lvs.  over  1  in.,  Ifts. 
sessile  ;  st.-lvs.  petioled,  biternate  :  fls.  violet,  with  the 
tips  of  the  sepals  greenish,  and  tips  of  the  short  petal- 
limb  yellow  ;  spur  slender,  slightly  curved,  Kin.  long, 
not  knobbed  ;  stamens  protruding  a  little  beyond  the 
limbs  of  petals  :  follicles  slender,  glabrous,  nearly  I  in. 
long.  Summer.  E.Siberia.  B.R.  33:  64.  P.S.  3:296. - 
Little  used  in  America. 

9.  vulgaris,  Linn.  (A.  stellita,  Hort.  A.  atrUa, 
Koch).  Common  C.  of  Europe.  Stems  l>^-2  ft.  high, 
many-fld.,  finely  pubescent  throughout  :  root-lvs.  with 
3  partial-petioles  13^-2  in.  long,  secondary  branches 
certain,  ultimate  leaf-lobes  shallow  and  roundish,  tex- 
ture firm  ;  lower  st.-lvs.  petioled  and  biternate  :  fls. 
violet,  furnished  with  a  claw,  acute,  1  in.  long,  half  as 
wide  ;  petal-limb  Hin.  long,  equaling  the  head  of  sta- 
mens ;  spur  about  same  length,  stout,  much  incurved, 
knobbed  :  follicles  densely  pubescent,  1  in.  long,  style 
half  as  long.  Summer.  Eu.,  Sib.,  and  naturalized  in  Am. 
Gn.  12,  p.  288.  Var.  Qdre-pl^no,  Hort.  Fls.  much  dou- 
bled, ranging  from  pure  white  to  deep  blue.  Here  be- 
long many  horticultural  varieties  with  personal  names. 


85 


Var.  nivea,  Baumg.  (var.  dlba,  Hort.).  Munstead's 
White  C.  Often  2-3  ft.  high  :  a  great  profusion  of  large, 
pure  white  fls.  for  several  weeks  in  early  spring. 

Var.  Olympica,  Baker  (A.  Oli'/mpica,  Boiss.  A.Witt- 
manniAna,  Hort.  A.  bldnda,  Lem.).  A  fine  variety, 
with  several  large  flowers  ;  sepals  light  lilac  or  bright 
purple,  1  in.  or  more  in  length  ;  petal-limb  white.  I.H. 
4:146.    R.H.  1896,  p.  108. 

Var.  hybrida,  Sims.  Much  like  the  last  variety,  but 
with  stout,  lilac-purple  spurs  as  long  as  the  sepals,  only 
slightly  incurved.  Probably  a  hybrid  of  A .  vulgaris  and 
A.  Canadensis.   B.M.  1221. 

10.  Sibirica,  Lam.  (J.  !;ico/or,  Ehrh.  A.  Garnieriina, 
Sweet.  A.  specidsa,  DC).  Stem  l}^-2  ft.  high,  many- 
fld.  ;  often  nearly  glabrous  throughout  :  partial-petioles 
of  root-lvs.  1-2  in.,  sometimes  showing  3  distinct 
branches;  terminal  Ifts.  1  in.  or  more  broad,  lobes  rather 
shallow  and  rounded  ;  lower  st.-lvs.  petioled  and  biter- 
nate :  fls.  pale  or  bright  lilac-blue  ;  oblong  sepals  fully 
1  in.  long,  spreading  or  reflexed  a  little  ;  petal-limb  half 
as  long,  equaling  the  head  of  stamens,  and  often  white  ; 
spur  rather  stout,  Kin.  or  more,  very  much  incurved, 
3r  even  coiled  :  follicles  glabrous,  1  in.  long,  style  Hva. 
Summer.  E.Siberia.  S.B.P.G.  II.  1: 90.  Var.  flbre-pUno, 
Hort.  (A,  blcolor,  var.  Hore-pleno,  Hort.).  Fls.  much 
doubled  by  the  multiplication  of  both  the  limbs  and  the 
spurs. 

Var.   speot4bilis,  Baker    (.1.    spectdbilis,  Lem.).    A 
large,  bright  lilac-fld.  var.;    petal-limbs  tipped  yellow. 
Amurland.    I.H.  11:403. 
CC.  Stamens  long,  protruding  far  beyond  the  petal-limb. 

11.  {ormdsa,  Tesch.  {A.  Canadensis,  var.  formdsa, 
Wats.).  Habit  as  in  4.  Canadensis  ;  root-lvs.  and  st.- 
lvs.  like  that  species,  but  fls.  brick  red  and  yellow,  or 
wholly  yellow,  and  sepals  larger,  quite  twice  as  long  as 
petal-limb  ;  spurs  more  spreading,  somewhat  more  slen- 
der, and  often  shorter.  May-Aug.  Sitka  to  Calif,  and 
E.  to  the  Rockies.  Int.  1881.  B.M.  6552.  F.S.8:795. 
Gt.32:372.  R.H.  1896,  p.  108.  G.C.  1854:  836.  Var.  hy- 
brida, Hort.  {A.  Califomica,yar.  hybrida,  Hort.).  Fls. 
large,  with  scarlet  sepals  and  yellow  petals  ;  spurs 
spreading,  long  and  slender.  A  supposed  hybrid  with 
A.ehriisantha.  F.M.  1877:  278.  Vick's  1:  33  f.  2.  Var. 
rilbra  pl^no,  Hort.  {var.  flore-pleno,  Hort.).  Fls.  as  in 
var.  hybrida,  but  several  whorls  of  petal-limbs.  Var. 
nS.na  41ba,  Hort.  Fls.  pale,  often  nearly  white  ;  plant 
not  exceeding  1  ft. 

Var.  truncata,  Baker  {A.  trunedta,  Fisch.  A.  Cali- 
fdrnica,  Lindl. ).  Fls.  with  short,  thick  spurs  and  very 
small  sepals  and  a  small  petal-limb.  Int.  1881.  F.  S. 
12: 1188  (as  ^.  eximia,  Hort.). 

12.  SMnneri,  Hook.  Stem  1-2  ft.  high,  many-fld.,  gla- 
brous :  root-lvs.  long-petioled,  with  both  primary  and 
secondary  divisions  long  ;  Ifts.  cordate,  3-parted  ;  sev- 
eral st.-lvs.  petioled  and  biternate  :  sepals  green,  keeled, 
lanceolate,  acute,  never  much  spreading,  %-!  in.  long  ; 
petal-limb  greenish  orange,  half  as  long  as  sepal;  spur 
brigt  red,  tapering  rapidly,  over  1  in.  long  ;  stamens 
protruding  far  beyond  the  limb  ;  styles  3  :  fr.,  at  least 
when  young,  bearing  broad,  membranous,  ctirled  wings. 
After  flowering,  the  peduncles  become  erect.  July-Sept. 
Mts.  of  Nor.  Mex.  B.M.  3919.  P.M.  10:199.  B.H.4:1. 
F.S.  1: 17.  Vick's  1:  33  f.  5  (poor). -A  handsome  plant, 
requiring  a  light  soil  in  a  sunny  border.  Var.  flore- 
pleno,  Hort.    Fls.  double.    Gt.34:57.   Very  fine. 

BBB.  Spurs  very  long,  several  times  the  length  of 
petal-limb. 

13.  chrys&ntha,  Gray  (A.  leptoceras,  var.  chrysdntha. 
Hook.).  Fig.  125.  Height  3-4  ft. :  root-lvs.  with  twice 
3-branched  petioles,  Ifts.  biternate  ;  st.-lvs.  several, 
petioled  :  fls.  many  on  the  plant,  2-3  in.  across  ;  sepals 
pale  yellow,  tinted  claret,  spreading  horizontally  ;  petal- 
limb  "deep  yellow,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  and  nearly  as 
long  as  the  head  of  stamens  ;  spur  rather  straight,  very 
slender,  divergent,  about  2  in.  long,  descending  when 
fl.  is  mature  :  follicles  glabrous,  1  in.  long.;  style  half 
as  long.  May-Aug.   N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.  Gu.  16:198.  B.M. 


86 


AQUILEGIA 


0073.  Gn.51,p.385.  R.H.  1896:  108.  F.R.2:169.  Gt. 
33:84.  G.C.  1873:1501.  F.M.  1873:  88.  Vick's  1:  33  f.  3. 
F.S.20:2108.  Var.  HavSscens,  Hort.  (A.  aurea,  Jnn]i. 
A .' Canadensis ,  var.  aiirea,  Roezl.).  Fls.  yellow,  tinged 
with  red  ;  spurs  incurved,  and  shorter  than  in  the  type. 
Gt.  21:734.  Var.  41ba-pl«na,  Hort.  (var.  grandifldra 
dlba,  Hort. ) .  Fls.  very  pale  yellow  or  nearly  white,  with 
two  or  more  whorls  of  petal-limbs.  Int.  1889.  Vick's 
12:311.  Var.  nina,  Hort.  (A.  leptoceras,  var.  Hifea, 
Hort.).  Like  the  type,  but  plant  always  small,  not  ex- 
ceeding IK  ft.  Var.  JafiBchkani,  Hort.  About  the  same 
height  as  last  :  fls.  large,  yelluw. with  red  spurs.  Thought 
to  be  a  hybrid  of  A.  chrij.'niiillntxskiiiiitii.  hence  some- 
times called  J.  -S'A-iH«eri,  var.  htjhrida.  Hort. 

14.  longissima,  Gray.  Tall,  somewhat  pubescent  with 
silky  hairs,  or  smoothish  :  root-lvs.  bitemate,  even  in 
the  petioles  ;  Ifts.  deeply  lobed  and  cut,  green  above, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  st.-lvs.  similar,  petioled  :  fls.  pale 
yellow,  sepals   lanceolate,  broadly    spreading,  1  in.   or 


AQUILEGIA 

white  or  yellow.  The  true  form  of  this  is  probably  A. 
cteruleaXA.chri/santha.  Gn.  51,  p.  385.  R.H.  1896:108. 
A.G.15:31.").  Gn. 16:198.  I. H.  43:  01  (1896).  Var.  fl6re- 
pUno,  Hort.  Fls.  longer  and  very  showy,  more  or  less 
doubled  toward  the  center. 

BB.  Spurs  inmrved  and  hardly  longer  than  petal-limbs. 
16.  alplna,  Linn.  (incl.  var.  supirha,  Hort.).  Fig.  126. 
Stem  nearly  1  ft.  high,  finely  pubescent  upwards,  2-5- 
fld.,  bearing  petioled,  bitemate  Ivs.;  partial-petioles  of 
basal-lvs.  1-2  in.  long,  with  3  nearly  sessile  divisions, 
deeply  lobed  :  expanded  fl.  VA-2  in.  across,  blue,  rarely 
pale  or  white  ;  sepals  IJi  in.  Ion?,  half  as  broad,  acute  ; 
petal-limb  half  as  long  as  sepals,  often  white  ;  spur 
stout,  incurved,  same  length  as  the  limb  ;  head  of  sta- 
mens not  protruding  :  follicles  pubescent,  1  in.  long  ; 
'  '     much  shorter.     May-June.    Switzerland.    L.B.C. 


:657. 


glanduldsa,  Fis 


Fig.  12 


Stem  1-1  V$  ft.  high, 


125.   Aquilegia  chrysantha  (X  J4). 


126.  Aquilegia  alpina  (> 


127.  Aquilegia  elandulosa  (X  M). 


more,  the  spatulate  petals  a  little  shorter,  about  equal- 
ing the  head  of  stamens  ;  spur  with  a  narrow  orifice,  4 
in.  long  or  more,  always  hanging.  Distinguished  from 
A .  chrysantha  by  its  longer  spur  with  contracted  orifice, 
by  the  narrow  petals,  and  by  the  late  season  of  flower- 
ing. Late  July  to  Oct.  1.  Ravines  S.W.Texas  into  Mex. 
G.F.  1:31.— The  seed  must  be  obtained  from  wild  plants, 
as  those  cult,  usually  fail  to  produce  seed  ;  hence  not 
much  used. 
AAA.  Sepals  1%-lM  or  even  S  in.  long  :  expanded  fls. 
2'A-S  in.  in  diam.;  stamens  not  protruding. 
B.  Spurs  long  and  not  incurved. 
15.  csertllea,  James  {A.  leptoceras,  Nutt.  A.  ma- 
crdnWia,  Hook.  &Arn.).  Stem  1-1 J^  ft.,  finely  pubescent 
above,  bearing  several  fls.;  lower  st.-lvs.  large  and  bi- 
temate ;  basal-lvs.  with  long  3-branched  petioles  ;  Ifts. 
3-lobed  on  secondary  stalks  :  fls.  2  in.  across,whitish,  but 
variously  tinted  with  light  blue  and  yellow;  sepals  often 
blue,  oblong,  obtuse,  twice  as  long  as  the  petal-limb  ; 
spurs  long,  slender,  knobbed  at  the  end,  rather  straight, 
but  curving  outward  ;  head  of  stamens  equaling  the 
petals  :  follicles  pubescent,  1  in.  long  ;  style  %  in.  Apr. 
-July.  Lower  mt.  regions,  Montana  to  N.  Mex.  B.M. 
4407.  Gn.  16:198.  Mn.6:61.  Vick's  1:  33  f.  4.  B.M. 
5477.  F.S.5:531.  Var.  4Iba,  Hort.  Fls.  of  same  size  but 
entirely  white.  Int.  1883.  Var.  hybrida,  Hort.  Sepals 
some  shade  of  blue  or  pink,  or  mixed,  and  petals  nearly 


glandular  pubescent  in  the  upper  half,  1-3  fld. :  partial- 
petioles  of  root-lvs.  1-2  in.  long,  each  with  3  distinct 
divisions;  Ift. -segments  narrow  and  deep  ;  st.-lvs.  few, 
bract-like  :  fls.  large,  nodding  ;  sepals  bright  lilac-blue, 
ovate,  acute,  about  1%  in.  long  and  half  as  broad;  petal- 
limb  same  color,  but  tipped  and  bordered  with  creamy 
white,  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  sepals,  very  broad  ; 
spur  very  short,  Hin.,  stout,  much  incurved  ;  stamens 
not  protruding  :  follicles  1  in.  long,  6-10  in  number, 
densely  hairy,  with  short,  falcate  style.  Allied  to  A.  al- 
pina, but  a  taller  plant,  with  shorter  spurs,  larger  fls., 
and  a  greater  number  of  follicles.  May-June.  Altai 
Mts.  of  Siberia.  B.  5 :  219.  F.W.  1871 :  353.  Gn.  15 :  174  ; 
45,  p.  193.    Gt.  289  f.  l.-One  of  the  handsomest. 

Var.  juclinda,  Fisch.  &  Lall.  Fls.  rather  smaller  than 
in  the  type  ;  petal-limb  white,  more  truncate  at  the  tip  ; 
stamens  as  long  as  limb.  B.R.33:19.  F.S.  5:535.-A 
fine  variety,  with  some  tendency  to  double. 

18.  Stiiarti,  Hort.  A  recorded  hybrid  of  A.glandu- 
losa  X  A.  vulgaris,  var.  Olympica.  Fls.  very  large  and 
beautiful.  It  very  much  resembles  the  latter  in  form  of 
sepals  and  petals,  and  the  former  in  shape  of  spurs  and 
coloration.    May-June.    Int.  1891.    Gn.  34:670. 

19.  caryopbylloldes  is  a  garden  name  given  to  some 
very  mixed  forms,  with  a  great  variety  of  colors.  Spe- 
cial characters  seem  not  to  be  well  fixed. 

K.  C.  Davis. 


ARALIA 


87 


A  foot  high,  with  a 
:  Ivs.  oblong,  sessile 
wbase),  prominently 
Spring 


ABABIS  (Arabia).  Cruciferai.  Rock-cress.  Small 
perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  white  or  purple  fls., 
grown  mostly  in  roekwork.  Fls.  mostly  in  terminal 
spikes  or  racemes,  small,  but  often  many,  or  appearing 
for  a  considerable  period  of  time  ;  siliques  long,  linear. 
Hat :  stigma  2-lobed.  In  temperate  regions,  several  na- 
tive to  this  country.  Usually  prop,  by  division  ;  also 
by  seeds  and  cuttings.  Hardy,  requiring  plenty  of  sun, 
and  thriving  even  in  poor  soil.  The  following  four 
species  are  perennials: 

A.    Fls.  purple  or  rose. 

murilis,  Bertol.  {A.  rdsea,  DC. 
rather  dense  raceme  of  pretty  fl 
(the  radical  ones  with  a  long,  nar: 
and  distantly  blunt-toothed,  sparsely  pubesee 
and  summer.    Italy.    B.iM.  324U. 

AA.    Fls.  ichlfe. 

serpyllifdlia,  Vill.  {A.nii'dlis.  Guss.).  Tufted,  2-6 in. : 
radical  Ivs.  entire  or  few-toothed,  the  st.  Ivs.  small  and 
sessile,  not  clasping  :  fls.  in  a  short  cluster,  the  calyx  as 
long  as  the  peduncle,  the  limb  of  the  petals  linear- 
oblong  and  erect.   Eu. 

Albida,  Stev.  {A.  Cn»crfs(ca,  Willd.).  A  few  inches 
high,  pubescent  :  lower  Ivs.  narrow  at  the  base,  the  up- 
per auriculate-clasping,  all  angle-toothed  near  the  top  ; 
fls.  in  a  loose  raceme,  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  pedicel, 
the  petal-limb  oval  and  obtuse.  Eu.  B.M.  2041).  Also  a 
variegated  var.  (Gt.  45:  108).-Blooms  early,  is  fragrant, 
and  is  well  adapted  for  roekwork  and  edgings,  and  for 
covering  steep  banks. 

alplna,  Linn.  Fls.  smaller  than  in  the  last,  plant  only 
slightly  pubescent  and  hairy :  Ivs.  somewhat  clasping  but 
not  auriculate,  small-toothed  nearly  or  quite  the  entire 
length,  the  eauline  ones  pointed.  Eu.  B.M.  226. —  Blooms 
16  of  the  best  rock  plants.  There  is 
s  eompacta,  Gt.  44:203);  also  a  va- 


very  early,  and  i 

a.  dwarf  form  (» 

riegated  variety. 

A.arenosa.  Scop. 


arying  to  white  :  Ivs.  pinnatifid, 
En.—A.blephar/iplwlla.'iioo' 
&  Ai*n.  Fls.  large,  rose-purple  :  Ivs.  sharp-toothed,  sessile  i 
clasping,  the  margins  haii-y.  Calif.  B.M.  0087.—^.  lucida. 
Linn,  f ,  Fls.  white  ;  Ivs.  shining,  obovate,  clasping.  There  is  a 
variegated  form.  E\i.—A.m6lUs,Stex.  Fls.  white  :  Ivs.  pubes- 
cent, large-toothed,  the  lower  ones  rounded  and  long-stalked, 
Eu.— 4.  petrha.  Lam.  Fls.  white :  Ivs.  toothed,  the  radical 
ones  often  parted,  the  St.  Ivs.  oblong-linear.  Eu.— A.  jJropcoa:, 
Wald.  &  Kit.=A.  procurrens.- A.  procurrens,  Wald.  &  Kit. 
FIs.  white  :  Ivs.  eilLate,  those  on  the  st.  entire  and  sessile,  the 
others  stalked :  stoloniferous.  A  variegated  var.  Eu.— ^. 
vema,  R.  Br.  Annual,  hairy :  fls.  large,  purple :  Ivs.  oblong- 
ovate  to  round-oblong,  the  upper  ones  clasping,  rather  coarse- 
toothed.   Eu.  B.M.  3331.  r     Ti    D 


ARAC£.ffi.     Se 


ideie. 


ARACHIS  (Greek,  n-ithout  a  rachis).  Leguminbsm. 
Peanut.  Goober.  Sometimes  grown  in  the  economic 
house  of  botanical  gardens.  The  genus  has  seven  spe- 
cies, of  which  six  are  Brazilian.  Fls.  5-7,  yellow,  in 
a  dense,  axillary,  sessile  spike.  As  a  hothouse  annual, 
the  seeds  of  the  Goober  may  be  sown  in  heat,  and  the 
plants  potted  in  sandy  loam.  For  outdoor  culture,  see 
Peanut,  by  which  name  the  plant  is  commonly  known. 

hypogoea,  Linn.  One  ft.  or  less  high  :  Ivs.  abruptly 
pinnate,  with  two  pairs  of  leaflets  and  no  tendril.  Mn. 
7:105.    Procumbent. 


ABALIA,  including  Dimorphdnthus  (de 
scure).  AraliAcece.  Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs  :  Ivs.  al- 
ternate, deciduous,  large,  decompound  :  fls.  small, 
whitish,  in  umbels,  usually  forming  large  panicles  ; 
petals  and  stamens  5:  berry,  or  rather  drupe,  2-5-seeded, 
black  or  dark  purple,  globular,  small.  Some  of  the 
Aralias  are  hardy  outdoor  deciduous  herbs  and  bushes ; 
others  are  flne  stove  plants,  botanically  unlike  the  true 
Aralias  as  defined  above.  Alfred  Rehder. 

There  are  about  35  kinds  of  tender  Aralias  in  cult. 
Some  of  them  are  of  robust  growth,  and  make  handsome 
specimens  tor  greenhouse  and  hothouse  decoration  when 
grown  to  a  height  of  10  or  12  ft. ;  others  of  more  deli- 
cate and  slender  growth,  such  as  A.  Chabrieri  (really 


an  Elseodendron),  A.  concinna  (see  I>elarbrea),A.ele- 
gantissima  and  A.  Veitchii,  var.  graciltima,  are  most 
beautiful  as  smaller  plants,  say  from  1-3  ft.  in  height. 
These  small  pLants  are  very  beautiful  as  table  pieces, 
and  are  not  surpassed  in  delicate  grace  and  symmetry 
by  any  plants;  A.  Veitehii,  var.  (jracilUma,  is  oneof  the 
very  finest  of  the  dwarfer-growing  kinds.  The  more 
robust  sorts  are  usually  prop,  by  cuttings,  in  the  usual 
manner,  or  by  root  cuttings,  as  Bouvardias  are.  The 
more  delicate  varieties,  as  A.  Chabrieri,  elegantissima, 
etc.,  do  best  when  grafted  on  stronger-growing  varie- 
ties, like  4.  Guilfoyhi,  A.  reticulata  (which  is  an  Oreo- 
panax),  etc.  The  sleuder-grow^ng  sorts  require  light, 
rich  soil,  made  of  equal  parts  of  sandy  loam  and  peat  or 
leaf-mold.  They  require  plenty  of  water  and  a  moist 
atmosphere.  They  are  much  subject  to  attacks  of  scale, 
which  may  be  removed  or  prevented  by  frequent  care- 
ful sponging  with  a  weak  solution  of  seal-oil  soap,  fir- 
tree  oil,  or  other  like  insecticide. 

Cult,  by  Robert  Craig. 
The  glasshouse   species   are  much  confused,  largely 
because    some   kinds  ...  -  ... 

names  before  tlie  fls. 
panux  for  .-1.  .V-, .  ;,„-:w  ;,    ,;,  ,,,  „/.,',;, ,,/^,,  u,,,!  nrmifn- 
lia  ;    Delarl.,.       (  -      [  .  .  iM    .1.   ^p.  .-Inhil is  ; 

Ehcodendrini   ]  ■•■    A  .    •  ■  r'i,i,i    fur    .1.   ,/.<- 

ponica,  papn>  '   ■  rn  .    :iim1    .s / ,  ^  .-    i '>■<  npn  inr  .r    for  A  . 

reticulata;  'i'...,'//.,i  ,./.s  iur  .1.  ini,h, i,,i  ;  &-iad:'pliiilliim 
for  A.  Amboiiiense.  Other  related  genera  are  Hepta- 
pleurum,  Monopanax,  Oreopanax,  Panax,  Pseudopanax. 
A.  Tender  evergreen  Aralias,  grown  only  tinder  glass. 
{By  some  regarded  as  belonging  to  other  genera.) 
B.    Lvs.  digitate. 

Kerchovetaa,  Hort.  Lvs.  the  shape  of  a  Ricinus,  the 
7-11  leaflets  elliptic-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  with 
undulate  ;and  serrate  margins  and  a  pale  midrib.  S. 
Sea  Islands.  Certiflcated  in  Eng.  in  1881  (Gn.  19,  p. 
457).  R.H.  1891,  p.  225. -Slender-stemmed,  of  beautiful 
habit. 

Vdltchii,  Hort.  Leaflets  9-11,  very  narrow  or  almost 
filiform,  undulate,  shining  green  above  and  red  beneath. 
New  Caledonia.  — One  of  the  best  and  handsomest  spe- 
cies. Var.  gracillima,  Hort.  (A.grariDnfi,  Linden,  R.H. 
1867,  p.  38).  Leaflets 
still  narrower,  with  a 
white  rib.  R.H.  1891, 
p.  226.  Gn.  39,  p.  565. 
Very  desirable.  Origi- 
nally described  as  A. 
gracilina  ( thin  -lined } , 
which  name  has  been 
mistaken     for    gracil- 


(very  gr 


elegantissima,  Veitch . 
Petioles  mottled  with 
white:  leaflets 7-11,  fil- 
iform and  pendulous. 
New  Hebrides.- Ex- 
cellent. 

leptophylla,  Hort 
Slender  plant :  leaflets 
filiform  and  drooping, 
broadened  at  the  extremities 


128.  Aralia  Guilfoylei. 


deep  I 


alasia 


1  green. 

Begina,  Hort.  Graceful  :  petioles  olive,  pink  and 
brown  :  Ifts.  drooping,  roundish.    New  Hebrides. 

BB.    lyvs.  pinnate. 

Guilfoylei,  Cogn.  &  March.  Fig.128.  Leaflets  3-7  (digi- 
tate-like), ovate  or  oblong,  irregularly  cut  on  the  edges 
or  obscurely  lobed,  white-margined  and  sometimes  gray- 
splashed  :  St.  spotted,  erect.  New  Hebrides.  — Rapid 
grower,  showy,  and  good  for  pots. 

monstrosa,  Hort.  Leaflets  3-7,  ovate-acute,  deeply  and 
often  oddly  cut,  broadly  white-margined,  also  gray- 
spotted  :  lvs.  drooping.  S.  Sea  Isl.  R.H.  1891,  p.  225. 
Gn.  39,  p.  565. 

filicildlia,  Moore.  Stem  erect,  purplish,  white-spotted: 
lvs.  fern-like  (whence  the  name);  leaflets  3-7  pairs, 
lauce-oblong  and  acuminate,  long,  deeply  notch-toothed, 


deep  green  and  purple  ribbed.  Polynesia.  l.H.  23:240. 
R.H.  1891,  p.  224.  Gn.  39,  p.  .'i65.  A.G.  19:  374. -One 
of  the  best. 

A.  Ohahriiri,  Hort. ;  see  Elaeodendron.— A .  crassifdlia,  So- 
land  ;  see  Pseudopanax.— J.,  tdngipes,  Hort.  Lvs.  dictate,  the 
Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  a'.-umiiiat*-,  wa\y.  X.  Austral.— A.  n6- 
bilis, Kort.  "A  thenplirrf.t;t  liVr'jilrnit  Avifli  cln^flypacked.bold 
foliage,  the  lvs.  ot.liMiu'  m1m,\  :,ir  ,,,  uiukini^v  iin.lulate  at  the 
margins."  Once  oir-i-  I  -     ,         i     -'    ,    ,   -    ll.^rt.    Like  A. 

leptophylla.  but  l';iil.  i      .  i\,-^  and  veins 

brown.  S.  S.  Isl.— .4  . '/ w,  , ,  </  ,  /  li  :  I  .■  iil'i  ^  .:,  sinuate  :  lvs. 
opposite.  New  Brituiii.— -1.  ,i^ht,,ii.i,  ilwi;.  Lfai  of  a  single 
orbicidar-cordate leaflet  orsometinie^  Ji-foliolate.  wliite-toothed. 
Polynesia.— A.  spectdliUe.  Hort.=  A.  fllicifolia.— A.  splendidis- 
slTna,  Hort.  Lvs.  pinnate,  the  leaflets  shiny  green.  New  Cale- 
donia.—A.  temdta,  Hort.  Lvs.  opposite,  temate  or  3-Iobed, 
the  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  and  sinuate.— A.  Ticldrice,  Hort. 
See  Panax.  Some  of  the  above  probably  belong  to  Oreopanax 
and  other  genera.  I     TT    "R 

AA.   Eardy  or  true  Aralias. 
B.    Prickly  shrubs  or  rarely  low  trees  :  lvs.  bipinnate, 
^-3  ft.  long  :  umbels  numerous,  in  a  large,  broad, 
compound  panicle  :  styles  distinct. 

spindsa,  Linn.  Angelica  Tree.  Hercdles'  Club. 
Devil's  Walking-stick.  Stems  very  prickly,  40  ft. 
high  :  lvs.  VA-2)4  ft.  long,  usually  prickly  above  ;  Ifts. 
ovate,  serrate,  2-3^^  in.  long,  glaucous  and  nearly 
glabrous  beneath,  mostly  distinctly  petioled;  veins  curv- 
ing upward  before  the  margin.  Aug.  S.  states  north  to 
Tenn.  S.S.  5:211.  Gn.  50,  p.  126. -The  stout,  armed 
stems,  the  large  lvs.,  and  the  enormous  clusters  of  fls. 
give  this  species  a  very  distinct  subtropical  appearance. 
Not  quite  hardy  north. 

Cllin6nsis,  Linn.  {A.  Japdnica.  Hnrt.  .1.  M.niil- 
shurica,  HoTt.).  Chinese  Angelu  a  'li.i.i:.  M. m^  less 
prickly,  40  ft.:  lvs.  2-4  ft.  long,  usually  witlM.ni  in  !■  kits; 
Ifts.  ovate  or  broad  ovate,  coarsely  sfrntii*  ci-  den- 
tate, usually  pubescent  beneath,  nearly  .«cssile,  3'-.j-C  in. 
long ;  veins  dividing  before  the  margin  and  ending  in 
the  points  of  the  teeth.  Aug.,  Sept.  China,  Japan.— In 
general  appearance  very  much  like  the  former  species, 
but  hardier.  Nearly  hardy  north.  Grows  well  also  in 
somewhat  drv,  rocky  or  clayey  soil.  Var.  elata,  Dipp. 
(Di)norphdniluis  eldtns,  Miq.).  St.  with  few  prickles  : 
Ifts.  pubescent  beneath.  The  hardiest  and  most  com- 
mon form  in  cult.  Var.  canfiscens,  Dipp.  (.4.  caniscens, 
Sieb.  &  Zucc).  Lvs.  often  prickly  above;  Ifts.  gla- 
brous beneath,  except  on  the  veins,  dark  green  above. 
More  tender.    Var.  Mandshiirica,  Rehder  {Dimorphdn- 


ARAUCARIA 

thus  Mandshuricus,  Maxim.).  St.  prickly  :  Ifts.  pu- 
bescent only  on  the  veins  beneath,  more  sharply  and 
densely  serrate  than  the  foregoing  var.,  and  hardier. 
There  is  also  a  form  with  variegated  lvs.  (l.H.  33:  609). 


style 


inited  at  the  base. 


139.   Unsymmctncal  Araucana  grown  from  ; 


BB.    Unarmed  herbs  . 
c.    Umbels  numerous,  in  elongated  puberulous  pani- 
cles :  S-10  ft.  high. 

racemdsa, Linn.  Spikenard.  Height 3-6 ft.:  glabrous, 
or  slightly  pubescent :  lvs.  quinately  or  ternately  de- 
compound ;  leaflets  cordate,  roundish  ovate,  doubly  and 
sharply  serrate,  acuminate,  usually  glabrous  beneath, 
2-6  in.  long :  fls.  greenish  white.  July,  Aug.  E.  N. 
Amer.  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.    B.B.  2:  506. 

Calildmica,  Wats.  Height  8-10  ft.:  resembles  the 
preceding :  Ifts.  cordate,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
shortly  acuminate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate  ;  panicle 
loose  ;  umbels  fewer,  larger,  and  with  more  numerous 
rays.    Calif. 

cordita,  Thunb.  (A.Mulis,  Sieb.  &  Zucc).  Height 
4-8  ft.:  lvs.  ternately  or  quinately  decompound,  pinnjB 
sometimes  with  7  Ifts.;  Ifts.  cordate  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  un- 
equally serrate,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  4-8 
in.  long.  Japan.  Gt.  13:  432  as  A  .  racemosa,  var.  Sacha- 
linensis.    R.H.  1896,  p.  55.    A.G.  1892,  pp.  6,  7. 

Cachemirioa,  Decne.  (A.  Cashmeriana,  Hort.  Saul 
1891.  A  macrophylla,  Lindl.).  Height  5-8  ft.  :  lvs. 
quinately  compound,  pinnse  often  with  5-9  leaflets  ;  leaf- 
lets usually  rounded  at  the  base,  oblong-ovate,  doubly 
serrate,  glabrous  or  bristly  on  the  veins  beneath,  4-8  in. 
long.   Himalayas. 

cc.    Umbels  several  or  few  on  slender  peduncles  ; 

pedicels  glabrous;  1-3  ft.  high. 
hfspida,  Vent.  Bristly  Sarsaparilla.  Wild  Elder. 
Height  1-3  ft.,  usually  with  short,  woody  stem,  bristly : 
lvs.  bipinnate  ;  Ifts.  ovate  or  oval,  rounded  or  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  acute,  sharply  and  irregularly  ser- 
rate, 1-3  in.  long  :  umbels  3  or  more  in  a  loose  corymb; 
fls.  white.  June,  July.  From  Newfoundland  to  N.  Caro- 
lina, west  to  Minn,  and  Ind.  B.M.  1085.  L. B.C.  14:1306. 
nudicaiilis,  Linn.  Wild  Sarsaparilla.  Small 
Spikenard.  Stemless  or  nearly  so  :  usually  1  leaf,  1  ft. 
high,  with  3  quinately  pinnate  divisions  ;  Ifts.  oval  or 
ovate,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  acuminate, 
,  2-5  in.  long  :  umbels  2  or  3  ;  fls.  greenish. 
May,  June.  Newfoundland 
to  N.  Carolina,  west  to  Mo. 
B.B.  2:506. 

A.  quinquefdlia.  Decne.  & 
Planch. =Panax  quinquefolium. 
—A.  '.ritdlla.  Decne.  &  Planch. 
=  Panax  trifolium.  (See  also 
Oinseny.) 

Alfred  Rehder. 

ARAUCABIA        (Chilian 
ii.iiie).        Conifenn,      tribe 
\  raucdriece.   About  15  spe- 
■  i.  s  of    S.  Amer.   and  the 
-Vustralian  region,  grown  for 
their   striking    symmetrical 
habit  and  interesting  ever- 
green foliage.  In  the  S.  some 
species    will   thrive    in    the 
optn   where  the  climate  is  not  too  dry,  but  in  the  N.  all 
are  grown  under  glass  only.    Lvs.  stiff,  sharp-pointed, 
crowded     cones  globular  or  oblong,  terminal,  hard  and 
woody,  of   some   species   several  inches   in   diameter. 
Most  of  the  species  become  gigantic  forest  trees  in  their 
natne  haunts.   As  here  treated,  the  genus  includes  Co- 
lumbea  and  Eutacta.  l^  jj_  g_ 

There  are  some  15  Araucarias  in  cultivation.  Most  of 
these  however,  are  grown  in  limited  numbers  in  private 
and  botanical  collections.  The  kinds  most  popular  in 
this  country  are  A.  eicelsa  and  its  varieties  glauca  and 
lobw-ta  compacta.  Of  A.  excelsa,  probably  250,000 
plants  m  5-inch  and  6-inch  pots  are  annually  sold  in  the 
U  S  These  are  nearly  all  imported  in  a  young  state 
from  Ghent,  Belgium,  where  the  propagation  and  grow- 
ing of  them  is  made  the  leading  specialty  at  many  nnr- 


ARAUCARIA 

series,  of  which  there  are  over  700  in  that  one  city.  The 
trade  of  the  world  has  been  supplied  for  many  years 
from  Ghent.    Some  of  the  large  English  growers  have 


:#^ 


^"^^"''^V^' 


'^-. 


begun  to  grow  them  in  considerable  quantities  in  the 
past  five  years,  but  it  is  likely  that  Ghent  will  be  the 
main  source  of  supply  for  many  years  to  come.  A  few 
are  now  propagated  in  this  country,  and  as  they  grow 
easily  here.  It  is  likely  that  the  number  will  be  largely 
increased  in  the  near  future,  the  high  price  of  labor 
being  the  greatest  drawback.  The  Araucaria  is  the 
most  elegant  and  symmetrical  evergreen  in  cultivation, 
and  for  this  reason  is  very  popular  as  an  ornamental 
plant  for  home  decoration.  It  is  particularly  popular  at 
Christmas  time,  and  is  then  sold  in  great  quantities. 
Araucarias  are  propagated  from  seed  and  from  cuttings 
the  latter  make  the  most  compact  and  handsome  speci 
mens.  To  make  symmetrical  specimens,  take  cut 
tings  from  the  leading  shoots  (see  Fig.  129).  If  used 
as  house  plants,  they  thrive  best  in  a  cool  room,  where 
the  temperature  is  not  over  60°  at  night,  and  thej 
should  be  placed  near  the  light.  In  summer  thej 
grow  best  if  protected  by  a  shading  of  light  laths 
placed  about  an  inch  apart,  wliit-li  will  udniit  air  and 
at  the  same  time  break  tin-  I'nr,-,.  ,if  tin-  sun's  rays 
1  in  any  good  I'dtiiiu'  i-c.in|i.i-t,  and 

he  -ininu:!  into  larger 
pots.    The  cuttings  should  In-  phiMtcd  in  light 
compost  or  sand  in  the  fall  or  during  the  winter 
in   a  cool   greenhouse,  with   moderate    bottom 
heat,  and  will  root  in  about  8  or  10  weeks,  after 
which  they  may  be  potted  into  small  pots.     In 
addition   to  A.   pxcelaa    and   its  variations,  the 
following  attractive  species  are  grown  in  small  quanti 
ties  :  A.  BidwiUii,  which,  being  of  a  tough  and  hard> 
nature,  does  remarkably  well  as  a  room  plant,  and  it  is 
hardy  in  Florida  and  many  of  the  most  southern  states 
A.  GoldieanUj  a  very  distinct  and  handsome  form,  and 
rather   scarce   at   present;    A.  efegavs  (a  form  of  A 
Brazitiana),  an  elegant  form  of  dwarf  and  exceedingly 
graceful  habit,  and  a  most  beautiful  table  plant. 

Cult,  by  Robert  Craig 
A.  Lvs.  {or  most  of  them)  awl-like. 
excfelsa,  R.  Br.  Norpoi,k  Island  Pine.  Figs.  130 
131, 132.  Plant  light  green  :  branches  frondose,  the  lvs 
curved  and  sharp-pointed,  rather  soft,  and  densely 
placed  on  the  horizontal  or  drooping  branchlets.  Nor 
folk  Isl.  P.R.  2:411.-The  commonest  species  in  this 
country,  being  much  grown  as  small  pot  specimens.  A 
blue-green  form  is  cult,  as  A.  glaiiea.  There  is  also  a 
strong-growing,  large  variety,  with  very  deep  green  fo 


ARAUCARIA  89 

liage  (A.robiista).  In  its  native  wilds  the  tree  reaches 
a  heieht  of  over  200  ft.  and  a  diameter  of  even  9  or  10 
ft.  The  solid,  globular  cones  are  4  or  5  in.  in  diam. 
P. S.  22:  2304-5.  — An  excellent  house  plant,  and  keeps 
well  in  a  cool  room  near  a  window.  In  summer  it  may 
be  used  on  the  veranda,  but  must  be  shaded. 

Ciinninghami,  Sweet.  Plants  less  formal  and  sym- 
metrical than  A.  excelsa  .the  upper  branches  ascending 
and  the  lower  horizontal  :  lvs.  stiff  and  very  sharp- 
pointed,  straight  or  nearly  so.  There  is  also  a  glaucous 
form  {A.  glauca};  also  a  weeping  form.  Austral., 
where  it  reaches  a  height  of  200  ft.,  yielding  valuable 
timber  and  resin.  Locally  known  as  Hoop  Pine,  More- 
ton  Bay  Pine,  Colonial  Pine,  Coorong,  Cumburtu, 
Coonam. 

Co6kii,  R.  Br.  {A.  columnAris,  Hook. ).  Branches  dis- 
posed as  in  J .  excelsa,  but  tree  tending  to  shed  the  lower 
ones  :  young  lvs.  alternate  and  rather  distant,  broad 
and  slightly  decurrent  at  base,  slightly  curved,  mu- 
cronate ;  adult  lvs.  densely  imbricated,  short  and 
ovate,  obtuse  ;  cones  3-4  in.  in  diam.  and  somewhat 
longer.  New  Caledonia,  where  it  reaches  a  height  of  200 
ft.,  making  very  straight  and  imposing  shafts.  B.M. 
4635.    A.F.  12:  559.-Named  for  Captain  Cook. 

AA.    ii's.  broader,  usually  plane  and  imbricated. 

KMei,  Muell.  Leafy  branchlets  very  long  :  lvs.  oval- 
elliptic,  imbricated,  plane  or  lightly  concave,  arched  to- 
wards the  branch,  nearly  or  quite  obtuse,  with  a  promi- 
nent dorsal  nerve.  Variable  at  different  ages.  When 
young,  the  branches  are  often  drooping  and  the  lvs. 
compressed  and  obscurely  4-angled  and  nearly  or  quite 
subulate  (va.r.  pohjmrirphii,  R.H.  1866.  p.  350.  There  is 
a  var.  co»i;)«c/(i).  New  Caledonia.  Reaching  50  ft.  in 
height.  R.H.  1866,  p.  392,  and  plate.  I. H.  22:204.  The 
figure  in  G.C.  I8G1 :  868,  is  ^.  Miielleri,  Brongn.  &  Gris., 
a  broader-leaved  species. 

Goldieana,  Hort.  Like  ^.  i?H(fi,  and  perhaps  a  form 
of  it  :  lvs.  in  whorls,  dark  green,  variable  :  branches 
drooping. 

Bidwillii,  Hook.  Fig.  133.  Rather  narrow  in  growth, 
especially  with  age,  the  branches  simple  :  lvs.  in  two 
rows,  lance-ovate  and  very  sharp-pointed,  thick,  firm 
and    shining.     Austral.,  where    it    attains    a  height  of 


.\  ragged  plant,  grown 


90 


ARAUCARIA 


150  ft.,  and  is  known  as  Bunga-bunga.  R.H.  1897,  p. 
500.  G.C.  III.  15:  465,  showing  tlie  pineapple- lilie  cone. 
—  One  of  the  best  and  handsomest  species  for  pots. 

Braziliibna,  A.  Rich.  Branches  verticillate,  somewhat 
inclined,  raised  at  the  ends,  tending  to  disappear  below 
as  the  plant  grows  : 
Ivs.  alternate,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  somewhat 
decurrent,  much  atten- 
uated and  very  sharp- 
pointed,  deep  green, 
loosely  imbricated  : 
cone  large  and  nearly 
globular.  S.  Braz.. 
reaching  a  height  of 
100  ft.  F.S.  21:2202. 
A.  ^legans^  Hort.,  is 
a  form  with  very 
numerous  branches 
and  more  crowded 
and  often  glaucous 
Ivs.  Var.  Bidolfuhia, 
Gord.,  is  a  more  robust 
form,  with  larger  and 
longer  Ivs. 

imbric4ta,  Pav. 
Monkey  Puzzle. 
Branches  generally  in 
5's,  at  first  horizontal, 
with  upward-curving 
(sometimes  downward- 
curving)  tips,  but  fi- 
nally becoming  much 
deflexed,  the  If.shin- 
3  :  Ivs.  imbricated  and 
ovate-lanceolate,   very 


133.  Araucaria  Bidwillii  (X  %). 


gled  branchlets  in  opposite  pai: 
persisting,  even   on  the  trunk 

stiff  and  leathery  and  sharp-pointed,  an  inch  long  and 
half  as  wide,  bright  green  on  both  sides  :  cone  6-8 
in.  in  diam.  Western  slope  of  the  Andes  in  Chile, 
reaching  a  height  of  100  ft.  F.S.  15:  1577-80.  R.H. 
1893,  p.  1.53;  1897,  pp.271,  319.  Gt.  44:115.  G.C.  III. 
21:  288  ;  24:  154. -Hardy  in  the  S.  This  is  the  species 
which  is  grown  in  the  open  in  England  and  Ireland. 
L.  H.  B. 
ARAtrjIA  i'i  treated  under  Physianthus. 

Arboriculture.  The  culture  of  trees,  it  is  a 

generic  term,  covering  the  whole  subject  of  the  plant- 
ing and  care  of  trees.  More  specific  terms  are  sylvicul- 
ture, the  planting  of  woods  ;  orchard-culture,  the  plant- 
ing of  orchards  or  fruit  trees. 

Arbutus  (ancient  Latin  name).  Ericdcea;.  Trees  or 
shrubs  :  branches  smooth  and  usually  red  :  Ivs.  ever- 
green, alternate,  petiolate  :  fls.  monopetalous,  ovate  or 
globular,  white  to  red,  about  Jiiin.  long,  in  terminal 
panicles  :  fr.  a  globose,  many-seeded  berry,  granulose 
outside,  mostly  edible.  About  10  species  in  W.  N.  Amer., 
Mediterranean  reg.,  W.  Eu.,  Canary  Isl.  Ornamental 
trees,  with  usually  smooth  red  bark  and  lustrous  ever- 
green foliage,  of  great  decorative  value  for  parks  and 
gardens  in  warm-temperate  regions;  especially  beautiful 
when  adorned  with  the  clusters  of  white  fls.  or  bright 
red  berries.  They  grow  best  in  well-drained  soil  in  some- 
what sheltered  positions  not  exposed  to  dry  winds.  Very 
handsome  greenhouse  shrubs,  thriving  well  in  a  sandy 
compost  of  peat  and  leaf  soil  or  light  loam.  Prop,  by 
seeds  sown  in  early  spring  or  in  fall,  or  by  cuttings  from 
mature  wood  in  fall,  placed  in  sandy  peat  soil  under 
glass ;  they  root  but  slowly.  Increased  also  by  budding 
or  grafting,  usually  veneer-grafting,  if  seedlings  of  one 
of  the  species  can  be  had  for  stock.  Layers  usually 
take  two  years  to  root. 


Panicles  short,  noddiufj  :   Iv 


illy  serrate. 


Unfido,  Linn.  Strawberrv  Tree.  From  8-15  ft.: 
Ivs.  cuneate,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  2-3  in.  long, 
glabrous,  green  beneath  :  fls.  white  or  red,  ovate  :  fr. 
scarlet,  warty,  %in.  broad.  .Sept. -Dec.  S.  Eu.,  Ireland. 
L.B.C.  2:123.  Var.  integfirrima,  Sims.  Lvs.  entire. 
B.M.  2319.    Var.   rtbra,  Ait.,   and  var.   Cro6mi,  Hort. 


ARCHONTOPHCENIX 


AA.    Panicles  erect.-   Ivs.  usually  entire. 

M^nziesi,  Pursh.  Madrona.  Occasionally  100  ft.  high : 
trunk  with  dark  reddish  brown  bark  :  lvs.  rounded  or 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  oval  or  oblong,  3-4  in.  long, 
glabrous,  glaucous  beneath  :  fls.  white,  in  5-6  in.  long 
panicles  :  fr.  bright  orange-red,  Hin.  long.  Spring. 
W.  N.  Amer.  B.R.  21:1753,  as  A.  prdcera,  Dougl. 
S.S.  5:231.  P.M.  2:147.  G. P.  3:515  ;  5,  151.  Mn.3:85. 
—  The  hardiest  and  probably  the  handsomest  species 
of  the  genus  ;  it  stands  many  degrees  of  frost. 

Ariz6mca,  Sarg.  (A.  Xalap{nsis,  var.  Arizdnica, 
Gray).  Tree,  40-50  ft. :  trunk  with  light  gray  or  nearly 
white  bark  :  lvs.  usually  cuneate  at  the  base,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  13^-3  in.  long,  glabrous,  pale  beneath  :  fls. 
white,  in  loose,  broad  panicles  2-3  in.  long  :  fr.  globose 
or  oblong,  dark  orange-red.  Spring.  Ariz.  G.F.  4:318. 
S.S.  5:  233.-The  contrast  between  the  white  bark  of  the 
trunk,  the  red  branches,  and  the  pale  green  foliage 
makes  a  very  pleasant  effect  :  fr.  and  fls.  are  also  very 
decorative. 

A.  Andrdchne.  Linn.  From  10-30  ft.:  lvs.  oval-oblong,  usu- 
ally entire,  yellowish  green  beneath  :  lis.  yellowish  white  ;  fr. 
brightred.  Greece, Orient.  B.M. 2024.  B.R.2:U3.— A. andrach- 
noXdes,  Link  (A.  Andrachne  X  Unedo.  A.  hybrida,  Ker,  A. 
serratifolia.  Lodd.).  Lvs.  serrate:  panicles  drooping;  fls. 
white.  B.R.  8:619.  L.B.C'.6:580.-4.  Oonori«ms,Lindl.  Height 
10-30  ft. :  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  glaucous  beneath : 
panicles  eri-.t  ;   (Is.  CTt-enish  white.    <.':inar>-  Isl.    B.M.  1577.— 


Ker.  =A. 
1 .  laurifb- 

liite,  often 


=  Per- 

lin.  \,    '  -  ■  :  '      I    '/.  -.um.  Buckl. 

=  A      ■  I     '  .     ;■    •  \     '..  !;.i.liylos  to- 

ment.,.,,  ;      /,„(,,,,   I ,:  n  , ,  \  i-t . ,- 1  ,i  l,i ,  -  1- ,.    r  ^  r.-Vrsi.-^. 

A'a/(i/«/i.%,»,HBK.l.\,  launtoiiii.  LuKll.i.  Heiu-ia  lcl-20ft.:  lvs. 
oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  erenately  serrate,  glabrous 
or  downy  beneath :  fls.  reddish  ;  corolla  abruptly  contracted 
above  the  middle.  Mex.,  Tex.   S.S.  5:232.  B.R.  25:67. 

Alfred  Rehder. 

Arbutus,  trailing.   See  npigo'a. 

ARCHANGfiLICA  (Greek,  chief  angel,  from  fancied 
medicinal  virtues).  IJmbelliferip..  A  few  strong-smell- 
ing coarse  herbs  closely  allied  to  Angelica,  but  differing 
in  technical  characters  associated  with  the  oil-tubes  in 
the  fruit. 

officinWs,  Hoffm.  A  European  and  Asian  biennial  or 
perennial,  known  also  as  Angelica  Archangelica.  Stout 
herb,  with  ternately  decompound  lvs.  and  large  umbels 
of  small  fls.  The  stems  and  ribs  of  the  Ivs.  were  once 
blanched  and  eaten,  after  the  manner  of  celery,  and 
they  are  still  used  in  the  making  of  sweetmeats.  Little 
known  iu  this  country,  although  it  is  offered  by  Ameri- 
can dealers.  Its  chief  value  to  us  is  its  large  foliage. 
Seeds  may  be  sown  in  the  fall  as  soon  as  ripe,  or  the 
following  spring. 

ARCHONTOPHCENIX  ( Greek, majestic  phoenix).  Pal- 
micea,  tribe  Arecea;.  Tall,  spineless  palms,  with  stout, 
.solitary,  ringed  caudices  :  lvs.  terminal,  equally  pin- 
natisect ;  segments  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  bi- 
dentate  at  the  apex,  the  margins  recurved  at  the  base, 
sparsely  scaly  beneath,  the  midnerves  rather  promi- 
nent, nerves  slender  ;  rachis  convex  on  the  back,  the 
upper  surface  strongly  keeled  ;  petiole  channelled 
above,  sparsely  tomentose  ;  sheath  long,  cylindrical, 
deeply  fissured  ;  spadices  short-peduncled,  with  slen- 
der, flexuose,  glabrous,  pendent  branches  and  branch- 
lets  :  spathes  2,  entire,  long,  compressed,  deciduous  : 
bracts  crescent-shaped,  adnate  to  the  spadix  ;  bractlets 
persistent  ;  fls.  rather  large  :  fr.  small,  globose-ellip- 
soidal. Species,  2.  Austral.  They  are  beautiful  palms, 
requiring  a  temperate  house.  Prop,  by  seeds.  The 
Seaforfhia  elegans  of  gardeners  belongs  here.  For  cult., 
see  Piilms. 


ARCHONTOPHCENIX 

A.    Leaf  segments  whitish  niiilenieath. 

AlexAndresB,  H.  Wendl.  &  Dmde  {Pti/chospirma  Alei- 
dndreie,  F.  Muell.).  Trunk  70-80  ft.:  Ivs.  several  ft. 
long  ;  rachis  very  broad  and  thick,  glabrous  or  sliehtly 
scurfy;  segments  numerou.s,  the  longer  ones  1%  ft. 
long,  ^-1  in.  broad,  acuminate  and  entire  or  slightly 
notched,  green  above,  ashy  glaucous  beneath.  Queens- 
land.   F.S.  18:1916. 

AA.    Leaf  segments  green  on  both  sides. 

Cunninghamii,  H.  Wendl.  &  Drude  (Ptychosperma 
Ciinninghmnii,  H.  Wendl.).  Trunk  and  general  habit 
like  the  preceding,  but  the  segments  acuminate  and 
entire  or  scarcely  notched.  Queensland  and  N.  S.  W. 
B.M.  4901  as  Seato.-thia  elegans.       j^^^^  ^^    g^,^^^ 

Arctium  (from  Greek  word  for  heai;  probably  al- 
luding to  the  shaggy  bur).  Compositw.  Burdock.  A 
few  coarse  perennials  or  biennials  of  temperate  Eu.  and 
Asia,  some  of  them  widely  distributed  as  weeds.  Invo- 
lucre globular  and  large,  with  hooked  scales,  becoming 
a  bur  :  receptacle  densely  setose  :  pappus  deciduous,  of 
bristles  :  Ivs.  large  and  soft,  whitish  beneath :  plant  not 
prickly  :  fls.  pinkish,  in  summer. 

L&ppa,  Linn.  (Lappa  mi)j<ir,  Gsertn.).  Common  Bi-k- 
DOCK.  The  Burdock  is  a  common  and  despised  weed  in 
this  country,  although  it  is  capable  of  making  an  excel- 
lent foliage  mass  and  screen.  In  Japan  it  is  much  cult, 
for  its  root,  which  has  been  greatly  thickened  and  ame- 
liorated, affording  a  popular  vegetable.  It  is  there 
known  as  Gobo  (see  Georgeson,  A.G.  13,  p.  210). 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  (Greek,  bear  and  grape).  Ericd- 
cete.  Manzanita.  Shrubs  or  small  trees:  Ivs.  alternate, 
evergreen,  usually  entire,  rarely  deciduous  :  fls.  small, 
urceolate,  mostly'white,  tinged  red,  in  terminal,  often 
panicled  racemes,  in  spring  :  fr.  usually  smooth,  a  red 
berry  orrather  drupe,  with  1-10  1-seeded,  separate  orco- 
herent  cells.  About  30  species  in  N.  and  Cent.  Amer., 
2  species  also  in  N.  Eu.  and  N.  Asia.  Handsome  ever- 
green shrubs,  though  generally  with  less  conspicuous  fls. 
and  frs.  than  those  of  the  allied  genus  Arbutus.  Some 
Cent.  Amer.  species,  however,  as  A.arbutoides,  arguta 
and  potifolia  are  beautiful  in  flower,  and  well  worth  a 
place  in  the  greenhouse  or  in  the  garden  in  temperate 
regions  ;  of  the  American  species,  A.  Pringlei,  viseida 
and  bieolor  are  some  of  the  handsomest.  Only  the  trail- 
ing species  are  hardy  north.  For  culture,  see  Arbutus. 
Includes  Comarostaphylis. 

■       '-   --■      -ong:   fls.  in 
lort  and  rather  few-fid.  cluster 

tlva-Ursi,  Spreng.  Bearberrt.  Lvs.  obovate-ob- 
long,  tapering  into  the  petiole,  refuse  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex  :  fls.  small,  about  Min.  long,  white  tinged  with 
red.  Northern  hemisphere,  in  N.  Amer.  south  to  Mex. 
Em.  2:431.—  Hardy  trailing  evergreen  shrub,  like  the 
following  valuable  for  covering  rocky  slopes  and  sandy 
banks.  Cuttings  from  mature  wood  taken  late  in  sum- 
mer root  readily  under  glass. 

Nevad^nsis,  Gray.  Lvs.  obovate  or  obovate-lanceolate. 
abruptly  petioled,  acute  or  mucronate  at  the  apex  :  fls. 
in  short-stalked  clusters,  white  or  tinged  with  red. 
Calif.,  in  the  higher  mountains. 

aa.    Erect  shrubs  ;   lvs.  usually  1-2  in.  long  :   fts.  in 

inostly  many-fid.  panicled  racemes. 

B.    Lvs.  glabrous,  rarely  minutely  pubescent . 

c.    Pedicels  glabrous. 

piingens,  HBK.    From  3-10  ft.;  glabrous  or  minutely 

pubescent  :    lvs.  slender-petioled.  oblong-lanceolate  or 

oblong-elliptic,  acute,  entire,  green  or  glaucescent :  fls. 

in  short,  umbel-like  clusters  :   fr.  glabrous,  about  Kin. 

broad.    Mex.,  Low.  Calif.    B.R.  30:17.    B.M.  3927. 

Manzanita,  Parry  (A.  pungens,  Authors).  Fig.  134. 
Shrub  or  small  tree,  to  30  ft. :  lvs.  ovate,  usually  obtuse 
and  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  glabrous,  dull  green  :  fls. 
in  prolonged  panicled  racemes  :  fr.  glabrous,  K-K  in. 
broad.   W.  N.  Amer.,  from  Ore.  south.   G.F.  4:571. 


cc.    Pedicels  glandular. 

glaica,  Lindl.  From  8-25  ft. :  lvs.  oblong  or  orbicular, 
obtuse  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  glaucescent  or  pale 
green  :  fls.  in  prolonged  panicled  racemes  ;  pedicels 
glandular  :  fr.  minutely  glandular.      Calif.    Int.  1891. 

viscida,  Parry.  From  5-15  ft. :  lvs.  broad  ovate  or  el- 
liptic, abruptly  mucronulate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  glaucous  :  fls.  in  slender  and  spreading,  panicled 
racemes  ;  pedicels  viscid  ;  corolla  light  pink  :  fr.  de- 
pressed, about  Min.  broad,  smooth.    Ore.  to  Calif. 


134.  Manzanita.— Arctostaphylos 


BB.    Lvs.  more  or  less  pubescent  ;  branchlets  mostly 
bristly-hairy. 

tomentdsa,  Dougl.  Prom  2-6  ft.:  lvs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late or  ovate,  acute,  sometimes  serrulate,  pubescent  be- 
neath, pale  green  :  fls.  in  rather  dense  and  short,  usu- 
ally panicled  racemes  ;  pedicels  short  :  fr.  puberulous, 
glabrous  at  length.  W.  N.  Amer.  B.R.  21 :  1791.  B.M. 
3320. -The  hardiest  of  the  erect  species. 

Pringlei,  Parry.  Shrub  :  lvs.  broad-ovate  or  elliptic, 
usually  abruptly  mucronulate,  pubescent,  sometimes 
glabrous  at  length,  glaucous  :  panicled  racemes  pedun- 
cled,  usually  leafy  at  the  base,  many-fld. ;  slender  pedi- 
cels and  calyx  glandular-pubescent  :  fr.  glandular  his- 
pid.   Calif.,  Ariz. 

bicolor.  Gray.  From  3-4  ft. :  lvs.  oblong-oval,  acute  at 
both  ends,  revolute  at  the  margin,  glabrous  and  bright 
green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath  :  fls.  in  nodding, 
rather  dense  racemes  ;  pedicels  and  calyx  tomentose  ; 
corolla  Ja  in.  long,  rose-colored  :  fr.  smooth.   Calif. 

A.  alplna,  Spreng.  Prostrate  shrub  :  lvs.  deciduous,  obovate, 


tains  of  northern  liei 
6  ft.:  lvs.lan<-^oi;,to.. 
panicles  er*'<-l.  I.m,., 
{A.  nitida,  I'.-i 
rate,  glaucou, 
B.R.  31:32.    I;  \l      '" 
Nevadeusis.-.l.,/,.., 
narrow-oblong,  acutt- 
cemes  elongated.    (_'al 
gutn.— A.  polifdIia.U 
gla  •       • 


Jlex. 


S.  Mex. 
llort.=A. 
V.  ovate  or 


Kehder. 


ARCTOTIS  (Greek  for  bear's  ear,  alluding  to  the 
akene).  Compositw.  Herbs  with  long-peduncled  heads 
and  more  or  less  white-woolly  herbage,  of  30  or  more 
African  species :  akenes  grooved,  with  scale-like  pappus : 
involucre  with  numerous  imbricated  scales  :  receptacle 
bristly.  One  species,  treated  as  an  annual,  is  sold  in 
this  country. 

breviscipa,  Thunb.  (A.  leptorhlza,  var.  breviscdpa, 
DC).  Stemless ornearly  so  (6  in.  high) ,  half-hardy,  read- 
ily prop,  from  seeds,  and  to  be  grown  in  a  warm,  sunny 
place.  Lvs.  usually  longer  than  the  scape,  inclsed-den- 
tate  :  scape  hirsute,  bearing  one  large  fl.  with  dark  cen- 
ter and  orange  rays. 

ABDlSIA  (pointed,  alluding  to  the  stamens  or  corolla 
lobes).  Myrsinicece.  Large  genus  of  tropical  trees  and 
shrubs,  with  5-parted  (sometimes  4- or  6-parted)  rotate 
corolla,  5  stamens  attached  to  the  throat  of  the  corolla, 
with  very  large  anthers  and  a  1-seeded  drupe  the  size  of 


92 


ARDISIA 


a  pea.  Lvs.  entire,  dentate  or  crenate,  thick  anil  ever- 
green :  fls.  white  or  rose,  usually  in  cymes.  Ardisias 
are  grown  in  hothouses  or  conservatories,  and  bloom 
most  of  the  year. 

There  are  about  a  dozen  Ardisias  in  cultivation  ;  only 
two,  liowf'vor,  are  grown  in  quantity  in  America,—^. 
rr<-iiui.ii„    iri.l  harried)    and   A.  Japonica    (white-ber- 

Ti''l        !  ^'    I t:.  1- is  the  more  beautiful  and  valuable. 

Ii  I      Ii  iihlsomest  berrv-bearing  plants,  and  is 

vr:  ,,  i  ,  .  ;  iriicularly  at  Christmas  time.  The  A. 
J'l/  ,  .;  1  1,  .1  ijL-arly  so  showy  nor  handsome  as  A. 
fyt'H/thrfi' ,  ;tinl  for  this  reason  is  not  so  generally  grown. 
Ardisias  are  readily  grown  from  seed,  which  should  be 
sown  in  the  spring  ;  the  seedlings  will  bloom  the  fol- 
lowing spring,  and  the  berries  will  be  well  colored  by  the 
next  Christmas.  They  will  thrive  in  almost  any  good 
pottiTitr  compost  and  in  a  winter  night  temperature  of 
about  r>n°.  They  are  most  beautiful  when  about  2  feet 
high,  after  which  they  generally  lose  their  bottom  fo- 
liage, and  present  a  naked  or  "  leggy"  appearance.  When 
they  get  In  this  state  it  is  well  to  root  the  tops  over 
again,  which  may  best  be  done  without  removing  them 
from  the  plant,  by  making  an  incision  in  the  stem  and 
covering  the  wounded  part  with  moss,  which  should  be 
tightly  wrapped  with  string  and  kept  damp  ;  the  moss 
will  be  filled  with  roots  in  about  a  month,  when  the  tops 
may  be  cut  off  and  potted,  thus  obtaining  most  beautiful 
young  plants,  covered  with  foliage  to  the  bottom.  This 
process  will  not  interrupt  the  blooming  at  all;  they  fre- 
quently set  an  abundance  of  buds  while  undergoing  this 
operation.  The  crop  of  berries  on  an  Ardisia  will  re- 
main on  the  plant  for  more  than  a  year,  if  the  plant  be 
grown  in  a  cool  temperature,  say  not  exceeding  ."jO"  at 
night  in  winter.  Two  full  crops  of  ripe  berries  at  one 
time  are  not  unusual.  Ardisias  may  be  propagated  also 
from  cuttings  of  half-ripened  wood  ;  early  spring  is  the 
best  time  to  strike  them.  The  greatest  insect  enemy  of 
the  Ardisia  is  the  large  brown  scale  ;  frequent  sponging 
of  the  stems  and  lvs.  with  strong  tobacco  water  is  the 
best  preventive.  Qui,,  by  Robert  Craig. 


crenul&ta,  Lodd.  (A.erendla,  Sims.  A.crispa,  Hort.). 
Fig.  135.  As  cult.,  acompact  and  neat  shrub,  with  lance- 
oblong,  wavy-margined,  alternate  lvs.  and  drooping 
clusters  of  small  coral-red  frs.    Sweet-scented.    Prob- 


ably native  to  E.  Ind.  or  China.  B.M.  1950.  L.B.C.  1:2. 
Mn.  1:58.  A.P.  13: 558.-The  commonest  species.  It 
thrives  in  a  conservatory  temperature  (not  lower  than 
45°).  Best  plants  are  obtained  from  seeds.  The  young 
plants  should  be  given  bottom  heat  and  kept  growing 
rapidly.    If  they  become  stunted,  it  is  very  difficult  to 


AEECA 

make  them  into  satisfactory  plants.  Well-grown  plants 
should  bear  fruit  in  a  year  from  the  seed.  The  seed 
may  be  sown  whenever  ripe.  The  fruits  often  hang  on 
for  a  year  and  more.   Hardy  in  the  South. 

hfimilis,  Vahl.  Lvs.  lance-oblong,  shining  :  frs.  shin- 
ing black.    India. 

6liveri,  Mast.    Lvs.  nearly  sessile,  recurved, oblanceo- 

late  and  acuminate,  6-8  in.  long,  entire  :   fls.  pink.  In 

large,  dense  heads,  like  an  Ixora,  the  limb  rotate,  >^in. 

across.  CostaRica.  G.C.  II.  S:  681.  — Elegant  stove  plant. 

AA.    Fls.  u'hite. 

Jap6nica,  Blume.  Lvs.  short-oblong  or  somewhat  cu- 
neate,  whorled,  serrate  :  fls.  on  red  pedicels  in  drooping 
racemes  :  berries  white.  Dwarf.  Jap.  Probably  hardy 
in  the  North. 

polyc^phala,  Wall.    Lvs.  bright  green,  red  or  wine- 
colored  when  young,  opposite  :  fr.  black.    E.  Ind. 
AAA.    Fls.  black-dotted. 

Pickerlngia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous,  5-9  ft.:  lvs. 
ovate  to  lance-oblong,  entire,  narrowed  to  a  petiole  : 
panicle  nianv-fld. ;  corolla  lobes  oval  and  becoming  re- 
flexed  ■    fr    Hv  1mv-m  av  ,,^a.      F    V\-<      li.t    1>-'n 


B  M   (iH.V 


DC. 


or   reddibk   lib.   are'  A.   inaciucaipa.' WM., 
'data,  Eoxbg.,  B.M.  2364;  serruidfo,  Swartz  ^ 
L.  H.  B. 


AB£CA  (from  a  native  name  in  Malabar).  PalmAce(f, 
tribe  Ar?ce<p.  Spineless  palms,  with  trunks  solitary  or 
cespito>e  in  a  ring  :  lvs.  terminal,  equally  plnnatisect, 
the  segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  plicate,  with  the 
margins  recurving  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones  conflu- 
ent and  bifid  or  truncate  and  many-parted  :  rachis  3- 
sided,  convex  on  the  back,  the  upper  face  acute,  the 
base  and  petiole  concave  :  sheath  elongated  ;  spadix 
broad  or  iiMrrow,  the  spreading  branches  at  length  pen- 
dent :  v|i;fihf^  ;:  '>r  m.iny,  papery,  the  lowest  complete, 
the  ii|  ['  '  ""•  -  I  la.-t-like  ;  fls.  white:  fr.  medium  or 
larL-' .  I'  I  .M  ..r:iri_-.-.  Species,  24.  Trop.  Asia,  Malay 
Ari-li.,  Ir'.]!.  An-tral.  and  New  Guinea.  The  name 
Ai-eca  is  one  of  the  most  familiar  of  all  palm  genera, 
but  most  of  the  well-known  species  are  now  referred  to 
other  genera.  A.  lutescens,  the  most  popular  kind,  is 
Chri/salUlocarpits  lutescens.  A.  Catechu  and  A.trian- 
iliii  are  both  very  quick  in  germinating.  They  form  very 
ornunnnlal  plants  for  a  moderate  sized  greenhouse. 
For  A.'iiiriii,  see  Bicli/osperma.    For  A.  Madagascar- 

,■,:'<  is.    <,;■  J)l/psis. 

Alicefe.  W.  Hill.    Sts.  several  from  the  same  rhizome, 

ii-  liicire  high,  slender:  lvs.  3-6  ft.  long  ;  segments 

'  .  sr\  1  ral  confluent,  especially  at  apex.  Queensland. 

Cdtechu.  Linn.    Betel  Nut.    St.  solitary,  40-100  ft.: 

■0  ft.;  leaflets  numerous,  1-2  ft.,  upper  confluent. 

glabrous  :  fr.  1^2-2  in.,  ovoid,  smooth,  orange  or 

t.    Asia  and  Malayan  Islands. 

llsemannl,  Hort.    Resembles  a  red-stemmed  Chrysa- 

' -arpus  :  young  lvs.  very  dark  red,  becoming  green; 

lender,  arching,  with  curving  pinna?.   Oceanica. 


20: 


iandra,  Roxb.  Trunk  40-50  ft.  high,  1  ft.  thick,  cy- 
rical  :  fronds  8  ft.  long  ;  segments  with  6  primary 
es  about  1  line  apart ;  petiole  about  1  ft.  long.  India. 
dlba,  Bory.=Dietyospenna  aYba.—A.  Baueri.  Hook.  f.= 


«,  Bory.= 
liac.ilaria 
A.  Sibung^ 
Jacq.=  Oreo- 


Griff. =  Uufosperiiia  lilamentosum 

doxa  oleracea.— A.  j)umi7a,  Blame. =Nenga  Wendlandi'ana 
rjibra,  Hort.=Dictyosperma  rubra.— .4 .  riibra,  Bory.=AcanthO' 
phcKuix rubra. — .1. Snndcridnff, Hort.  Tradename_2— ^.adjM'dffi, 
Soland.— Rhopalostylis    sapidi 

TerschaffiUii, . 


specidsa.   Hort.     Trade 


Jared  G.  SuiTa 


fZ 


ARENARIA 

ABENARIA  {ttrena,  sand,  where  many  of  the  species 
._  ).  Caryophyll&cea.  Low  herbs,  mostly  with  white 
.s.,  usually  forming  mats,  and  suitable  for  rookwork  or 
Ipine  gardens.  Only  the  perennial  species  are  com- 
monly cult.  Of  easiest  culture  in  almost  any  soil.  Prop, 
by  division  ;  also  by  seeds,  and  rare  species  sometimes 
by  cuttings.  The  species  inhabit  temperate  and  cold 
regions.  The  stamens  are  usually  10  ;  styles  3  or  4  ; 
petals  5  as  a  rule,  entire  or  emarginate.  Nearly  200  rec- 
ognized species.  Monogr.  by  F.  N.  Williams,  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  33:326  (1897-8). 

A.   Lis.  ovate  or  lanceolate. 

Baleirica,  Linn.  Very  low  (3  in.  high),  with  small 
ovate  glossv  Ivs.  Balearic  Is.,  Corsioa.-Not  hardy  in 
latitude  of  "New  York  City. 

macrophylla,  Hook.  Sts.  decumbent  and  angled,  pu- 
bescent :  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  mostly  acute  :  pe- 
duncles slender,  1-5-fld.  Lake  Superior  to  the  Pacific. 
Int.  1881. 

AA.    Lvs.  linear  or  aivl-like. 
B.    Sepals  ohtu.se. 

Groenlandica,  Spreng.  Annual :  very  low,  forming 
mats,  the  decumbent  or  erectish  sts.  bearing  1-5  fls.: 
Ivs.  linear  and  obtuse,  J-^in.  or  less  long  :  sepals  and 
petals  blunt,  the  latter  sometimes  notched.  High  alti- 
tudes and  latitudes,  but  coming  to  the  sea  coast  in  parts 
of  N.  Eng.,  and  ranging  down  the  mountains  to  N.  Car. 
Int.  1884. -A  neat  little  alpine. 

graminifdlia,  Schrad.  A  foot  or  less  high  :  lvs.  long 
and  filiform,  rough-margined  :  fls.  in  3-forked  loose  pu- 
bescent panicles.   Eu. 

BB.   Sepals  pointed  or  even  awned. 

grandiflora,  Linn.  Variable  :  6  in.  or  less  high  :  lvs. 
flat-awl-shaped,  3-nerved  and  ciliate  :  fls.  solitary  or  in 
2's  or  3's,  long-stalked.    Eu. 

montana,  Linn.  Smaller:  lvs.  linear  or  nearly  so:  fls. 
large,  solitary,  very  long-stalked.    S.  W.  Eu. 

v6ma,  Linn.  {Alstne  virna,  Bartl.).  Dwarf:  1-3  in. 
high  :  lvs.  linear-subulate,  flat,  strongly  3-nerved,  erect: 
fls.  on  filiform  peduncles,  with  .strongly  3-nerved  sepals. 
Eu.  and  Rocky  Mts.- Excellent  little  rock  plant.  Var. 
csBBpitdsa,  Hort.,  is  a  compact,  leafy  form. 

aculeita,  Wats.  Sts.  4-6  in.  high:  lvs.  stiff  and  sharp, 
glaucous,  fascicled,  white,  but  often  purple.  W.  Amer. 
Int.  1889. 

Fr&nklinii,  Dougl.  Sts.  3-5  in.  high,  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous  :  lvs.  in  3-6  pairs,  narrow-subulate,  sharp- 
pointed  :  fls.  in  dense  cymes  at  the  top  of  the  st.    W. 


Imer.    Int.  1881. 


L.  H.  B. 


ARGEMONE  93 

obtusifdiia,  Mart.  Trunk  20-30  ft.  high,  1-l^ft.  thick: 
fronds  9-13,  12-16  ft.  long  :  petiole  thickly  spiny  :  seg- 
ments lyim.  apart,  2-3  ft.  long,  l}^-2  in.  wide,  alternate, 
lanceolate-linear,  unequally  acutely  dentate,  attenuate, 
2-auricled  at  the  base,  the  lower  auricle  the  larger, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  branches  of  the  spadix  short,  lax, 
nodding.    Java. 

saccharlSera,  Labill.  Trunk  40  ft.  high  :  petioles 
smooth  :  segments  fasciculate,  in  4's  or  a's,  linear-ensi- 
form,  1-  or  2-auricled  at  the  base,  the  lower  auricle  the 
longer,  2-lobed  or  variously  dentate  at  the  apex,  white 
or  silvery  beneath  ;  branches  of  the  spadix  long,  fas- 
tigiate,  pendulous.    Malaya.  Jaked  G.  Smith. 

ABETHtrSA  (the  nymph  Arethusa).  Orchidicea. 
A  few  species  of  handsome  terrestrial  orchids.  Fl.  gap- 
ing, the  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate  and  nearly  alike, 
arching  over  the  column. 

bulbdsa,  Linn.  A  very  pretty  hardy  orchid,  8-10  in., 
with  one  linear,  nerved' If.  and  a  bright  rose-pink  fl.  on 
an  erect  scape,  the  lip  recurved  and  bearded.  Bogs,  N. 
Car.,  N.  and  W.;  not  common.  May,  June.  Mn.  5:141. 
G.W.P.  17.  — Requires  a  moist  and  shady,  cool  situation 
and  open,  porous  soil.  A  shady  nook  on  north  slope  of 
rockery,  where  it  can  be  watered  in  dry  weather,  is  an 
ideal  place.    Prop,  by  the  solid  bulbs. 

J.  B.  Keller . 

ARfiTIA.    SeeBouglasia. 

ASGEMONE  (fanciful  name).  Pupai'crAeece.  Arge- 
MONV.  A  few  American  plants,  mostly  herbs,  with  prickly 
sepals  and  pods,  3-6-lobed  stigma,  coarse  often  white- 
spotted  foliage,  and  yellow  .iuice.  Annuals,  or  cult,  as 
annuals.  Easy  to  manage  from  seeds  sown  where  the 
plants  are  to  stand,  or  transplanted  from  pots.  They 
need  a  light  soil  and  full  sunny  exposure.  Monogr.  by 
Prain,  Journ.  Bot.  33:  207  et  seq. 

A.    Fls.  yellow  or  yellowish. 

Me3dc4na,  Linn.  {A .  speridsa ,  Hort. ) .  Prickly  Poppy. 
Fig.  136.  A  moderately  prickly-stemmed  herb,  1-2  ft. 
high,  sprawling,   glaucous  :    lvs.  coarsely  sinuate-pin- 


AEfiNGA  (derivation  doubtful).  Pal»itlcea\  tribe 
Areceo'.  Spineless  palms,  with  the  thick  caudex  clothed 
above  with  dead,  fibrous  leaf-sheaths,  at  length  bearing 
vigorous  shoots.  Lvs.  terminal,  elongated,  unequally 
pinnatisect,  the  linear  or  cuneate  somewhat  petiolate  seg- 
ments praemorse  or  obliquely  divided  at  the  apex  ;  mid- 
veins  prominent  ;  nerves  parallel  ;  margins  irregularly 
toothed  above  the  middle,  recurved  at  the  base  and  one  or 
the  other  of  them  auricled,  pale  below :  petiole  plano-con- 
vex, with  the  margin  spiny  :  sheaths  short,  reticulate- 
flbrous,  the  margin  crenate  :  spadix  large,  with  short 
reflesed  peduncle  and  elongated,  slender,  pendulous 
branches  ;  spathes  numerous,  attached  to  the  peduncle, 
membranaceous, deciduous  :  bracts  and  bractlets  broad: 
fls.  brown  or  brownish  green  or  purplish :  fr.  yellow, 
fleshy.  Species  5.  Trop.  Asia,  Malay  Archipelago,  New 
Guinea,  and  Trop.  Austral.  Jaked  G.  Smith. 

Arenga  saccharifera ,  in  a  young  state,  is  surpassed  in 
beauty  by  most  palms.  Specimens  eight  to  ten  years 
old,  however,  show  their  characteristics  well,  and  from 
that  period  till  they  begin  to  flower  (which  they  do  from 
the  top  of  the  stem  downwards  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves), 
they  are  among  the  most  striking  subjects  for  high  and 
roomy  conservatories.  The  temperature  should  not  be 
allowed  to  fall  below  55°  F.  during  the  coldest  weather. 
G.  W.  Oliver. 


136.  Arecmone  Mcxicana  (X  K>- 

natifld  :  fls.  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  petals  obovate  and 
an  inch  or  less  long,  orange  or  lemon-colored.  Trop. 
Amer.,  but  naturalized  in  E.  and  S.  states  and  in  the 
Old  World.    B.M.243. 

Var.  ochroleilca,  Lindl.     Petals   yellowish  white,  and 
style  longer.    Tex.    B.R.  1343. 


94  ARGEMONE 

AA.    Fl.1.  white  {rarely  purple). 

grandlfldra,  Sweet.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  1-3  ft. 
high,  almost  destitute  of  prickles:  Ivs.  sinuate-pinnatifid, 
the  lobes  only  weakly  spinescent :  bracts  scattered  along 
the  fl.  branches:  capsule  valves  scarcely  crested.  S.  W. 
Mex.    B.R.  120-1.    L. B.C.  16:1546.    B.M.  3073. 

platyc^ras,  Link  &  Otto.  Robust,  lK-4  ft.,  very  spiny, 
the  Ivs.  glaucous  ;  Ivs.  sinuate-pinnatifid,  spiny  :  fl.- 
bracts  aggregated  below  the  fls. :  petals  large  (rarely 
purple) :  capsule  valves  crested  or  spiny.    Mes.  to  Colo. 

Var.  hispida,  Prain.  (.4.  hispida.  Gray).  Petals 
rounded  ;  sepals  and  capsule  densely  pricklv  :  plant 
hispid.    Wyo.  and  Ark.,  W.  and  S.  l]  h.  B. 

AB6YB£IA  {silver!/,  referring  to  the  under  side  of 
the  Ivs.).  Coni'olvuldcew.  Tender  climbers  from  the 
orient,  allied  to  Ipomoea.  Lvs.  usually  large,  silvery, 
tomentose  or  villous  beneath  :  cymes  usually  few-fld. 
They  require  too  much  room  before  flowering  to  be  popu- 
lar here.  A .  cuneata  is  one  of  the  dwarf  est  and  most  florif- 
erous  kinds.   Light,  rich  soil.    Prop,  by  cuttings  or  seeds. 

tlliaefdlia.  Wight.  Lvs.  heart-shaped  :  fls.  white  and 
violet.  Prop,  from  seeds.  E.  Ind.-Int.  1890  by  Peter 
Henderson  &  Co. 

AEIA.    See  S«c6h.v. 

ARIS.SMA  (Greek-mjide  name,  of  no  particular  sig- 
nificance). Aroiileir.  About  60  widely  aistributi-d  herbs, 
with  tuberous  roots,  autl  a  spathe  rolled  in  or  convolute 
about  the  spadix  below,  ami  often  arched  over  it  :  Hs. 
unisexual,  the  pistillate  on  the  lower  part  of  the  spadix, 
and  each  consisting  of  a  1-loculed  ovary,  and  generally 
ripening  into  a  showy  berry.  Some  species  are  native, 
and  several  of  them  are  hardy  in  the  open  ;  others  are 
cult,  undercover,  as  recommended  for  Arum  (which  see). 
Monogr.  by  Engler  in  De  Candolle's  Monographise  Pha- 
nerogamarum,  Vol.  2. 

A.  Leaflets  7-11. 

Dracdntium,  S,  hott  Drahov  root.  Sending  up  a 
solitir\    leaf  1-2  tt   high    pedateh  divided  into  oblong- 


137.   Jack-in-the-Puluit, 


lanceolate  pointed  Ifts. :  spadix  long-pointed  and  pro- 
jecting beyond  the  greenish  spathe  :  scape  much  shorter 
than  the  leaf.  Low  grounds  in  E.  Amer.-  Occasionally 
grown  in  borders  and  rockwork. 


ARISARUM 

AA.  Leaflets  S. 
triphyllum,  Torr.    Jack-in-the-Pclpit.    Indian  Tur- 
nip.    Fig.  137.     Usually  dioecious  :   lvs.  usually  2,  with 
ovate  or  elliptic-ovate  Ifts. :    spadix   club-shaped   and 


138.  Aristolochia  macrophylla. 

covered  by  the  arching  purplish  spathe.  Common  in 
woods.  G.W.F.  28.  D.  281.  — Tuber  or  corm  flatfish  and 
large,  very  acrid,  often  employed  as  a  domestic  remedy. 
Berries  red  and  showy,  ripening  in  early  summer. 
Planted  in  a  moist,  shady  place,  the  lvs.  remain  until 
fall ;  but  in  exposed  places  they  die  down  early  in  sum- 
mer. This  and  the  last  are  very  interesting  native 
plants  of  easy  culture,  propagated  by  tubers  and  by 
seeds. 

fimbri^tum,  Masters.  Fringed  Calla.  Leaf  solitary, 
the  petiole  a  ft.  or  less  high,  sheathed  below  ;  Ifts.  broad- 
ovate  and  acuminate,  short-stalked  :  scape  as  long  as 
the  petiole,  bearing  a  large,  purple-limbed,  white- 
streaked,  long-pointed  spathe  :  spadix  ending  in  a  long 
and    gracefully    drooping,  feather-like    appendage.     E. 

nd.    G.C.  11.22:689;  III.  15:763.    B.M.  7150.    Mn.8:59. 

-A  handsome  and  striking  pot-plant,  blooming  in  sum- 

iier.    Grow  in  rich  soil.    Dry  off  the  tuber  when  the  lvs. 

urn   yellow   after  flowering,  and  keep   dry  in  sand  or 

arth  until  spring. 
Other  species  are:  A.  anOmalum, Tiemsl.  Lfts.  3,  broad-ovate, 

cuininate  :  spathe  small,  purplish  and  streaked,  arching  over 

lie  short  spadix  :  suggests  A.  triphyllum.    Malacca.   B.M.  7211. 

-.1   ."H.-i/i/iHM.Sohott.   Leaf  solitMv.  « iti.  Ki  .ir  more  lfts.: 

liiitho  .•,,l,,rfil,  tailed.    India.    B.M  ."'.ill  -I   ,  ;/, .  ./fi/m.  Hook. 
-\A"rt\iu<nm.—A.galeatum.'S.K    I'r      l,i  ,it    s. .lii;ir>-,  with  J 

fl^  ;    sii-.thf  purple  inside.    Indi;..     )■  W  il,:- A    lirtffithii. 


a  spreading  and 

purple  with  greei 

f  all  Ar 


ofon 


rifts 


spathi 


Schott.  Lfts.  3 
Perhaps  hardy  i 
Vriese.=A  ringei 
and  verj'  dark  purpl 


1I..-.77.-.1.  .^i.lwlilii.   I)B 

rt.    Lt'ts.  3  :  spathe  large 

ery  long,  string-like  tip. 

India.   Gn.37:758.   B.M.  SOW.— .l.(or(»osn)H,  Schott.   Lvs.usu- 

ally  2,  with  several  or  many  lfts. :  spatlie  purple  outside  :  spa- 


ng-tailed but  I 

reddish,  green-ribbed  :  si);i.li\  pur 
in  India.  B.M.  647-1.— J.  ir,.,.„.  lb 
the  lfts.  lanceolate  :  spatlu-  ^tc.u 
recurved.  India.  B.M.  Tlo.'i.-K.vc 
the  .above  species  require  pot  cult. 


.  the  ; 


L.  H. 


ARISARUU  (old  Greek  name).  Ardidem.  Three  or 
four  variable  species  of  Arum-like  plants  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region.  Differs  from  Arisfema,  its  nearest 
ally,  in  having  the  margins  of  the  spathe  connate  rather 
than  convolute,  and  in  other  technical  characters.  For 
culture,  see  Aris<ema  and  Arum. 


ARISARUM 

vnlg&re,  Targ.  {Arum  Arisclrum,  Linn.l.  A  foot 
high  :  Ivs.  cordate  or  somewhat  hastate,  long-stalked  : 
spathe  purple,  incurved  at  the  top.— Has  many  forms 
and  many  names.    Can  be  grown  in  the  open  with  pro- 


AKISTOLdCHIA  (name^  for 
tues).    Aristolochi^cem. 
tropical    and    temperate   region; 
remarkable    for    the    very    od( 
shaped  fls.    The   coroll    ' 
ing,  but  the  calyx  is  corolla-like, 
tubular,  variously  bent 
;    tl 
(»,  short  and 
aduate  to   the    style    (Fig.    140). 
Mostly  woody  twiners,  the  great- 
er part  of  th         " 
only  in  warm  glass-houses.  Many 
species  are  evergreen.    The  ten- 
der species  are  cult,  for  the  strik- 
ingly irregular  and  grotesque  fls. 
Monogr.    by    Duchartre    in    De- 
CandoUe's    Prodromus,    Vol.    1."), 
Parti  (1864).  l. 


ARISTOLOCHIA 


95 


at  the  top  :  fls.  terminal,  solitary,  S-shaped,  much  en- 
larged above  the  ovary,  greenish.  E.  states.  — Occasion- 
ally cult.  Roots  used  in  medicine.  Reputed  remedy  for 
snake  bites. 

Clematitis,  Linn.  Two  ft.  or  less  tall,  glabrous  :  Ivs. 
reniform-pointed,  ciliate  on  the  margins  :  fls.  axillary 
and  clustered,  straight,  greenish.  Eu.  — Rarely  cult., 
and  occasionally  escaped. 

AA.     Woofhi,  twininq. 


ited 


139.   Flower  of  Dutchman's  Pipe,  Aristolochia  i 
.Showing  the  ovary  at  «, 
and  the  swelling  of  the  calyx-tube  at  b.    Natural  size. 

The  best  known  representative  of  this  genus  is  Aris- 
tolochia macrophylla  (or  A.  Sipho),  the  "Dutchman's 
Pipe,"  than  which  there  is  no  better  hardy  climbing  vine 
for  shade  or  screen  purposes.  No  insects  or  other  trou- 
bles seem  to  mar  its  deep  green  foliage,  for  which  it  is 
most  valued,  as  the  fls.  are  small,  siphon-shaped,  and 
inconspicuous,  in  early  spring  soon  after  the  Ivs.  are 
formed.  There  are  many  tropical  Aristolochias,  the  fls. 
of  some  of  them  being  of  extraordinary  size,  structure, 
and  odor,  but  they  are  rarely  seen  on  account  of  the  last 
characteristic,  the  odor  being  so  suggestive  of  putridity 
as  to  make  its  proximity  apparent  to  all,  and  even  to 
deceive  the  flies  as  to  its  origin.  One  of  the  most  gi- 
gantic varieties  is  A.  grandiflora,  var.  Sturtevantii, 
Another  fine  species  is  A.  Goldieana ;  but  the  best  of 
the  tropical  kinds  for  general  culture  in  glass  structures 
is  A.  elegans,  as  it  is  very  easily  raised  from  home- 
grown seeds,  flowers  the  first  year,  is  very  decorative 
as  a  climber,  and  has  no  odor.  We  find  it  very  easy  of 
culture  in  rich  soil,  and  it  is  evergreen,  as,  indeed,  are 
most  of  the  tropical  kinds.  The  Aristolochias  are  of  easy 
culture,  requiring  only  good  loam  and  careful  attention 
to  keep  them  thrifty  and  free  of  insects.  They  can  be 
trained  on  trellises,  pillars,  or  rafters.  MoslE  of  them 
require  a  rather  warm  temperature,  but  if  in  pots  they 
maybe  flowered  in  the  conservatory.  The  large-growing 
species  require  much  room,  and  do  not  bloom,  as  a  i-ule, 
until  they  are  several  feet  high.  Prop,  readily  by  cut- 
tings in  a  frame.  Except  as  oddities,  most  of  the  Aristo- 
lochias  are  of  little  value.  (,^,^   ^^  ^  ^   ^^^^^ 

A.    Serbs,  not  climbing. 
Serpenttlria,  Linn.    Virginia  Snakeroot.    Height  ,S 


macrophylla.  Lam.  {A.  S'lpJio,  L'Her).  Dutchman's 
Pipe.  Figs.  138,  139,  140.  Very  tall,  twining,  glabrous  : 
Ivs.  very  large,  broadly  reniforra  or  rounded,  becoming 
glabrous  :  fls.  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils, 
U-shaped,  enlarged  above  the  ovarv,  with  a  3-lobed, 
spreading  limb,  purplish.  E.  states.  B.M.  534.  G.W.F. 
43.  Gng.  1:.53.  G.F.  5:509  (habit). -An  excellent  vine 
for  porches,  the  great  Ivs.  affording  a  dense  shade. 

tomentdsa,  Sims.  Much  like  the  last,  but  very  tomen- 
tose  :  Ivs.  less  rounded  :  fl.  yellow,  with  reflexed  lobes. 
N.  Car.  to  Mo.  and  S.    B.M.  1309. 

Cali!6mica,  Torr.  Silky  pubescent,  0-10  ft. :  Ivs.  ovate- 
cordate,  2-4  in.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  short-petioled : 
fls.  U-shaped,  little  contracted  at  the  throat,  the  limb 
2-Iobed,  with  the  upper  lip  of  2  broad,  obtuse  lobes  and 
a  thickening  on  the  inner  side.    Calif. 

c.    Flower-limb  of  2  narrow  lobes. 

ridicula,  N.  E.  Br.  Very  slender,  stiff-hairy  through- 
out :  Ivs.  round-reniform,  cordate  :  fls.  axillary  and 
solitary,  2  in.  long  aside  from  the  limb,  with  a  long  sac 
at  the  base  of  the  tube,  pale  yellow  with  dull  purple 
veining  ;  limb  of  two  spreading,  deflexed,  narrow  lobes, 
glandular,  reminding  one  of  donkeys'  ears.  Brazil. 
B.M.  6934.    G.C.  II.  26:361. 

cc.    Flower-limb  ample  and  flowing. 

cymbHera,  Mart.  &  Zucc.  (.4.  labidsa.  Sims).  Gla- 
brous :  St.  striate  :  Ivs.  reniform,  obtuse  and  deeply  cut 
at  the  base,  pedately  7-9-nerved,  long-stalked  :  fls.  long- 
stalked,  8-10  in.  long,  strongly  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip 
short  and  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  the  lower  lip 
(which,  by  position  of  fl.  may  seem  to  be  the  upper)  very 
large,  dilated  at  base,  and  produced  into  a  long,  boat- 


140.  Longitudinal  section  of  flower  of 
Dutchman's  Pipe. 

Showing  the  ovary,  and  short  column  of  stame 


96 


ARISTOLOCHIA 


shaped  (whence  the  name,  from  cijmba,  a  boat)  usually 
2-lobed  projection  :  B.  creamy  white,  marked  and 
blotched  with  maroon.  Brazil.  B.M.  2545.  P.M.  t):53 
as  A.  hyperborea,  Past. 

BrasiliiusiB,  Mart.  &  Zucc.{A. ornithociphala,  Hook.). 
Glabrous :  Ivs.  cordate-reniform,  obtuse,  with  deep  sinus 
at  base  :  peduccle  8-10  in.  long,  1-fld.;  fl.  very  large, 
dingy  yellow,  with  marks  and  reticulations  of  purple, 
the  limb  strongly  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  5  in.  long,  lan- 
ceolate-acuminate, projecting  from  the  inflated  head- 
like tube  like  the  long  beak  of  a  bird,  hairy  within  ; 
lower  lip  on  a  stalk  2  in.  long,  then  expanding  into  a 
flattened,  wavv,  beautif  ullv  marked  limb  4-6  i 
Brazil.  B.M.  4120.  Gn. 
45,  p.  289. -A  most 
and  interesting  species, 
not  infrequent  in  fine 
establishments. 

grandif Idra,    S  w  a  r  t  z 
(A.gigas,  Lindl.j.  Pel- 
ican -  FLOWER.     Goose- 
flower.  Fig.Ul.  Downy 
climbing      shrub  :     Ivs. 
cordate-acuminate  ;    pe- 
duncles  opposite   a  leaf,   stri- 
ate, exceeding  the  petiole,  I-fld. ; 
the  fl.-bud  is  "  bent  like  a  siphon 
in  the  tube,  so  as  to  resemble 
the   body   and  neck  of  a  bird, 
while   the  limb,  in  that  state, 
resembles  the  head    and  beak 
thrown  back  upon  the  body,  as 
a  pelican  when  that  bird  is  at 
rest,  whence  the  name"  (Hook, 
in  B.M.  vol.  74) :  the  great    ex- 
panded cordate-ovate  limb  sev- 
eral inches    across,    wavy-mar- 
gined,    purple  -  blotched      and 
veined,   terminating   in   a  long 
and  slender  ciliated  tail:  strong- 
scented.    W.  Ind.,  Cent,  and  S. 
Amer.  B.M.  4368-9.  B.R. 
f.S.  4:351-2.     G.  F.  3:597-9. 
A.F.   10:157.    G.C.   HI.  19:  73. 
Gng.  3:23.    Gn.  50:  378.    Var.  Sturtevantii,  W.  Wat- 
son, is  the  form  chiefly  known  in  cult.,  being  very 
large-fld.,  and  with  a  tail  .i  ft.  long.     Var.  Hobkeri, 
Duchartre    (A.   gignnth:.    Hook,  i,  is    glabrous,    in- 
odorous, with  a  short-tailed  fl.  B.M.  42:21. 

Goldie&na,  Hook.  Glabrous  :  Ivs.  ovate-cordate  or 
triangular-cordate,  acuminate,  the  base  deeply  cut: 
fls.  very  large,  greenish  outside  but  brown-veined 
and  blotched  inside,  the  lower  part  of  the  tube 
straightish  and  8  in.  long,  the  upper  part  sh.irply 
bent  over  and  a  foot  long,  with  a  funnel-shaped, 
spreading  limb  a  foot  or  more  across,  and  indis- 
tinctly 3-lobed,  each  lobe  terminated  by  a  short  tail : 
stamens  24.  W.  Afr.  B.M.  5672.  G.C.  HI.  7:521  : 
21:337.    G.M.  1890:286. 

Slogans,  blasters.  Slender,  glabrous,  the  fls.  borne  on 
the  pendulous  young  wood:  Ivs.  long-stalked,  reniform- 
cordate,  2-3  in.  across,  with  wide  sinus  and  rounded  ba- 
sal lobes,  the  tip  obtuse  :  fls.  solitary,  long-stalked,  the 
tube  yellow-green,  IH  in.  long,  the  limb  cordate-circu- 
lar, 3  in.  across,  purple  and  white  blotched,  white  on  the 
exterior,  the  eye  yellow  :  not  strong-smelling.  Braz. 
G.C.  II.  24:301;  111.22:123.  B.M.  6909.-A  small-fld. 
and  graceful,  free-blooming  species. 

A.  allfssima,  De^f.  Fls  '2  in.  or  less  long,  brownish.  Sicily 
and  Algeria.  Woiil.l  |.:..'.i'',  1.,  ^  ndywith  protection  in  the 
Middle  states.    RM   '    -'        i  './-/a.  .Jaoq.    Lvs.  long-cor- 

date :   fls.  small,  I  -  J  ;i   long-pointed  limb.   New 

Granada.  B.M.  -J-'-l  i  -  .  i  1  harbata,  JiLC(i.  Lvs.  ob- 
long and  cordate  :  i!  \  enezuela.  B.M.  5869.— 
A.  caitdiita,  Bo..rl;  \  1  riliata.  Hook.,  and  A. 
cHinsa.  Benth.--  A  >  ,  i  .:„i„;)ti,,  Lindl.  &  Andr*. 
ngiilar.^r      ]                   '.    with  .-i  L-irge.  oval,  purple- 


ARIZONA 

variable :  fl 

side,  purple 

cauddta.  Masters     Lvs.  ovate  and  cordate  :  fls.  cream-colored 

with  purple  markings,  with  a  large  sac-like  tube,  hairy  at  the 

throat,  with  no  expanded  limb  but  a  very  long  tail.    S.  Amer. 

G.C.  in.  8:  493.-4.  longilblia.   Champ.     Branches  climbing, 


k':    h"s 


thick. 


•-lanceolate  : 


Hong 


from  a    woody  ; 

U-shaped,  with  a  2-lobed  purple 

Kong.  B.M.  6884.— 4.  mnfroiirn.  Gomez.  Lvs.  reniform, 
fl.  dark,  6-spurred.  the  lip  with  a  twisted  cusp.  Braz.  B.M. 
3769  (as  A.  caudata).— J.  oduratissiina.  Linn.  Lvs.  cordate- 
ovate:  fl.  solitary,  purple,  s-veet.  Jumnica.— A,  ringens,  \&hl. 
Lvs.  round-reniform  :  fl.  7-10  in.  long,  green  marked  with  dark 
purple,  hairy  inside,  with  2  long  lips,  one  of  which  has  a  much- 
expanded  limb.  Braz.  BM.aiOO.—A.Ruiziana.  Duchartre. 
Lvs.  reniform  -  cordate  :  fls.  with 
tube  1  in.  or  less  long,  the  cordate- 
ovate  limb  3  in.  across,  and  brown- 
spotted.  Braz.  B.M.  5880  and  G.C. 
1868:516  (as  A.  Duchartrei).- jl. 
saa:ata.  Wall.   Lvs.  long-ovate  :  lis. 


I         r:M;,i,-lKi.v.      G.C.    11.26: 

f.nifHdula.  Lem.  Lvs.  ob- 
'  niiii.-ire,  rugose,  ciliate : 
111-  iMih  3  long  tails.  Mex. 

"iJJ    l;  B.  20;  37.    B.M.  6067. 

•  ,^i<<hf„na.    Masters.      Lvs. 

M-     small,  brownish  and 

^.itli  ri  cUiate,  tongue-like 
."."  (i.e.  II.  14:117.  B.M. 
1  11 ,  st'itindii,  Hemsley.  Lvs. 
■  lanceolate  :    fl.  pendulous, 

spreading   purple  -  marked 


imb  5  or  6  in.  across.   Chin 


7011. 


L.  H. 


spott. 


l.M.  7512.- 


Duchartrei.   An.ir.       \      Kni   sii 

small,  cordate-orbicular  :    lis.  si 

ciliate.  Braz.   B.M.  375U  (as  A.cUiala).— A.  Majw,  WiUd.   Lvs. 

round-cordate  :  fls.  bronze-green,  with  lobed  limb  aud  a  hairy 


ARISTOTfiLIA  i  ufter  the  Greek  philosopher 
-1  '■  /       '  '  'f .    Trees  and  shrubs  from 

till    -     ,       '  :-]ibere,  allied  to  Elffiocarpus. 

L\-~.  niti'  .  j  I  -iti'.  entire  or  toothed:  fls. 
poiygiuuous;  ,-epals  4-E,  valvate;  petals  of  the 
same  number  :  berries  small,  edible. 


ARIZONA.  In  no  part  of  Arizona,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  occasional  areas  of  a  few  acres  in  extent 
on  the  high  mountains,  is  thet-e  sufficient  rainfall  to 
grow  horticultural  plants  without  irrigation.  The 
rivers  of  Arizona  available  for  irrigation  on  an  ex- 
tended scale  are  confined  to  the  southern  half  of  the 
territory.  All  of  northern  Arizona  is  drained  by  the 
Colorado  Kiverand  its  tributaries,  but  here  the  river 
lies  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  canon,  and  is  practically 
valueless  in  its  application  to  horticulture.  All  of 
this  region  has  very  limited  possibilities  from  a 
horticultural  standpoint,  the  flow  of  the  few  avail- 
able streams  being  small  and  very  uncertain.  On 
th'^  many  mountain  ranges  of  Arizona,  at  an  ele- 
vation varying  from  five  thousand  to  eight  thousand 
feet,  are  isolated  areas  of  limited  extent  where  crops  of 
great  variety  are  grown  without  irrigation.  Although 
these  areas  are  utilized  largely  for  growing  hay,  grain 
and  hardy  vegetables,  some  of  the  best  flavored  and 
choicest  apples,  peaches  and  small  fruit  grown  in  the 
territory  are  from  these  mountain  "garden  patches." 
The  mountains  at  every  side  temper  the  climate,  offer 
protection  from  winds,  and  make  them  almost  ideal 
localities'-for  the  growing  of  a  great  variety  of  deciduous 
and  small  fruits,  as  well  as  many  sorts  of  vegetables. 
Although  these  isolated,  restricted  areas  are  worthy  of 
consideration,  it  is  only  in  the  valleys  of  southern  Ari- 
zona having  rivers  of  considerable  size  and  regularity 
in  their  flow  that  large  areas  of  land  are  available  for 
cultivation.  The  shaded  areas  on  the  map  (Fig.  142) 
show  the  leading  horticultural  areas  thus  far  developed. 
One  cannot  get  an  adequate  conception  of  the  prob- 
lems confronting  the  horticulturist  in  this  region  with- 
out first  carefully  considering  the  meteorological  condi- 
tions of  this,  the  most  arid,  the  most  desert-like  part 
of  the  United  States.   At  Phoenix  and  Yuma,  two  repre 


ARIZONA 

sentative  localities  of  southern  Arizona,  having  the 
greatest  horticultural  possibilities,  the  a%'erage  yearly 
rainfall  is  only  7  inches  for  the  former  and  3  for  the 
latter.  In  general,  the  precipitation  is  during  two  dis- 
tinct seasons.  The  heaviest,  or  summer  rains,  begin 
about  the  first  of  July  and  increase  in  frequency  until 
August,  the  mouth  of  gi-eatest  precipitation  during  the 
year.  The  winter  rains  are  at  their  maximum  in  Decem- 
ber. With  the  exception  of  infrequent  intervals  during 
the  rainy  season,  dews  are  unknown  and  fogs  are  of  rare 
occurrence.  On  the  other  hand,  from  experiments  con- 
ducted at  Tucson,  the  evaporation  is  about  78  inches  per 
year,  reaching  the  maximum  of  11  to  nearly  13  inches 
during  the  month  of  June. 

At  Phoenix  the  mean  temperature  may  range  from  32.2° 
to  66°F.  in  Jan.  It  steadily  increases  tillJuly  ,when  it  may 
range  from  72°  to  107°.  It  then  steadily  declines  until 
the  next  Jan.  The  corresponding  ranges  at  Yuma  are 
42°-65°  for  Jan.,  and  77°  to  10ti°  for  July.    The  variation 


ARIZONA 


97 


! r 


— I 


in 

i^ 

^  «K._X! 

Wi^ 

■9/ 

1  ^           ^1 

142.  Arizona. 

The  shaded  parts  show  horticultural  sections. 

There  is  also  a  horticultural  section  about  Yui 


night  is  frequently,  in  sura 
40°F.,  while  in  winter  it  is  even  greater 
lot  so  great  as  it  is  in  th( 


in  temperature  f] 
mer,  from  25^ 
The  annual  r 
northern  stat 

The  intense  heat  and  dryness  of  the  atmosphere,  with 
eontinuous  sunshine  and  frequent  scorching  winds,  not 
only  draw  the  moisture  in  wonderful  rapidity  from  irri- 
gated fields,  but  the  foliase  of  cultivated  plants,  save 
those  with  firm  leaves,  protected  by  thick  epidermis,  are 
overtaxed  at  times,  and  not  infrequently  the  leaves 
wither  and  burn,  even  when  the  roots  of  the  plants  are 
well  supplied  with  water.  In  some  instances  the  differ- 
ence of  a  few  days  in  time  of  irrigating  makes  or  loses 
the  crop.  At  times,  flooding  at  midday  is  disastrous, 
destroying  the  plants  as  effectually  as  if  swept  by  fire. 
The  temperature  of  water  in  irrigating  ditches  in  mid- 
summer often  ranges  from  85°  to  92°F. 

The  rivers  of  Arizona  draw  their  moisture  from  the 
wooded  mountains,  but  as  these  mountains  are  snow- 
covered  only  during  winter  and  early  spring,  as  the  sum- 
mer advances  their  supply  gradually  becomes  less  and 
less  until  the  beginning  of  the  rainy  season.  Conse- 
quently the  cultivation  of  all  crops  must  lead  toward 
great  economy  in  the  use  of  water  during  the  months  of 
May  and  June.  All  crops  sown  broadcast  or  in  narrow 
drills  are  irrigated  by  flooding, while  orchards, vineyards 


and  crops  grown  in  rows  are  usually  irrigated  by  running 
the  water  through  furrows.  In  either  system  it  is  impera- 
tive that  the  land  be  graded  and  thoroughly  worked,  in 
order  to  attain  the  best  results  in  the  d  i  stribution  of  water. 
The  desert  lands  of  Arizona,  in  their  virgin  state,  are 
seldom  suited  for  orchards,  vineyards,  gardening,  etc. 
It  is  expedient  to  grow  alfalfa  for  a  few  years  before  at- 
tempting to  produce  horticultural  crops.  Usually  the 
virgin  soil  is  deficient  in  humus  and  nitrogen,  constitu- 
ents which  are  most  economically  supplied  by  growing 
alfalfa.  Many  orchards  and  vineyards  have  failed  iu 
Arizona  on  account  of  being  planted  on  virgin  soil. 

Market-gardening  in  Arizona  is  largely  in  the  hands 
of  the  Chinese,  who  practice  high  culture,  and  keep  their 
lands  in  a  continual  succession  of  crops.  Cabbage  and 
cauliflower  must  be  grown  as  winter  crops.  For  years 
it  was  thought  that  corn  could  not  be  successfully  grown 
in  southern  Arizona.  When  planted  in  the  spring,  the 
excessive  heat  and  dryness  of  June  renders  the  pollen 
impotent,  and  a  well-developed  cob  bearing  a  few  scat- 
tered kernels  of  corn  is  the  result.  Experience  has  re- 
cently taught  that  most  excellent,  well  filled  corn  may  be 
grown,  if  planted  in  July  and  pollenized  at  the  end  of 
the  rainy  season. 

Artificial  fertilizers  are  seldom  used  in  Arizona.  In 
preparing  the  soil  for  nearly  all  vegetables,  both  in  ama- 
teur and  commercial  methods  of  culture,  it  is  thrown 
into  high  ridges  and  the  seed  sown  in  hills  or  drills  on 
either  side  of  the  ridge  a  few  inches  below  the  summit. 
In  irrigating,  the  water  is  runbetween  the  ridges,  so  that 
it  reaches  the  hills  or  drills  without  covering  them,  and 
is  allowed  to  run  for  a  greater  or  less  length  of  time,  de- 
pending upon  the  ability  of  the  soil  to  take  water.  In 
many  of  the  heavier  adobe  soils  it  is  necessary,  when 
planting  melon  and  many  other  seeds,  to  cover  them  with 
sand.  If  the  adobe  soil  of  the  field  is  used  as  a  cover,  it 
bakes  so  hard  that  the  germinating  seeds  are  unable  to 
make  their  way  to  the  surface.  Beets,  and  occasionally 
other  vegetables,  when  planted  on  an  extended  scale,  are 
sown  in  drills  without  ridging  the  soil.  After  planting, 
furrows  are  made  between  the  rows  iu  which  to  run  the 
water,  it  being  imperative  that  the  water  be  not  allowed 
to  break  through  the  furrows  aud  flood  the  crop. 

In  fruit-culture,  the  important  principle  is  practically 
the  same  for  all  fruit,  it  being  essential  to  fill  the  ground 
with  water  during  the  winter  season,  when  the  ditches 
are  running  full,  and  by  tlmrough  tillage  during  spring 
and  early  summer  to  retain  the  moisture,  to  fortify  the 
plants  against  the  lack  of  water  in  May  and  June. 
Orchards  and  vineyards  may  be  flooded  several  times 
during  the  winter,  or  the  same  or  better  results  may  be 
oijtained  by  making  furrows  at  a  distance  of  evei'v  4  to 
G  feet  throughout  the  orchard,  and  running  a  subsoil  plow 
in  the  furrows  to  loosen  aud  break  up  the  soil  to  consider- 
able depth.  When  so  prepared,  the  soil  will  take  water 
with  great  avidity,  and  if  the  process  be  repeated  two  or 
three  times  during  the  winter,  water  required  for  subse- 
qiient  culture  will  be  much  lessened. 

In  orchards  and  vineyards,  frequent  irrigation  with 
little  water  is  expensive  and  results  are  unsatisfac- 
tory. The  ground  should  be  thoroughly  wet  through- 
out, even  between  the  rows,  and  as  soon  as  practicable 
after  irrigating,  tilled  and  later  leveled  by  using  a 
fine-toothed  harrow.    Tlii-;  yr..r,-^<i  will  l-nve  a  mulch  of 

and  assist  gV..;itly  in  r./tei)ti..n  of  rn.iisiiir.-.  Whenneces- 
sarvto  iniviov.-  the  cimlitinn  of  the  soil  hy  adding  plant 
food,  it  is  ni.i^t  i-conomically  and  satisfactorily  accom- 
plislif.l  liv  i.'nrii-iiianuring,  growing  the  crop  during  the 
fall  ana  «  int,  r  and  turning  it  under  in  the  spring. 

Cifat  variatiiMi  in  temperature  during  February  and 
March  is  very  disastrous  to  successful  fruit  and  nut  cul- 
ture in  southern  Arizona.  Almonds  begin  to  bloom  in 
February,  and  are  followed  in  succession  by  apricots  and 
peaches,  all  of  which  are  likely  to  be  injured  by  spring 
frosts. 

In  humid  regions,  methods  of  pruning  tend  toward 
thinning  out  the  center  of  the  tree,  so  that  the  sun  may 
reach  the  fruit  spurs  within.  In  Arizona  fruit  trees  are 
usually  headed  low,  in  order  that  the  trunk  be  shaded. 
Deciduous  trees  are  usually  cut  back  annually,  throwing 
the  fruit  spurs  toward  the  center  of  the  tree,  that  as 
much  as  possible  of  the  developing  fruit  be  shaded  by 


98  ARIZONA 

the  foliage.  Citrous,  olive  and  fig  trees  are  rarely  if  ever 
pruned,  and  grapes  are  usually  cut  back  to  two  or  three 
buds.  Among  small  fruits,  strawberries,  although  pro- 
ducing the  larger  part  of  their  crop  during  April  or 
May,  ripen  fruit  every  month  of  the  year. 

The  following  is  a  brief  list  of  the  best  and  most  prof- 
itable commercial  varieties  of  the  more  important  fruits 
and  nuts  grown  in  the  irrigated  regions.  The  list  is 
compiled  from  the  answers  to  a  circular  letter  seut  to 
60  of  the  largest  fruit-growers  in  southern  Arizoua  : 
Almonds.-'Ne  Plus  Ultra.  IXL. 
Apples,  early.— Early  Harvest,  Early  Strawberry,  Red  Astru- 

Chan. 
Apples,  late.— White  Pearmaiu.  Ben  Davis. 
Apricots,  early.— Benuet's  E.irly.  New  Castle.  Peach,  Priugle. 
Apricots,  late.— Moorpark,  Royal.  Smith's  Triumph,  St.  Am- 

Blackberries. —Jjawton's  Early,  Crandall's  Early,  Early  Har- 

Dewberries.—'MEiy's. 

Grapes.- Thompson's  Seedless,  Sultana  Seedless,  Rose  of  Peru. 

Salem.  Muscat,  Rogers'  No.  9. 
Orape  fruit.— Triumph,  Walter,  Bowin. 
Lemons.— yillFL  Franca,  Sicily. 
ilfMiijei-ries.- Downing,  Russian. 
OKocs.— Manzanillo,  Nevadillo  Blanco,  Mission. 
OrOTlfffS.- Ruby  Blood,  Jaffa.  Parson's  Brown,  Mediten-anean 

Sweet,  Bahia  (Washington  Navel). 
Peaches,  early.— Enrly  Crawford,   Parson's  Early,   Triumph. 

Peaches.  ]:iU'     <.;..i..     Sijwav,  Oldmixon,  Heath's  Freestone, 

Muir,  I'.       • 

Pears,  em].      'v  i      'Mi\wine,  Bartlett. 

Pears. htti'      Wr,,:.,    ..  , ,   .  I'ih  Ben-y. 

Piums.— \Vi:l.  ■  II,  Ki  I  1,^,  liotan  White.  RoyaleHative. 

Pomegranates.— lin^'y.  Sweet.  Red  Papershell  ( ? ) ,  Golden. 

Quinces. — Champion,  Portugal,  Orange. 

Strowderries.- Arizona  Everbearing. 

J.  W.  TOUMEY. 

ABKANSAS.  The  horticultural  products  of  Arkansas 
are  varied,  owing  to  the  great  differences  of  climate, 
elevation  and  soil.  The  seasons  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  state  are  about  three  weeks  earlier  than  in  the  north- 
ern. There  is  much  variation  between  nearby  points. 
In  the  western  part  of  the  state,  owing  to  the  differ- 
ence in  altitude,  within  a  distance  of  60  miles  there  is 
from  a  week  to  10  days  difference  in  the  seasons.  This 
admits  of  a  great  diversity  of  fruit  and  vegetable  pro- 
duction within  the  limits  of  the  state. 

The  northwestern  section  of  the  state  is  noted  for  its 
fine  apples,  and  they  are  grown  extensively  for  market. 
This  section  has  also  produced  a  number  of  seedling  ap- 
ples that  are  being  largely  planted  there  as  well  as  else- 
where. Thi-re  are  several  of  these  new  apples,  and 
others  of  value  are  constantly  coming  into  notice.  A 
few  of  those  of  special  value  are  Arkansas,  Oliver,  Col- 
lins, and  Uivens.  It  is  probable  that  some  of  these  new 
apples  will  become  standard  varieties,  for  in  addition  to 
being  productive  they  are  good  keepers.  Winter  apples 
are  not  grown  so  extensively  in  other  sections  of  the 
state,  but  summer  and  fall  varieties  are  grown  to  some 
extent  in  all  sections. 

Peaches  are  grown  for  market  along  the  lines  of  rail- 
road in  the  western  section  of  the  state,  and  the  acreage 
is  being  largely  increased  each  year.  For  marketable 
purposes  the  Elberta  is  grown  almost  exclusively,  and 
is  shipped  in  car  lots  to  the  northern  markets.  The 
earlier  varieties  have  not  proved  profitable  for  ship- 
ping purposes.  Peaches  are  grown  for  home  market 
throughout  the  state.  Strawberry-growing  is  an  impor- 
tant industry  in  western  Arkansas,  and  is  carried  on  to 
some  extent  in  many  localities  in  the  eastern  and  south- 
ern parts,  where  they  are  grown  in  small  quantities  for 
shipment.  The  acrcncrc  aroniid  some  of  the  shipping 
points  in  the  west.-m  imit  i<  h.i  ij-.',  reaching  about  three 
thousand  acres  nr  dtii  [M.nii.  riir  varieties  grown  most 
extensively  are  .Milni  ,umI  ri-,,s.-ent.  Owing  to  the 
strict  laws  against  tin-  ^i  II  in  l;  of  wine  in  the  state,  grape- 
growing  is  not  carried  on  to  any  great  extent.  On  the 
elevated  sections  the  table  and  wine  grapes  succeed 
well,  and  in  some  localities  table  grapes  are  grown  for 
SDipment.  The  Scuppernong  succeeds  in  south  Arkan- 
sas. Pears  are  grown  in  some  sections  for  market,  but 
not  to  any  great  extent,  owing  to  the  prevalence  of  pear 
blight,  while  blackberries  and  raspberries  are  grown  for 
the  home  market  in  most  sections.     Cherries  are  grown 


ARKANSAS 

only  for  the  home  market,  the  Morello  type  alone  being 
.successful. 

In  order  to  describe  more  accurately  the  horticultural 
condition  of  the  state,  we  have  divided  it  into  four  sec- 
tions, in  the  order  of  their  present  development  and  their 
natural  adaptability  to  horticultural  productions  (Fig. 
143).    Section  1,  located  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 


143.  The  horticultural 


state,  is  a  mountainous  country,  fairly  well  developed, 
and  is  adapted  to  all  classes  of  horticulture.  Section  2, 
located  south  of  section  1,  is  partly  mountainous  and 
partly  low  land  and,  from  a  horticultural  standpoint,  is 
not  so  well  developed  as  section  1,  while  in  sections  3 
and  4,  located  in  the  extreme  southern  and  eastern  parts 
of  the  state,  horticulture  has  received  little  attention. 

Section  1.  — The  elevation  of  this  section  ranges  from 
800  to  2,000  feet,  the  greater  portion  being  about  1,200 
feet.  The  country  is  mostly  uneven,  and  parts  of  it  are 
somewhat  mountainous.  The  Ozark  Mountain  system 
enters  the  state  from  the  northwest,  while  the  Boston 
Mountains,  a  range  of  this  system,  extend  across  the 
section  just  north  of  and  parallel  with  its  southern 
boundary.  Fruit  and  vegetables  are  grown  for  shipping 
along  the  lines  of  railroad  in  the  western  part.  The  re- 
mainder of  this  section,  although  remote  from  railroads, 
is  well  adapted  to  fruit-growing,  and  with  transportation 
facilities  it  promises  to  be  equally  productive.  The  apple 
leads  as  a  fruit  product.  In  1897,  there  were  shipped 
from  the  western  part,  principally  from  two  counties, 
over  2,000  cars  of  apples. 

Section  2. — The  elevation  of  this  section  ranges  from 
300  to  2,820  feet,  the  greater  part  of  it,  however,  ranging 
from  300  to  800  feet.  Most  of  this  section  consists  of 
rough  land.  Strawberries  are  grown  for  shipment,  prin- 
cipally in  the  western  part.  The  berries  ripen  early  in 
this  locality,  and  the  growers  usually  begin  shipping 
the  latter  part  of  April.  At  a  few  points,  peaches  are 
extensively  grown  for  shipment.  Plums,  blackberries, 
raspberries  and  summer  apples  are  grown  to  some 
extent  in  all  localities,  while  winter  apples  are  success- 
fully grown  on  the  higher  land.  Here,  vegetable-grow- 
ing for  tlie  northern  markets  is  receiving  much  atten- 
tion. Such  crops  as  beans,  peas,  tomatoes  and  canta- 
loupes are  extensively  grown  in  some  localities  along 
the  railroads.  The  area  in  cantaloupes  reaches  nearly 
1,000  acres  at  some  of  the  shipping  points.  These  crops 
can  be  grown  early  enough  to  bring  good  prices  in  the 
markets  of  the  north,  and  are  shipped  in  car  lots. 

Section  3.— This  section  is  mostly  low,  but  the  land 
is  uneven,  and  much  of  it  is  adapted  to  fruits  and  vege- 
tables. It  ranges  in  elevation  from  140  to  300  feet. 
Peaches  and  summer  apples  succeed  on  the  higher  land, 
and  are  grown  to  some  extent  in  all  localities.  Vege- 
tables can  also  be  successfully  grown,  but  little  atten- 
tion has  been  given  to  these  lines  of  farming  here. 
Strawberries  are  grown  only  for  home  market. 


ARKANSAS 

Section  i. — This  section  comprises  the  low  lands  of 
the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  It  ranges  in  elevation 
from  130  to  350  feet,  and  the  lard  is  low  and  flat, with  the 
exception  of  a  ridge  a  few  miles  vide  running  through 
it  north  and  south.  But  little  fruit  is  grown  in  this 
section  for  commercial  purposes  ;  however,  fruits  could 
be  grown  successfully  for  market  in  some  parts  of 
it,  and  early  vegetables  are  now  grown  for  market  at 
several  points.  John  T.  Stinson. 

AEMENiACA.    See  under  Piuniis. 

AEMfiKIA  (an  old  Latin  name).  PlmnbaginAcece. 
Sea  Pink.  Thrift.  Small  perennial  herbs,  with  rosettes 
of  narrow  evergreen  Ivs.  on  the  ground,  sending  up 
a  naked  simple  scape  2-12  in.  high,  on  which  is  borne  a 
compact  head  of  pink,  lilac  or  white  fls.,  the  head  being 
subtended  by  small  bracts,  forming  a  kind  of  involucre. 
Species  much  confused.  They  are  excellent  for  borders, 
especially  where  a  low  edging  is  wanted;  also  for  rock- 
work.  They  are  of  easiest  culture,  being  hardy  and  free 
growers.  Prop,  by  division  of  the  stools;  also  by  seeds. 
See  Boissier,  in  DeCandoUe's  Prodromus,  vol.  12. 

A.    Cahjx-lnbe  pilose  all  over. 

maritima,  Willd.  Lvs.  linear,  1-nerved,  somewhat  ob- 
tuse, glabrous  or  slightly  ciliate  :  scape  low,  somewhat 
villose  ;  calyx-tube  about  the  length  of  the  pedicel,  the 
limb  nearly  equal  to  the  tube,  with  very  short  ovate  and 
aristate  lobes.  Eu.  and  Amer.,  along  the  sea  coast.— 
TTie  A.  vulyAris  of  horticulturists  seems  to  belong  here. 
A.Lttuchedna,  Hort.,  with  very  bright  rose-colored  fls., 
is  a  form  of  it.  Var.  cilba,  Hort.,  has  white  fls.  Also  a 
white-lvd.  form.  A.  arghitea,  Hort.,  is  perhaps  another 
form,  with  small  white  fls. 

Sibirica,  Turcz.  Lvs.  linear,  1-nerved,  obtuse,  gla- 
brous :  scape  rather  taller,  thicker  ;  calyx -tube  longer 
than  pedicel,  the  limb  about  length  of  tube,  with  tri- 
angular, short-mucronate  lobes  :  involucre  brown  :  fls. 
white.    Siberia. 

jiincea,  Girard  {A.  setdcea,  Delile).  Outer  lvs.  of 
rosette  narrow-linear  and  subdentate,  the  inner  ones 
longer  and  filiform:  head  small,  with  pale  involucre,  the 
pedicel  much  shorter  than  the  calyx-tube  :  calys-limb 
short,  the  lobes  ovate-obtuse  and  aristate :  fls.  pink.   Eu. 

AA.    Calyx-tube  glabrous,  or  jiilose  only  on  the  ridges. 
B.    Lvs.  elliptie-lauceolate  or  broader. 

latifdlia,  Willd.  (A.  cephaWes,  Link  &  Hoffm.,  not 
Hook.).  Glabrous  and  glaucous:  Ivs.  broad-oblong,  »-7- 
nerved,  the  margin  remotely  denticulate :  head  large,  the 
involucre  dry  :  calyx-limb  long,  with  very  small  or  no 
lobes  and  long  teeth  :  fls.  bright  pink.  S.  Eu.  B.M.7313. 
P.M.  11:79  (as  Statice  Pseudo-Armeria).-A.  formdsa, 
Hort.,  probably  belongs  here. 

Maurittlnica,  Wallr.  (A.  cephaldles,  Hook.,  not  Link 
&  Hoffm.).  Lvs.  broad -spatulate  or  elliptic-lanceolate, 
3-5  nerved,  glaucous-green,  the  margin  scarious-white : 
heads  large  (2-3  in.  across),  the  involucre  brownish,  the 
calyx  short-toothed  and  aristate  :  fls.  pink.  Eu.,  Algeria. 
B.M.  4128. 

BB.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate  or  narroicer. 

alplna,  Willd.  Glabrous  :  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  equal- 
ing the  scape,  1-nerved  or  obscurely  3-nerved  :  head 
large,  the  involucre  pale  brown  :  pedicels  shorter  than 
calyx-tube,  the  tube  equaling  the  oblong  long-aristate 
lobes  :  fls.  deep  rose.   Mts.,  Eu. 

elongita,  Hoffm.  Lvs.  linear,  long,  1-nerved,  acutish: 
involucre  white  :  pedicels  as  long  as  calyx-tiibe,  limb 
equaling  the  tube,  and  the  lobes  ovate-aristate  :  pink. 
Var.  purptirea,  Boiss.  {A. purpurea,  Koch),  has  purple 
heads.    Central  Eu. 

plantaginea,  Willd.  Glabrous  :  lvs.  linear-lanceolate, 
3-7-nerved,  acute  or  acuminate  :  scape  tall  ;  head  dense 
and  globular,  the  involucre  white  :  pedicels  as  long  as 
calyx-tube,  the  lobes  ovate  and  long-aristate  and  as  long 
as  tube  ;  pink.  Central  and  S.  Eu.  Var.  leuc&ntha, 
Boiss.  {A.  dianthoides,  Homm.  &  Spreng.),  has  white 
flowers. 


AROIDE^ 


99 


argyroc6phaIa,  Wallr.  (A.  midulUta,  Boiss.).  Gla- 
brous :  outer  lvs.  in  rosette,  short  and  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate  and  3-nerved  and  often  sinuate,  the  in- 
ner ones  linear  or  setaceous  and  1-3-nerved  :  head  large, 
the  involucre  white  :  pedicel  nearly  as  long  as  calyx- 
tube,  the  calyx-limb  with  long-triangular  aristate  lobes  ; 
fls.  white,  showy.   Greece,    r    tt  r.        ,  t  r.  t- 

'  ■'  L.  H.  B.  and  J.  B.  Keller. 

AEMERIASTKUM.    See  Acantholimou. 
AENATTO.    See  Bira. 

AENfiBIA  (Arabic  name).  Boragindcew.  Annual  or 
perennial  hispid  herbs,  of  nearly  20  species  in  Africa 
and  Asia.  Lvs.  alternate  :  fls.  yellow  or  violet,  in  ra- 
cemes or  cymes,  the  color  changing  with  the  age  of  the 
blossom  ;  corolla  slender-tubed,  with  5  obtuse  lobes. 

eohioides,  DC.  {Macrotbmia  echioWes,  Boiss. ) .  Proph- 
et-Flowek.  Hardy  perennial,  3-12  in.  high,  short- 
hairy,  with  spreading,  obovate-oblong  lvs. :  fls.  in  a 
scorpioid  raceme  or  spike,  yellow,  with  purple  spots, 
fading  to  pure  yellow.  Caucasus,  Armenia,  etc.  B.M. 
4409.  G.C.  II.  H:689.-Blooms  inspring.  InfuUsunor 
in  rather  dry  ground,  it  is  difficult  to  keep  this  charm- 
ing plant  in  a  healthy  condition  ;  partial  shade  is  essen- 
tial to  its  welfare.  One  can  grow  luxuriant  specimens 
on  the  northern  slope  of  a  rockery  or  close  to  a  build- 
ing on  the  east  or  north  side.  Prop,  by  seeds,  division, 
or  by  root-cuttings. 

comiita,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Arabian  Primrose.  An- 
nual, 2ft.,  bushy:  lvs.  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong, 
pointed  :  fls.  %  in.  across,  yellow  and  black-spotted, 
changing  to  maroon  and  then  to  yellow.  Orient.  G.C. 
111.7:52.  J.  H.  III.  31:29.  A.  F.  5:400.  A.  G.  44:181 
(1890).— An  attractive  and  not  very  common  annual, 
easily  grown  in  the  open. 

A .  Griffithii,  Boiss.  Annual ;  lvs.  narrow-oblong,  obtuse,  cili- 
ate :  fls.  long-tubed,  with  a  black  spot  in  each  sinus  :  9-12  in. 
India.  B.M.  5266.— Not  known  to  be  in  the  American  trade. 
L.  H.  B.  and  J.  B.  Keller. 

AENICA  (ancient  name).  Comp6siitt>.  Small  genus 
of  perennial  herbs,  with  clustered  root-lvs.  and  large, 
long-peduncled  yellow  heads.  Native  to  Eu.,  Asia,  and 
N.  Amer.— Tincture  of  the  European^,  nwntana  is  used 
in  medicine.  Grown  mostly  as  alpines  or  in  rockwork  ; 
.some  species  also  grow  fairly  well  in  the  common  bor- 
der.   Prop,  by  division,  and  rarely  by  seeds. 

A.  Hadical  lvs.  cordate,  with  slender  or  winged  petioles. 

cordifdlia,  Hook.  Two  ft.  or  less  high,  hairy  :  heads 
few  or  even  solitary,  with  inch-long  rays  ;  involucre  % 
in.  high,  pubescent.   Rocky  Mts.  and  W. 

latifdlia,  Bong.  Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  the  stem- 
Ivs.  not  cordate  or  petioled  :  heads  smaller  than  in  pre- 
ceding.   Rocky  Mts.  and  W. 

AA.  Badical  lvs.  not  cordate,  but  petioled. 

amplexicatJlis,  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  lvs.  ovate 
to  lance-oblong,  acute,  those  on  the  stem  clasping  and 
dentate  :  stem  leafy  to  the  top.    Oregon  and  N. 

folidsa,  Nutt.  Pubescent  :  lvs.  lanceolate,  strongly 
nerved,  small-toothed,  the  upper  ones  somewhat  clasp- 
ing :  heads  sometimes  solitary,  short-peduncled  :  stem 
leafy,  strict.    Rocky  Mts.  and  W. 

montina,  Linn.  Motjntain  Tobacco.  Mountain 
Snuff.  A  foot  high,  the  stem  sparsely  hairy  :  radical 
lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  glabrous  and  entire  :  heads  3-4, 
large.  Eu.  B.  M.  1749.  J.  H.  III.  34:  441. -The  best 
known  species  in  cult. ;  but  none  of  the  Arnicas  are 
common  in  American  gardens.  l_  jj_  b, 

AEdlDE^,  or  AEACEa:.  Aeoids.  A  large  order  of 
spathe-bearing,  tuberous  herbaceous  plants,  containing 
many  of  the  most  highly  prized  greenhouse  plants.  The 
culture  of  Aroids  is  too  diverse  to  be  given  in  any  one 
place.  See  the  leading  genera,  as  Aglaonema,  Alocasia, 
Anthurium,  Arisama,  Arum,  Caladium,  Colocasia, 
Dietfenbachia,  Bracunculus ,  Helicodiceros,  Momalo- 
inena,  Monstera,  Philodendron,  Michardia,  Schizmato- 
glottis,  Spathiphylhtm,  Xanthosoma,  etc. 


100 


'  Mountain  Fri 


nge. 


ARPOPHVLLUM  (Cimiter  and  leaf).  Orchiddcew, 
tribe  JSpidindrete.  Epiphytes  :  racemes  dense,  cylin- 
drical, erect  :  Ivs.  strap-shaped  or  linear,  on  .iointed, 
terete  stems  :  fls.  small,  inverted  ;  segments  concave. 
—  Orchids  of  minor  importance.     Consult  Epidinidntm. 

gigantium,  Lindl.  Plants  robust:  sts.  about  10  in. 
high  :  Ivs.  coriaceotis,  strap-shaped  ;  peduncle  stout  : 
raceme  several  in.  long ;  fls.  numerous,  pink-purple. 
Mex.-Give  plenty  of  light. 

spicitum,  Llave  et  Le^.  Smaller  than  the  above  :  Ivs. 
linear  :  fls.  paler.    B,M.6022. 

AHROW-HOOT.  An  edible  starch,  obtained  from  the 
rhizomes  of  v;-.rioiis  scitaminaceous  plants,  as  Maranta, 
Curcuma,  Tacra.  r;inii;t.  The  West  Indian  Arrow-root 
is  mostly  from  ,1/..,  .,.'.  '.:.„/, „.,,,  „.  Linn.  The  Bra- 
zilian is  from  .1/"  -  ">,l'"lil.  The  East  In- 
dian is  chiefly  fi"-  '  >:',<!, f., In, .-Rosbg.  Po- 
tato and  maize  -.tiir.  h  -  :in  nl  ^  :,  -nnm-  uf  Arrow-root. 
Arrow-root  is  also  .>l>tainf(l  from  Manihot. 

ARTABdTRYS  (siifpend  yrapes,  alluding  to  the  hang- 
ing fruitl.  Anondcew.  About  25  tropical  climbing 
shrubs,  with  3-sepaIed  and  6-petaled  solitary  or  fascicu- 
late fls.,  and  shining  evergreen  foliage. 

odoratiBsimuB,  R.  Br.  Lvs.  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
pointed,  thick,  dark  glossy  green  :  fls.  brownish,  very 
fragrant:  books  on  the  peduncles.  E.  led.  B.R.  42.').- 
Hardy  in  S.  Fla.  and  S.  Cal.,  and  somewhat  cult.  The 
ylang-ylang  perfume  is  made  from  the  fls.  The  lvs.  are 
used  in  native  medicine. 

ARTEMISIA  {Artemisia,  wife  of  Mausolus).  Com- 
pdsitte.  A  large  genus  of  aromatic  herbs  and  small 
shrubs,  mostly  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  most 
nhiiiulant  in  arid  regions.  Lvs.  alternate,  often  dis- 
,.  .tnl  :  111  ails  small  and  mostly  inconspicuous,  numer- 
nns,  anil  l'i mrally  nodding,  with  yellow  or  whitish 
limits.  In  ilii-  West,  many  of  the  species,  particularly 
,1.  Ind,  iilnla,  are  known  as  Stige  Brush.  Grown  for 
their  medicinal  properties  or  for  foliage  effects.  The 
cult,  kinds  are  perennials,  and  thrive  in  the  most  ordi- 
nary conditions,  even  in  poor  and  dry  soil.  Prop,  mostly 
by  division.  For  an  account  of  the  species,  see  Besser, 
in  DeCandolle's  Prodroraus,  vol.  G,  and  Gray,  in  Synop- 
tical Flora,  vol.  1,  part  2. 

A.  Heads   with   two   kinds   of  florets    (helerogamoiis). 

B.  Disk-n.i.   villi   hoth   stamens   and  pistils,   but   the 

oritiif  ahnrtive  (not  producing  seed):    style  nsu- 
alhi'.ulire. 

Draciinculus,   Lir 
green  an<l  glabron 

high  :  radical  lvs,  :;-|,aiti  .1  at  tin-  tiiji  :  stem-lvs.  linear 
or  lanceolate,  cmin-  m-  -nial!  ti.iitlnii  :  panicle  spread- 
ing, with  whitisli  :;riiii,  Mi  ai  ly  -ii ilmlar  H. -heads.  Eu. 
R.H.  1896,  p.  285.  -  raira;;uu  lvs.  anj  us.jd  for  seasoning, 
but  the  plant  is  little  grown  in  this  country.  The  Ivs. 
may  be  dried  in  the  fall,  or  roots  may  be  forced  in  a 
coolhouse  in  the  winter.  Prop,  by  division  ;  rarely  pro- 
duces seed. 

CanadinslB,  Michx.  Herb,  2  ft.  or  less  high,  glabrous 
or  very  nearly  so  :  lvs.  usually  2-pinnate,  with  filiform, 
plane  lobes  :  fls.  in  a  long,  narrow  panicle,  with  numer- 
ous small  greenish  heads.  Wild  on  banks  and  plains  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  country.   Int.  1891. 

filifdlia,  Torr.    Shrubby,  canescent,  3  ft.  or  less  high, 

very  leafy,  the  branches  rigid  :  lvs.  filiform,  the  lower 

usually  3-parted  :  panicle  long  and  leafy.    Plains,  W.— 

Plant  has  a  purplish, mist-like  aspect  when  in  fruit. 

BB.    Disk-ris.  perfect  and  fertile:  sti/le  S-eleft. 

c.    Receptacle  hairy. 

frigida,  Willd.  Herb,  8-12  in.,  with  a  woody  base, 
silvery  canescent  :  Ivs.  much  cut  into  linear  lobes  : 
heads  small  and  globular,  with  pale  involucre,  in  nu- 
Plains  and  mountains  W.   Int.  1883.- 


ARTICHOKE 


Good  for  borders.    Known  in 
and  used  medicinally. 

Absintliium,  Linn.  Wormwood.  Almost  shrubby,  2-4 
ft.  high,  spreading  and  branchy,  white-silky  :  lvs.  2-3- 
parted  into  oblong,  obtuse  lobes  :  heads  small  and  nu- 
merous, in  leafy  panicles.— Wormwood  is  native  to  Eu., 
but  it  occasionally  escapes  from  gardens.  It  isacommon 
garden  herb,  being  used  in  domestic  medicine,  especially 
as  a  vermifuge.  Wormwood  tea  is  an  odorous  memory 
with  every  person  who  was  reared  in  the  country. 

argSntea,  L'Her.  Shrubby,  erect :  lvs.  white-silky, 
2-pinnate,  the  lobes  linear  or  lanceolate  :  heads  globu- 
lar, tomentose,  nodding,  in  racemose  panicles  ;  1-2  ft. 
Madeira.  — Useful  for  rockwork. 

cc.   Receptacle  not  hairy. 

Abr6tanum,  Linn.  Southernwood.  Old  Man. 
Shrubby,  3-5  ft.,  green  and  glabrous,  the  st.  rather 
strict :  Ivs.  1-3-pinnateIy  divided,  the  divisions  fine- 
filiform  :  panicle  loose,  with  yellowish  white  heads.  Eu. 
—  Southernwood  is  grown  for  its  pleasant-scented  foli- 
age ;  and  it  sometimes  escapes  into  waste  places. 

P6ntica,  Linn.  Roman  Wormwood.  Shrubby,  erect, 
1-4  ft.:  ivs.  canescent  below,  pinnatisect,  the  lobes 
linear  :  panicle  open  and  long,  with  small,  globular, 
nodding,  whitish  yellow  heads.  Eu. — Roman  wormwood 
is  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  A,  Absinthium,  and 
is  more  agreeable.    Chief  source  of  absinthe. 

vulgaris,  Linn.  Mugwort.  Herb,  erect,  paniculately 
branched  :  lvs.  white-cottony  beneath  but  soon  green 
above,  2-pinnately  cleft,  with  lanceolate  lobes  :  upper 
lvs.  sojuetiraes  linear  .  heads  many,  oblong,  yellowish. 
Eu.  and  northern  N.  Amer.,  and  naturalized  in  E. 
states.  — Mugwort  is  grown  for  the  ornament  of  its  foli- 
age. There  are  variegated-leaved  and  golden-leaved  va- 
rieties.  It  was  once  a  domestic  remedy.     Variable. 

Stelleri&na,  Bess.  Old  Woman.  Herb,  2  ft.,  from  a 
woody  creeping  base,  densely  white  tomentose  :  Ivs. 
pinnatifid,  with  obtuse  lobes  "•  heads  large  and  many- 
fld.,  in  a  racemose-glomerate  inflorescence.  N.E.Asia 
and  on  the  coast  of  Mass. — Attractive  from  its  whiteness. 
Useful  for  borders. 

Ludovici&na,  Nutt.  Herb,  2-3  ft.,  white-tomentose  or 
lvs.  becoming  greenish  above  :  lvs.  linear  to  oblong,  the 
lower  ones  toothed  or  parted,  the  upper  ones  entire  : 
heads  small,  bell-shaped,  paniculate.  Plains  and  banks, 
W.    Int.  1891. 

AA.    Heads  with  perfect  fls.  throughout :   receptacle 
not  hairy. 

arbtisctUa,  Nutt.  Saoe  Brush.  Shrubby  :  a  foot  or 
less  high  :  Ivs.  short,  wedge-shaped,  3-lobed,  the  lobes 
obovate  and  often  2-lobed,  canescent  :  panicle  simple 
and  strict,  often  spike-like,  the  5-9-fld.  heads  erect. 
Plains,  W. 

tridentita,  Nutt.  Sage  Brush.  Shrubby  ;  reaching 
height  of  12  ft.,  although  often  only  a  foot  high,  branchy, 
canescent  :  lvs.  wedge-shaped,  3-7-toothed  or  lobed, 
truncate  at  the  summit,  the  uppermost  ones  narrower  : 
heads  5-8-fld.    Plains,  W.    Int.  1881.  ,     „    „ 

^  L.  H.  B. 

ARTICHOKE  {Cynira  Scdlymus,  Linn. ).  Comp6sita. 
A  coarse  and  robust  perennial,  cult,  for  the  edible  fl.- 
headsandlvs.  The  fl. -heads  are  3-5  in.  across  just  before 
they  open,  and  at  this  stage  they  are  cut  for  the  table. 
The  fleshy  outer  scales  and  the  "  bottom "  of  the  head 
(this  is,  the  receptacle,  the  florets  being  removed)  are 
eaten  raw  or  cooked.  When  the  blue  florets  begin  to  show, 
the  head  is  too  old  for  eating.  Fig.  144  shows  edible  heads. 
For  pickling,  the  heads  are  often  taken  when  only  half 
grown.  The  young  sts,  and  lvs.  are  sometimes  blanched 
and  eaten,  after  the  manner  of  cardoons ;  and  these  parts 
comprise  the  "Artichoke  salad  ''of  the  markets.  There  are 
a  score  or  more  varieties  in  European  gardens,  but  the 
Globe  is  the  one  generally  sold  here. 

Although  the  Artichoke  is  perennial,  the  plant  declines 
in  vigor  after  it  has  borne  two  or  three  crops.  In  the  N. 
the  plants  should  be  protected  in  winter  with  a  liberal 
mulch.  Artichokes  are  of  easiest  culture  on  rich  soil. 
As  they  grow  3-5  ft.  high  and  branch  freely,  and  make 
lvs.  3  ft.  long,  they  should  not  be  set  nearer  than  2  or  3 


ARTICHOKE 


ns  houki  be  4  or  )  ft  apart. 
IS  priiiM^ittd  mosth  b-\  setds. 
tlK   spring      beedlings  rarely 


144    Edible  heads  of  Artichoke 

give  nmny  heads  before  the  second  \  1  n  \  ]\u  k<  i  uid 
bettermethod of  propagation  lb  to  u  i  tli  u  1  i  winch 
are  freely  produced  about  the  crown  I  li  u  1  i  i  |  rci- 
duce  the  varietj  The  Artichoke  is  litt  I  kii  wuiii  Kiinr- 
ica  but  IS  worthy  greater  attention  Ihe  li  Out  ot  piopa- 
gatmg  by  seed  IS  perhaps  one  leason  whj  the  Artichoke 
has  not  obtained  greater  prominence  m  this  country. 
The  great  woolh  pmnatifid  h  s  md  strong  Inbit  make 
the  plant  an  attrat  ti\  f  ornamental  subject.  See  C  (n  doon . 
L.  H.  B. 
ARTICHOKE,  JERUSALEM  (Helidnthus  tiiberosus, 
Linn.).  Comjinxita'.  While  the  Globe  Artichoke  is  sel- 
dom seen  in  Ainericiiii  gardens  or  on  American  tables, 
and  surely  not  appreciated  by  our  people,  the  Jerusalem 
Artichoke  is  so  common  as  to  be  despised  as  a  weed. 
The  Jerusalem  Artichoke  is  the  tuber  of  a  perennial  sun- 
flower-like plant.  (Fig.  145.)  It  thrives  on  almost  any 
drained  land,  without  much  attention  as  to  manuring, 
and  without  coddling.  The  tubers  may  be  cut  to  single 
eyes  and  planted  like  common  potatoes.  The  cultivation 
is  about  the  same  as  that  usually  given  to  corn  or  pota- 
toes. Any  tiiiii-  in  the  f ;ill  after  frost  has  killed  the  tops, 
or  the  hittrr  !i;i\-.'  in:itured.  the  crop  can  be  gathered. 
Pull  up  till-  wiM.lr  phiiit  liy  the  roots,  or  dig  the  tubers 
with  a  potato  hook  ■11-  |.r"iis,''hoe.  Or,  swine  may  be  turned 
into  the  tit-lil  uikI  allowed  to  root  up  and  feed  on  the 
tubers.  All  kinds  of  farm  animals  seem  to  be  fond  of 
them.  They  may  be  ground  and  fed,  mixed  with  ground 
grains,  to  poultry 
Kid     results. 

,;-u],-nt    food 


e    iiuire    general 
iition  on  the  part 

ler   than    it    has 
"'""  usually  received.    It 

is  far  ahead  of  the  potato  in  productiveness,  and  much 
more  cheaply  grown.  Raw  or  boiled  and  served  with 
vinegar,  the  tuber  also  makes  a  very  good  winter  or 
spring  salad,  and  for  this  purpose  it  may  find  a  limited 
sale  in  our  markets.  The  chief  demand  for  it  will  be 
for  seed  purposes.  The  easiest  way  of  keeping  the  crop 
over  winter  is   by  leaving  the  tubers    in  the   ground 


145.   Tuber  of  Jerusalem  Artichoke 


where  they  grew,  r 

IS  the 

y   are  not 

Till 

pitted  like  beets  on 

hiriiili 

•s,  l.nt  «il 

ingof  soil.    Th.'  .M; 

propagators  t..  l.o  a 

11  ilii|i 

i-o\r,l  ^tr 

Jerusalem  Arti.h.il 

but  hogs  will  root 

it  out, 

,    The  ph 

Canada  and  middle  parts 

of  the  U. 

Indians.    See  He  Ik 

IHthui 

101 

•d  can  be 
losscover- 
I'l  liy  some 


ARTOCARPUS  ( 


lai.ial  -rowth.    The  fruits  do  not  bear  shipmc^nt  to  the  N. 

incisa,  Linn.  f.  Bread  Fkuit.  Tree,  :tn-40  ft.,  with  a 
viscid,  milky  juice  :  branches  fratrile  :  Ivs.  l-;j  ft.  long, 
leathery,  ovate,  cuneatc  and  intiro  at  base,  upper  part 
3-9-lobed:  male  fls.  in  a  .1,  nso  ,  Inl,  skaiMil  y,]  low  catkin, 
10-16in.long;  female  tls.  in  a  sul.-lol.iilai- .  rliinatehead, 
having  a  spongy  rece]ita<-li-  :  Ir.  as  lar;;o  as  a  melon, 
typically  muricated,  but  in  the  li.  -i  mli .  v  ari.  liis  reticu- 
lated onlv,  and  .seedless.  Gt.  :;;i.  ]■.  J7:;.  i :  n-  ,  :. :  SA3,  and 
B.M.  2869-71,  where  the  romaiiii.  sioi  \  ,,r  ii ,  iiaiisferto 
the  West  Indies  is  told.    Sparin:;l\  rniK  mS,  I'la. 

integrifolia,  Linn.  f.  Jaik  I'm  ii.  '\'r<  ,  .  ;n  ft.,  with 
milky  jni,-.-:  Ivs.  I-C,  in.  km;,',  v.a^   \aiioii-;  ll,o„-of  fer- 

branclies  mure  oliovatc  and  nliloim  ;  ih ol  \  on iij;  shoots 

from  the  rout  very  narrow,  or  ;;-;Moljeil  :  ir.  attaining  a 
weight  of  GO-70  lbs.  Less  palatable  than  the  bread  fruit. 
The  oily  seeds  when  roasted  are  said  to  resemble  chest- 
nuts.     G.  cm.  20:717.      B.  M.  2833-4.      Gt.  39,  p.  273. 

Cannonii,  Bull.  Lvs.  varying  from  cordate  to  deeply 
ii-loli.cl,  1  ft.  long,  red  beneath,  bronzy  crimson  and  pur- 
plo  above,  very  showy.    Society  Is.    F.S.  21:  2231-2. 

Arum  ( ancient  name ) .  Arhidew.  Tuber-bearing  low 
herbs,  of  few  species,  in  Eu.  and  W.  Asia.  Lvs.  simple, 
the  petiole  sheathed  at  the  base  :  spathe  convolute,  va- 
riously colored,  mostly  including  the  short  spadix  :  pis- 
tillate fls  at  the  base  Grown  usually  as  oddities  mostly 
under  the  general  na  ne  of  Calla       bome  of  the    pec  es 


har  ly 
requ  re 
manage 
CaUd  u 
may  for 

shoul  1 1 


gl      ho 


and 
leav  d 
1  wate 


all 


ural  off 


pear  n^,  i  i  |         i    i     i     i  paiiie 

brght  V    1  t  11  11  1     I      I       ll    black 

exceed  ng  the    i    tl  e     Co        i  Bale        a     t    -Hardy 

AA     Mat  re  I  s   haUafe  o    s  g  Hate 
B.    Tut)er  round-flattened  or  oblate,  the  lvs.  and  pedun- 
cles arisinr/  from  a  depressed  center:   lvs.  appear- 
ing before  the  spathe. 
2.  Dioscoridis,  Sibth.  &  Smith  (A.  spectdUle,  Regel. 
A.  SijrXacum,  Blume.    A.    Cyprium,   Sohott.).     Leaf- 


102  ARUM 

blade  oblong-triangular  or  o%-ate-triangnlar :  spathe 
tube  pale  within,  the  limb  6-8  in.  long,  lanceolate-oblong, 
and  colored  with  large  lenticular  purple  spots  :  spadix 
short,  included.  Asia  Minor.  — Runs  into  many  forms, 
with  variously  marked  spathes.    Pots. 

3.  detrnnc4tum,  Meyer.  Lvs.  more  or  less  truncate  at 
the  base,  the  blade  shorter  than  in  the  last  :  yellowish 
green  and  purple-spotted,  large  (10-15  in.  long)  and 
short-stalked,  the  limb  acuminate.    Persia.— Hardy. 


ARUNDO 

Var.  angrustatum,  Engler,  has  a  narrow  light-purple 
spathe  (^.  intermidium,  Schur.  A.  Mdlyi,  Schott.). 
Var.  alplnum,  Engler  (A.  alplnum,  Schott.  &  Kotschy) 
has  peduncles  longer,  and  an  ovate-lanceolate  spathe. 

7.  It&licum,  Miller  (A.  cylindr&ceum,  Gasp.).  Fig. 
146.  Larger  than  the  last :  lvs.  hastate,  nearly  truncate 
below,  light-veined  :  spathe  scarcely  swollen  below,  the 
limb  erect  and  not  expanding  and  including  the  short 
spadis  (tip  sometimes  deflexed  after  flowering).  Yel- 
lowish or  white  n,,.!  fnintlv  striate.  Eu.  B.M.  2432.-A 
hardy  speci.-^  ;  :,|,,.  r,,  ,  i,  in  pots.  In  the  open,  the 
lvs.  appear  in  i  >  rv  variable  species.    Var. 

Canariinse,  Ti  r  i  <  nivnse,  Webb.  &  Berth.), 
has  narrow  i.  :  I  !m~  :,,;  i  -[.^ithe.  Var.  concinn&tom, 
Engli-r  (.1.  euinhuiritiiiii  ;iiul  marmoritum,  Schott.), 
has  broad  gray-spotted  lvs.  Var.  Byzantlnum,  Engler, 
(.1.  Jli/sinitliiiim,  Schott.).  has  spathe  tube  oblong, 
white  inside  antl  purple  at  the  mouth,  and  an  acuminate 
puride  or  green  limb.  Var.  albiBpithum,  Hort.,  has  a 
white  siiathe.  L.  h.  B. 

ARtNCUS(oldname).  Rosdcea.  Tall  perennial  herbs, 
often  referred  to  the  genus  Spiraea,  with  numerous  small 
iliiecious  white  fls.  in  panieled  spikes  :  stamens  many  ; 
] »i St ils  commonly  3.  Two  species,American  and  Japanese. 

Sylvester,  Kost.  {Spirwa  Ariineus,  Linn.).  Tall  (5-7 
ft. ) .  erect  Iiranchy  herb  :  lvs.  large,  1-2-pinnate,  of  3-7 
<.v;iti- Ifts.;  follicles  deflexed  in  fr.  Rich  woods,  N.Amer., 
N.  V.n.  and    Asia.— A  desirable  hardy  border  plant  of 


astilboides,  Maxim.  (Spirwa  Anincus,  var.  astilboldes, 
Maxim.  .S.  (istilbo)(les,  Hort.  Asttlbe  astilboides,  Le- 
moiiie.  Gn.  48,  p.  .SaS-O ) .  Dwarfer  and  more  graceful  than 
the  above  (2ft.):  pedicels  erect  in  fr.  Japan.  — Neater  than 
tlie -American  species.  See  ^s(i76e  for  illustration. 

L.  H.  B. 

AEUNDINAEIA.    See  Bamboo. 

ARONDO  (Latin.  jTftJ).  Gramlneai.  Tall  leafy  per- 
ennial L'lasses  resembling  bamboos,  5-15  ft.  high,  or 
even  ;:n  ti.  in  la  \"ratile  locations.  Lvs.  broad  and  grace- 
fully ar.  liiii-  :  -t~.  Irafy  to  near  the  top,  terminating  in 
an   inmn  n^r   ].iinn.-   1-2  ft.  long:   spikelets   long  and 


(XK). 


r'i-''.  (.1.  sdnctum,  Hort.).  Black 
I  <.\\.  Lvs.  cordate-hastate,  6  in. 
■  in.l  about  equal  in  length,  the 
■  Mill  nearly  blunt :  spathe  about 
1 1 ,  \\  itli  a  .short  green  tube,  and  an 
in^'-tapering  limb,  which  is  greenish 
continuous  black-purple  within,  the 
urving :  spadix  shorter  than  the 
lart  dark  colored.  Palestine.  B.M. 
—  I'liiiaps  the  most  popular  Arum  at 
n  in  pots  as  an  oddity. 
I.  A  foot  high  :  lvs.  brownish, 
ritat.  ,  tlie  front  lobe  oblong-acute  : 
.i\..iii  and  white  within,  the  limb 
Mill  ii-i  I  laik -purple  (rarely  pale ) , 
•  ';"....  -  A  liarily  species  from  Asia 
.  inan>  ii.jiiis.  Some  of  the  plants 
1.  (11.// (((,(,  i\iriolatum,  Nordmanni, 
gratum,  Schott.;  ^1.  elongatum  and  A.  albispathiim, 
Steven  (not  A.  albispathum,  Hort.,  which  is  A.  Ital- 


D6nax, 


ANT  Reed.  Figs.  147, 148.  Towering 
)  ft.  high,  which  grow  very  rapidly, 
pointed  leaves  at  regular  intervals. 
1  and  to  conceal  unsightly  ob- 


5509.  Cn.Ci.ii.: 
present.  1m  in-  u'l 
5.  orientale,  I 
broadly  Inistat.- 
spathe  tube  obli 
ovate  to  oblong  : 
resembling  A .  m 
Minor,  running  : 
referred  here 


the 


I  the 


ape. 


C.  maculatuin,  Lnin,  ,  .1 .  m/./,)/, .  Lam.  i.  Lords-and- 
Ladies.  lu.kuo  Jr'iNT.  Wake  KoBiN  (in  England). 
About  a  foot  high  :  lvs.  tisually  black-spotted,  hastate 
or  sagittate,  the  front  lobe  triangular  ovate,  about  as 
high  as  the  spathe  :  the  spathe  swollen  at  its  base,  the 
margins  of  the  lance-ovate  limb  becoming  inrolled, 
spotted  with  purple  :  spadix  shorter  than  the  spathe, 
purple.  Eu.— A  hardy  species,  .if  nnmy  forms.  A  form 
with  spotless  lvs.  and  a  whitisli  tube  with  a  medial  pur- 
ple  zone,  is    A.  immaculdtum    and   Zelebdri,  Schott. 


jects.    In   some 
and  thatching,  ai 
rootsasadiureti( 
tall,  showy  plum 
reddish  at  first  and  lasi 
a  long  time.    Mediter 
ranean.  Orient.    Gu.  1 
p.  391;  3,  p.  493;  8,  p 
199  ;    17,  p.  407.    P.O 
3:2.      Var.   variegata 
Hort.  (var.  rersicohn 


the  type,  usually  4-7  or 
even  12  ft.  high,  with 
elegant  longitudinal 
stripes  of  creamy  white 
and  green.  Gt.  39,  p. 
209.  F.S.  14:1425.  Var. 
macrophy  Ua,  Hort.. 
has    large,  very    glau- 

consplcua,  Forst.  f. 
A  rare  and  handsome 
form,     bearing     silky 


beautiful  for  months. 
Less  hardy  than  A. 
Donax,  and  with  nar- 
rower lvs.   Lvs.  2-4  ft. 

long,  very  slender,  involute,  coriaceous,  deeply  chan- 
neled ;  upper  surface,  margins,  and  long,  slender  point 
roughish.  N.  Zeal.  B.M.  6232.  Gn.  18,  p.  479  ;  49,  p. 
229.  p.  B.  Kennedy 


*-t7,  Anindo  Donax. 


ASCLEPIAS 


103 


Arundo  Donax  is  one  of  the  most  popular  of  all  grasses 
or  hardy  foliage  plants,  especially  wherever  the  Pampas 
Grass  is  not  hardy.  Although  it  succeeds  almost  any- 
where in  borders,  beds,  and  on  lawns,  it  is  really  at  home 


follows:    The  ripe 

^„„^.,  jay  be  laid  on 

damp     moss    during 

winter,  and  in  a  few 

months  nearly  every 

joint  will  sprout  and 

form  a   small  rooted 

plant.       The     canes 

may  then  be  cut  up 

:iii<i  till'  voung  plants 

potK.l   ,,ff   singly,  to 

ted    out   the 

.11. .'wing  spring. 

J.  B.  Keller. 

ASAEUM  (obscure 
;).  Aristoloehi- 
ilcece.  Low,  nearly 
stemless  herbs  of  a 
few  species,  but 
widely  disseminated 
in  N.  Temp,  zone, 
with  odd  purplish  or 
brown  fls.  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground 
(or  nearly  so),  under- 
neath the  heart-like 
or  kidney -like  Ivs.: 
corolla  wanting,  but 
calyx  corolla  -  like  ; 
12  :  ovary 
inferior.  The  Asa- 
rums  inhabit  rich, 
shady  woods,  spread- 
ing on  the  ground, 
and  the  fls.  are  un- 
seen except  by  the 
close  observer.  They 
are  of  easy  culture  if 
transplanted  to  rich, 
places.  They 
attractive  car- 
pets in  borders  and 
groves.  The  species 
described  below  are  sold  by  dealers  in  native  plants. 
Some  of  the  species  are  reported  to  have  medicinal 
properties. 

A.  Plant  markedly  pubesvent. 
Canad6nse,  Linn.  Wild  Ginger.  Canada  Snakeroot. 
Lvs.  about  2  to  a  plant,  thin,  kidney-shaped,  pointed, 
with  a  deep  and  open  sinus,  not  mottled  :  fl.  slender 
stalked,  with  lance-acuminate  calyx-lobes  an  inch  or 
more  across  at  the  expanded  mouth,  chocolate-brown  : 
style  6-lobed.  Frequent  in  woods  E.  B.M.  2769.  A.G. 
13:517.   D.  279. 

Hdrtwe^,  Watson.  Tufted,  loose-pubescent  :  lvs. 
large  and  thick,  cordate,  with  rounded  basal  lobes, 
mostly  acute  at  the  apex,  margin  ciliate.  glabrous  and 
mottled  above  :  fl.  stout-stalked,  the  lobes  often  ovate 
and  long-pointed,  the  ovary  inferior  :  styles  6.  Sierra 
Nevadas,  4,000-7,000  ft.  alt." 

EuropaBum,  Linn.  Lvs.  kidney-shaped,  evergreen, 
dark  green,  the  petiole  3-5  in. :  fls.  greenish  purple. 
Kin.,  with  incurved  lobes  :  styles  6,  and  grooved  or  2- 
parted,  recurved.    Eu. 

aa.   Plant  slightly  or  not  at  all  pubescent. 
caudatum,   Lindl.     Rather   slender,  with   long   root- 
stocks,  sparingly  pubescent:  lvs.  cordate-kidney-shaped, 
and  more  or  less  cupped  or  cucuUate,  acute  :  fls.  slen- 


der-stalked,   the    calyx-lobes    oblong    and 
styles  united.    Pacific  coast. 

L^mmonl,  Watson.  Like  the  last,  but  lvs.  plane  or 
flat,  rounded  at  apex,  less  pubescent,  calyx  lobes  short.. 

Virginicum,  Linn.  Lvs.  broad-ovate  or  orbicular, 
rounded  at  tlu-  t..|..  tli.-  -iims  narrow  :  fl.  short-stalked, 
purple,  the  ial\  \  I..1,:  -  Inii:..!  and  rounded:  styles  6, 
2-lobed;  anth.  r^  ii..t  ii..ii,i,.,l.    Va.,  S. 

arifbUum,  :\Ii.lix.  L\  -.  tl.i.kish  and  usually  mottled, 
orbicular  to  hastate,  obtuse  :  fl.  stout-stalked,  urn- 
shaped  and  much  contracted  at  the  throat :  styles  6,  2- 
lobed  ;  anthers  pointed.    Va. ,  S.  _     _    -^ 

ASCL£FIAS  (ancient  Greek  and  Latinized  name). 
AsclepiadAcete.  Milkweed.  Silkweed.  Many  herbs, 
mostly  North  American,  generally  with  opposite  or 
whorled  lvs.,  milky  juice,  and  umbels  of  odd  fls.  The 
fls.  are  gamopetalous,  the  corolla  segments  generally 
strongly  reflexed  ;  stamens  5,  attached  to  the  corolla, 
the  anthers  more  or  less  united  about  the  stigma  ;  be- 
tween the  corolla  and  the  stamens  is  a  crown  of  five 
cornucopia-like  appendages  :  pollen coheringintoawaxy 
mass  (poUinium),  which  is  removed  bodily  by  insects 
which  visit  the  fl.  The  pollination  of  an  Asclepias  fl.  is 
shown  in  Fig.  149.  The  pollen-masses  are  usually  twin 
(as  at  6),  and  the  handle  or  caudicle  lies  in  a  chink  on 
the  side  of  the  stigma.  The  pollen-masses  become  at- 
tached to  the  legs  or  mouth  parts  of  the  insect,  and 
are  thereby  transferred  to  another  fl.  The  Milkweeds 
are  common  in  waste  places  in  N.  Amer.,  and  are 
rarely  cult.  Several  species  ( described  below )  have  been 
int.  by  dealers  in  native  plants.  The  Butterfly-weed  and 
some  others  are  very  showy  and  worthy  of  more  general 
attention.  The  large-lvd.  kinds  are  desirable  when  heavy 
foliage  effects  are  wanted.  They  are  all  perennials  of 
the  easiest  culture.  Prop,  by  division,  rarely  by  seeds. 
See  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  Amer.  2.,  pt.  i  (which  is  here 
followed ) . 

A.    Fls.   (corolla  and  crown)  orange. 

tuberdsa,  Linn.  Butterfly-Weed.  Pleurisy  Root. 
Hairy,  2-3  ft.  high,  from  long,  horizontal  roots,  with 
more  or  less  alternate,  lance-oblong  or  lance-linear  lvs. : 
umbels  several,  short-peduncled  :  pods  pnbescent,  erect. 
Dry  banks  and  fields  ;  widespread,  and  not  Infrequent. 
B.R.  76.    D.  223. -A  handsome  plant. 

AA.    Pis.  in  shades  of  red  or  purple. 

Curassivica,  Linn.  Plant  glabrous,  2  ft.  or  less  :  lvs. 
opposite  and  short-petioled,  thin,  oblong-lanceolate : 
corolla  scarlet :  pods  glabrous,  erect.  Fla.  and  La. 
B.R.  81. 

incamata,  Linn.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so.  leafy  and 
branching,  3  ft.:  lvs.  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate:  co- 
rolla rose-purple  to  Hesh  color,  with  oblong  lobes  :  pods 
glabrous,  erect.  B.R.  250.  Var.  pulchra,  Pers.  Hirsute, 
and  lvs.  broader.  Swamps.  — Common. 
AAA.  Fls.  greenish,  yellowish  or  white  (sometimes  pur- 
ple-tinged, especially  in  A.  quadrifolia). 
B.    Pods  tomentose  and  soft-spiny. 

speciosa,  Torr.  (A.  Doiiglasii,  Hook.).  Stem  stout 
and  simple,  3  ft.  or  less,  flne-tomentose  or  becoming 
glabrous  ;  lvs.  large  and  broad,  ovate,  transversely 
veined,  short-petioled  :  fls.  purplish  and  large,  the  pe- 
duncle of  the  umbel  shorter  than  the  lvs.  Neb.  W.  and 
S.    B.M.  4413. 

Comilti,  Decne.  {A.  Syrlaca, hinn.).  Differs  from  last 
in  having  obtuse  and  short  hoods  to  the  crown,  taller, 
less  pubescent :  lvs.  oblong  or  oval :  fls.  dull  purple, 
in  large,  more  or  less  nodding  umbels.  Mn.  7:221.— 
The  common  milkweed  of  the  E.  states. 

BB.    Pods  glabrous  and  unarmed. 

c.    Fruiting  pedicels  deeurved  or  deflexed,  the  pods 
erect  or  ascending. 

amplesicaillis,  Michx.  Plant  glabrous  and  glaucous  : 
St.  decumbent.  1-2  ft.  long  :  Ivs.  numerous,  cordate- 
ovate  and  clasping,  obtuse,  succulent  :  corolla  green- 
purple.    Barrens,  N.  Car.  and  S. 


phytolaocoides,  Pursh  (A.  nivea.  Sims).  Plant  gla- 
brous and  green,  3-4  ft.,  erect :  Ivs.  thin,  oval  to  lance- 
oval,  acuminate  and  short-petioled  :  fls.  greenish,  in 
large,  loose  umbels.  Moist  ground  ;  frequent.  B.M.1181. 


149.  Milkweed  flower,  showing  pollination. 


variegita,  Linn.  Two  ft.  or  less  high  :  Ivs.  3-7  pairs, 
oval,  ovate  or  oblong,  thinnish,  green  and  glabrous  above 
and  pale  beneath  :  Hs.  white  and  pink,  in  1-3  umbels. 
Dry,  shady  places.  Cent,  and  S.  states.    B.M.  11S2. 

eriocArpa,  Benth.  Densely  woolly  all  over  ;  Ivs.  alter- 
nate or  in  3's,  long-oblong  or  lanceolate,  short-petioled  : 
fls.  dull  white,  in  few  or  several  umbels.    Calif. 


cc.    Fi 


d  th, 


lance-ovati',  :ii-iiiiiuiat<-.  tliin.  nt-arly  or  c|iiite  L-I:il.r<)us  : 
fls.  pink  to  white  in  2-4  loose  umbels.  Drv  soil  ;  fre- 
quent.   L.B.C.  13:1258. 

verticillita,  Linn.  About  2  ft.,  slender,  very  leafy  : 
Ivs.  in  whorls  of  3-fi,  very  narrow-linear  and  revolutc  : 
fls.  greenish  white,  in  many  small  umbels  Dry  soil 
frequent.    L.B.C.  11:  10G7. 

Var.  pi^mila,  Gray.  A  few  m  high  from  a  fascicled 
root:  Ivs.  filiform,  crowded.    Plains  W 

Mexicina,  Cav.  Height,  5  ft  or  Ir  h  in  «h  ris 
of  3-(),  or  sometimes  oppo  ite  or  1 1  i  It- I  Im  ir  rr 
narrow-lanceolate:  fls.  greeni  h  whit  i  luiili  li  in 
dense,  many-fld.  umbels.    Ore   W    iii  i  ^         L   II    P 

ASCTEUM  (Greek,  not  hard  or  tough  )  Jlijpe,  icdcert 
Low  herbs  or  subshrubs,  with  bright  yellow  fls  2  small 
sepals  and  2  large  ones,  4  petals  and  many  stamens 
Dry.  snnily  «nils  in  E.  states  (also  one  or  two  West  In 
di;in  .HI. I  <■}<<•  Himalayan  species)  sometimes  grown  m 
in. I'll.  r-.  (  >i'  .  .isit^st  culture  but  should  be  covered  in 
Willi.  ]■  III  tlif  X.    Prop,  by  division     also  bj  seeds 

hypericoides,  Linn.  (A.  Crux  Andrew  Lmn  )  '^t 
Andrew's  Cross.  A  ft.  or  less  high  branchy  Ivs  ob 
long  or  obovate,  narrowed  to  the  base  styles  2  G  t 
5:257.    Mn.3:65. 

st&ns,  Michx.  St.  Peter  s  wort  Taller  scarcely 
branched :    Ivs.   broad-oblong   or   ovil    and   clasping 

^*y'«^  ^-  L.  H.  B. 

ASH.    See  Fraxuius. 

ASlMINA  (from  .I..,,,,,,,;.,-,  a  French-and-Indian 
name).  Anondceir.  I'm  aw  i  tli,-  j.upaw  of  literature  is 
Carica,  which  see).  Small  tiv,- ..r  shrubs:  Ivs.  alternate, 
entire,  usually  deciduous;  Us.  jiurpie  orwhitish,  campan- 
ulate,solitary  or  few, axillary;  sepals3;  petals  6,  the  inner 
ones  smaller  ;  stamens  numerous  :  fr.  consisting  of  one 
or  a  few  large  berries.  Eight  species  in  E.  N.  Amer.  Or- 
namental trees  or  shrubs,  with  large  fls.  in  early  spring. 


ASPARAGUS 

and  handsome  foliage.  Only  2  species  are  cultivated,  of 
which  the  arborescent  one  is  the  hardier  and  the  hand- 
somer in  foliage,  while  the  more  tender  A.  grnndiflora 
has  larger  and  showier  fls.  They  grow  best'in  rich  and 
moist  soil.  They  transplant  with  difficulty.  Prop,  by  seeds 
sown  in  autumn,  or  stratified  and  sown  in  spring,  or  by 
layers  in  autumn;  also,  by  root-cuttings.  In  the  North, 
the  seeds  should  be  sown  in  pots  or  pans.  Description 
of  all  species  is  given  in  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  Amer.  1,  pt.  1, 
pp.  62  and  4G4. 

triloba,  Dun.  I.I/,. /:./:,'...  l.i.in. I.  Fig.  150.  Small 
tree.  10-411  ft. :    I.-.    .  .. 1  ■long,  acute,  V2-I 

ft.long,glal.r..ii-:  il..  :- .111  branches  of  the 

]>revious  vt-ar.  vt..  n  wl..  i.  .  \;.:..i.i:!i_'.  changing  to  pur- 
plish red.  with  yellow  in  the'  middle,  2  in.  broad  :  fr. 
oblong,  2-0  in.  long,  dark  brown.  S.  states,  north  to  N. 
York,  west  to  Mich,  and  Kansas.  S.S.  1:15,  16.  Gn. 
33,  p.  321.  G.F.  8:  495.  A.G.  44:713.-  This  is  the  only 
arborescent  species  of  the  genus.  It  is  well  worth  a 
place  in  the  garden,  for  its  large  foliage  is  very  hand- 
some and  the  fls.,  appearing  in  the  early  spring,  are  at- 
tractive. The  large  fr.  is  edible,  and  may  be  still  im- 
proved by  cultivation  and  careful  selection  of  the  best 
varieties.  Many  people  do  not  relish  the  highly  aromatic 
flavor;  and  the  large  seeds  are  a  disadvantage.  The  tree 
lias  proved  hardy  in  Mass.  and  Ontario.  One  or  two 
named  forms  have  been  offered. 

grandifldra,  Dun.  Shrub,  2-6  ft. :  Ivs.  cuneate,  obovate 
or  oblong,  obtuse,  2-4  in.  long,  rufous-pubescent  when 
young,  at  length  glabrous  and  chartaceous  :  fls.  Ikrge, 
appearing  with  the  Ivs. ;  outer  petals  cream -colored,  over 
2  in.  long,  much  larger  than  the  inner  ones:  the  large  fr. 
is  said  to  be  very  delicious.   S.  Georgia,  Fla. 

Alfred  Rehuee. 

ASPABAGUS,  esculent  {Asparagus  officindlis, 
Linn.).  Jjitidcece.  A  perennial  herb,  cult,  for  the  succu- 
lent young  shoots  which  arise  from  the  roots  in  spring. 
The  plant  is  native  to  Eu.  and  Asia,  and  has  been  cult, 
for  2,000  years  and  more.  It  was  known  to  the  Greeks 
and  Romans.  The  so-called  Ivs.  of  asparagus  are  really 
leaf-like  branches.  The  Ivs.  are  the  scales,  which  are 
well  shown  on  the  shoot  at  the  left  in  Fig.  I.tI.    From 


150    Asimina  triloba  ( 


the  axils  of  these  scales  branches  may  arise,  a  <i.    At 
6  b  are  shown  clusters  of  branchlets,  or  "leaves,"  issuing 
from  the  axils  of  scales  or  Ivs. 
Asparagus,  being  a  rather  rugged  plant,  will  live,  and 

under  neglect.  One  frequently  finds  apparently  thrifty 
plants  in  neglected  fence  rows,  or  strong  stalks  pushing 
up  through  stone  heaps  or  other  rubbish  piled  several 
feet  in  tliickness  upon  an  abandoned  asparagus  bed. 
The  stalks  that  are  wanted  for  the  table  and  for  a  dis- 


ASPARAGUS 

criminating  market,  hon'ever,  are  those  an  inch  or  more 
in  diameter  and  deliciously  succulent,  which  one  can 
grow  only  on  good  plants  set  far  enough  apart  on  well- 
drained,  well-manured  and  well-tilled  soil.  To  secure 
earliness  of  crop,  the  land  selected  for  an  Asparagus 
patch  should  be  a  warm  loam,  preferably  exposed  to 
south  or  east.  Manures  of  any  kind  may  be  used  with 
greatest  liberality,  too  much  being  almost  out  of  the 
question.  Unless  the  soil  is  already  well  supplied 
with  vegetable  matter,  and  for  that  reason  very  loose 
and  mellow,  bulky  manures,  such  as  fairly-well  rottrd 
stable  manure  or  rich  compost,  are  almost  indispeiisai'lr 
at  the  start.  A  heavy  dressing  is  to  be  plowi-d  un.lir.  j 
Afterwards  concentrated  manures,  rich  in  nitru^'cn  and 
potash,  will  do  very  well  for  louse  soils,  and  nuiy  be 
used  broadcast  on  top,  as  the  crop  seems  to  need  them 
from  year  to  year.  Much  depends  on  good  plants. 
These  are  easily  grown.  To  grow  one's  own  supply  for 
starting  a  plantation  is  ordinarily  a  safer  plan  than  to 
depend  on  purchased  plants.  Use  strong  1-year  plants 
in  preference  to  olderones.  The  male,  or  pollen-bearing 
plants,  are  more  vigorous,  therefore  more  productive  of 
good  stalks  and  more  profitable  than  the  female  or  seed- 
bearing  plants  ;  but  it  is  not  always  an  easy  task  to  dis- 
tinguish the  one  from  the  other  at  an  early  age  unless 
they  bloom.  To  raise  the  plants,  sow  seed  in  early 
spring  thinly  in  drills,  in  a  well-prepared  seed-bed. 
Have  the  drills  a  foot  apart ;  cover  the  seed  half  an  inch 
to  an  inch  deep,  and  thin  the  plants  early  to  stand  3 
inches  apart.  With  the  same  attention  as  that  demanded 
by  other  close-planted  garden  vegetables,  strong  plants 
will  then  be  the  sure  outcome.  Get  the  land  ready  for 
setting  the  plants  by  deep  and  careful  plowing  and 
thorough  harrowing.  Then  plow  out  furrows  5  or  even 
6  feet  apart.  If  the  demand  is  for  the  green  stalks 
(those  grown  above  ground),  popular  in  some  markets, 
the  furrows  may  be  made  6  or  7  inches  deep.  If 
blanched  shoots  are  wanted  (and  they  are  of  superior 
flavor  and  tenderness,  provided  they  are  grown  in  mel- 
low soil  and  under  high  and  skillfulculture),  they  have 
to  be  grown  below  ground;  hence  the  furrows  are  to  he 
made  a  few  inches  deeper  than  fc.r  jihints  set  for  green 
stalks.  Set  the  plants  in  the  furrnws  nut  less  than  2 
feet  apart,  each  on  a  little  nioun<l  cf  s..il.  spreading  the 


the 


jy  as 


ASPARAGUS  105 

terial  that  will  prevent  the  stalks  from  wilting.  Varia- 
tions in  the  Asparagus  plant  are  due  more  to  differences 
in  culture  and  environment  than  to  those 
characteristic  of  the  variety.  American 
seedsmen  offer  the  following  as  distinct 
varieties  :  Colossal  (Conover's),  Palmetto, 
Mammoth  (Barr's),  Columbian  (Mammoth 
Columbian  White).  The  last  named  is 
perhaps  the  only  one  having  an  undisputed 


A  still  better  plan  wbei;e  Uie  niateri:il  can  be  luid,  is  to 
fill  the  furrows  with  tine  old  compost,  as  the  covering 
above  the  crowns  of  the  plants  can  not  be  made  too 
loose.  It  is  advisable,  and  will  insure  closer  attention 
in  cultivation,  to  grow  some  hoed  crop,  like  beets,  tur- 
nips, cabbage,  beans,  peas,  radishes,  etc.,  between  the 
rows  of  Asparagus  the  first  year.  In  the  fall,  and  every 
fall  thereafter,  cut  the  Asparagus  stalks  close  to  the 
ground  and  remove  them  from  the  patch,  to  avoid  the 
scattering  of  the  seed. 

In  early  spring  of  the  second  year,  the  surface  of  the 
ground  is  to  be  loosened  by  shallow  plowing  or  deep  cul- 
tivating; and  when  the  first  sprouts  appear,  the  rows 
may  be  hilled  up  to  some  extent,  especially  if  blanched 
stalks  are  to  be  grown.  The  wisdom  of" cutting  that 
season  more  than  a  very  few,  if  any,  of  the  shoots  for 
the  table  or  sale  may  well  be  doubted.  Plants  left  intact 
until  the  third  year  will  grow  much  stronger  and  be 
more  productive  afterward.  In  the  absence  of  a  spe- 
cially devised  Asparagtis  knife,  any  ordinary  table  or 
pocket  knife  may  be  used  for  cutting  the  shoots,  or  in 
mellow  soil  the  shoots  may  be  broken  off  at  the  base  with 
the  finger.  In  cutting,  be  very  careful  to  avoid  injury  to 
later  shoots  or  to  the  crown  of  the  plant.  The  third  sea- 
son and  every  year  thereafter  loosen  up  the  ground  as 
directed  for  the  second  season.  The  shoots  are  now  to 
be  cut  indiscriminately  and  clean,  up  to  the  beginning 
of  the  green-pea  season.  After  that,  allow  them  to  grow 
undisturbed,  but  continue  cultivation,  to  keep  the  ground 
surface  mellow  and  free  from  weed  growth.  For  market, 
wash  the  freshly-cut  stalks  and  tie  them  in  neat,  com- 
pact bunches  of  the  size  demanded  by  the  particular 
market,  using  some  bright-colored  ribbon,  or  perhaps 
rubber  bands.    If  to  be  shipped,  especially  for  a  longer 


claim   to  varietal  distinction,  on   account 
of  the  white    color  of  its   young  shoots. 
To  save  the  seed,  strip  the  scarlet  berries 
off  the  ripe  stalks  by  hand,  or  thresh  them 
off  with  a  flail,  put  them  in  a  sound  barrel 
or  tank,  and  mash  them  with  a  wooden 
pounder,  to   separate  the  hard,  black  seeds  from  the 
pulp.    Clean  them  by  washing  in  plenty  of  water,  pour- 
ing off  the  pulp  and  skins  ;  dry  and  store. 

In  the  Atlantic  coast  states,  north  of  Virginia,  the 
Asparagus  rust  (Pucciiiia  Asparagi)  has  often  done  con- 
siderable damage.  Outside  of  that  region  this  fungous 
disease  is  hardly  known.  Burning  the  infected  stalks 
is  recommended.  According  to  the  Massachusetts  Ex- 
periment Station,  "the  best  means  of  controlling  the 
rust  is  by  thorough  cultivation  in  order  to  secure  vig- 
orous plants,  and  in  seasons  of  extreme  dryness  plants 
growing  on  very  dry  soil  with  little  water-retaining 
properties  should,  if  ]i.i-.ililr.  inrive  irrigation."  As- 
paragus anthracnose  li::-  ^i[ii  ur,!  in  a  few  instances. 
Of  insect  enemies.  onl\-  t'.\<i  li:i\  m  thus  far  attacked  As- 
paragus plants  inAnieriiM.  iiaiijily,  the  common  Aspara- 
gus lieetle  [Ciioriris  A.s/,,1  nii/i',  Linn.),  and  the  12- 
spotted  Asparagus  beetle  {C.  IJ-pnnctiita,  Linn.).  The 
following  remedies  are  recommended  :  Chickens  and 
ducks  ;  close  cutting  of  the  young  shoots  in  the  early 
season,  and  the  free  use  of  fresh,  air-slaked  lime  or  of 
arsenites  dusted  on  the  dew-wet  plants  after  the  cut- 
ting period.  Even  with  all  kinds  of  vegetables  in  abun- 
dant supply  and  much  cheaper  than  ever,  there  is  hardly 
any  danger  that  a  superior  article  of  Asparagus  will  go 
begging  for  customers  in  any  of  our  markets,  or  that  the 
grower  of  such  product  could  not  get  several  hundred 
dollars  per  acre  for  his  crop. 

There  are  no  books  of  American  origin  devoted  wholly 
or  chiefly  to  Asparagus  ;  but  all  the  vegetable-garden- 
ing manuals  discuss  it.  t.  Greiner. 


106 


ASPARAGUS 


ASPAKAGUS,  ORNAMENTAL.  LiliAceoe.  The  genus 
Asparagus  comprises  about  150  species,  which  are  widely 
dispersed  in  warm  or  tropical  regions,  being  particularly 
abundant  in  S.  Afr.  The  species  are  of  very  various 
habit.  Some  are  climbers,  some  drooping  or  trailing,  and 
some  erect-bushy.  Many  of  them  are  highly  prized  for 
their  very  graceful  and  fine  foliage.  Some  species  even 
surpass  the  most  delicate  ferns  in  elegance  of  habit  and 
delicacy  of  spray.  The  foliage  is  really  composed  of  leaf- 
like branches  (cladophylla)  rather  than  of  true  Ivs.  (see 
Fig.  151,  and  the  discussion  of  it).  Although  all  are  per- 
ennial, the  sts.  of  some  kinds  annually  die  down  or  cast 
their  Ivs.  With  the  exception  of  A.  verficillatus,  the  fol- 
lowing species  must  be  grown  under  glass,  except  in 


Fla.  and  S.  Calif.  They 
when  propagated  l>y  'ici-cN  n 
duced),but  are  iiKn  iiiulti|ili 
Roots  generally  tuli.  ron^. 
Linn.  Soc.  14  (IST.'i)  :  a.-c.uiii 
G.C.  111.23:122,  147.  ITS. 


of 


Best 
lally  freely  pro- 
II  :ind  cuttings. 
Haker,  Journ. 
.-ies  by  Watson, 


A.  Foliage  ovate. 
medeololdea,  Thunb.  (Myrsiphyllum  asparagoides, 
Willd.).  Smilax  of  florists.  Fig.  152.  Tall,  slender,  gla- 
brous twiner:  chifl.ij.liylla  1  in.  ur  Dnire  long,  thick, 
glossy  green  on  both  ^ul.-,  ^tii.iiL'  ncrv.  .1.  standingedge- 
wise  to  the  branch  :  [N.  sitiL'li-,  Ira^'ranr.  lierries  dark 
green.  S.Afr.  B.M.  ."i.'j.sl.— .Mii.h  i.'r.iwn  liy  florists  for 
use  in  decorations  (see  cultui-.il  notr<  l,rl,.w). 


AA.    Foliage  narroir.  hi 
Sprtngeri,R,i.-.l.   Fi:.-. 


raceme 
54,p.K,'- 
Mn.8:l 
tive  pla 


,l,n„l  plain. 

r-  llcshy,  white: 
I  moping:  Ivs. 
hitish,  in  short 
I.  Natal.  Gn. 
::.  F.E.  9:  sup. 


of 


isy 


efficiently  by  seeds,  which  can  be  pun  lia 
temp,  of  65°  they  germinate  in  4-5  w.  ,  k  ■ 
culture  by  Dammann  &  Co.,  Italy,  in  I.--.111 
their  collector,  Herr  Sprenger.  There 
variety. 
lilcidus,  Lindl.    Climber  :  tubers  IJ^in 


.small,  white,  axillary  :  berries  pink  or  white.  Kin.  in 
diam.  China  and  Japan,  where  the  tubers  are  eaten 
(A.G.  13:78). -Needs  warm  treatment. 

AAA.  Foliage  tilif'inn  <n-  thn  ad-lik:  . 
plam6su8,  Baker.  Fig.  l.'.ri.  ■rall-rlnnliini.',  «  iih  -i.inv 
terete  sts.  (10-15  ft.):  Iiran.-h.-  llatti-h  an. I  -i.r.a.lin- 
horizontally  in  elegant  sjiravs  :  Ivy.  slicrt,  hrii,'lit  tT't-ii, 
in  clusters  :  fls.  white,  comnioulv  solitary  :  berry  black, 
nearly  globular,  1-seeded.  S.Afr.  G.C.  III.  23: 146.- 
One  of  the  most  popular  of  decorative  plants,  the  cut 
strands  holding  their  shape  and  color  for  weeks  ( see  note 
on  culture  below) .  It  is  propagated  by  seeds,  division,  and 
cuttings.    Several  garden  forms.  Var.  ninua,  Hort.,  Fig. 


ASPARAGUS 

plant  or  seeds  being  the  only  methods  that  answer  for  it." 
A. F.  11:1178.  Var.  tenuissimus,  Hort.  {A.  tenuissimus, 
Hort.).     Fig.  150.     Only  partially  climbing,  very  light 


155  (but  not  dwarf,  as  its  name  implies) 
than  the  type,  from  which  it  is  distinguished,  according  to 
Watson, "  by  the  fulness  and  flatness  of  its  fronds,  and  by 
i  t  s  refusal  to  multiply  by  means  of  cuttings,  division  of  the 


green  :  sprays  more  open  and  delicate  than 
the-  typi-,  because  of  the  fewer  and  longer  I 
declinatus.  Hort.,  has  drooping  sprays.  Var. 
llcTt..  lias  forking-tasseled  sprays. 

Comor^nsis,  Hort.  Simil&T  to  A.  pliimosiis  :  more  ro- 
bust, darker  green,  softer  foliage:  berries '  globular. 
G.C.  HI.  23:181.    I. H.  42,  p.  01. 

crfspus.  Lam.  [A.  decumbens,  Jacq.,  and  Hort.).    Tu- 
bers many,  oblong  :  climbing  (2-4  ft.),  the  sts.  fine  or 
almost  hair-like  and  annual,  the  branches  zigzag  :  Ivs. 
numerous,  usually   in  close  pairs,  very  short  (Min.), 
glaucous-green  :    fls.  white,  with  orange  anthers  : 
berrv  large  lV,\r\.  longl.oval,  soft,  brown,  about 
0  seided     ^  Afr     A    defUius.  Hort.,  is  probably 
I  form  of  this  •■pecies 

verticill4tus,  Linn  T.1II  climbing  (10-15  ft.) 
ii  ird>  pi  mt  rootstoe  k  woody  :  sts.  stout  (Kin.  in 
diam  ),  said  to  bt  Kliblt  whtn  young,  but  becom- 
ing wood^ ,  spm^  l\s  in  tufts,  hair-like,  2  in. 
or  less  long  fls  small  b<  rries  red.  Persia,  Si- 
beria 
__  retrofrictUB,   Linn    (4     retrofrdetus    arbbreus, 

X     Hort  )     sts  slendt  r  (4-8  ft  ),  becoming  woody  and 
MJ     irr  i\    St  ar<  ^  1\  ( limlung  zigzag,  spiny,  the  branches 
'iff     wir\     l\s  in  I  lost  ( lustirs,  green,  hair-like,  1-2  in. 
long      fls    white    small    umbellate  :   berry  small, 
111  irlj  globular,  1  s(  edi  d      S   Afr. 

virg4tUB,  Baker    A  bushj ,  branchy  plant  3-6  ft., 
the  bruuthes  iiruhmg  .    Kb.  in  3's,  dark  green,  1 
in.  or  less  long  :  fls.  small,  white:  berries  red,  1-seeded. 
S.  Afr. 

A.  acutifblius,  Linn.  Hardy,  rigid,  5  ft.:  Ivs.  tufted,  hair-like: 
fls.  yellow:  berry  red.  Eu.— ^...^ElAiApicits,  Li 


ASPARAGUS 


Sprengeri :  evergrreen      vs 
Aix.—A.Afn  dn  is  Lam 

tered.  evergreen     S  Af 


rt 

ca  e  w    h     a       p 

p 

cu    p  e    a       e 

Colt   re  o      \ 

mpo    a       f 

sthe    0                on 

fls 

of    ucce         Le 

^ 

lo     esho    d    e 

Jap     A 

an  1  bo    om     T  e 

dy  3f 

s 

ASPARAGUS  107 

0     1  a  so  be  akeu  iu  cutting,  for  many  times  there  will 

e   e        young  growths  a  foot  or  so  high  that  can  be 

edforafu  u  e  string,  and  they  may  be  worse  than  use- 

!3   f    u       Sm    ax  for  planting  in  July  should  be  raised 

)m    eed  sown   n  February.    When  2  or  3  in.  high,  and 

on  ha  a  ter-leaves,  it  should  be  potted  in  2-in. 

hey  should  go  into  3-in.  pots.    It  is  very 

he  first  growth,  which  is  always  weak, 

e        these  3-in.  pots  ;  then,  when  planted 

g  ow  h  in  the  beds  is  strong  enough  to  make 

Never  neglect  tying  up  Smilax  as  soon 

he  p      ed  n     crop  is  cut.    Contrary  to  what  is  the 

ants,  the  hotter  Smilax  is  grown  the 

durable  the  leaves,  providing  it  is  not 

William  Scott. 

Asparagus  plumosus.  — The  first  and 

or  in  the   cultivation  of   Asparagus 

of  the  bed.    To  meet  with  any  degree 

d  must  have  perfect  drainage.    The 

or  30  feet  high,  and  wired  at  the  top 

wires  beneath  are  made  fast  to  each 


154.    Strong 
Asparagus  Sprengeri 


IP       Sm  lax 
q  s  do      d  s 

nmerc  a  Sm  lax     s 

wn  n  o  d  be  unde 
glass,  and  the  tall  growth 
is  tied  to  strings.  These 
strings  are  cut  for  sale. 
Some  growers  do  not  renew 
their  beds  of  Smilax  for  3  or  4  years.  It  is,  doubtless,  the 
most  profitable  to  replant  with  young  stock  every  year. 
Smilax,  like  all  its  family,  is  a  heavy  feeder.  A  heavy 
loam  with  one-flfth  half-rotted  cow-manure  is  the  best 
compost  for  the  bed.  A  light  house  is  not  essentiiil.  The 
middle  of  an  equal-span  house  running  north  and  south 
is  an  ideal  place  for  it,  if  there  is  height  sufficient  to  run 
up  the  strings  7  or  8  feet.  Plant  as  early  as  possible  in 
July.  Many  florists  who  grow  a  few  hundred  strings  of 
Smilax  make  the  mistake  of  putting  them  in  a  coolhouse. 
It  will  grow  in  a  temperature  of  50°,  but  not  profitably: 
60°  at  night,  and  even  C5°,  is  the  right  temperature. 
The  plants  should  be  8  in.  apart  in  the  rows  and  10  in. 
between  rows.  If  not  syringed  frequently,  red  spider 
attacks  the  Smilax  ;  but  there  is  no  excuse  for  that,  as  a 
daily  syringing  is  a  sure  preventive.  When  cutting  the 
strings,  avoid  picking  out  one  here  and  there.    Begin  to 


156.  Asparagus  plumosus. 


side  of  an  iron  trellis  about  8  inches  apart  and  at  the 
top  an  equal  distance  apart,  iu  order  that  the  strings 
may  be  as  nearly  straight  as  possible. 

The  early  growth  of  ^sparai/Hsp/fonosHs.var.  nanus, 
is  very  slow  ;  but  as  soon  as  it  is  transplanted  and  well 
rooted  in  a  rich  soil,  the  growth  is  more  rapid,  the  tender 
shoots  developing  into  a  vine  which  will  be  ready  to  cut 
for  the  market  in  about  a  year.  There  is  great  difiiculty 
in  obtaining  the  seed  of  the  nanus.  In  a  whole  house, 
there  may  be  only  a  few  seed-bearing  strings.  After 
being  picked,  the  berries  are  allowed  to  dry  for  a  month, 
and  are  then  ready  for  planting.  A  good,  rich  soil,  cov- 
ered witli  a  thin  tilm  of  sand,  serves  very  well  to  start 
them.  'I'Ih-  tiin|Mi-ature  should  be  about  65°,  and  as 
nearly  ...ii-taiit  as  possible.  When  the  plant  is  well 
rootcil  it  is  ri-iiioved  to  a  deeper  soil  or  potted  in  3- 
or  4  inch  pots  and  placed  on  a  bench.  Here  it  remains 
a  \  ear,  and  is  then  placed  in  the  bed. 

Up  to  this  time  a  small  amount  of  labor  suffices  to  keep 
the  plant  growing  in  a  healthy  condition  ;  but  from  now 
on  gieat  care  must  be  taken  and  much  labor  expended 
;  the  best  crop.    The  bed  into  which 
the  young  plant  is  set  should  be  carefully  laid 
with  rocks  at  the  bottom,  so  the   water  can 
escape  freely.    Over  this  place  two  or  three 
feet   of    soil,    manure,    and 
dead  leaves.  It  is  but  a  short 
time  now  that  the  roots  have 
room  to  expand  before  the 
shoots  appearabove  the  trel- 
lis, and  the  stringing  begins. 
Strong  linen  thread  is  used 
for  strings. 

The  first  crop  will  not  be 
ready  to  cut  before  the  end 
of  the  second  year  ;  that  is, 
from  the  time  the  seed  is 

cut  at  one  end  of  the  bed  and,  as  much  as  possible,  clear  planted.  As  soon  as  this  crop  is  exhausted,  new  strings 
off  all  the  strings,  because  when  denuded  of  so  much  are  put  in  place  of  the  old,  and  another  crop  is  started, 
growth  the  fleshy  roots  are  liable  to  rot  if  over-watered;  This  goes  on  year  after  year.  Now  that  the  plant  has 
little  water  is  needed  till  young  growth  starts.     Care       gotten  its  growth,  it  is  more  hardy,  and  is  constantly 


108 


ASPARAGUS 


sending:  up  new  shoots.  If  the  bed  is  well  made  in  the 
beginning,  the  Asparagus  need  not  be  disturbed  for  eight 
or  ten  years.  However,  at  the  end  of  that  time  it  is  well 
to  take  the  plants  up  and  fill  the  beds  with  fresh  soil 
and  manure. 

In  the  spring,  when  the  sun  gets  high,  the  Asparagus 
houses  are  shaded  with  a  light  coating  of  white  lead, 
whiting  and  kerosene  oil.  This  is  absolutely  necessary, 
as  the  summer  sun  would  in  a  very  short  time  burn  the 
tops  of  the  vine.  The  vine  flowers  in  the  fall,  and  only 
on  strings  that  have  been  matured  si.x  months  or  more. 

The  vine  alone  is  not  the  only  source  of  profit.  When 
the  plant  is  a  year  old,  a  few  of  the  most  nearly  perfect 
sprays  may  be  taken  without  injuring  its  growth.  These 
are  very  desirable  in  the  market.  There  is,  of  course, 
some  waste  in  working  up  the  Asparai/ns  to  be  sliiffed, 
but,  on  the  whole,  it  is  very  slight.  '1'Im-  .iiil.  r.  m  lonns 
in  which  it  is  sold  utilize  by  far  the  i;i  •  .it.r  vmr  df  it. 

Insects  destroy  the  shoots  and  sprats.  'Vin-i  is  pre- 
vented to  a  great  extent  by  insect  powder.  The  cut- 
worms do  the  most  damage.  About  the  only  way  to  get 
rid  of  them  is  to  pick  them  off  the  strings  during  the 
night,  as  they  generally  seek  shelter  under  the  thick 
clusters  of  the  plant  at  daylight.  There  are  many  draw- 
backs ingrowing  Asparagus,  among  which  are  expensive 
houses,  the  slow  growth  of  the  plants  (which  makes  it 
necessary  to  wait  at  least  two  years  before  receiving 
any  return  from  the  expenditure),  injury  from  insects, 
and  the  great  amount  of  labor  involvi-il  in  looking  after 
the  houses.  Wilmam  H.   Elliott. 

ASPASIA  lGn-,-k  p,rso„al  nam,-,  of  litrl,-  -i:.-nitic.ince 

here).    "-■  /-.'./M. . .' ,  f  i  i'"'  I',;,,-;. .. 


1  spreading  : 
it  the  base  of 
semi-terete  : 
.    The  genus 


.U  streaked  with 
lut-purple.  Pan- 
Oakes  Ajies. 


lateral  v.  ; ,  ,  , 

the    petal-  ,      

poUinia^.  i;m!,i  i,i  lu  In  p.  \ 
is  closely  allied  to  Udouto-i-  - 
epidendroldea, Lindl.  Lv^  in 
"with  about  4  fls. ;  erect:  M-j-al- 
brown  ;  labellum  white,  duttud 
ama  and  Colombia. 

ASPEN.   See  Populus. 

ASF£R£LLA  (diminutive  of  asper,  rough).  Syn.,  As- 
in-'Ua.  druiiihitw.  Perennial  grasses,  with  looser  and 
nion-  nI.  tide  r  terminal  spikes  than  Elymus.  Spikelets 
u-^ii:ii!y  ill  pairs,  on  short  pedicels,  empty  glumes  wanting 
or  appearing  as  simple  rudiments  in  the  lowest  spikelets 
of  each  spike.  Species4.  N.Amer.,  Siberia,  New  Zeal. 

H^strix,  Humb.  Bottle -brush  Grass.  Spikelets 
stand  out  at  right  angles,  suggesting  brushes  used  for 
cleaning  bottles.  A  native  grass,  growing  in  woodlands 
and  on  the  borders  of  thickets  ;  sometimes  used  for 
lawn  decoration.  p.  q_  Kexxedt. 

ASPfiRULA  (roughish  ;  referring  to  Ivs.).  RuMAcece, 
Mostly  .hvaii.  liardy  herbs,  for  borders,  rockeries  and 
-111  Iv  ].laca^.  with  square  stems,  whorled  Ivs.  (some  of 
111.'  I\~,  an-  r.ally  stipules),  and  many  small,  4-parted 

IN.,  iirociu I  freely  from  May  to  July.    The  commonest 

species  is  A.  odi'mln.  tli.-  Waldmeister  of  the  Germans, 
which  is  used  in  tli.  ir  Maitrank,  or  May  wine,  and  in 
summer  drinks.  Tlir  .In.  .1  Ivs.  have  a  hay-like  fra- 
grance, lasting  for  year--,  and  are  often  kept  with 
clothes.  The  plant  occasionally  escapes  from  gardens. 
A.  hexapJiylla,  with  its  delicate,  misty  spray,  is  used 
with  sweet  peas  and  other  cut-flowers  that  are  inclined 
to  look  lumpy.  Other  plants  for  this  purpose  are  Gyp- 
sophila  paniculrrf-r .  ,</■'.•..   h.t:fni;fi,  and  several  Gali- 

ums,  all  of  whicli  I-  i'  ■-  ~i t,  -^uudant  fis.  in  very  loose 

panicles  on  loii-.  ,  ,   .        ..     in  half -.shaded  and 

moist  soil,  Aspi  r  ,  ,    luxuriantly  until  late 

fall.  In  dry  and  Mninv  jii  i- .- 1 1,,  y  soon  becomestunted, 
and  die  down  before  the  season  is  over.  Prop,  by  divi- 
sion and  by  seeds. 

A.  Plants  perennial :  fls.  while. 
E.  Corollas  4-lobed. 

odOT&ta,  Linn.  Sweet  WooDRtTFF.  Fig.  157.  Habit 
erect  or  ascending  :  height  6-8  in.  :  Ivs.  usually  in 
whorls  of  8,  lanceolate,  tinely  toothed  or  roughish  at  the 


ASPHODELINE 

margin  ;  corollas  campanulate  :  seeds  rough.  Eu.  and 
Orient.  — Increases  rapidlv,  and  is  used  for  carpeting 
shady  places,  and  for  edgmgs. 

hexaphylla.  All.  Plant-stem  glabrous  :  habit  ascend- 
ing, slender  :  height  1-2  ft. :  Ivs.  m  whorls  of  6,  linear, 
acute,  rough  :  corollas  tubular-funnel  shaped  ;  panicles 


^^ 


N.  1:12-1. 
ASPHODEL, 


157.  Asperula  odorata. 


very  loose  :  fls.  larger  than  the  bracts  :  seeds  smooth. 
Italy,  Hungary,  Pyrenees  on  high  passes  and  dry  mt. 
sides.  — Well  grown  specimens  may  be  3  ft.  in  diam.  and 
nearly  as  high. 

BB.   Corollas  often  3-lobed. 
tinctdria,  Linn.    Over's  Woodruff.    Habit  procum- 
bent  unless    supported  :    height   1-2    ft. :    Ivs.  linear ; 
lower  ones  in  6's,  middle  ones  in  4's,  uppermost  ones  in 
2"s  :  bracts  ovate  :  fls.  reddish  on  outside  :  roots  large, 
creeping  widely,  reddish.    Dry  hills  and  rocks  of  Eu. 
AA.  Plants  annual :  fls.  blue. 
orientilis,  Boiss.  &  Hohen.    (A.aziirea  and  A.  setdsa, 
Jaub.  &  Spach.    A.  asurea-setosa  and.^^.  setosa-azurea, 
Hort.).    Height  1   ft.:    Ivs.  in  whorls  of  8,  lanceolate, 
bristly  :    fls.  longer  than  the  bracts.    Eu.  and  Orient. 
J.  B.  Keller  and  W.  M. 
See  Asphodeline  and  Asphodelus. 

ASPHODELlIirE  (name  modified  from  Asphodelus). 
Ziliitcece.  Hardy  herbaceous  plants,  distinguished  from 
Asphodelus  by  their  erect  and  leafy  sts.  They  have 
long  racemes  of  yellow  or  white  fls.  in  June  and  July. 
All  the  older  species  were  described  under  Asphodelus. 
In  1830,  Relchenbach  made  the  new  genus  Asphodeline 
for  A.  Ititea  and  others.  The  only  species  advertised  in 
America  is  A.  luteus,  but  all  those  described  below  are 
likely  to  be  in  cult.  Monog.  by  J.  G.  Baker  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soo.  15:  273-278  (1877).  ^.  jj. 

The  culture  of  Asphodeline  lutea  is  simple.    Any  soil 

will  suit.    Partial  shade  is  allowable,  but  fls.  are  often 

better  in  the  sun.    Prop,  readily  by  division. 

A.    Stems  leafy  up  to  the  raceme. 

B.    Fls.  yellow. 

mtea,  Beichb.  (Asphddelus  luteus,  Linn.).  True  As- 
phodel of  the  ancients,  or  King's  Spear.  Height  2-4 
ft.:  roots  thick,  fleshy,  stoloniferous:  Ivs.  3-12  in.  long: 
margins  rough:  racemes  6-1 8  in.  long,  3  in.  wide :  bracts 
large,  membraneous,  persistent.  Italy,  Mauritania  and 
Algeria  toTauriaandArabia.  B.M.  773.  L.B.C.  12:1102 
as  A.  Tauricus . —The  best  species. 
BB.    Fls.  white. 

TatUica,  Kunth.  Height  1-2  ft. :  roots  slender  :  Ivs. 
.3-9  in.  long;  margins  membranaceous :  raceme  6-12  in. 
long,  lK-2  in.  wide:  bracts  9-12  lines  long.  Caucasus, 
Tauria,  Syria,  Asia  Minor,  Greece.   G.C.  III.  21: 175. 

AA.    Stems  leafy  only  a  third  or  half  the  way  to  the 


B.    Fls.  white:  ra< 
globlfera,  J.  Gay.    Height  2-: 
Cappadocia. 


'  den 


capsule  globose 


ASPHODELINE 

BB.    Fls.  yellow  ;   raceme  lux. 

c     Bracts  large,  e-lS  lines  long,  long-cuspidate. 

tenMor,  Ledeb.    Height  1  ft.    Caucasus,  Arraen.,  N 

Persia.    B.M.  2626.— Smaller  tbau  A.  liitens,  with  tiner 

Iv.s.  ami  smaller,  fewer  and   paler  fls.     Especially  di» 

tinsiui-lii'.l  l)v  the  stalk  beiug  naked  at  the  upper  part 

hclow   ill.-  r;i.-i.iiie  of   fls.,  and  the   bracts  as   short  as 

or  -.li.iiT.  r  than  the  peduncle. 

cr.    />ni:fs  .oti'ill,  lM-3  lines  long,  short-cuspidate. 

Libumica,    Reichb.    [A.    CrHica,  Vis.,  not   Boiss  ) 

Height  1-2  ft.    Greece,  Crete,  Dalmatia,  Austria,  Italy, 

not  Asia  Minor.    L.B.C.  10:  915  as  A.  Cretica. 

brevicatilis,  J.  Gay  (A.  Critica,  Boiss.,  not  Vis.).    St 
often  flexuose,  that  of  all  the  others  here  described  being 
erect  and  strict.   Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Palestine,  Egypt 
AAA.    Stems  leafy  only  at  the  base:   fls.  white:  raceme*- 
dense. 
B.   Racemes  usually  simple. 
c.    Stems  having  leaf-scales  :  height  s  fi. 
imperi&lia,  Siehe.     Tallest  species  of  the  genus  :  fls 
large,  reddish  white.   Cappadocia.    G.C.  HI.  22 :  397. 
cc.    Stems  not  having  leaf-scales  :  height  l^i-S  ft. 
DamascSna,  Baker.   Height  1^-2  ft.:  bracts  membra 
naceous,  lanceolate,  the   lowest  9-12  lines  long.     Mt 
Lebanon. 

BaUnsae,  J.  Gay.    Height  2  ft. :   bracts  scarious,  6-9 
lines  long.    Cilicia.    Gt.  46,  p.  521.    G.C.  III.  23:  111. 
EB.    Bacemes  much  panicleci. 
isthmocarpa.   Gay.     Height   2   ft.    Cilicia.     G.C.  Ill 


W.  M 


ASPIDISTRA 


109 


BB     Scape  shoit,  almost  uanitng 

acaaiis    Desf      Lvs    6-20    in  a  dense  rosette   3-4  in 

long  minuteh  pubescent    fls  b-20,  in  a  crowded  co>ymb 

segments  of  perianth  2-3  lines  wide     Algiers     B  M  7004 

AA     Plaiitannual     leau  ^  cyhmlni  at   hollou 

hstulbsus  1  mil    111  i_ht  II -.iiiii     hs  i_     ii  m  t dense 

rosette    ti-lJ   in    I   ii_      tiiii       i«llil        -I  0  i    us      seg 

meutsotiiiiintlil-.ini       \m  I      lin    l«itli|iiik    buds 

pmk    fls  piiikisli      tiin       mil    itu_ilt    s.^,,,  ^-rabia 

andAfghmistin    B  M  'Is4    L  B  (.    U  11J4  -  \eedspro 

tection  under  gliss  in  muter    It  remo\ed  earh  in  autumn 

to  a  greenhouse  it  mi\  lie  induced  to  seed  tieeh 

A  (;r(ficwT  =  \sphodehne  1  iburnini  —  4  ^i^fKS  =  \sphodel 
ine  hiteus  —  1  1  lUaisii  \  erl  is  i  torm  of  A  rimosus  from 
E  FruKe  with  long  dense  racemes  and  dirk  brown  bracts 
Nil,  ^  ji 

~  lLSPI'DtST'RA{(jrreek,a small, lound shield  referring 
probabh  to  the  shape  of  the  stignid)  Liliheefe  A 
popular  florists  plant  grown  for  its  stiff  shming,  beau 
tif ul  foliage  and  still  aioi  e  interesting  for  its  i  emarkable 
fls  ,  which  ire  inconspicuous  liec  uis(  home  close  to  the 
ground  The  i  isn  \\  ,  \  ,  ,  v.  r  iif  r  ii  j  p.  t  that  Aspi 
distra  lb  1  lili  I  n  |i  1  II  I  1  t  111  11  in  mono 
cot-sledons    nip  n  1  I       _   im      \spidis 

tra  is  consul   i     1     I  i  i    i    ii  _  its  parts 

in   4  s      Till      t   II  nil    11  1  1  1   li    1      hi  re  con 


upoi 


1  I  tiimerous  st  ite  -mil 
hi  the  trinierous  stite 
ptional  reversion  in  A 
erous  state  is  thought  to  b 


ibed 


Uly  1  ke  fl  wer 
and  hrm  1  neir  i 
Perianth  funnel 
oblong  ligulate 
distinct  nerve   u 
ascend  ng    Th 


t  1       \   il     lei  meal  ws  of  tie 

ill  11    des  of  heroes    on 

t,  I        H    1        The  \  vhodel  in 

(_  re  k  11  wa     the    peculiar 

flower  of  the  dead  It  ha  ilwavs  been  a 
common  wee  i  in  (  reece  and  t  palhd  yel 
low  flower  ire  a  sociate  1  with  de  ert  places 
and  tomb  The  word  daffodil  i  a  corrup 
tion  of  \si  ho  lei  The  Asphodel  of  the  early 
Engli  h  ai  d  French  poets  is  Narcissus 
Pbe  ilo  I  SI  T  f  Baker  m  his  re 
vision  of  the  gen  T  I   i  i     'soc    1 

268-'  2  (18     )    1   t        4       I  t      rl 

botanists  to  A  11  | 

makes  three  sub  i  II  \ 

distinct    for  hort      1        111 
They  aie  the  ones  hrst  de  cril  e  1 1  elow    A 
A    alb  s  aie  the  only  current  traie  names 
Culture  simple    see  Atphodel  i  e 

A.   Plant  perennial :   Ivs.S-angled. 

B.   Scape  long. 

c.  Racemes  simple  or  sparingly  branched. 

&lbus,  Miller,  not  Willd.  Branching  Asphodel. 
Bracts  buff  colored  when  young  :  filaments  deltoid  at 
the  base  :  capsules  medium-sized.  5-6  lines  long,  sub- 
globular  or  ellipsoid.    Southern  Eu. 

ceraslfenis,  J.  Gay.     Bracts   pale  yellow  :    filaments 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  but  rapidly  becoming  awl- 
shaped  :  capsule  large,  8-10  lines  thick,  flatfish  globu- 
lar, umbilicate.   Western  Mediterranean  region, 
cc.    Racemes  much  branched  or  panicled. 

microc&rpus.  Vis.  (A .  a-sfi nis,  Brot.) .  Bracts  pale  yel- 
low at  first:  filaments  4-angled  at  the  base:  capsule  small, 
3-4  lines  long.obovoid-globose.  Mediterranean, Canaries. 


158.  Aspidistra  lurida 

are  rented  for  the  temporary  decoration  of  public  halls, 
Aspidistra  lurida  is  one  of  the  greatest  favorites,  as  it 
stands  much  abuse,  such  as  dust,  dry  air,  and  lack  of 
water  and  light.  It  is.  however,  naturally  fond  of  wa- 
ter, and  grows  freely  on  the  margins  of  ponds  or  streams, 
especially  south.  In  rich  soil  the  variegation  often  dis- 
appears altogether  until  the  plants  begin  to  starve,  hence 
a  compost  of  nearly  half  sand  is  desirable.  The  best 
method  of  propagation  is  by  means  of  division  in  spring, 
before  active  growth  begins,  as  the  young  leaves  are  not 
then  disfigured. 

liirida,  Ker-Gawl.   Fig.  158.   Lvs.  15-20  in.  long,  stiff, 
evergreen,  oblong-lanceolate,    sharp-pointed,    radical ; 


110 


ASPIDISTRA 


blade  narrowed  into  a  channeled  petiole  a  third  of  its 
length:  fls.  lurid  purple,  on  short  1-fld.  scapes;  perianth 
segments  8  ;  stamens  8  ;  stigma  broadly  shield-shaped, 
like  a  small  mushroom.  China. — The  variegated  form 
is  more  commonly  grown,  the  alternation  of  the  green 
and  white  stripes  being  singularly  beautiful.  No  two 
Ivs.  are  exactly  alike.  e.  O.  Orpet  and  W.  M. 

ASPlDIUM.    See  Dryopteris  ami  Poli/stichnni. 

ASPLENfiNDEIUM.    See  Thamnopteris. 

ASPLfiNIUM  (Greek,  not  the  spleen;  referring  to  sup- 
posed medicinal  properties).  Polijpodiilcete.  A  large, 
widely  distributed  genus  of  ferns,  containing  some  200 
species.  Easily  distinguished  by  the  free  veins,  and  by 
the  elongated  sori  covered  by  an  indusium,  which  nor- 
mally is  attached  to  one  side  of  a  vein. 

Aspleniums  enjoy  an  abundance  of  moisture  at  the 
roots,  but  they  will  turn  brown  in  the  winter  months  in 
an  excessively  moist  atmosphere.  They  should  be  kept 
in  a  very  lightly  shaded  position.  A  good  potting  ma- 
terial consists  of  equal  parts  of  rich  soil  and  leaf -mold  or 
peat.  The  following  are  some  of  the  most  useful  com- 
mercial kinds  :  A.  Belangeri,  height  2Kft.;  A.  bulbif- 
erum,  2  ft. ;  A.  laxum,  whi^h  grows  quickly  into  a 
handsome  specimen  iiboiit  2(i  in.  hitrh.  and  seems  to 
stand  the  hot,  ili\   Am.  j  ir:in  ^uinin.  i  -  ii.  tter  than  other 

species;    A.  .v.j/'    <         i      I  /iim,  which  is 

dwarf,  compact .  \>  :  i     :  ;       :         i .  t  i-asily  propa- 

gated. For  ham;ii:-  l.:i-!,- '-,  I  '  ■  -  "'r/zMsbest.  The 
foregoing  species  ami  i.tlu-r?.  i.f  like  lialiit  develop  small 
plantlets  on  the  surface  and  edge  of  pinnse.  As  soon  as 
these  are  sufficiently  strong,  they  may  be  detached,  with 
a  small  piece  of  old  pinnie,  and  pricked  into  shallow  pans, 
the  older  part  being  placed  below  ground  to  hold  the 
young  plant  flnnly  in  position  until  roots  have  formed. 
The  best  soil  for  this  purpose  is  composed  of  equal  parts 
of  fresh  garden  soil, leaf -mold  or  fine  peat, and  sand.  Plant 
very  firmly,  and  place  in  a  shady,  moderately  moist  and 
close  position,  where  in  10 to  15  days  they  willmake  roots. 
The  foregoing  ones  do  best  in  a  temperature  of  50°  F. 
A.  cicutarium  is  easily  gro^vn  from  spores,  and  is  very 
useful  for  fern  dishes.  Nichol  N.  Bri-ckner. 

Alphabetical  list  of  species  described  below  :  A.  Adi- 
antum-nigrum,  14  ;  affine,  13  ;  angustifolium,  10  ;  Bap- 
tistii,  12;  Belangeri.  2ri :  hulbifpnini.  18:  cicutarium,  20  ; 
cuneatiiiti ,  Ti :  rhff,.--',/- .  "^ :   i  lu  ii.>i')i  ^.  ):   Filix-fcemina, 

25;  fw  II ' I'.     I-,,-:-';-     ' : :  •    ••iiHisum,  9;  fra- 

grans.  lii,   li  i  i-         iihyUum,  19; 

nobili.^.  -\  .  .:,_.,  .  _' ;  parvulum, 7; 

pinnatiliiliiiii.,:;  i.:,,i  wm_  .m.u.  ?  ,  jlii.:-i.!;\  llum.l9;  rutffi- 
folium,  22;  salicifoliiini,  II;  sfrratuni,  1  ;  spinulosum, 
27;  thelypteroides,26;  Trichomanes,  6 ;  viride,  5;  vivip- 
arum,  24.  The  following  are  native  and  hardy  :  Nos. 
3,  5,  6,  7,  10,  25,  26. 

A.    Sori  Hi 

B.   Zf.  simple,  with  a  serrate  margin. 

1.  serritum,  Linn.  Lf.  1-3  ft.  long,  on  a  very  short 
stipe,  2—4  in.  wide,  gradually  narrowed  below:  sori  1  in. 
or  more  long.    Fla.  to  Brazil. 

BB.   Lf.  lobed  or  pinnaiifid. 

2.  Hemionitis,  Linn.  (A.  palmcLtum,  Lam.).  Lf.  4-6 
in.  each  way,  hastate,  with  a  triangular  terminal  lobe  and 
two  lateral  ones,  and  a  large,  rounded  sinus  at  the  base: 
sori  often  over  1  in.  in  length.  Spain,  Canary  Islands. 
S.  1:586. 

3.  pinnatifidum,  Nutt.  Lvs.  clustered,  from  a  short 
rootstock,  3-9  in.  long,  with  mostly  rounded  lobes  at  the 
base  and  terminating  in  a  slender  point ;  texture  thick, 
herbaceous  ;  occasionally  rooting  at  the  tip.    Pa.  to  Ala. 


R.  Scott.  Texture  thin  :  lvs.  5-10  in. 
long,  with  a  few  irregular  divisions  near  the  base,  and 
a  long,  slender,  much-incised  apical  portion,  occasionally 
rooting  at  the  apex.   A  very  rare  native  species. 


ASPLENIUJI 

BBB.    Lvs.  once  pinnate. 

c.   Pinnae  less  than  %in.  long,  blunt. 

D.   Rachises  greenish. 

5.  viride,  Huds.  Lvs.  3-8  in.  long,  scarcely  more  than 
Min.  wide,  with  numerous  rather  distant  Ifts.,  which  are 
ovate  and  deeply  crenate  :  sori  abundant,  oblique.  A 
subalpine  species  of  N.  Eu.  and  N.  Amer.    S.  1:661. 

DD.    Bacliises  purplish  or  blackish. 

6.  TrichAmanes,  Linn.  Lvs.  densely  clustered,  3-8  in. 
long,  14  in.  wide,  with  densely  crowded  oval  leaflets, 
which  are  slightly  crenate  on  the 

upper  side  and  suddenly  narrowed 
at  the  base.  Northern  hemis- 
phere generally.  A.  G.  1892:653. 
S.  1 :  653. 

7.  p&rvulum,  Mart.  &  Galeotti 
Leaf  5-9  in.  long,  with  20-30  pairs 
of  mostly  opposite  Ifts., which  are 
li-Va  in.  long,  rounded  at  the 
outer  margin  and  squarely  trun 
cateatthebase.  South-  -, 
em  states  and  Mex. 

CO.    Pinna!    %-l    inch  K 

long,  with  a  strong         ^    > 
auricle  at  the  up-         ^ 
per  side  of  the  base 
or   deeply  incised 
on  the  upper  mar- 
gin. 
8.  platynetiron,  Oakes 
(A.      ebenfum.     Ait.). 
Lvs.  6-15  in.  long,  with 
30-35    pairs     of     Ifts. 
which  have  an  enlarged 
auricle    at    the    upper 
side   at   the   base,  the 
lower  Ifts.  reduced   to 
mere  triangular    auri- 
cles :    sori.  when   ma- 
ture, covering  the  en- 
tire surface.  Canada  to 
S.Amer.  A. G. 1892:654. 
S.  1:535. 

9.  formdsum,   Willd. 
Lvs.    12-16    in.     long, 
with   numerous    alter- 
nate pinnsB  which  are  mostly  deflexed,  with  the  upper 
margin  deeply  incised  and  the  lower  margin  toothed  : 
sori  3-5  to  each  1ft.    Trop.  Amer.    8.1:576. 

ccc.    Pinna  3-e  in.  long,  linear  or  lanceolate. 

10.  angUBtiidlium,  Michx.  Lvs.  18-24  in.  long  on  stout 
stalks,  4-6  in.  wide,  with  20-30  pairs  of  nearly  sessile 
pinncB,  which  are  truncate  at  the  base  and  extend  to  a 
tapering  point ;  fertile  pinnse  narrower  and  more  dis- 
tant.   Moist  woods  northward.    S.  1:496. 

11.  salicifdlium,  Linn.  Lvs.  12-18  in.  long,  with  about 
20  distinctly  stalked  horizontal  pinnte,  which  are  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  and  curve  upward  to  a  long  point  : 
sori  strongly  oblique  to  the  midrib,  wide  apart,  not 
reaching  either  margin  or  midrib.    W.  Ind.  to  Braz. 

BBBB.    Lvs.  3-4  pinnate, 
c.    Ultimate  divisions  tin 
somewhat  fan-shaj 

12.  B&ptistii,  Moore.  Leaf  bipinnate,  with  broadly 
ovate  pinnsB  5  in.  or  more  long,  each  with  about  4  stipi- 
tate  linear  toothed  pinnules  ;  sori  nearly  parallel  with 
the  midvein  and  close  to  it ;  rachises  scaly,  with  pur- 
plish lined  scales.    South  Sea  Islands. 

13.  affine,  Swz.  Leaf  9-18  In.  long,  with  numerous 
pinnae  on  either  side,  the  lower  ovate  deltoid,  the  upper 
lanceolate  ;  pinnules  incised  :  sori  linear.  Mauritius 
and  Ceylon  to  E.  Ind. 

14.  Adi&ntam-nlgTum,  Linn.  Stalks  brownish,  lvs.  3- 
pinnatifid  from  winged  rachises,  triangular,  5-9  in.  long; 
ultimate  divisions  ovate,  sharplv  incised  and  serrate  on 
both  sides.   Old  World  generally.    S.  1:  486. 


159.    Asplenium  rhizophyllum. 


ASPLENIUM 

15.  cnneitam,  Lam.  Lvs.  12-16  in.  long,  4-6  in.  wide, 
tripinnate  below,  the  ultimate  divisions  broadly  obtuse 
above  and  strongly  cuneate  below  ;  sori  linear,  usually 
long  for  the  size  of  the  segments.  Trop.  regions 
generally. 

16.  fr^grans,  Swartz  {A.  fceniculdceitm.  Kunth.). 
Lvs.  2-3-pinnate  ;  ultimate  segments  lanceolate,  sharp- 
serrate  above  ;  veins  simple  or  the  lowest  forked  :  sori 
oblong,  extending  from  midrib  to  near  base  of  the  lobes : 
petiole  brownish,  rachis  flattened.   W.  Ind.    8.1:577. 

cc.    Ultimate  division  rhombic,  sharply  spiniilose  : 
texture  herbaceous. 

17.  fontinum,  Bernh.  Growing  in  dense  clusters  : 
lvs.  3-e  in.  long.  1  in.  or  more  wide,  2-pinnate;  segments 
with  2-5  spinulose  teeth  which  are  widely  divergent : 
sori  at  maturity  covering  nearly  the  entire  surface  of 
the  segments.  Eng.  and  Spain  to  the  Himalayas.  S. 
1 :  574. 

ccc.    Ultimate  divisions  longer,  not  spinulose  :  texture 
membranous  or  herbaceous, 

18.  bulbiIerum,Forst.  (.4.MiK»i,Hort.).  Lvs.  l-l^ft. 
long,  6-8  in.  wide,  3-pinnatifid  ;  pinnffi  tapering  to  a 
slender  toothed  point  :  often  bearing  bulbs  from  which 
new  plants  originate  while  still  attached  to  the  leaf. 
Afr.  and  Australasia.    8.1:508. 

19.  rhizophyUum,  Kunze  {A.  myriophyllum,  Presl.). 
Fig.  159.  Growing  in  extensive  tufts,  with  grayish 
brown  stalks  and  rachises  :  lvs.  6-15  in.  long,  3-pinnate 
or  4-pinnatifid,  the  ultimate  segments  frequently  deeply 
2-lobed  with  a  single  sorus  to  each  division.  Fla.  to  8. 
Amer. 

20.  cicutirium,  8wz.  Lvs.  3-pinnatifld  with  a  winged 
rachis,  8-18  in.  long  ;  pinnules  ovate,  with  5-7  narrow 
divisions,  each  bearing  a  single  sorus  ;  texture  thin, 
membranous.    Trop.  Amer.,  rare  in  Fla. 


ASTER  111 

forked  :    plant  often  bulb-bearing,  like  A.  bulbiferum. 
Mauritius   and  Bourbon.     Cult,  under  various    names. 
S.  1:662.    A.  ndbitis,  Hort.,  is  a  garden  variety. 
AAA.    Sori  more  or  less  curvec 


25.  Filiz-ioemina,  Bernh.  Lvs.  18  in.  to  3  ft.,  broadly 
ovate-oblong,  bipinnate  ;  pinnje  4-8  in.  long,  lanceolate, 
with  numerous  more  or  less  pinnately  incised  or  serrate 
segments.  Eu.  and  N.  Amer.— Very  variable,  e.specially 
in  cult.    Schneider  describes  56  varieties. 

26.  thelypteroides,  Michx.  Lvs.  1-2  ft.  long,  on  long, 
straw-colored  stalks  :  6-12  in.  wide,  2-pinnatifid,  with 
linear-lanceolate   pinnae  ;    segments     crowded,   oblong, 

jtely  toothed  :    sori   10-12  to  each  segment.    Rich 


the( 


stern  V. 


27.  spinuldsum,  Bakir.  Lv-.  <j-]-^  in.  each  way,  del- 
toid, 3-l-pinnatifid,  with  ',i-lj  liMiiM-  c.n  either  side,  the 
lowest  much  the  lartrt->t  ;  !.r-i]ii-iits  short  and  sharply 
toothed.    China  and  Jap. 

Supp    m  n    ry  i 

«    n    H  rt     Hab         i    a  b 


Dpi 


A     bi 


B.    Zivs.  bipinnaiifid,  less  than  a  foot  long. 

21.  obtusllobum,  Hook.  Lvs.  4-7  in.  long,  2  in.  wide 
or  less,  with  about  10  pinn«p,  which  are  made  up  of  5-7 
narrow  segments  bearing  occasional  sori  on  the  outer 
margin  of  the  segments.  New  Hebrides  and  Fiji  Isls. 
S.  1:624. 

BB.    I/vs.  S-pinnate  or  3-pinnatifid,  over  a  foot  long. 
c.    Pinnw  short,  with  close  segments. 

22.  rutaefdlium,  Kunze.  Lvs.  13-15  in.  long,  with  12-20 
pinnfB  on  each  side,  each  with  7-11  narrow  segments, 

2  or  3  of  the  lower  ones  2-fld.  or  rarely  3-fld.  S.  Afr., 
Ind.  and  Jap. 

23.  Belang;eri,  Kunze.    Fig.  160.    Lvs.  15-18  in.  long, 

3  in.  wide,  with  numerous  horizontal  pinnae  on  each  side, 
cut  into  about  12  segments  on  either  side,  which  are  set 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  rachis  ;  the  lower  basal 
segment  often  forked.    E.  Ind. 


cc.    Pinnw  longer,  with  scattered  narrowly  linear 

segments. 
24.  viviparum,  Presl.    Lvs.  15-24  in.  long,  6-8  in.  wide 
n  rather  short  stalks  with  pinnatifld  pinnules  and  ulti 
late  segments,  which  are  narrowly  linear   and  ofter 


L  M   Underwood 


asfb£lla 


ASTEB  (n  star).  Compdsitm.  Aster.  Starwoet. 
MlCH.^LMAS  Daisy.  A  large  temperate-zone  genus  of 
attractive  but  botanically-confused 
herbs,  particularly  abundant  in  N. 
Amer.  The  genus  is  characterized 
by  numerous  flattish  rays  (white, 
blue,  red,  or  purple) ,  slender  style 
appendages,  compressed  several- 
nerved  akenes,  and  an  involucre  ' 
with  unequal  bracts  in  few  or  sev- 
eral rows,  the  pappus  simple,  soft, 
and  abundant  (Fig.  161).  Leafy- 
stemmed,  mostly  blooming  in  the 
autumn.  Some  of  the  species  are 
annual,  but  those  in  cult,  are  per- 
ennial (or  rarely  biennial).  All  are 
easy  of  cultivation  in  ordinary  soil 
and  exposures,  and  are  among  the 
best  plants  for  the  hardy  border 
or  for  naturalizing  in  the  freer 
parts  of  the  grounds.  They  grow 
readily  from  seeds,  but  are  gen- 
erally prop  by  division  of  the  „  ^  ^^^^ 
clumps.  Cahmeris  and  Linosyris  c,  stamens ;  d,  styles, 
are  kept  distinct  in  this  book. 

A.  Old  World  Ast,:,:-<.  s.<„i.  f,f  them  old  garden  plants, 
and  ,~m;,..  ,rh„t  inndified  by  cult. 

B.    Stems  siM/ilr  :ni.l  sr„,„  -like,  bearing  a  single  fl. 

alpinus,  Liun.  Lvs.  entire  and  spatulate,  forming  a 
cluster  on  the  ground,  those  on  the  stem  small  and 
linear  :  st.  3-10  in.,  bearing  a  large  violet-rayed,  hand- 
some head.   B.M.  199. —  In  its  wild  state,  the  plant  also 


112  ASTER 

occurs  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  Valuable  alpine  or  rockwork 
plant,  with  fls.  varying  to  pink  and  white.  Var.  specid- 
8US,  Hort.,  is  taller  and  stronger,  with  heads  3-t  in. 
across.  Var.  sup^rbus,  Hort.  (Gn.  54:  1193),  is  a  large 
and  showy  form. 

HimalMcus,  C.  B.  Clarke  {A.  Mimalayinsis,  Hort.). 
Similar  to  A.  alpinn^,  but  dwarfer  :  rays  lilac-blue, 
slightly  recurved  at  tbe  tip  :  sts.  4-12  in.,  slightly  vil- 
lous :  Ivs.  oblong  or  elliptic,  nearly  entire.  Himalayas, 
13,000-15,000  ft. -Little  known  in  America. 

diplostephioldes,  Benth. 
Two  to  3ft., soft-pubescent 
or  hairy,  the  St.  simple  and 
solitary  :  ivs.  obovate  or 
oblanceolate,  entire  but 
ciliate:  solitary  head  large, 
inclined  2-3  m  across 
blue  or  pale  purple  very 
showr     Himalayas     B  M 


.^. 


M 


oblong-spatulate  to  broad-lanceolate,  serrate  :  heads 
violet  or  lilac.  Arctic  Eu.  and  Amer.,  and  Rocky  Mts.- 
Excellent  rockwork  plant. 

icris,  Linn.  About  2-3  ft.,  slender-branched  :  Ivs. 
linear,  or  lance-linear  :  heads  large  and  blue,  with  long, 
distinct,  handsome  rays.    S.  Eu.    Gn.  37:  744. 

trin^rviuB,  Roxbg.  About  3  ft.,  stout,  corvmbose  at 
summit :  Ivs.  lance-ovate  and  strongly  toothed  :  heads 
large,  blue  or  purple  (a  pale  var.),  wiih  narrow,  spread- 
ing rays.  Himalayas.  R.H.  1892:  396. -Hardy,  hand- 
some, variable. 

TatAricuB,  Linn.  f.  St.  erect  and  striate,  hispid, 
corymbose  at  the  summit,  often  7  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  large 
(the  radical  2  ft.  long),  lanceolate  or  oval  lanceolate, 
attenuate  at  base,  entire  :  involucre  scales  purplish  at 
tip  heads  blue  or  purple  late  Sibeiia  GF  4  197- 
Excellent  for  the  hard\  border  particularU  for  its  ver> 
late  blooming 

AA     ^ATI^E  Asters     These  plants  are  one  of 

the  I  harms  of  the  Amer  autumn  and  are  amongst 

J  tbe  best  of  all  hardy  border  plants     The}  geuei 

Ms    improve  greatly  in  habit  when  transferred 

1     cultivated  grounds     Any  of  these  wild  Asters 

are  likely  to  come  into  cultivation 

at  any  time     The  number  of  kiud-- 

islirge    The  studentwill  find  them 

all  described  in  Grav  s  Synoptical 

Flora  of  North  Ameri"a    1     pt    2 

Those  of  the  northeastern   states 

and  adjacent  Canada  will  be  found 

in   Britton   and    Brown  s    Illustr 

I  lora  of  the  U  S  ,  and  Gray  s  Man 

uU     Tho  e  of  the  b   aie  described 

in  Chapman  s   Flora  of  the 

s   states    The  following  list 

iiiniprises   those   known  to 

1  e  in  cult      Of  these    onh 

1      ^oup  Anqh(p     is     well 

known     in     domestication 

^        The  species  are  much  con 


C^       ^n 


_^. 


uVii 


Michx 
itt  (G  P 
<n  Graj 
M   6430) 


Liudl 


ihMi 


6718     J  H    III    3S   2G2  -In  th, 
Amer     trade    has    been    mis 
spelled  A   Deptostaphides 
BB     Stems  usually  hranched 
and  seieral-  to  many-fid. 

Am611us,  Linn.  St.  simple  or  nearly  so,  few-fld.  or 
sometimes  only  1-fld. :  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
somewhat  serrate,  more  or  less  3-nerved,  roughish- 
pubescent  :  involucre  scales  oblong,  obtuse  or  nearly 
so,  spreading,  in  4-5  rows;  heads  large,  purple.  Eu.  and 
Asia.  Gn.  35:  689.  — Variable,  and  several  well-marked 
garden  forms. 

Var.  Besaaribicus,  DC.  (A.  Sessardbiciis,  Bernh.) 
Lvs.  oblong  and  attenuated  at  base  :  plant  taller  and 
larger-fld.,  deep  purple.  Gn.  35,  p.  173.  — Showy  and  de 
sirable. 

Var.  Caasilbicus,  Hort.  (A.  Cassiardbicus,  Maundf). 
Fls.  larger  than  in  the  type,  the  ravs  regular  and  de 
flexed,  the    disk  bright  golden  and  broad. 

Sibiricus,  Linn.  A  foot  or  less  high,  somewhat  pu' 
bescent,  each  branch  terminating  in  a  single  head  :  lvs. 


C«M  ;       I  (Alt     and 

var  /(  /  III  Lindl 

Drum  I  thimdsus 

Linn  I    I  I        falcitus 

Lindl       J  I  1  n     fuliiheus 

Lindl  ,  iitmotili  Ora>  ,  gtandi 
fldrus  Linn  Ealhi  Gray,  H(r 
leyi  Gray  (G  F  2  473),  tnteqn 
fdlius  Nutt  ,  liciis  Linn  hnarn 
folius  Linn  Zuidleydnus  Ton- 
ers &  Gray  (G  F  2  449)  longifoltus 
Lam  (G  P  9  507  G  W  P  10) 
macrophijUus,  Linn.  (G.F.  4:89); 
esii,  Lindl.;  multifldrus,  Ait.;  nemordlis,  Ait.; 
Angliw,  Linn.  (Fig.  163.  A.F.  9:283),  and  var. 
roseiis  ;  Ndvi-Bilgii, Liinn.;  obtnngi fdlius, tiutt.;  panic- 
ulAtus,  Lam.;  pti^ens,  Ait.,  and  var.  Meihanii ;  poly- 
phyllus,  Willd.:  Pdrteri,  Gray  ;  prenanthoides,  Muhl.; 
ptarmicoldes,  Torr.  &  Gray  (G.F.  3:153);  pulchiltus, 
Eaton  ;  puniceus,  Linn.  (Fig.  164),  and  var.  laricaiilis 
and  var.  lucidulus ;  radullnus,  Gray;  sagitifdlius, 
Willd.;  salicifblius.  Ait.;  seHceus,  Vent.  (G.P.5:473); 
Shdrtii,  Ho^k.  (G.Py4: 473) ;  spectdbilis,  Ait.(Mn.  5: 41 ) ; 
surculosus.  Michx.  (G.F.  5:521);  tanacetifdlius.  HBK.; 
Tradesednti,  Linn.;  turbinillus,  Lindl.  (G.F.  6:17); 
iindH/d^Hs,  Linn.  (G.W.P.  4);  versicolor,  VfiWi. 

In  the  following  list,  those  marked*  are  offered  by  Amer. 
dealers;  *A.coccinmi  Nevadensis='.-*A  .  Ddtschi='.-*A.hd- 
bridtt^  nanus  =  !  "Rosy  color,  only  6  in.  high."— *4.  lancifb- 
Uus     Oalif6micus=  1  —  *A.    liladnus     Nevadenms=  '.—*A. 


X'dv 


Thmib.=^Felic-i! 


ASTER 

ife^Aam',  Hort..is  a  well  marked  form  of  A.  patens,  found  by 
Joseph  Meehan  at  Antietam. — *A.  Noice-ccendeus^  !—*A.pt/r- 
amiddlis=  ?— -l.  Re^vesii,  Hort,.  is  A.  ericoides.  var.  Reevesii, 
Gray,  a  "rigid  form,  comparatively  stout,  glabrous,  except  that 
the  Ivs.  are  often  hispidulous-ciliate  toward  the  base,  the  heads 
and  rays  as  large  and  the  latter  about 
polyphyllus."  N.  Amer.— *A,  rotunililiili 
A.  SikHminsis.  Hook.  Three  to  4  ft.,  st.mt  :ina  .rcrt  :  Ivs, 
lanoeolate-aeuminate,  spinulose-senMlr  :  li.  a.N  puri-l--.  in  ];iitie 
corymbs.  Himalayas,  B.M,  4,v.7,^.l  strarin  „, .W^'^'V  Stem- 
less  and  sarmentose.  with  1-11.1.  ti!:i'i.-,l  sr.ipcs  ;  T;i,iir,il  hs, 
spatulate,  hairy  :  heads  lil.ic-blue.  1  in.  acro-^s,  Prett.v,  Hima- 
layas. 'B.M.«il2.—*A.terminalis^  '.-A.  Tuu-nshendii.  Hook, 
=A.  Bigelovii,  Gray  (N.  Amer.),  L.  H.  B. 

The  native  Aster.s  are  amongst  the  very  best  plants  for 
borders  and  roadsides.  They  should  be  better  known. 
A.acuminaius  grows  well  in  shade  in  ordinary  soil,  not 
necessarily  moist;  increases  in  vigor  under  cultivation. 
A.  cordifolitcs  prefers  open  or  partial  shade  ;  improves 
much  under  cultivation  with  good  soil.  A.  eori/mbosHS 
prefers  at  least  partial  shade,  and  will  grow  even  in  very 
deep  shade;  seeds  very  freely;  does  well  on  dry  ledges 
and  in  small  crevices  in  rock;  very  tenacious  of  life.  A. 
dumnxiis  prefers  full  sunlight  awd  dry  situation.  A.ei-i- 
eoidi's  wants  full  sunlight  and  dry  situation  ;  will  grow 
in  very  poor  or  shallow  soil,  but  does  best  where  roots 
can  penetrate  deep.  A.  l/vvis  grows  in  either  full  sun- 
light or  partial  shade  and  good  soil.  A.  Nofce-Angliif 
will  not  endure  much  shade  ;  prefers  moist  soil,  but 
grows  well  in  ordinary  irarden  situations.  Fall-sown 
seedlings  of  A.  JS'in;i  -J  h<ii,,i  .  var.  roseiiii,  come  prac- 
tically true  to  varietal  nainc,  th"iiL,'h  varying  in  shade 
of  color,  and  these  sinUiiiirs  bloom  later  than  older 
plants  and  at  height  of  18  inches,  making  the  plant  of 
value  as  a  late  bedding  plant  treated  as  an  annual.  A. 
Novi-Bel(jii  prefers  moist  soil  ;  will  not  endure  heavy 
shade.  A.  pfinicnlatus  prefers  moist  soil,  but  will  do 
well  in  rather  dry  situations  ;  will  endure  more  shade 
than  either  of  the  two  above  species.  A.  patens  wants 
open  or  half-shaded  places,  and  good  soil  ;  one  of  the 
weaker  species,  often  proving  short-lived.  A.puuicetis 
will  not  endure  shade  ;  prefers  moist  places,  but  will 
grow  in  good  soil  not  over  moist ;  in  dry  situations  it 
loses  its  vigor  ;  spreads  rapidly  in  favored  locations. 
A.  spectabiUs  prefers  open  or  partly  shaded  places;  one 
of  the  weaker  species  in  wild  state  ;  rather  short-lived. 
A.  vndiilatus  wants  open  or  halt  shade  ;  late-flowering, 
handsome  plant,  forming  large  bushes  where  allowed  to 
develop.  A.  vhiiineus,  although  not  in  the  trade,  is  a  fine 
plant  in  cultivation.  ^  .5^,   Baeclat. 

ASTEB,  CHINA.  CalUstephus  horthuis,  Cass.  {Cal- 
listephiis  Chin^nsis,  Nees.  Callistemma  hortensis, 
Cass.  Aster  Sinensis,  Hort.).  Compdsifw.  The  genus 
Callistemma  is  older  than  CalUstephus,  but  it  is  too  like 
Callistemon  to  stand.  B. II.  7616.  Gn.  53:  1163.  — One  of 
the  most  popular  of  all  garden  annuals,  being  particu- 
larly valuable  for  its  fall  blooming.  The  evolution  of 
the  China  Aster  suggests  that  of  the  chrysanthemum 
at  almost  every  point,  and  it  is,  therefore,  a  history  of 
remarkable  variations.  The  plant  is  native  to  China.  It 
was  introduced  into  Europe  about  1731  by  R.  P.  d'lncar- 
ville,  a  Jesuit  missionary  in  China,  for  whom  the  genus 
Incarvillea  of  the  Bignonia  family  was  named.  At  that 
time  it  was  a  single  flower  ;  that  is,  the  rays  or  ligulate 
florets  were  of  only  2-4  rows.  These  rays  were  blue,  vio- 
let or  white.  The  center  of  the  flower  (or  head)  was 
comprisetl  "l"  \  1  r\-  nuiiM  ri>us  tiiimlar.  yellowish  florets. 
Philip  Mill.  ■      '      ■  -  ,  I  nlrn., -botanist  of  Chelsea, 

Enix. .  rt-ia  :  -,  'iTiL'b' white  and  red  Asters 

in  17:!l.rM,,  ,i,.i  ,    I  ran,,.-;    aud  he   received  the 

siiii^lc  liliir  II,  i;:;i;.  lu  l,.',2  In.- obtained  seeds  of  the 
dnul.l..  la  .1  aii.l  lilu.-,  aud  in  1753  of  the  double  white. 
At  ili.it  Tniir  Tlirri- ajiiiears  to  have  been  no  dwarf  forms, 
for  .Milirr  -a\  -  that  the  plants  grew  18  in.  or  2  ft.  hi.gh. 
Martyii,  in  Isn;.  stiys  that  in  addition  to  these  varieties 
mentioned  by  Miller,  there  had  then  ax>p^^i"ed  a  "varie- 
gated blue  and  white  "  variety.  The  species  was  well 
known  to  American  gardeners  at  the  opening  of  this  cen- 
tury. In  1806  M'Mahon,  of  Philadelphia,  mentioned  the 
"China  Aster  (in  sorts)"  as  one  of  the  desirable  garden 
annuals.  Bridgeman,  a  New  York  seedsman,  offered  the 
China  and  German  Asters  in  1837  "in  numerous  and 
splendid  varieties,"  specifying  varieties  "alba,    rubra. 


ASTER 


113 


cerulea,  striata  purpurea,  etc,"  In  1843,  Eley  said  that 
"  China  and  German  Asters  "  "  are  very  numerous  "  in  New 
England.  This  name  German  Aster  records  the  fact  that 
the  first  great  advances  in  the  evolution  of  the  plant 
were  made  in  Germany,  and  the  seed  which  we  now  use 
comes  largely  from  that  country.  The  first  marked  de- 
parture from  the  type  appears  to  have  been  the  pro- 
longation or  great  development  of  the  central  florets  of 
the  head,  and  the  production  of  the  "quilled"  flower. 
This  type  of  Aster  was  very  popular  40  and  50  years  ago. 
Breck,  in  the  first  edition  of  his  Flower  Garden,  in  1851, 
speaks  of  the  great  improvement  of  the  Aster  "within  a 


164.  Aster  pun 


few  years"  "by  the  German  florists,  and  others,"  and 
adds  that  "the  full-quilled  varieties  are  the  most  highly 
esteemed,  having  a  hemispherical  shape,  either  a  pure 
white,  clear  blue,  purple,  rose,  or  deep  red  ;  or  beauti- 
fully mottled,  striped,  i.>r  edged  with  those  colors,  or 
having  a  red  or  blue  center,"  About  50  years  ago  the 
habit  of  the  plant  had  begtin  to  vary  considerably,  and 
the  progenitors  of  our  modern  dwarf  races  began  to  at- 
tract attention.  The  quilled,  high-centered  flower  of  a 
generation  or  more  ago  is  too  stiff  to  satisfy  the  tastes 
of  these  later  days,  and  the  many  flat-rayed,  loose  and 
fluffy  races  are  now  most  in  demand,  and  their  popu- 
larity is  usually  greater  the  nearer  they  approach  the 
form  of  the  uncombed  clirysantheraums.  The  China 
Aster  had  long  since  varied  into  a  wide  range  of  colors 


114  ASTER 

of  the  cyanic  series -shades  of  blue,  red,  pink  and  pur- 
ple. The  modern  ivnlntii.n  of  the  plant  is  in  the  direc- 
tion of  habit,  and  t"nn  m1  il.iw.r.  Some  type  varies- 
generally  rather  Mid.lrnlx  :,imI  without  apparent  cause— 
into  some  novt-l  l^'im,  -Mil  iir;iining  its  accustomed 
color.  The  florist  Hms  th.-  vaiKition  by  breeding  from 
the  best  and  most  stable  plants,  and  soon  other  colors 
appear,  until  he  finally  obtains  the  entire  range  of  color 
in  the  species.  So  it  happens  that  there  are  various 
well  marked  races  or  types,  each  of  which  has  its  full 
and  independent  range  of  cohir^.  Th-  '  "im  t  i-,  pr  ,  ^  iih 
very  flat  rays),  now  one  '■(  iln    m  .    .       i 

China  Asters,  illustrates  I h.-r     -:        .  i         '      : 

The  Comet  fonn-thelo.isr.  ..]i.ri  r.    .  t      i      i.i_.      iij 


coming  from  Vilmorin.  of  I'm  i-.  umI  iIm  (  hiua  Aster  had 
reached  its  greatest  artistic  ]•'  itv.n-n. 

It  is  impossible  to  con^t^^^t  a  ^ati-lactory  classifica- 
tion of  the  China  Asters,  it  is  no  longer  practicable  to 
classify  the  varieties  by  color.  Neither  is  it  feasible  to 
classify  them  upon  habit  or  stature  of  plant,  for  several 
of  the  best  marked  types  run  into  both  tall  and  dwarf 
forms.  Vilmorin,  however,  still  divides  the  varieties 
into  two  groups,  the  pyramidal  growers,  and  the  non- 
pyramidal  growers.  The  most  elaborate  classification 
is  that  proposed  by  Barron,  from  a  study  of  exten- 
sive tests  made  at  Chiswick,  Eng.  Barron  has  17  sec- 
tions, but  they  are  not  coordinate,  and  they  are  really 
little  more  than  an  enumeration  of   the  various  types 


florets  open. 
B.   Incurved  or  ball-shaped. 
BB.   Spreading  or  reflexed. 
A.   Tubular  or  quiUed  Asters,  in  which  all.  or  all  but  the  2  or  3 
outer  rows  of  florets,  have  prominently  tubular  corollas. 
B.   Inner  florets  short,  outer  ones  longer  and  flat.     Repre- 
sented by  the  German  Quilled. 
BB.  AU  the  florets  elongated  and  quilled. 
In  ISO.T.  2.10  varieties  of  Asters  were  offered  by  Amer. 
"T'l-rn'Ti.     pi.r  arrowing  in  borders,  perhaps  the  best 


.•client 


aisoasr-eriec-  -^.jk-.    ■"  C  J^.SKi '  fc.  »         ^i^^^ 

ony -flowered ;  '*^.,    .W-^^l^li,,  "^ 

lum-flowered:  ^.^)|,x:^   %^Mjik 

;  V  i  c  t  o  r  i  a ,  i^  VTW/  .  V  rJ '  VtF 

I  Queen  of  the  "^  J  ^»^.Ur    •/^■ 


i:.„i>-;^ 


(\  1  ■k-l;rali-l.:n-isshown  W^. 

in  Fig.  KmJ,  Truffaut  (Fig.        ^"^ 
KiG),  known  also  as  Perfec-    i,jS.   -^ 
lion   and   Peony -flowered ;      '^.. 
Chrysanthemum 
Washington 
Mignon;  and 
Market.    The  last  is 
mended  for  earliness  and 
graceful,  open    habit,  and 
it  is   one  of  the  best  for 
cut-flowers.      Many    other 
types  are  valuable  for  spe- 
cial purposes.    The  Crown 
or    Cocardeau   is  odd   and 
attractive.     Amongst    the 
quilled  Asters,  the  various 
strains  of  German  Quilled 
(Pig.  167), Victoria  Needle 
(Fig.  1(58),  and  Lilliput  are 
e-icellent.   The  verv  dwarf 
tufti.l     A-firs     an-      well 
r H  '  irfBou- 


L-.L.       .  .        ],.,     early 

started  under  glass  ;  but 
good  fall  bloom  may  be 
had,  even  in  the  North,  by 
-ii«ing  seeds  in  the  open 
I-  late  as  the   Isf   of  June 


J'' 


or  classes.  After  considerable  study  of  the  varieties 
in  the  field  and  herbarium,  the  following  scheme  seems 
to  be  serviceable  : 


Asters  make  very  showy 
dding  plants  when  grown  in  large  masses,  and  are 
il.so  valuable  for  filling  up  vacancies  in  the  mixed 
hirbaceous  border,  where  they  ought  to  be  planted  in 
■  iiimps,  the  dwarfer  kinds  put  in  front  and  the  taller 

There  are  two  or  three  insects  which  prey  upon  the 
I'liina  Aster,  but  they  do  not  appear  to  be  widespread. 
The  most  serious  difliculty  with  them  is  the  rust ,  a  fungus 
I  I'oko.iporiumSonchi-arvensis}  which  attacks  the  under 
-ide  of  the  leaf  and  raises  an  orange-colored  pustule. 
Timely  sprays  with  the  copper  fungicides  will  keep  this 
ilisorder  in  check.  The  Bordeaux  mixture  discolors  the 
plants,  and  it  is,  therefore,  better  to  use  the  ammoniacal 
carbonate  of  copper.  Spray  it  upon  the  plants  before  the 
fungus  appears,  and  repeat  every  week  or  ten  days.  Use 
a  cyclone  nozzle  and  spray  upwards,  so  as  to  strike  the 
under  sides  of   the  leaves.  L.  H.  B. 

In  recent  }  ears,  the  Branching  Asters  have  come  to  be 
prominent,  and  they  are  bound  to  increase  in  popularity 
as  their  merits  become  known.  The  long  stem,  large 
^ize,  and  soft  shades  of  pink  and  lavender  have  made 
this  the  most  useful  to  the  florist  of  all  the  Asters. 
The  Comet  has  been  rather  short-stemmed  for  a  com- 
mercial cut-flo\\er.  As  to  culture,  it  does  not  seem  to 
be  generally  understood,  even  by  florists,  that  the  young 
Aster  plants  will  stand  more  frost  than  cabbage.  If 
started  under  glass  about  the  middle  of  February,  in 
New  York  state,  they  will  be  ready  to  plant  out  the 
latter  part  of  April  or  first  of  May.  They  will  then  come 
in  at  about  the  same  time  they  would  if  grown  entirely 
under  glass,  although  not  so  long-stemmed.  For  fall 
flowers,  we  sow  out-of-doors  with  seed  drill  and  culti- 
vate with  wheel  hoe.  Plants  have  been  mined  by  be- 
ing planted  near  squashes.  The  late  brood  of  striped 
beetles  fed  on  the  Aster  flowers. 

George  Arnold,  Jr. 


The  first  requisite  to  the  growing  of  China  Asters  is  to 
have  good,  plump  seed.  As  soon  as  the  ground  is  in 
good  or  fair  condition  in   spring,  spade  up  a  seed-bed 


draw  good,  fine  dirt  to  the  roots,  so  that  the  seed-bed  is 
nearly  level  and  all  the  weeds  are  covered.  The  plants  are 
hardier  and  better  when  grown  in  the  open  ground  than 
when  started  under  glass.  For  the  permanent  quarters, 
plow  ground  that  has  been  well  and  heavily  manured  with 
cow-manure  the  previous  season  ;  then  harrow  thor- 
oughly. Scatter  20  to  30  bushels  of  common  lime  to  the 
acre,  if  thought  necessary,  then  plow  again  and  harrow 
well.  With  acne-horse  plow  make  furrows  the  length 
of"  the  field  about  3  or  4  inches  deep  and  2%  feet  apart. 
In  these  furrows  one  man  drops  the  plants  in  two  rows 
about  12  or  16  in.  apart,  for  two  men  to  plant.  Do  not 
furrow  much  ahead  of  the  planters,  so  that  they  have 
fresh  dirt  to  put  to  the  roots  of  the  plants.  By  this 
method  the  plants  seldom  wilt.  If  a  dry  spell  follows  in 
three  or  four  days,  level  the  furrow  with  a  hoe  ;  if  wet, 
let  stand  for  about  two  weeks,  then  scatter  100  pounds 
of  guano  or  other  fertilizer  to  the  acre,  and  work  the 
land  with  a  spike-tooth  cultivator,  with  no  shovels,  so 
that  no  dirt  is  thrown  on  the  small  plants.     Hand-hoe 


ASTILBE  115 

between  the  plants,  running  horse  and  cultivator  twice 
in  each  row.  The  cultivator  loosens  the  ground  as  deep 
as  it  was  plowed.  Cultivate  and  hoe  every  two  weeks, 
especially  after  it  has  rained,  until  buds  appear  ;  then 
keep  clean  by  hand.  When  blooms  begin  to  appear, 
mulch  liberally  with  tobacco  stems,  to  keep  down  weeds 
and  to  kill  aphis  at  the  roots.  When  the  fls.  begin  to 
open,  keep  a  strict  watch  for  the  black  beetle.  When  it 
makes  its  appearance,  put  about  a  pint  of  water  and 
a  gill  of  benzine  in  an  old  can  and  hold  it  under  the 
bugs  ;  they  drop  into  it.  These  pests  last  from  six 
to  nine  days.     Have  them   looked  after  three  times  a 

'  "' '  James  Semple. 

ASTlLBE  (Greek  name,  of  no  particular  significance). 
Sarifraqdeeie.  Inclmlea  HotHa .  Tall  perennial  herbs,  of 
7  01  8  species  in  eastern  N.  Amer.  and  Asia.  They  look 
much  like  Aruncus  (which  see),  and  are  often  called 
Spa  sea  Aruncus  and  iSpirsea  are  rosaceous  genera,  and 
are  characterized  by  many  stamens  and  usually  by  sev- 
eral to  many  separate  pistils,  whereas  Astilbe  has  8  or  10 
stamens  (twice  the  number,  or  of  the  same  number,  as 
the  petils),  and  a  2-3-lobed  pistil  (which  finally  sepa- 
lates  into  more  or  less  distinct  follicles).  Astilbe  and 
Aiuncus  ive  so  much  alike  that  they  are  constantly  con- 
foun  led  by  horticulturists  and  even  by  botanists.  They 
prob  iblv  mter-cross.  It  is  probable  that  they  should  be 
plieed  in  the  same  family,  despite  the  technical  botani- 
c  \\  differences.  The  Astilbes  are  hiirdy  plants  of  great 
merit  They  are  easily  grown  in  any  well-made  border. 
They  give  conspicuous  masses  of  bloom  in  summer. 
Prop   mostly  by  division.  l.  H.  B. 

Forcing  op  Astilbe.— Few  herbaceous  plants  force 
with  greater  ease  than  Astilbe  Japonica  and  its  var.  com- 
pacta  but  three  weeks  longer  time  should  be  given  the 
latter  to  fully  develop  its  feathery  spikes.  Astilbes  are 
so  easily  and  cheaply  imported  that  for  the  commercial 
florist  it  is  cheaper  to  buy  than  to  divide  and  grow  his 
own  plants.  When  first  received,  the  clumps  of  roots 
should  be  stored,  with  a  little  earth  or  moss  between  the 
roots  and  a  little  soil  over  the  crown,  until  the  florist  is 
ready  to  pot  them.  No  amount  of  freezing  does  them 
the  slightest  harm  ;  but  the  boxes  or  flats  in  which  they 
are  stored  are  best  covered  with  a  little  straw  or  litter, 
and  should  have  the  full  benefit  of  rain  or  snow  to  keep 
the  roots  from  drying.  From  potting  or  burying  into  the 
greenhouse,  it  requires  from  ten  to  fourteen  weeks  to 

Eh^£i      'A\i\!  f'h  ^%f)i 

season  at  which  >.  ,,^^  \f.  I*V*^*^.  'a  '  /i 
they  are  wanted  In  Av\  ^  "  ^f  VxiYxWA/k  / 
flower.  The  quality  -vVV  \  \«V  '^  W/)/)/^ 
of  soil  is  of  no  con-    V\(V(\        '^  >t'jruifi 

sequence,  provided     VvV  \      \  '*il 

it  is  light  and  easily      rVrV\  ^  \ 

handled.  They  need  ^«i*v^  --^  *  ^  >  ' 
water  in  great  abun- 
dance. Tempera- 
ture is  also  of  little 
consequence.  Any- 
thing above  50°  at 
night  will  do  ;  but 
it  is  best  nojto  flow- 
er them  in  higher 
temperature  than 
60°,  or  they  will  quicklv 
wilt  when  cut  or  used  for 
decorations.  From  the 
time  the  sprays  begin  to 
show  white  color  until 
they  are  fully  developed, 
every  Astilbe  should 
stand  in  a  saucer  in 
which  there  should  be 
constantly  an  inch  of 
liquid  manure.  When 
sold  for  window  plants 
or  for  decoration,  Astilbes  are  often  disappointing.  It 
is  merely  want  of  water.  Before  the  full  development 
of  the  shoots  and  Ivs.  they  are  easily  hurt  by  tobacco 
smoke,  and  should  be  covered  with  paper  or  well  wetted 


Victoria  Needle. 


116 


ASTILBE 


when  fumigation  is  necessary.  Aphis,  spider  or  thrips 
never  trouble  Astilbe.  As  a  border  plant,  Astilbe  is  one 
of  the  hardiest  of  our  hardy  herbaceous  plants  ;  but  the 
feathery  plume  obtained  in  the  greenhouse  is  much 
shorter,  more  compact,  and  lacks  the  pure  whiteness  of 
the  outdoor-grown  specimens.  William  Scott. 

A.    F!s.  opening  while  or  yellowish. 
decAndra,  T)on{A.biterncita,BTiit.).  Somewhat  pubes- 
cent, 3-0  ft. :  Ivs.  2-ternate,  the  Ifts.  ovate  and  cordate  or 
abrupt  at  base,  sharp-ser- 
rate :  lis.  yellowish  white, 
.■i  in  a  large  (10-12  in.  long) 

l§  racemose     panicle ;      sta- 

M  mens  10.   Woods,  Va.  and 

S.  —  Often  confounded  with 
Aruncns  Sylvester. 

Jap6nica,  Gray  {Hoteia 
Jap&nica,  Morr.  &  Decne. 
fl^. 6a  r6i3/n ,  Morr.  &  Decne . 
Spiraa  Japdnica,  Hort.). 


169.  Astilbe  Japonica. 


Fig.  169.  Erect,  1-3  ft., 
hairy  on  the  petioles 
and  nodes  :  Ivs.  3-2-ter- 
nate,  petiole  reddish ;  Ifts. 
ovate-acute, tapering  to  the 
base,  serrate  :  fls.  white, 
in  a  pubescent  racemose 
panicle;  stamens  10.  Ja- 
pan. B.M.  3821.  Gn.  48, 
p.  36G.  Mn.  5:174.- Com- 
monly known  as  a  spring 
glasshouse  plant  in  this 
country,  but  hardy  in  the 
open.  There  are  various 
cult,  forms,  as  var.  gran- 
difldra,  Hort,.  with  larger 


and 


I'le; 


ASTROCARTTJM 

spikes,  which  are  disposed  in  panicles;  stamens  8  or  10, 
pure  white.  Nepal.  Gn.  48,  p.  355.— Attractive  border 
species,  blooming  late.    Probably  needs  protection. 

Thlinbergii,  Miq.    Silky-hairy,  1-2  ft. :  Ivs.  pinnate,  the 

Ifts.  oval,  serrate,  yellowish  green:  fls.  white,  on  reddish 

stalks,  ((hanging  to  pink,  in  clusters  on  the  fl. -branches. 

Japan.  R.H.  1895,  p.  56S.— A  graceful  plant.  Forces  well. 

AA.    Fls.  opening  pink  or  red. 

CMn6nsis,  Franch.  &  Sav.  Plant  lK-2  ft.,  graceful : 
Ivs.  3-temate,  the  Ifts.  serrate  :  fls.  in  a  branchy,  rather 
compact  panicle,  with  purplish  or  pink  reflection,  but 
the  petals  whitish.  China.— Possibly  a  form  of  the  pre- 
ceding.  Yet  rare  in  Amer. 

rilbra,  Hook.  &  Thorn.  St.  simple,  4-6  ft.,  long-hairy: 
Ivs.  2-ternate ;  Ifts.  oblique-ovate,  more  or  less  cordate, 
sharp-serrate  :  fls.  numerous,  rose-red,  in  compact,  ro- 
bust panicles  ;  stamens  10,  shorter  than  petals.  India. 
B.M.  4959.— Needs  protection.  Little  known  in  Amer. 
L.  H.  B. 

ASIBAGALUS  (ancient  Greek  name  of  some  shrub). 
Leguminbsce.  Milk  Vetch. 


subshrubs.      Lvs.    mostly 
odd-pinnate:  fls.  In  spikes 
or  racemes,  yellow,  purple 
or  white.    They  prefer   a 
light,  porous   soil  and  no 
shade.   The  dwarfer  kinds 
may  be  placed  in  the  front 
of  the   border   or   in   the 
rockery.    Prop,  chiefly  by 
seeds,    which     germinate 
slowly ,  or  slowly  by  careful 
division   in   early   spring. 
Many   kinds  are  likely  to 
die  if   divided    or   trans- 
planted.   Many   kinds  are 
cultivated     in     the     Old 
World,   but  the   four  de- 
scribed below  are  the  only 
kinds    commonly   sold   in 
America.  Of  the  many  na- 
tive kinds,  mostly  known 
as    rattle-weeds,    the  following  are  ad- 
vertised at  present:    A,  Canadensis  = 
A.  Carolinianus,    A.  caryocarpus,   A. 
Drummondii,    A.    flexuo.^us,    A.   Lax- 
A.  Parryi,   A.   racemosus,  A. 
Mobbinsii,   A.    Shortianus.     The   Loco- 
weed  of  the  prairies,  which  is  said  to 
poison  cattle,  is  A.  mollissimus.    For 
these  and  many  others  the  student  is 
referred   to  Britton  and   Brown's  Illus- 
trated  Flora,  and   Coulter's  Manual  of 
Rocky  Mountain  Botany. 

A.    Fls.  yellow. 
alopecuroldes,  Linn.    St.  erect,  strict : 
height  2-5  ft. :  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  pu- 
Siberia.    B.M.  3193. 


'.•Vvfe. 


Fls. 


llou 


compicta,  Hurt.,  the  ]mu 
cle  niipre  C"ni|.act ;  var. 
multifldra,  Hort. ;  var.  va- 
rieg&ta,  Hort.,  with  varie- 

geted  lvs.;  var.  purptUea,  Hort.,  with  purple-shaded 
foliage.  Astilbe  Japonica  is  often  confused  with  Anin- 
cus  astilboides ;  Figs.  1G9  and  170  will  aid  in  distin- 
guishing them. 

Lemdinei,  Hort.  Foliage  graceful,  standing  IXft.  high, 
with  Ifts.  broad -oval,  dentate  and  crimped,  satiny  green, 
hairy  :  fls.  with  white  petals  and  10  pink  stamens,  very 
numerous,  in  plume-like  clusters  disposed  in  panicles 
IJ^ft.long.  Gn.  48,  p.  355.  R.H.  1895,  p.  567.  A. F.  11:459. 
—Garden  plant,  supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  A.  Japonica 
and  Aruncus  astilboides.    Hardy,  and  forces  well. 

rivuliria,  Hamilt.  Rhizome  creeping :  st.  3-5  ft. :  lvs. 
2-ternate,  the  Ifts.  ovate,  dentate,  the  petioles  tawny- 
hairy:  fls.-yellowish  white,  changing  to  reddish,  in  large 


Monspessulilnus,  Linn.  St.  trailing : 
height  9  in.:  fls.  purple,  purplish  or 
white,  in  smaller  and  looser  heads  than 
the  above.  Eu.  B.M.  375. 
hypogldttifl,  Linn.  Height  3-24  in. :  Ifts.  17-25  :  fls. 
violet-purple,  6-10  lines  long,  in  dense  heads  :  pods  4-5 
lines  long,  2-celled,  densely  villous,  with  white  hairs. 
Eu.,  Asia,  and  from  Kansas  W.  to  Nev.  and  N.  to  Alaska. 
—Also  a  white  var.,  excellent  for  pots. 

alpinuB,  Linn.  Height  6-15  in.:  Ifts.  13-25:  fls.  violet, 
keel  darker  :  pods  1-celled,  black-pubescent.  Northern 
and  Arctic  regions  round  the  world. 

J.  B.  Keller  and  W.  M. 

ASTEOCAEYUM  (Greek,  astron,  star,  and  karyon, 
nut  ;  referring  to  star-like  arrangement  of  the  fruits). 
PalmttceiT,  tribe  Cocoineit.  Spiny  palms,  stemless  or 
with  a  short  caudex,  or  with  a  tail,  ringed,  spiny  cau 


ASTROCARYUM 

dex :  Ivs.  terminal,  pinnately  parted ;  segments  ap- 
proximate, equi-distant  or  fasciculate,  lanceolate-acumi- 
nate or  attenuate  to  the  obliquely  truncate  apex,  plicate, 
whitish  beneath,  the  terminal  ones  free  or  confluent,  the 
spiny  margins  recurved  at  the  base  ;  petiole  very  short ; 
sheath  short,  open  :  spadices  short  or  long,  the  finely 
divided  branches  pendulous,  thickened  at  the  base, 
thence  very  slender,  long,  naked,  the  lioriferous  naked 
basal  portion,  as  it  were,  pedunculate  ;  spathes  2,  the 
lower  one  membranous,  deciduous,  the  upper  fusiform, 
coriaceous  or  woody,  open  on  the  ventral  side,  persist- 
ent ;  bracts  of  the  female  fls.  broad,  imbricated,  like  the 
bractlets  ;  pistillate  fls.  with  a  stipitate  male  one  on 
either  side:  fr.  rather  large,  ovoid  or  subglobos?,  beaked, 
smooth  or  spiny,  red  or  orange.  Species  30.  Trop- 
ical America. 

for  moderate  sized  conservatories 
Mu'rumuru,  A.  Mexicanum  and  A.argenteum  are  the 
kinds  most  commonly  met  with  in  collections.  The  Ivs. 
are  pinnate,  and  in  small  plants,  at  least  in  some  of  the 
species,  the  segments  are  narrow,  four  or  five  pairs  of 
these  alternating  with  two  very  liroad  ones.  A.  argen- 
tetim  has  the  under  surfaces  of  the  Ivs.  of  a  much 
lighter  color  than  the  others.  In  a  young  state,  the 
plants  require  the  temperature  of  the  stove,  and  after 
attaining  the  height  of  a  few  feet  they  may  be  removed 
to  a  house  where  the  temperature  frequently  falls  as 
low  as  45°  P.  Specimens  8-10  ft.  high  fruit  freely. 
Prop,  by  seeds,  which  are  slow  in  germinating.  The  soil 
in  which  they  are  sown  should  be  changed  occasionally, 
to  prevent  it  from  becoming  sour.  Be  careful  not  to 
overpot,  or  the  fleshy  roots  will  decay.    See  Palms. 

A.    Lvs.  scurfy,  at  hast  beneath  or  on  the  pelwlrs. 

Murtunuru,  Mart.  Lvs.  9-12  ft.  long;  segments  lanceo- 
late, somewhat  falcate,  rich  green  above,  silvery  beneath : 
sts,  12-1.")  ft.  hiuh.  (U-iiselv  covered  with  stout,  black 
spines  i;  in.  long:   BrazU.    i.H.22:213. 

arg^nteum,  Hort.  Petioles  and  under  surface  of  the 
lvs.  covered  with  silvery  white  scurf  ;  lvs.  arching, 
wedge-shaped,  2-lobed,  distinctly  plicate,  bright  green 
above  ;  petioles  with  numerous  dark,  spreading  spines 
1  in.  long.    Colombia.    P.R.  3 :  569. 

KUare,  Hort.  Small,  slender  :  lvs.  erect,  narrowly  cu- 
neate,  with  2  divergent  lobes,  inversely  sagittate  ; 
petioles  densely  scurfy  ;  rachis  scurfy  on  both  sides  ; 
spines  numerous  on  the  petioles  and  rachis,  and  on  the 
principal  nerves  above  ;  brown.    Colombia. 

AA.    Lfs.  not  scurfy. 

Ayri,  Mart.  Trunks  18-30  ft.  high,  8-12  in.  in  diara., 
usually  cEBspitose  :  lvs.  15  ft.  long,  equally  pinnatisect 
to  the  apex  ;  petiole  piano-compressed,  membranaceous 
on  the  margins,  densely  scaly  and  with  scattered  spines; 
lower  segments  over  3  ft.  long.  P4-2  in.  wide,  2  in. 
apart,  the  upper  ones  2-233  ft-  long,  1  in.  wide.  IMin. 
apart,  conduplicate  at  the  base,  linear,  long  attenuate, 
pointed,  minutely  and  remotely  spiny  along  the  margins, 
white-tomentose  below.    Braz. 

Mezic&nuin,  Liebm.  St.  4-6  ft.  high,  cylindrical, 
thickly  covered  with  rings  of  black,  straight,  ancipital 
spines  :  petiole  2  ft.  long,  4-sided,  the  2  upper  sides 
concave,  clothed  (as  is  the  rachis)  with  straight  black 
spines  ;  blade  6  ft.;  segments  15-18  In.  long,  1  in.  wide, 
alternate,  broadly  linear,  acute,  straight,  white  beneath, 
with  deciduous  black  spines  along  the  margins.  JMex. 
A.  Granatinse,  Hort.,  is  an  unidentifled  trade  name. 
Jaeed  G.  Smith  and  G.  W.  Olivek. 

ASTEOPHtTTIM.    See  Echinocactus. 

ASYSTASIA  (obscure  name).  Including  ffeiifreya 
and  Mackuya.  AcanthAcece.  Twenty  to  30  herbs  or 
shrubs  of  the  Old  World  tropics.  Corolla  tube  straight 
or  curved,  the  spreading  limb  5-lobed  and  nearly  or 
quite  regulsfr  :  stamens  4,  unequal  :  stigma  blunt  or 
minutely  2-lobed  :  lvs.  thiu,  entire  :  fls.  white,  blue  or 
purple,  in  axillary orterminal  clusters,  often  very  showy. 
General  treatment  of  Justicia,  in  intermediate  or  warm- 
houses. 


ATRIPLEX  117 

b«la,  Benth.  &  Hook.  {MackAya  Mlla,  Harvey). 
Glabrous,  upright  subshrub  :  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  acumi- 
nate, spreading,  short-stalked,  sinuate-toothed  :  fls.  li- 
lac, 2  in.  long,  with  a  long  tube  below  the  flaring  throat, 
the  spreading  segments  ovate-obtuse,  disposed  on  one 
side  of  a  raceme  5-8  in.  long.  S.  Afr.  B.M.  5797.-A 
beautiful  plant,  rarely  seen,  and  thought  to  be  difficult 
to  manage  ;  but  it  seems  to  flower  readily  in  fall  in  our 
climate,  if  rested  during  the  previous  winter  and 
brought  on  in  the  summer.  Prop,  by  cuttings  of  firm 
wood  in  spring  or  summer.  Young  plants  in  small  pots 
often  bloom  well. 


;  125.  F.S.  2:  llO.-A.scdndeHS,  Liudl.  (Henfreya  scan- 
dens,  Lindl.).  Climbing:  lvs.  obovate  to  ovate,  thick,  entire  : 
fls.  large,  yellow,  white  ami  blush,  in  a  thyrse.  Afr.  B.M,  4449. 
B.E.  33:31.    F.S.  3:231.  L    H    B 

ATAMASCO  lily.    See  Zephyranthes. 

ATHANASIA,    Consult  Lonas. 

ATH^EIUM,    See  Asplenium. 

ATEAGENE.    See  Clematis. 

ATEAPHAXIS  (ancient  Greek  name).  Polygondcece.  , 
Low  shrubs  :  lvs.  alternate  or  fasciculate,  deciduous  : 
fls.  small,  apetalous,  in  few-fld.  axillary  clusters,  form- 
ing terminal  racemes  ;  sepals  4-5  ;  stamens  G-S  :  fr.  a 
small  akene,  enclosed  by  the  enlarged  inner  sepals. 
Summer.  About  18  species  in  central  and  western  Asia, 
Greece,  and  N.  Afr.  Low  shrubs  of  spreading  habit, 
with  usually  small  lvs.,  attractive  with  their  numerous 
racemes  of  white  or  rose-colored  fls.,  which  remain  un- 
changed for  a  long  time,  owing  to  the  persistent  calyx. 
They  grow  best  in  well-drained  soil  and  sunny  situations, 
but  do  not  stand  transplanting  well  when  older.  Prop, 
by  seeds  sown  in  spring  ;  the  seedlings  are  liable  to  rot 
if  kept  too  moist,  or  in  damp  air.  Increased,  also,  by 
greenwood  cuttings  under  glass  in  early  summer,  and  by 
layers. 

A.  buxifblia,  Jaub.  &  Spach.  (Polygonum  erispulum,  Sims). 
Height  1-2  ft.,  spMieles'.  :  lvs.  obovate,  crenate,  dark  green, 
3^-1  in.  Ions:  ■  rT'<-fH'^  ^)v-rt  Tr.nnscaucasia,  Turkestan.  B.M. 
1065.— il.  frill,  -.  k.'  h  \  l:inceolata,  Meissn.).  Height 
1-2  ft.,  spiih  I  iiiceolate,  glauceacent,  3-3-I  in. 

long  :  ra.-pHii  '  Turkest.,  Siberia.  L.B.C.  5:489. 

B.R.  3:2.>4  -  1  •  ■  f  k  I  iiHi-  (A.  Muschketowi,  Krassn.). 
Erect,  2-3  tt.,  .-.piii^l.  ^s  .  1.  >  l.uieeolate,  crenate.  %-2  in.  long: 
fls.  white,  in  compact  r.-wemH-  Turkest.  B.M. 7435  Gt. 40:1344. 
—A.  spinbsa,  hiwa.  Height  1-2  It.,  spiny  :  lvs.  elliptic,  entire, 
glaiioescent,  3i->2  in,  long:  racemes  short.  S.  Russia,  Urient, 
^'^'■^'^-  Alfred  Rehder. 

ATEIFLEX  (derivation  disputed).  Chenopodi&ceoe. 
A  large  genus  containing  many  succulent  weeds  of  des- 
ert regions.  A.  hortensis  is  a  garden  vegetable  used  like 
spinach  ;  for  culture,  see  Orach.  A.  leptocarpa  and  A. 
semibaccata  are  two  plants  lately  introduced  as  supple- 
mentary forage  plants  for  arid  regions.  See  Circular 
No.  3,  Div.  of  Agrost.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric. 
A,  Garden  vegetable  {with  ornamental-lvd.  variety). 
hortensis,  Linn.  Orach.  Sea  Purslane.  Annual  : 
stem  herbaceous,  erect :  lvs.  hastate,  cordate,  or  trian- 
gular-oblong, acute,  4-5  in.  long,  2K-3  in.  wide  ;  petioles 
12-18  lines  long  :  fruiting  bracts  4-8  lines  long,  short- 
pediceled.  Var.  atro-sanguinea,  Hort.,  is  a  crimson- 
leaved  ornamental  about  4  ft.  high,  sometimes  grown 
with  amarantus-like  plants. 

AA.    Ornamental  shrubs. 

canfescens,  James.   A  pale,  densely  scurfy  shrub,  1-3  ft. 

high  :   lvs.  oblanceolate.  entire  :  fruiting  bractlets  with 

4  vertical,  reticulated  wings.    July-Sept.    N.  Mex.  to  S. 

Dak.  and  W.  to  Calif. 

Hilimus,  Linn.  Low-spreading  shrub  with  grey  foli- 
age, cult,  in  Calif,  for  hedges  and  for  seaside  planting: 
lvs.  1-lK  in.  long  :  petioles  3^  lines  long  :  fls.  purplish : 
fruiting  bracts  1%  lines  long,  2  lines  wide,  sessile,  reni- 
form,  obtuse,  entire :  seed  compressed,  yellowish. 
Mediterranean  region  and  S.  Afr.  -^y   ]yi_ 


118  ATROPA 

ATKOFA  ia,iter  Atropos.  that  one  of  the  three  Fates 
■who  cut  the  thread  of  lifel.  Holanilced.  Belladonna. 
Calyx  with  5  ovate  leafy  divisions,  enlarging  in  fruit ; 
■iorolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel  form.  The  purple  ber- 
ries are  poisonous.    The  plant  is  used  in  medicine. 

Belladdnna,  Linn.  Plant  low,  spreading:  Ivs.  ovate, 
entire,  pointed:  fls.  single  or  in  pairs,  nodding  on  lateral 
peduncles;  corolla  dull  purple.    Eu.  to  India. 

ATTALfiA  (aftalus,  magnificent).  Palm&cece,  tribe 
Cocoinece.  Spineless  palms,  with  a  single,  thickish 
ringed  or  scarred  caudex:  Ivs.  arising  almost  perpen- 
dicular and  the  upper  part  arched,  piunately  cut, 
linear  -  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  the  margins  re- 
curved at  the  base;  petiole  concave  above:  Hs.  yellow: 
fr.  rather  large.  Species  20.  Trop.  Amer.  The  leaflets 
on  the  lower  side  of  the  rachis  hang  straight  down,  and 
those  on  the  upper  side  point  straight  up.  The  Attaleas 
are  unprofitable  to  grow  as  commercial  decorative 
plants,  because  they  take  too  long  to  make  good  sized 
plants  from  the  seedling  state.  Perfect  drainage,  and 
a  soil  having  a  mixture  of  leaf-mold  or  peat,  with  a  tem- 
perature ranging  from  60°  to  80°  F.,  will  be  found  to 
suit  them.  Put  the  seeds  about  2  in.  deep  in  a  box  and 
sink  the  box  in  a  warm  border  out  of  doors  in  summer, 
•cover  with  a  mulch  of  moss,  and  water  frequently. 

A.    Trunks  becoming  tall. 

exofilsa,  Mart.  St.  90-100  ft.  high  in  the  wild,  16-20  in. 
in  diam. :  Ivs.  erect-spreading:  pistillate  tls.  solitary  on 
the  branches  of  the  spadix:  drupe  obovate.    Braz. 

funifera.  Mart.  St.  18-30  ft.,  8-13  in.  diam.,  smooth: 
Ivs.  as  long  as  the  caudex;  petioles  with  very  long  hang- 
ing fibers  ;  segments  broadly  linear-acuminate,  in  clus- 
ters of  3-5,  divaricate:  drupe  i  in.  long-    Braz. 

Cohiine,  Mart.  St.  40-50  ft. :  Ivs.  erect,  pinnate,  the 
dark  green  pinnae  30-50  and  18  in.  or  less  long;  petiole 
flat  above  and  rounded  below:  drupe  broadly  ovate, 
nearly  3  in.  long,  with  a  very  short  beak.  Honduras.— 
Fruit  used  for  soap-raaking,  and  exported  from  Cent. 
Amer.  for  that  purpose.  Used  for  thatching. 
AA.     ITithout  trioiJcs. 

spectdbilis.  Mart.  Stemless,  or  with  a  very  short  cau- 
dex: Ivs.  18-21  ft.  long,  the  lower  segments  3-4  ft.,  the 
upper  12-16  in.,  }4  in.  wide,  linear-acuminate.    Braz. 

amygdallna,  HBE.  {A.  niiclfera,  Karst.).  Stemless  : 
Ivs.,  5-6  ft.  loug,  crowded,  pinnatisect;  segments  90-100 
on  each  side,  ensiforni,  glabrous  above, with  hairs  along 
the  outer  margins  beneath,  2-J^-27'3  ft.  long,  about  IJ^in, 
wide ;  petiole  with  rusty  scales  beneath.    Braz. 

A.  Guichire  is  a  trade  name:  "extremely  long-leaved."— 4. 
Mdripa,  Mart.    (A.  Mariposa,  Hort.)    See  Maximiliana. 

Jared  G.  Smith  and  G.  W.  Oli^-er. 

AUBKIfiTIA  (Claude  Aubriet,  French  natural  history 
painter  of  last  century).  Vriiciferce.  Perennial,  more 
or  less  evergreen  trailers,  excellent  for  rockwork  or  edg- 
ings. Prop,  by  seeds,  or  by  layers  or  cuttings.  The  genus 
is  distinguished  chiefly  by  the  outer  sepals  being  saccate 
at  base,  the  shorter  filaments  toothed,  and  the  valves  of 
the  sUique  convex  and  not  ribbed.    Italy  to  Persia. 

deltoldea,  DC.  Lvs.  oblong-spatulate,  deltoid  or  rhom- 
boid, with  1  or  2  teeth  on  either  side,  grayish,  narrowed 
into  a  very  short  petiole  :  fls.  in  few-fld.,  lax  clusters, 
the  violet  or  purple  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
—  Grows  2-12  in.  high.  Pretty  spring  bloomer.  Hardy 
in  the  north.  Var.  BougainvIUei,  Hort.  Fls.  light  vio- 
let :  dwarf  and  compact.  Var.  C&mpbelli,  Hort.  Fls. 
large,  purple  :  plant  large.  Var.  E^ei,  Hort.  Fls. 
large  and  long,  deep  violet.  Var.  Grsca,  Hort.  Dwarf 
and  compact,  large-fld.  One  of  the  best.  Var.  H^nder- 
soni,  Hort.,  probably  the  same  as  Campbelli.  Var. 
lelohtlini,  Hort.  Profuse  bloomer,  pink  fls.  Var. 
Olympica,  Hort.  Fls.  large,  violet,  like  var.  Eyrei. 
Var.  vioUcea,  Hort.    One  of  the  largest  forms. 

L.  H.  B. 

AUCOB A  (its  Japanese  name).  Corndcea.  One  ever- 
green shrub,  with  glossy,  often  variegated  lvs.,  enduring 
smoke  and  dust:  fls.  small,  dioecious.  4-merous,  in  pani- 
cles: fr.  a  1 -seeded  drupe.  Hardy  S.  In  the  N.  states,  Au- 


AURICULA 

cubus  are  grown  in  coolhouses— those  adapted  to  azaleas 
are  pxrellcnt  —  and  they  are  kept  evergreen  by  keeping 
them  ill  a  i.ir  during  winter,  or  by  holding  them  cool  and 
partially  dry  in  the  house.  They  will  stand  5  or  6  de- 
grees ,,1;  tin-t  in  :i  jiit.  From  cuttings  of  half-ripened 
woeiii,  ^njud  >iie<-iiiien  plants  may  be  had  in  2  or  3  years. 
Fruiting  plants,  with  their  numerous  bright  scarlet  ber- 
ries, are  exceedingly  attractive,  but  as  the  plant  is 
dioecious,  there  must  he  male  plants  with  the  female 
ones.  If  grown  in  pots  and  under  glass,  the  plant  must 
be  fertilized  by  shaking  the  flowering  male  plant  over 
the  female,  or  by  applying  the  pollen  with  a  camel's 
hair  pencil.  If  the  male  plant  flowers  earlier,  the  pollen 
may  be  collected  and  kept  dry  until  the  female  plant  is 
in  flower  ;  it  remains  etJective  for  some  weeks.  In  the 
open,  Aucuba  grows  well  in  any  good.  -,„,,,  what  inMist 
though  well-drained  soil,  in  a  half-sireli  d  |">siriiin.  In 
pots,  it  will  thrive  in  a  sandy  loam  wiih  suni.jem  ilrain- 
age,  and  requires  plenty  of  water  duiinj^  its  ^auwiug 
period.  Fruiting  plants  should  not  have  too  large  pots. 
Prop,  very  easily  by  half-ripened  greenwood  cuttings  at 
nearly  any  time  of  the  year,  under  glass,  and  by  seeds 
sown  soon  after  maturity  ;  the  varieties  are  sometimes 
grafted  on  the  common  form  in  early  spring,  under  glass. 

Japdnica,  Thunb.  Shrub,  4-15  ft.:  fls.  usually  ovate, 
3-8  in.  long,  remotely  and  coarsely  dentate,  acuminate, 
shining  :  berries  scarlet,  rarely  white  orvellow,  usually 
oblong.  From  Himal.  to  Jap.  B.M.  5512'.  I.H.  11 :  399. 
Var.  Himaiaica,  Dipp.  (A.  HimalAica,  Hook.  &  Thom.). 
Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  more  dentate  :  panicles  more 
pilose:  fr.  orange  to  scarlet.  Himal.  F.S.  12:1271.  I.H. 
6:197. —  There  are  many  garden  forms,  mostly  with 
variegated  lvs..  which  are  more  cultivated  than  the 
green  forms.  Handsome  variegated  varieties  are :  albo- 
varieg&ta,  atlrea,  atireo-macul4ta  (Flor.  Mag.  10:527. 
Flor.  World  1876:353),  bicolor,  latimactdata,  lim- 
bita,  medio-variegAta,  picturata,  punctata,  varieg4ta 
(B..M.  Il;i7.  F..M.  .'i:-J77).  I'he  f.dl.nvin-  furms  have 
green   lvs.:    angustiiolia,  dentata.  macrophylla,  ovita, 

salicifblia,    pygmaea.     .1.   mniiiidni.  i e   offered    in 

Amer.  trade,  is  probably  a  form  of  A.  Jnpoiiica. 

Alfred  Rehder. 

AUDIBfiBTIA  (if.  Audibert,  of  Tarascon,  Provence). 
LaliiittiF.    Perennial,  hoary,  aromatic  herbs  from  Calif., 


■ith  1 


ike  1 


grandifUra,  Benth.  St.  villous,  glandular,  1-3  ft. 
high  :  Ivs.  woolly  beneath  ;  lower  lvs.  hastate,  obtuse, 
3-8  in.  long,  coarse  ;  bracts  crowded,  conspicuous  :  fls. 
1-154  in.  loug,  red  or  crimson-purple,  in  dense,  showy 
glomes  or  clusters.  — Prized  for  bees. 

AUBlCULA  (Primula  Auricula,  Linn.).  Fig.  171.  A 
European  perennial,  sending  up  short  scapes,  bearing 
fls.  of  many  colors.  It  is  one  of  the  most  famous  of 
florists'  flowers,  but  it  has  never  received  the  attention 
in  this  country  that  it  has  in  Europe.    Our  summers  are 

generally  too  hot  for  it.   In  this nit  i  \  L^.n.  rally  treated 

as  a  greenhouse  plant ;  but  ii  !    in  the  Old 

World  is  grown  largely  in  fra I  ^       ;■        ,,/„_ 

Auriculas  may  be  propagate,  1  i,,  ..  ,    ;  j    nmil  pur- 

poses and   for  the  production  ui    n-  ..  ■  -,  Imt  to 

perpetuate  very  choice  varieties,  it  is  le  i     i  r  .pa- 

gate  either  by  offsets  or  division  of  t'  i  ^  ^.eil 
should  be  sown  in  shallow  pans  or  4  1  ,  '       in 

March,  so  that  the  seedlings  will  be  ^\ell  •{■  ■  Ilj..  d  Iie- 
fore  very  warm  weather  sets  in.  The  soil  used  in  the 
seed  pans  should  be  very  light  and  sandy,  the  surface 
should  be  made  smooth,and  the  seeds  thenpressed  lightly 
into  the  soil,  after  which  a  light  covering  of  sand  should 
be  given,  and  the  pans  placed  in  a  temp,  of  60°  until  they 
have  germinated,  which  usually  takes  from  three  to  four 
weeks  ;  they  should  then  be  removed  to  a  light  position, 
shaded  from  direct  sunlight,  in  a  rather  lower  tempera- 
ture, to  induce  a  stocky  growth.  As  soon  as  the  seedlings 
are  large  enough  to  handle  conveniently,  they  should  be 
pricked  off  into  other  pans  or  shallow  boxes  containing 
a  mixture  of  three  parts  leaf -mold  and  one  part  sifted 
loam  and  clean  silver  sand.  Watering  should  be  care- 
fully attended  to,  and  everything  done  to  promote  active 
growth,  so  that,  if  possible,  the  plants  may  be  large 
enough  to  require  a  second  shift  into  other  boxes,  simi- 
larly prepared,  by  the  end  of  June.    Auricula  seedlings 


AURICULA 

go  through  the  hottest  months  much  better  in  boxes  than 
in  pots,  as  they  can  be  kept  more  evenly  moist.  For  their 
summer  quarters,  a  wooden  frame  placed  on  sifted  coal 
ashes  on  the  north  side  of  a  building  or  wall,  or  almost 
any  position  where  they  will  be  sheltered  from  the  sun 
and  still  receive  plenty  of  light,  should  be  given  them. 
The  frame  should  be  provided  with  sash,  which  should 
be  kept  over  the  plants  most  of  the  time,  giving  air  in 
abundance  in  favorable  weather,  and  during  the  warmest 
weather  the    whole  frame 


(XK) 


ihould  be  raised  by  placing 


young    plants    should    be 

potted,  using  a  compost  of 

two    parts    good,    fibrous 

loam,  one  part   leaf-mold, 

and  one  part  well  decayed 

cow  or  sheep  manure,  with 

a  little   sand  added.    The 

frame   should    be   kept   a 

little  close  for  a  few  days 

after    potting,    and    from 

this    time    care   must    be 

^      taken  not  to  wet  the  foli- 

A     ^-fip  age  in  watering.  The 

f^  ('        ^  plants  may  remain  in 

^^-^     J     the  frame  until  dan- 

r  ^''       ger  of  freezing,  when 

tliev  should  be  trans- 


All  decaying  leaves 
should  be  carefully 
removed,  and  but  lit- 
tle water  will  be  re- 
quired during  the 
dull  winter  months. 
Towards  the  end  of  February  the  plants  will  show  signs 
of  flowering,  when  they  should  be  given  a  top-dressing 
of  pulverized  sheep  manure  and  placed  in  a  light,  airy 
position,  in  a  temp,  of  55°.  The  flowering  season  lasts 
about  two  months,  after  which  the  plants  should  receive 
their  annual  potting.  All  diseased  or  decayed  roots 
should  be  cut  away,  and  most  of  the  old  soil  carefully 
removed.  The  propagation  of  very  choice  varieties  by 
offsets  or  division  is  best  done  at  "this  time.  The  pots 
used  in  potting  should  bo  wfll  drniiicd,  and  no  larger 
than  will  .iust  accommoilat.-  tlir  plniits.  The  soil  best 
suited  is  the  same  as  bi-f.in-  r.r.,inni.ii.b-il.  After  pot- 
ting they  may  be  placcil  in  tipir  ,-uiiiiiier  quarters. 
Offsets  should'be  inserted  ruuud  the  vA'^r  of  4-inch  pots, 
using  very  sandy  soil,  ami  kept  in  a  moist,  shaded  posi- 
tion until'  rooted.  Bv  annuallv  repotting  and  giving  a 
little  extra  care  during  the  summer  months,  a  batch  of 
Auriculas  will  return  very  satisfactory  results,  and  may 
be  kept  in  a  good,  healthy  condition  for  several  years. 
Edward  J.  Caxnixg. 
AVfiNA  (classicalname).  Gramlnea.  Oats.  Agenus 
of  annuals  or  perennials  well  known  from  the  cultivated 
oat.  Panicles  wide  open,  and  loosely  flowered,  bearing 
large  2-6-flowered  spikelets.  A  long,  twisted,  geniculate 
awn  present,  except  in  the  cultivated  oat.  Species, 
Mbout  50.  Widely  spread  in  the  temperate  regions  of  the 
Old  and  New  World. 

fitua,  Linn.  Wild-oats.  Sand-oats.  Resembles  the 
cultivated  oat;  can  be  distinguished  by  the  larger  spike- 
lets  and  long,  brown  hairs  on  the  flowering  glume.  Awn 
an  inch  in  length.  Eu.  — A  very  troublesome  weed  in 
some  parts.    Not  cult. 

stfirilis,  Linn.  Animated  Oats.  Much  larger  than  the 
cultivated  oat :  spikelets  large,  in  a  drooping  panicle  ; 
awn  very  long  and  geniculate.  Mediterranean  region 
and  E.—  Occasionally  cult,  for  the  odd  behavior  of  the 
"seeds."  It  is  the  twisting  and  untwisting  of  this  awn, 
when  exposed  to  moisture  and  dryness,  that  has  given 
to  the  grass  the  name  Animated  Oats.  The  untwisting  of 
the  awn  causes  the  spikelet  to  tumble  about  in  various 
directions,  suggestive  of  independent  motion. 


The  common  oat  is  Avma  sativa.  Linn.,  native  of  the  Old 
World.   Pasture  grasses  sold  as  Avenas  are  ^.  elatior,  which  is 
an  Arrhenantheinini ;  and  A.  flavesvens,  which  is  a  Trisetum. 
P.  B.  Kennedy. 

AVEEEHOA  (after  Averrhoes.  the  Arabian  physi- 
cian). Gerani&ce.a'.  Tropical  fruit  trees,  cult,  in  India 
and  China,  and  sometimes  grown  under  glass  for  orna- 
ment. L\s.  altrriiutf.  M(M-i'inii;tii  -,  Ifts.  alternate,  ovate- 
acuiiiiiiat.'.  i-utii-,.  stalknl.  ^,n-itiv.-  :  fls.  borne  on  the 
naknl  -tciii^  aii.l  liranrlir-.  niiiiui.-.  fragrant, rose-colored 
toreddisli  purph'.  rarcincsf ;  calyx  ri-d;  corolla campanu- 
late  ;  petals  5. 

Carambola,  Linn.  Carambola.  Height  15-20  ft. :  Ifts. 
4-5  pairs  :  fls.  rosy  purple  :  fr.  varying  in  size  from  a 
hen's  egg  to  a  large  orange,  ovate,  acutely  5-angled,  yel- 
low, fragrant,  the  pulp  acid.  The  half -grown  fr.  used  as 
pickles  ;  the  ripe  fr.  for  preserves.  Said  to  produce  3 
crops  a  year.   P.M.  15:231.  Cult,  sparingly  in  S.  Calif. 

A.  BiUrnbi,  Linn.  Cucumber  Tree.  Bilimbi.  Height  8-1.5 
ft.:  Ifts.  5-10  pairs  :  fls.  red.  in  longer  racemes  than  the  above  : 
fr.  smaller  than  the  Carambola,  cucumber-shaped,  smooth, 
green  rind,  and  acid  pulp.  Extensively  cult,  in  S.  Amer.  P.M. 
15:231. 

AVOCADO,  ALLI6AT0E  PEAB.    See  Persea. 

AZALEA  (from  Greek  azaleas,  dry  :  Linnrous  be- 
lieved them  to  grow  in  dry  locations).  ilricAcem. 
Shrubs  :  Ivs.  deciduous  or  persistent,  alternate,  more 
or  less  nairy  and  ciliate,  rarely  glabrous  and  never  lepi- 
dote  or  scurfy  :  fls.  in  terminal  umbellate  racemes, 
rarely  lateral;  corolla  5-lobed,  funnel-form,  campanulate 
or  rotate  ;  stamens  5-10  ;  ovary  5-celled,  hairy  or  se- 
tose, with  or  without  glands  :  fr.  a  loculicidal  capsule 
(Fig.  172),  with  numerous  minute  seeds.  This  genus  is 
often  united  with  Rhododendron,  which  is  easier  to  dis- 
tinguish by  its  Ivs.  and  general  habit  than  by  its  fls.  In 
Rhododendron,  the  Ivs.  are  coriaceous,  generally  per- 
sistent, usually  revolute  at  the  margin,  glabrous  or  to- 
mentose  beneath,  often  lepidote,  not  ciliate,  or  ciliate 
and  lepidote  :  stamens  usually  10  :  ovary  glabrous, 
glandular,  lepidote  or  tomentose,  never  setose,  some- 
times more  than  5-celled.  The  glabrous  species  of 
Azalea  have  5  stamens  and  deciduous  Ivs.  There  are  35 
species  in  Asia  (especially  E.  Asia)  and  N.  Amer.  Con- 
sult Maximowicz,  Rhododendreffi  Asije  Orientalis,  St. 
Petersburg,  1870.  The  Azaleas  belong  to  our  most  orna- 
mental and  beautiful  flowering  shrubs,  and  are  often 
completely  covered  with  large  showy  fls.  of  brilliant  and 
various  colors.  They  grow  best  in  peaty  or  sandy  soil 
containing  no  limestone,  and  prefer  somewhat  moist  and 
half-shaded  situations.  In  regard  to  the  culture,  they 
may  be  divided  into  two  groups  :  Hardy  deciduous 
Azaleas,  and  Indian  Azaleas. 

Hardy  Deciduous  Azaleas.— These  include  the  spe- 
cies of  the  sections  Euazalea  and  Rhodora,  and  the  hy- 
brids known  as  Ghent  Azaleas.  They  are  hardy,  but  in 
the  N.  and  in  exposed  situations  a  protection  with  brush, 
hay  or  mats  should  be  given  during  the  wmter,  to  pre- 
vent the  flower-buds  from  sudden  changes  of  tempera- 
ture. They  are  usually  increased  by  seeds  sown  in  early 
spring  in  frames  or  pans,  in  sandy  peat,  without  cover- 
ing, and  kept  moist  and  shady.  When  the  seedlings  ap- 
pear they  should  have  air  and  a  daily  syringing.  In  au- 
tumn they  are  transplanted  into  boxes  or  frames,  in 
sandy,  peaty  soil.  The  seeds  germinate  very  readily 
sown  in  cut  sphagnum,  but  ought  to  be  pricked  into 
boxes  as  soon  as  they  can  be  handled.  The  second  year 
the  seedlings  should  be  planted  out  in  beds,  sufficiently 
wide  apart  to  allow  a  growth  of  two  years.  Long  upright 
branches  should  be  shortened,  to  secure  well-branched 
plants.  The  named  varieties  are  grafted  on  any  of  the 
common  species,  usually  by  veneer-grafting  in  autumn 
in  the  greenhouse,  on  potted  stock.  They  may  also  be 
increased  by  cuttings  of  mature  wood  2-3  in.  long,  taken 
with  a  heel  late  in  summer,  and  placed  in  sand  under 
glass.  Layers  usually  require  2  years  to  root  sufficiently ; 
they  are  made  in  spring,  and  the  buried  part  enclosed  in 
moss.  Azaleas  are  easy  to  transplant,  either  in  early 
spring  or  in  early  autumn,  when  the  year's  growth 
has  ripened.  If  desired,  they  may  be  planted  for  deco- 
rative purposes  in  early  spring,  in  beds,  without  injuring 
the  abundance  or  brilliancy  of  the  flower,  and  after- 


120  AZALEA 

wards  removed  to  give  space  for  other  decorative  plants, 
and  planted  carefully  in  nursery  beds, where  they  remain 
till  next  spring  ;  and  so  on  e%-ery  year.  Especially  the 
hybrids  and  varieties  of  A.  mollis  are  often  and  easily 
forced  for  winter-flowering.  If  intended  for  early  forc- 
ing, they  should  be  grown  in  pots,  and  care  taken  to 
allow  them  to  finish  their  growth  as  early  as  possible  ; 
for  later  forcing,  after  Christmas,  they  may  be  potted  in 
fall,  or  even  just  before  bringing  them  into  the  forcing- 
house.  With  a  temperature  of  50-55°  at  night,  they  will 
bloom  in  about  6  weeks.  The  Ghent  Azaleas  are  grown 
in  great  quantifies  in  the  Low  Countries  and  in  Germany 
lor  export  to  America  ;  it  is  usually  more  profitable  to 
buy  this  stock  each  fall  than  to  attempt  to  raise  it  here, 
where  labor  is  high-priced  and  the  climate  dry  and  hot. 

In  the  open,  the  flowerin-  i"  r;  d  ..f  lianly  Azaleas  ex- 
tends fromApriltoJuly.  1  :  .  !  .  I  r,,  ,1(1  dens  is,  A. 
rhomhica  and  A.  i'aseyi  :  i      ■     i    ,  '  ^  and  A .  •mol- 

lis, follovred  hj  A.  PoHiir,!  ;;iiil  A  .  '  •  ,  inlulacea,  and 
nearly  at  the  same  time  A.  .Schuppetibachi  and  A. 
Albrechti  ;  somewhat  later,  A.occidenlalis,  and  last,  A. 
arborescens  and  A.  viscosa.  One  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful is  the  American  A.  calendiilacea,  which  is  hardly 
surpassed  in  the  brilliancy  and  abundance  of  its  flowers 
by  any  of  the  Ghent  hybrids.  Some  good  hybrids,  or 
Ghent  Azaleas,  are  the  following  : 

Single-fld.  varieties  :  Albicans,  white  with  yellow 
blotch,  fragrant  ;  Admiral  de  Ruyter,  deep  red  scarlet  ; 
Altaclarensis,  white,  bordered  pink,  spotted  yellow, 
fragrant,  B.R.  28:27  ;  Anthony  Foster,  orange-yellow  ; 
Comte  de  Gomer,  bright  rose,  spotted  orange,  R.B. 
1:97  ;  Daviesi,  nearly  pure  white,  fragrant,  Gt.  42:1307; 
Directeur  Charles  Baumann,  cherry  red,  spotted  yellow; 
G^ant  des  Batailles,  deep  crimson  ;  Hilda,  red-orange  ; 
Louis  Hellebuyck,  carmine,  blotched  orange,  F.S.  19: 
2019;  MarieVerschaffelt,  pink,  blotched  yellow;  Morteri, 
rosy  pink  with  yollow  blotch,  S.B.F.G.  II.  1: 10  ;  Prin- 

Tsatine,  l.i  i-ht  i.ink.  I(.  P..  2n  :  ■_'::;  Van  Dyck,  blood-red; 
Viscosa  ll.iril.iiii.h,,  i.iiM-  wl.ii.'.  fragrant. 

Douhle-lM.  vurietic.-s  :  Arcthu-ia,  creamy  white,  tinged 
yellow  ;  Bijou  de  Gandbrugge,  white,  bordered  rose, 
F.S.  19:  202i  ;  Louis  Airad  Van  Houtte,  carmine,  tinged 
orange,  F.S.  19: 2022  ;  Madame  Mina  Van  Houtte,  pink, 
tinged  salmon  and  white,  F.S.  19:2021 ;  Murillo,  pink, 
tinged  purple,  R.B.  19:232  ;  Phebe,  yellow,  tinged  or- 
ange, R.B.  19:232;  Raphael  deSmet, pink;  Virgile,  pale 
rose,  striped  yellow  in  the  center,  R.B.  19:232. 

Indian  Azaleas.— This  group  contains  ^.  /ntZica  and 
other  species  of  the  section  Tsusia  and  the  hybrids  of 
them.  They  are  well  kijowu  evergreen  shrubs,  in  the  N. 
requiring  cultivation  in  the  greenhouse  during  the  win- 
ter, but  some  varieties,  as  A.  Indira,  var.  K(rmpfiiri  and 
var.  amcena,  are  hardy  even  near  New  Tork.  A.  ros- 
marinitolia  and  A.  liiieiirifoliii  will  stand  many  de- 
grees of  frost  in  somewhat  sheltered  positions.  They 
are  rarely  increased  by  seeds,  whiolimay  be  sown  in  the 
greenhouse  in  the  same  way  as  with  the  former  group. 
Usually  they  are  propagated  by  cuttins-s  or  grafting. 
The  cuttings  root  best  when  made  in  August  from  half- 
ripened  wood,  and  placed  in  sand  under  a  frame,  witlj 
gentle  bottom  heat.  Choicer  varieties  are  usually  in- 
creased by  veneer-  or  tongue-grafting,  either  in  winter 
or  in.July  andAug,  on  vigorous-growing  varieties  raised 
mostly  from  cuttings.  Grafting  on  Rhododendron  is 
now  used  in  some  German  nurseries  with  very  good  re- 
sults. The  best  soil  for  Azaleas,  if  grown  in  pots,  is  a 
sandy  compost  of  half  peat  and  half  leaf-soil,  with  an 
addition  of  good  fibrous  loam.  It  is  essential  to  plant 
them  firmly,  and  to  give  very  good  drainage.  The  base 
of  the  stem  should  be  just  above  the  surface.  The  best 
time  for  repotting  is  after  flowering,  when  the  new 
growth  commences.  During  the  summer,  they  should  be 
kept  in  a  coldframe  or  in  the  open  in  a  sheltered  spot, 
with  the  pots  plunged  in  the  soil,  or  planted  out  in  pre- 
pared beds,  where  they  make  a  very  vigorous  and 
healthy  growth.  In  Sept.  they  should  be  repotted  and 
transferred  to  the  greenhouse.  They  must  have  plenty 
of  water  and  free  syringing  during  the  hot  months. 
The  natural  flowering  time  is  from  April  to  June,  but  in 
the  greenhouse.  Azaleas  may  be  had  in  flower  from  Nov. 
till  June.  Against  the  red  spider  and  thrips,  from  which 
the  Azaleas  are  liable  to  suffer  if  the  air  is  too  dry,  free 


the  best  remedy.    Most  of  the 

from  Holland  and  Belgium  ;  and  it  is  cheaper  to  buy 
them  than  to  attempt  to  raise  them.  Formerly  Azaleas 
were  kept  in  summer  in  shade  or  partial  shade,  but  now 
it  is  the  custom  of  the  best  growers  to  give  them  full 
exposure  to  the  sun,  either  planted  out  or  in  the  pots 
plunged  to  the  rim  in  ashes  or  other  good  drainage  ma- 
terial ;  in  the  latter  case  a  top-dressing  of  2  or  3  inches 
of  old  cow  manure  is  very  beneficial.  The  only  Ameri- 
can treatise  is  Halliday's  Treatise  on  the  Propagation 
and  Cultivation  of  Azalea  Indies,  Baltimore,  1880. 

Some  of  the  best  varieties  of  Indian  Azaleas  are  the 
following  ( for  a  completer  account,  see  August  Van  Geert, 
Iconographie  des  AzaWes,  abbreviated  here  as  Ic.  Az. ) : 

Single-fld. :  Antigone,  white,  striped  and  spotted  vio- 
let, R.B.  7:241;  Ic.Az.  3:  Apollo,  vermilion,  Ic  Az.  20; 
Charmer,  rich  amaranth,  very  large,  F.M.  5:303-4,  1  ; 
Comtesse  de  Beaufort,  rich  rose,  blotched  deep  crim- 
son ;  Criterion,  rich  salmon-pink,  bordered  white  and 
blotched  crimson,  F.S.  8 :  79G  ;  Diamond,  white,  blotched 
dark  crim.son,  F.S.  21:22.33-34  ;  Due  de  Nassau,  rich 
rosy  purple,  very  free  and  large;  Eclatante,  deep  crim- 
son, shaded  rose  ;  Fanny  Ivery,  deep  salmon-scarlet, 
blotched  magenta,  F.M.  10:  "42  ;  Fielder's  White,  pure 
white,  early,  A.F.  13:1169;  Flambeau,  rich,  glowing 
crimson,  Gn.  10:242,4;  Fuerstin  Bariatinsky,  wliite, 
striped  red,  Gn.  16,  242,  Ic.Az.  13  ;  Jean  Vervrone,  sal- 
mon, striped,  bordered  white,  R.  B.  2:  145,  Ic.  Az.  11; 
John  Gould  Veitch,  lilac  rose,  bordered  and  netted 
white,  striped  crimson,  F,S.  20:2071-72;  La  Vlctoire, 
reddish,  white  towards  the  edges,  spotted  maroon  crim- 
son; Louise  von  Baden,  pure  white,  sometimes  speckled 
pink  ;  F.S.  17: 1796,  P.M.  3: 158  ;  Madame  Charles  Van 
Eeckhaute,  pure  white,  with  crisped  edges  ;  Madame 
Van  Houtte,  scarlet  rose,  bordered  white,  F.S.  23:2383, 
Ic.  Az.  5  ;  Marquis  of  Lome,  brilliant  scarlet,  very 
fine  ;  Miss  E.  Jarret,  pure  white,  with  crisped  edges, 
R.B.  14:  213;  Mrs.  Turner,  bright  pink,  bordered  white, 
spotted  crimson,  F.S.  8:  451;  Mens.  Thibaut,  orange-red; 
President  Victor  Van  den  Hecke,  white  striped  and 
speckled  crimson,  with  yellow  center,  F.S.  15: 1567-68  ; 
Princess  Alice,  pure  white,  one  of  the  best ;  Princesse 
Clementine,  white,  spotted  greenish  yellow  ;  Reine  des 
Pays-Bas,  rich  violet-pink,  bordered  white,  I.H.  13 :  479  ; 
Roi  de  HoUande,  dark  blood-red,  spotted  black  ;  Sigis- 
mund  Rucker,  rich  rose,  bordered  white,  blotched  crim- 
son, very  showy,  F.S.  19:2010-11,  Ic.Az.  31;  Stella, 
orange-scarlet,  tinged  violet;  Wilson  Saunders,  pur© 
white,  striped  and  blotched  vivid  red. 

Double-fld.;  Borsig,  pure  white;  Alice,  deep  rose, 
blotched  vermilion,  I.H.  23 :244 ;  Baron  M.  de  Rothschild, 
rich  purple-violet,  large,  F.S.  23:  2477-78  ;  Bernard  An- 


Azalea  nudiflora 


dr^,  dark  violet-purple,  large  ;  Bernard  Andr^  alba, 
white,  I.H.  17:15,  Ic.  Az.  19;  Charles  Leirens.  dark  sal- 
mon, blotched  dark  purple. good  form  and  substance,  F.S. 
19:1971-72;  Charles  Pynaert,  salmon,  bordered  white, 
K.B.  10:25;  Chicago,  deep  carmine,  bordered  white, 
large ;  Comtesse  Eugenie  de  Kerchove,  white,  flaked  red- 
carmine;  Deutsche  Perle,  pure  white,  early,  R.H.  1886- 


AZALEA 

516,  Gn  33 :  649,  Ic.  Az.  25  ;  Dominique  Verveene,  bright 
orange  ;  Dr.  Moore,  deep  rose,  shaded  white  and  violet, 
Tery  tine,  R.  Br.  11:61;  Empereur  du  Bresil,  rich  rose, 
banded  white,  upper  petals  marked  red,  lo.  Az.  15  ; 
Francois  de  Vos,  deep  crimson,  I.H.  14:  512,  le.  Az.  14, 
F.M.  8:443;  Imbricata,  white,  sometimes  ilalsed  rose, 
I.H.  24:281,  F.S.  22:2284-85;  Imperatrice  des  Indes, 
salmon-rose,  festooned  white  and  dark  carmine,  F.M. 
18:  357,  Ic.  Az.  21 ;  Johanna  Gottschalk,  white  ;  Louise 
Fynaert,  white,  R.  B.  4:  209  :  Mme.  Iris  Lefebvre,  dark 
orange-carmine. shaded  bright  violet  and  blotched  brown- 
ish red,  F.S.  18: 1862-63  ;  Madame  Van  der  Cruyssen, 
pink,  fine  form,  A.F.  12:1003  ;  Madeleine,  white,  large, 
semi-double  ;  Niobe,  white,  fine  form  ;  Pharailde  Ma- 
Ailde.white,  spotted  cherry-red,  R.B.  13:143;  President 
GhellinckdeWalle,  brightrose,  upperpetals spotted  yel- 
low and  striped  crimson ;  President  Oswald  de  Kerchove, 
pink,  bordered  white,  blotched  carmine;  Raphael,  white; 
Sakuntala,  white,  very  free-flowering;  Souv.  du  Prince 
Albert,  rich  rose-peach,  broadly  margined  white,  very 
free-flowering,  F.M.  4:201,  Ic.  Az.  24;  Theodore  Rei- 
mers,  lilac,  large  ;  Vervieneana,  rose,  bordered  white, 
sometimes  striped  salmon. 

The  following  Azaleas  are  described  below  :  A.  alba, 
No.  15  ;  albiflora,  16  ;  Albreohti,  12  ;  amoena,  14;  arbo- 
rescens,2;  balsaminwflora,  \i;  ea,lendulace&,  5;  Cali- 
fornica,  1 ;  oalyciflora,  14  ;  Canadensis,  9;  cauescens,  4; 
crispiflora,  14  ;  crocea,5;  Danielsiana,  li  ;  flamraea,  5; 
Gandavensis,  7 ;  glauca,  3  ;  hispida,  3  ;  Indica,  14  ; 
Ksmpferi,  14  ;  lateritia,  14  ;  ledifolia,  15  ;  liUiflora,  15; 
macrantha,  14  ;  mollis,  8  ;  narcissiflora,  15  ;  nitida,  3  ; 
nudiflora,  4  ;  obtusa,  14  ;  occidentalis,  I  ;  Pontica,  6  ; 
punicea,  15  ;  purpurea,  15;  rhombica,  10;  Hollissotii,  14; 
rosiflora,  14  ;  rosmarinifolia,  15  ;  Schlippenbachi,  13  ; 
Simsi,  14  ;  Sinensis,  8  ;  speciosa,  5  ;  Vaseyi,  11 ;  vis- 
cosa,  3. 

A.    Fls.  in  terminal  l-many-fld.  clusters. 
B.   Lvs.  and  fls.  from  different  buds:  tointer-buds  ivilh 

many  scales  :  lvs.  deciduous. 

c.    Corolla   with   rather  long   tube  and   usually   acute 

seifment.i,  pubescent  or  hairy  outside:  stamens  S: 

Irs.  ciliitte.    (Euazalea.) 

D.    stamens  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  limb :  tube 

long  and  narroir,  outside  glandular. 

E.    ("'■./")■  ('■//'.''  ,  !'■  "'•'  <"■  rose. 

1.  occident4Iis.  l  .  .v  <  :  inn.dodhidron  occidcn- 
id(e.  Gray.  A.i  .  Ilii).  Height  2-6  ft.: 
branchlets  glabrous  m-  |.ii:h  -ci m  :  lvs.  obovate-oblong, 
finely  ciliate,  slightly  pul.escfut  beneath  when  young  : 
corolla  2-2K  in.  long,  white  or  slightly  tinged  rose,  with 
yellow  on  the  upper  lobe,  fragrant.  May,  June.  Calif. 
B.M.  5005.    F.S.  14:1432.    Gn.  34:673. 

2.  arhor6scen3,  Pursh  (Shododhidron  arbor^scens, 
Torr. ).  Prom  8-20  ft. :  branchlets  nearly  glabrous  :  lvs. 
obovate  or  obovate-oblong,  acute,  ciliate,  glabrous,  green 
or  glaucescent  beneath  :  fls.  white  or  tinged  rose,  2  in. 
long,  fragrant ;  style  and  stamens  red.  June,  July. 
Allegh.  Mts.  G.F.  1:401.  L. B.C.  17:1632,  as  ^.  reWi- 
cilUita. 

3.  viscdsa,  Linn.  {lihododhidron  viscdsum,  Torr.). 
From  4-8  ft. :  winter-buds  glabrous  :  branchlets  with 
stiff  hairs  :  lvs.  obovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  mucronulate, 
ciliate,  bristly  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath  :  fls.  white  or 
tinged  rose,  114-2  in.  long,  viscid  outside,  fragrant ; 
style  red.  June,  July.  E.  N.  Amer.  Em.  2:438.  Var. 
nitida,  Nichols.  From  1-3  ft.:  lvs.  oblanceolate,  bright 
green  on  both  sides  :  corolla  tinged  red.  B.R.  5:414. 
Var.  glailca,  Ait.  Lvs.  whitish -glaucous  beneath,  dull 
and  glaucous  above.  L. B.C.  16: 1518.  Var.  hispida,  Britt. 
{A.  hispida.  Pursh).  Pedicels  bristly  hispid  :  fls.  usu- 
ally pink  :  lvs.  glaucescent  beneath.   L.B.C.  5:  441. 

4.  nudiiWra,  Linn.  (A.  li'itea,  Linn.  B.  nudiflorum, 
Torr.).  Figs.  172,  173.  Height  2-6  ft.:  winter-buds 
more  or  less  pubescent :  branchlets  pubescent  and  often 
with  stiff  hairs  :  lvs.  oblong  or  obovate,  hairy  on  the 
midrib  or  pubescent  beneath  :  fls.  pink  to  nearly  white, 
before  or  with  the  lvs.,  about  1]4  in.  broad,  pubescent 
outside.  Apr.,  May.  E.  N.  Amer.  B.R.  120.  L.B.C. 
1:51.  G.W.F.  36.  Mn.  2:17.  Var.  canescens,  Rehder 
(A.  eaniscens,  Michx.).  Lvs.  tonientose  or  pubescent 
beneath,  usually  elliptic :  fls.  glandular  outside. 


AZALEA  121 

EE.    Color  yellow  to  flame-red. 

5.  calendulacea,  Michx.  (i?.  calendulUceum,  Torr.). 
From  4-10  ft. :  branchlets  glabrous  or  with  stiff  hairs  : 
lvs.  obovate  or  ovate,  usually  pubescent  beneath,  serru- 
late-ciliate  :  fls.  orange-yellow  or  flame-red,  often  2  in. 
broad,  with  the  lvs.,  nearly  scentless  ;  tube  usually 
shorter  than  the  limb  ;  stamens  thickened  at  the  middle. 
May,  June.  E.  N.  Amer.  Var.  fl4mmea,  Michx.  (A. 
specidsa,WiUd.).  Fls.  flame- or  orange-red.  B.R.  145. 
L.B.C.  7:624.  B.M.  180.  Var.  crdcea,  Michx.  Fls.  yel- 
low or  orange-yellow.  B.M.  1721.  L.B.C.  14:1324. -One 
of  the  most  showy  species. 

6.  P6ntica,  Liun.  (E.  fldviiin,  Don).  Plant  2-6  ft.: 
branchlets  hairy:  pedicels  and  petioles  glandular  :  lvs. 
cuneate,  oblong,  usually  hairy  on  both  sides  when  young, 
2-4  in.  long  :  fls.  yellow,  2-2}^  in.  broad,  very  fragrant ; 
stamens  as  long  as  the  limb.  May.  Orient,  Caucasus. 
B.M.  433;  2383  (var.  albiflora).— A  very  fragrant  and 
free-flowering  species,  not  common  in  cult.  Nearly  all 
varieties  referred  to  this  species  in  nursery  catalogues 
are  hybrids,  for  which  the  collective  name  A.  Ganda- 
vensis may  be  used. 

7.  Gandavensis,  Hort.  Ghent  Azaleas.  Fig.  174. 
These  are  hybrids  between  A .  Pontica ,  and  the  American 


I         -^ 


174    Ghent  azalea— A   Gandavensis 


lit.  tha 


the 


species,  and  A.  Sinensis,  now  more 
typical  species.  Of  a  number  of  them  the  parents  are 
easily  recognized,  but  many  are  hybrids  of  the  second 
degree  or  more,  and  it  is  impossible  to  be  sure  about 
their  parentage.  They  vary  in  all  shades  of  white,  yel- 
low, orange,  pink,  carmine,  lilac,  and  red,  with  single 
and  double  fls.,  and  also  in  the  time  of  flowering,  from 
May  to  July.  A  short  selection  of  some  good  varieties 
has  already  been  given. 

DD.    Stamens   shorter  than   the  limb:    corolla   funnel- 
form-campanulate,  outside  pubescent,  not  glan- 
dular. 
8.  Sinensis,   Lodd.  (A.  mdllis,  Blume.    E.   Sinense, 
Sweet).     From  3-8  ft.:  branches  hairy  ;  lvs.  oblong  or 
obovate-oblong,  2-1  in.   long,  appressed-setose  above, 
glaucescent  beneath  and  nearly  glabrous  except  on  the 
midrib,  rarely  pubescent  :  fls.  2-2J^  in.  broad,  yellow, 
orange  or  pink.    April,  Mav.    China,  Japan.    F.S.  19: 
2032-36.    Gn.  46,  p.  265,  546.   B.R. 15:1253.   L.B.C. 9:885 


122  AZALEA 


Gt.  16:556.  Gng.  4:279.— A  valuable  species,  with  large 
but  scentless  fls.  A  large  number  of  varieties  and  hy- 
brids has  been  raised,  which  are  well  adapted  for  forcing 
purposes  and  also  for  groups  in  the  open,  being  as  hardy 
as  the  American  species.  See  Rhododendron  for  picture. 
CO.  Corolla  with  very  xhort  tnlie,  rotate-campatiulale 
or  two-lipped,  ghthrous  oitttiide :  segments  ob- 
tuse: stamens  7-10.  (Jfhodora.t 
D.    Jjimb    of    corolla    S-lipped,    not    spotted,    the    two 

lower  segments  divided   neurlij  to  the  base  :     fls, 

before  the  h's. 

9.  Canadensis,  O.  Ktze.  {Shoddra  Canadinsis,  Linn. 
Bhododlndron  Ehodbra,  Don).  From  1-3  ft.:  Its.  oval, 
obtuse  and  mucronulate,  glaucous  and  slightly  pubes- 
cent beneath  :  fls.  5-7,  on  very  short  pedicels  1-VA  in. 
broad,  rose-purple  ;  segments  narrow,  the  lower  ones 
revolute  :  stamens  10.  Apr..  May.  E.  N.  Amer. :  New- 
foundland to  Pa.    Em.  2:411.    B.M.  474. 

10.  rhbmbica,  O.  Ktze.  (Rhododhidron  rhdmbicum, 
Miq.).  Shr-jb,  3-8  ft. :  Ivs.  rhombic-elliptic,  acute  at  botb 
ends  and  sparsely  hairy  above,  yellowish  pubescent  at 
the  nerves  beneath  :  Hs.  2-3  ;  corolla  lK-2  in.  broad, 
somewhat  campanulate,  bright  rose-colored,  segments 
oblong;  stamens  10.  Apr.,  May.  Japan.  B.M.  6972.  Gt. 
17:586;  G.C.  III.  20:  38. 

DD.  Limb  of  corolla  rotate-campunttlate,  or  slightli/ 
H-lipped,  divided  usually  till  below  the  middle  : 
upper  lobes  spotted. 

11.  V4seyi,  Rehder  (Rhododendron  VAseyi,  Gray). 
From  5-15  ft.  high  ;  branchlets  without  bristles  :  Ivs. 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sparsely  hirsute  : 
fls.  before  or  with  the  Ivs.;  corolla  slightly  2-lipped, 
lower  lobes  widely  spreading;  stamens  7,  rarely  5.  Apr., 
May.    N.  Car.    G.F.  1:377.    G.C.  III.  20:  71. -Excellent. 

12.  Albrechti,  O.  Ktze.  (Rhododendron  Albrechti, 
Maxim.).  From  2-5  ft.:  branchlets  glandular-pilose: 
Ivs.  obovate  or  elliptic,  acute,  3-5  in.  long,  appressed- 
pilose  above,  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath  :  fls. 
purple,  with  the  Ivs.  2  in.  broad  ;  stamens  10.   Japan. 

13.  Schlippenbaclli,  O.  Ktze.  (Rhododendron  Schlip- 
peHdof/ii,  Maxim. ).  Three  to  5  ft.:  branchlets  glandu- 
lar-pilose :  Ivs.  cuneate,  broadly  obovate,  2-5  in.  long, 
rounded  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  hirsute  on  both 
sides  or  glabrous  at  length  :  fls.  with  the  Ivs.,  2-3  in. 
broad,  pale  rose-colored,  upper  lobes  spotted  reddish 
brown  :  stamens  10.  May.  Japan.  B.M.  7373.  Gn. 
46:972.    G.C.  III.  19:  561. 

BB.  Zvs.  and  fls,  from  the  same  terminal  bud:  winter 
buds  with  i-4  scales  of  nearly  equal  length  : 
corolla  glabrous  outside:  Ivs.  usually  persistent. 
(Tsu.<!ia.) 

14.  tndica,  Linn.  (Rhododendron  Indicum,  Sweet). 
Figs.  175,  176.  From 
1-8  ft.:  branchlets, 
Ivs. and  pedicels  more 
or  less  rufously  ap- 
pressed-strigose:  Ivs. 
lanceolate  or  obo- 
vate:  fls.  1-3;   calyx 

r       >  densely    setose,    not 

.^3         glandular,  with  usu- 


v: 


.•f^<wii**  upper  segments  spot- 

*'  ted  ;     stamens    5-10. 

\  China,  Jap.    Gn.  50, 

_fi>-^f  ^if     p.    192;    54.    p.   487. 

\,^.  R.B.  20:121:    21:85; 

^"^-—'^  ,,  23:37.     A.G.  14:473. 

^w,   »,    ■/  Gng.    4:  359.      F.  E. 

^•W  9:431.    F.R.  2:579.— 

^^  This  is  a  very  vari- 

able   and    much-cul- 
tivated  species,   and 
varieties  are  often  described  as  species. 
(1)  Lvs.  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acute,  SS  in.  long,  dull 
above    and    rufously   strigose:    shrubs,  iS   ft. 
high,  somewhat  loosely  branched. 
Var.  Keempferi,  Rehder.   Lvs.  deciduous,  only  a  few 
small  ones  below  the  fl.-buds  persisting  till  spring, 


175.  Azalea  Indica  (X  14). 


AZALEA 

elliptic,  bright  green:  fls.  2-3,  with  or  before  the  lvs.; 
calyx-lobes  oval,  rounded  ;  corolla  1-2  in.  broad,  pink 
or  orange-red:  stamens  5,  with  yellow  anthers.  Apr., 
May.  Jap. — This  is  the  hardiest  variety  ;  hardy  even 
in  New  Eng. 

Var.  Simsi,  Rehder  (A.  Indica,  Sims,  not  Linn.). 
Lvs.  persistent,  dark  green,  lanceolate  :  fls.  1-3,  rose- 


176.  Double-flowered  Azalea  Indica  (X  %). 

colored  or  carmine  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  ;  stamens 
10,  with  purple  anthers.  May,  June.  China.  B.M. 
1480.  L.B.C.  3:275. 
2)  Lvs.  obovate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  rarely 
acute  ;  %-3  in.  long,  less  strigose,  and  usually 
shining  above  :   low,  much-branched  shrubs. 

Var.  macretntha, Reichb.  (.4.  macm'nfAa,  Bunge.  A, 
DanielsiAna,  Paxt.).  Lvs.  coriaceous,  dark  green, 
shining,  obovate  or  oval :  fls.  usually  single,  3-3  in. 
broad,  pink  or  purplish  pink  ;  stamens  5-10.  usually 
enclosed.  May,  June.  China.  P.M.I:  129.  S.B.F.G.II. 
3:  261. -From  this  variety  nearly  all  of  the  beautiful 
garden  forms  of  the  Indian  Azaleas  have  originated  by 
cross-breeding  with  other  varieties  and  forms  of  j4. 
Indica  introduced  from  Japanese  and  Chinese  gardens, 
and  by  hybridizing,  especially  with  A,  rosmarinifdlia. 
To  this  variety  may  be  referred  the  following  re- 
markable forms  :  Var.  crispifI6ra,  Van  Houtte.  Fls. 
large,  rose-colored,  with  distinctly  crisped  segments. 
F.S.  9:887.  B.M.  4726.  Var.  laterltia,  Lindl.  Lvs. 
oblong-lanceolate  :  fls.  salmon  or  brick-red.  B.R.  1700. 

Var.  rosifldra,  Rehder  (A,  rosiflbra,  Flor.  Mag.  A. 
balsatninwfldra,  Carr.  A,  Rdllissoni,  Hort.j.Lvs.  ob- 
long-lanceolate: fls.  salmon-red,  very  double,  with  im- 
bricated, oblong  segments,  resembling  the  blooms  of  a 
caraellia-fld.  balsam.  F.M.  19:418.  Gn.  18:249. 
R.H.  1882:432. 

Var.  obtisa,  Rehder  (A.  obtusa,  Lindl.).  Lvs.  obo- 
vate or  ovate,  obtuse  :  fls.  1-3,  pink  or  orange-red  ; 
corolla  1-1}^  in.  broad,  lobes  oval-oblong  ;  stamens  5, 
exserted,  anthers  vellow.  May.  China,  Jap.  B.R. 
32:37.  G.C.  II.  25:585.  R.H.  1876:370.  Var. obtiisa 
41ba,  Hort.  Fls.  white.  G.F.  9:395.  Var.  calyciildra, 
Rehder  (il.  culyciflbra,  Hort.).  Fls.  brick-red,  corolla 
double  (hose-in-hose). 

Var.  amaena,  Rehder  (^1.  amaena,  Lindl.).  Lvs.  obo- 
vate or  elliptic,  obtuse  or  acute,  H-1  in.  long,  dark 
green  :  corolla  usually  double  (ho.se-in-hose),  purple, 
J^-1  in.  broad  ;  stamens  5.  Apr.,  May.  China,  Jap. 
B.M.  4728.  F.S.  9:885.  G.C.  III.  23:  fig.  125.  A.G. 
15:373;  18:568.  Gng.  2:385.  A.F.  12:33.  P.E. 9:573. 
—  Flowering  early  and  very  abundantly  ;  hardy  north 


AZALEA 

to  New  York.  There  are  some  forms  and  crosses  of 
this  variety,  of  which  the  followinir  may  be  recom- 
mended :  Caldwelli,  with  larger  purple  fls.,  Geert, 
Ic.Az.  18  :  Marvel,  lilac-carmine,  double.  Flor.  M&g. 
11;  14;  PrincessMaud,rosy  magenta,  R.H.  1886:516; 
Mrs.  Carmichael,  crimson-magenta  ;  Princess  Bea- 
trice, bright  mauve  ;  Prime  Minister,  soft  pink  ;  Miss 
Buist,  pure  white. 

15.  rosmariniSolia,  Bunn.  (A.  alba,  Sweet.  ^-1.  ledi- 
fdlia.  Hook.  A.  liliifldm.  Poit.).  Much  branched,  low 
shrub,  1-3  ft.:  branches,  Ivs.  and  pedicels  densely  ru- 
fously  appressed-strigose  :  Ivs.  elliptic  or  elliptic-lan- 
ceolate, persistent,  1-3  in.  long  :  fls.  1-3  ;  calyx  with 
lanceolate  serrate-glandular  lobes  ;  corolla  pure  white 
or  rosy  purple,  2-3  in.  broad,  fragrant ;  stamens  usually 
10.  May.  China.  B.R.  10:811.  B.M.  2901.  L.B.C.  13: 
1253.  — Some  remarkable  varieties  of  this  species  are 
the  following:  Var.  Alba,  Rehder  (.1. /lii/ua,  var.  rf(6ffl, 
Lindl.  B.  Uuciinthum,  Bunge).  Fls.  white,  sometimes 
striped  pink.  Var.  purpturea,  Rehder  (B.  ledifolinm, 
var.pio-pHcfiuH,  Max.).  Fls.  rosy  purple.  Var.  naroissi- 
fldra,  Kehder  {A.  narcissifldra,  Fort.).  Fls.  double, 
white;  rarelypurple.  Var. punlcea, Rehd.  {A. punicea, 
Sweet.  A.  ledifdlia,  var.  phcenicea.  Hook.  A.  Indiea, 
var.  calijclna.  Past.).  Fls.  single,  purple;  calyx  with 
linear,  not  serrate  and  less  glandular  lobes.  B.M.  3239. 
L.B.e.  18:1735.  A.  rosmarinifdlia  has  produced,  with 
A.  Indiea,  a  large  number  of  beautiful  hybrids,  of 
which  one  of  the  first  was  figured  in  1833  as  Bhododen- 
dron  puhlirum. 

AA.  F}s.  from  lateral  1-fld.  buds  toward  the  end  of  the 
branches:  corolla  rotate  campanulate,  glabrous. 
(Azaleastrtim.) 

16.  albiHdra,  O.  Ktze.  (Bhododindron  albifldrum, 
Hook. ) .  About  2-3  ft. :  branches  strigose  and  glandular 
when  young  :  Ivs.  oblong,  pale  green,  appressed-stri- 
gose above  and  at  the  midrib  beneath,  slightly  ciliate  : 
fls.  nodding,  on  short  pedicels  ;  corolla  white,  5-cleft, 
about  1  in.  broad  ;  calvx  glandular  ;  stamens  10.  Rocky 
Mts     B  M   3670 

A  Dah^nca  Koch  =  Rhododendron  Dihunenm  —A  di 
anthifl&ra  Carr  =A  rosminnifoha  v-ir  di-inthiflora  —A  dila 
lata  O  Ktze  (R  ddititum  Miq  )  illiedto  -V  rhombica  Lvs 
glabrous      ^t  uu^ii  f  —  t     /  nierfc    Koch  ( \    squi 

mita    Lniil!  '       \'M    '  ^     ^        i      n!  k  hi    Lvs    rhomboid 

ovite  soiiuuliiT  'i  pink  spotted    tliiua 

BR33    >-l     /^y  -       )\^\-,—A  Kam'.chatiLa 

O    Ktze    il  li     1     I   .  I    1  ill        I.i«  nr  pios 


May    Jipiu    LM    '7b  t  —  1  /iiai.nnfpala 

sepiliim   Maxim  )     Height  1-J  tt     brinr  1: 

lvs   dendiioub  or  serai  pers,isteiit  elliptii 

hHf    spotted    about  J  in    broid      cih-x   piiliescent  gHiiduU 


123 


amanmtoln  — 


A.obtusa,  Lindl. =A.  Indiea.  var.  obtusa.— ^.  ovata,  Lindl.  (R 
ovatum.  Plaueh.).  AlUed  to  A.  albitiora.  Height  2-12  ft.:  lvs. 
ovate,  ghibrous:  Hs.  pinkornearly  wliite.  spotted,  rotate.  1J4-154 
in.  broad:  stamens  5.  China.  B.'M.'>t)l>i.— A.  reticulata,  Koc\i 
=A.  rhombica.—  .1.  semibarbdta.  O.  Kuntze  (R.  semibarbatmn. 
Maxim.).    Allied  to  A.  albiflnr.i,    Lvs.  elliptic,  fronntely  ciliHte, 

bro,-jd.  Jap:u[.  in  ]■  '.i.,,  i  ,,,  ,  ;  ,  i,;  .,  K.'serpyUi- 
folium,  Miq.  i      \        :     .    ,    I :  i    ,       :  _  ,,        1  :i,  :  lvs.  de- 

ciduous, ob"\;ii  ,1    i^-^n. 

broad.    Jap;in      i.  W    ,      ,       \     • .,,,;       ,    Imlic-a. — A. 

SQuamdta,  Lm-]t  \  r.iii.iii'  1  ;..;<.,.-. st-,,  ii  Kuntze  (R. 
Tschonoskii.  .M:ixini,).  Allied  to  A.  hidi.vi.  Low  shrub  :  lvs. 
elliptic,  H-Kin.  long:  tis.  2-4,  white,  Hin.  broad.  Japan. 

Alfred  Rehder. 

AZARA  (1.  N.  Azara.  a  Spanish  promoter  of  science, 
esperi;illy  of  li.it;iiiyi.  /,V.i 'i. .  ic.  Shrubs  or  small  trees  : 
lvs.  ev,  i-r.  ,1].  :ilt,  rii:it.  .  with  usually  enlarged  and  leaf- 
likt'  >Ti|pul.^  ;  iN.  ~Tii;ill.  ill  ;t.\illary  peduncled  racemes 
or  clust.Ts.  :i|)it;iliius  ;  s,  ] ,:,| s  4-5  ;  stamens  numerous, 
rarely  5  :  fr.  a  many-steded  berry.  About  20  species 
in  S.  America,  especially  Chile.  Handsome  evergreen 
shrubs,  with  small  but  fragrant  fls.,  for  warm  temperate 
regions  ;  probably  only  A.  microphijlla  will  thrive  far- 
ther north  in  a  sheltered  position  and  protected  during 
the  winter.  Grow  best  in  a  sandy  compost  of  loam  and 
leaf  soil.  Prop,  by  seeds  or  cuttings  of  mature  wood 
in  autumn,  placed  in  slight  bottom  heat  under  glass. 

microphylla.  Honk.  f.  Fr-.m  :;  VJ  ft,  ■  Iv^.  nlu.vate,  ser- 
rate, or  iu':irlv   .•llti!'.\    '         ,:■!     '■■•'-     -I ':■■     L-hibrous, 

thestll.ul,-s  Mniil:,r,   1.:.:    I       I      ■  .     -      .        ■  ■-•iiish,  in 

few-dd.i-lustrr-;  >i;,iii.  )^  '  :i^..i-^.,  r,..|,.,Mar. 
Chile,  (.i.e.  II.  1  :  >l.-i.i:Mriul  ,\  ,.|--i  r,,,  -h  rub,  regu- 
larly pinuately  branched,  excellent  fur  covering  walls  ; 
the  hardiest  of  all  the  cultivated  species. 

Gilliesi,  Hook.  &  Am.  Height  10-15  ft. :  lvs.  2J^-3  in. 
long,  broad-ovate,  with  coarse,  spiny  teeth,  glabrous  ; 
stipules  orbicular,  much  smaller  :  tls.  in  dt-iise,  elliptic, 
nodding  heads,  yellow.  Feb..  JLir.  Cliil.-.  B.M.  5178. 
F.S.  23:  2445. -The  handsomest  i.f  :dl  Az:ir:is. 

A.crassifdlia,  Hort.  =  A.  GiUiesi.— .1.  dniliila.  R.  &  Pav. 
Height  12  ft.:  lvs.  obovate  or  elliptic,  crenate-serr.ate :  tls.  yellow, 
in  small  corymbs.  Chile.  B.R.  21:1788.-A.  inIeffri«Ma,  R.  & 
Pav.  Height  10-20  ft.:  lvs.  entire:  Us.  yellow,  in  oblong  heads. 
Chile.  Has  a  variegated  form.  ,  -, 

Alfred  Rehder. 

AZ6LLA  (Greek,  to  destroy  by  drying).  Salviniacea-. 
A  small  genus  of  floating  aquatics  with  small,  pinnate 
stems  and  minute  fleshy  2-lobed  lvs..  producing  two 
sorts  of  spores  in  globular  sporocarps.  The  species  mul- 
tiply rapidly  by  self-division,  but  will  grow  readily  in 
water  containing  a  little  nutriment.  The  species  are 
distinguishable  only  by  microscropic  examination. 

Caroliniiua,  Willd.  Plant  %-l  in.  long  :  anchor-like 
processes  of  spores  with  septa.    N.  Y.  to  the  Gulf  of  Mex. 

fiUculoides,  Lam.  Plants  1-2  in.  long  :  anchor-like 
processes  without  septa.    Calif,  to  Chile. 

L.  M.  Underwood. 


BABIANA  (said  to  come  from  Dutch  for  baboon,  be- 
cause those  animals  eat  the  bulbs).  Iridicea.  About 
50  cormous  plants  of  S.  Afr.  Fls.  showy,  red  orpurplish, 
in  a  short  spike-like  cluster  or  raceme,  tubular  at  the 
base,  the  segments  with  claws  or  uarrow  bases,  and  the 
limb  erect-spreading  :  ovary  3-loculed  :  Irs.  narrow, 
hairy,  plaited,  standing  edgewise  to  the  stem.  Low 
plants,  of  easy  culture  if  treated  like  freesias  or  hya- 
cinths. Three  or  4  corms  in  a  4-in.  pot  give  attractive 
bloom  in  March  or  later.  Grown  only  indoors  or  under 
frames  in  the  N.  They  are  showv  and  useful  plants. 
Monogr.  by  Baker  in  Handbook  of  the  Iridea>,  1892. 
A.  Perianth  limb  regular  ornearJy  so,  and  wide- 
spreading. 

Btriota,  Eer.  (B.  villbsa,  and  B.  purpurea.  Ker.). 
Fig.  177.  A  foot  or  less  high:  Ivs.  broad,  oblong-lanceo- 
late or  sword-shaped,  barely  reaching  the  spikes  :  fls. 
scattered,  showy,  usually  red  or  purple,  with  a  promi- 
nent tube,  the  segments  oblong-lanceolate.  B.M.  583, 
621.  — Babianas  are  not  sold  under  species-names  in  this 


177    Babtana  stncta  (> 


country,  but  as  mixed  varieties.  These  varieties  are 
chiefly,  if  not  wholly,  of  this  species.  Many  forms  and 
colors.  Var.  angnstifblia.  Sweet.  Lvs.  linear.  B.M. 
637.  Var.  rihro-cyinea,  Ker.  Limb  lilac,  throat  red. 
B.M.  410.  Var.  sulphilrea,  Ker.  Yellow  or  whitish. 
B.M.  10.53.  Two  other  long-cultivated  types  are  de- 
scribed below. 


AA.    Perianth  limb  distinctly  ringent  or  gaping. 
plicata,   Ker.    Low :    lvs.  lanceolate,  hairv,  u.sually 
overtopping  the  spikes  :  fls.  lilac  or  red,  long-tubed,  the 
segments  oblong  and  unequal.    B.M.  576. 

dlsticha,  Ker.  Differs  from  the  last  in  having  the 
perianth-tube  distinctly  exserted  from  the  spathe. 

L.  H.  B. 
BABY'S  BEEATH.    See  Gypsophila. 

BACCHARIS  {bakkaris,  an  ancient  Greek  name). 
Compdsilip.  Grol-ndsel  Tree.  Shrubs  or  herbs  :  lvs. 
alternate,  usually  serrate,  deciduous  or  persistent :  heads 
of  fls.  small,  white  or  yellowish,  dioecious ;  involucre  with 
many  imbricate  scales :  akenes  with  pappus.  About  250 
species  in  America,  mostly  in  tropical  regions.  A  few 
species  are  cultivated  particularly  for  the  snow-white 
pappus,  which  gives  the  fruiting  plant  a  very  showy 
appearance.  They  grow  in  almost  any  well  drained  soil 
in  a  sunny  position,  and  are  well  adapted  for  dry  and 
rocky  slopes,  and  valuable  for  seashore  planting.  Prop, 
by  seeds  or  by  cuttings  under  glass. 

halimifdlia,  Linn.  Shrub,  3-12  ft.;  branches  angular: 
Ivs.  cuneate,  oblong  or  obovate,  coarsely  toothed,  the  up- 
permost entire,  glabrous,  1-2  in.  long:  fls.  in  large  pani- 
cles :  pappus  white,  about  Kin.  long.  Sept.  Seacoast, 
from  N.  Eng.  southward.  Gng.  7:  I13.-The  hardiest 
species  ;    in   fruit   resembling  a  shrub  with   abundant 

B.  PalaiiAntcn.  Hook.  &  Am.  Lev 
%-%\n.\one:  beads  mostly  axillary.  I 
Height  6  ft.;  evergreen:  lvs.  1  in.  lone: 
cles.  Pacific  noast,—  B.  salicifolia.  Tnr 
faalimifolia.  Lvs.  narrow-oblong  or  liii 
W.  Texas. 


evergreen  shrub ;  lvs. 
\Uis  -  II.  inlularis.  DC. 
tie.'nK  in  ra'-emose  pani- 


Alfked  Eehdek. 
!    Cenlaurea    Cyanus, 

BACTRIS  (Greek,  fiaftfroM,  cane;  the  young  stems  used 
for  walking-sticks).  Palmdcem,  tribe  Cocolnea.  Usually 
low  palms,  very  rarely  entirely  spineless,  with  solitary  or 
fasciculate  ringed,  spiny  or  smooth  caudices,  sprouting 
from  the  roots  :  lvs.  terminal  or  scattering,  equally  or 
uncc(uully  pinnatisect,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  segments 
sparse  or  aggregated,  or  more  or  less  imperfectly  con- 
nate, forming  a  bifid  blade,  acute  or  rarely  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  the  ciliate  margins  recuiTed  at  the  liase  ;  petiole 
short  or  long;  sheath  long,  spiny;  spadices  sessile  or  pe- 
dunculate, perforating  the  leaf-sheaths  ;  syiathes  2,  the 
lower  short,  open  at  the  apex,  the  upjier  coriaceous 
or  woody,  exceeding  the  spadix,  or  fusiform,  ventrally 
dehiscent,  smooth,  bristly  or  spiny  ;  bracts  persistent  : 
fls.  small  or  medium,  pale  yellow  or  greenish:  fr.  small, 
green,  ovoid  or  globose.  Species,  about  100.  Tropical 
America.  Ornamental,  but  little  grown  on  account  of 
the  spines.    See  Palms. 

A.   Spines  yellow,  tipped  black. 

palUdisplna, Mart.  (B.flavisphia,B.on.).  St.lO-18ft. 
high,  1-2  in.  in  diam.,  the  intemodes  spiny:  lvs.  showy, 
5-9  ft.  long,  equally  interruptedly  pinnatisect ;  petiole 
4-6  ft.,  brown-scaly,  thickly  covered  with  very  long 
( %-2%ia. ) ,  black-tipped  yellow  spines,  either  solitary  or 
in  groups  of  2-4  ;  segments  linear-lanceolate,  caudate- 
acuminate,  prickly  on  the  margins,  the  basal  ones  2-8  In. 
long,  IKin.  wide,  the  upper,  12  in.  by  l%ia.  Brazil. 
AA.  Spines  black. 
B.   Lf.-segments  acute  at  both  ends. 

milior,  Jacq.  St.  9-15  ft.  high,  1-l^in.  in  diam.,  armed 
with  rows  of  black  spines,  2  in.  long:  petiole  armed  with 
very  long  black,  terete  spines  ;  Iv,^.  4-6  ft.  long,  equally 
pinnatisect  nearly  to  the  rachis;  sheath  and  rachis  spiny 
and  white  or  brown  tomentose  ;  segments  linear,  acute 
at  both  ends,  25-35  on  each  side,  1-nerved,  8-12  in.  long, 
%-yi\n.  wide,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  densely  setose, 
with  black  hairs  along  the  margin.    Brazil, 


(124) 


BALSAM 


125 


BB.   Jjf.- segments  acute  at  tip. 

Gasipies,   HBK.    (GuiliHma    speciosa,  Mart.).     St. 

about  GO  ft.  liish.  single  oroaespitose,  with  rings  of  subu- 


-^:- 


178    Balaka  Seen 


late-compressed  blacls  spines,  1  in.  long,  the  rings  about 
as  far  apart  as  the  dlam.  of  the  St. :  Ivs.  6  ft.  long,  curv- 
ing; segments  dark  green  above,  pale  green  below,  very 
numerous,  approximate,  IKft.  long,  1^  in.  wide,  linear- 
lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  bristly  or  minutely  prickly 
along  the  margins.    Lower  Amazon. 

h6rrida,  Oerst.  Ospitose  stems  6-8  ft.  high,  8-9  in. 
dlam.,  very  spiny,  sheathed  for  most  of  its  length  with 
bases  of  dead  Ivs.;  spines  3-4  in.  long,  4-sided,  whitish 
tomentose,  at  length  glabrous:  Ivs.  2V3-3  ft.  long;  sheath 
8  in.,  brown-tomentose  ;  petiole  IKft.,  densely  spiny, 
subtetragonal,  densely  brown-tomentose  beneath  :  seg- 
ments 7  in.  long,  Hin.  wide,  lanceolate,  rigid,  glaucous. 
Nicaragua.  Jared  G.  Smith. 

BACULAEIA  (Latin,  ?.,/,»?»,«.  a  snuill  walking-stick). 
Palmilc.r.ivih,-  A  ,;-■. ./ .  L.iw  s|,i,„.I,.s^  i.alms.  with  an- 
nular rt-cd-likt-  -iiii:!.'  Ml-  la^fii-ulaT.-  ^r^ :  Ivs.  terminal, 
unequally  ]iiiinati>iMt  ;  „  ;;iu.aits  m.iubraiious,  broad  or 
narrow,  .split  or  tuuthcd  at  thu  apex,  the  broader  ones 
many-nerved,  the  narrow  ones  1-uerved,  the  terminal 
conflilent  ;  midrib  and  nerves  without  scales  below; 
margins  not  thickened,  recurved  at  the  base;  petiole  and 
rachis  sparsely  scurfy,  convex  on  the  back,  flat  above  or 
concave  toward  the  base  :  sheath  short,  open  :  spadices 
numerous,  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  spreading,  recurved  : 
peduncle  very  slendei:,  scurfy,  compressed  at  the  base  : 
spathes  2,  remote,  the  lower  one  at  the  base  of  the  pe- 
duncle tubular,  the  upper  membranaceous,  linear,  ensi- 
form  :  fls.  green  :  fr.  small,  elongate-ovoid,  subacute, 
green,  K-Kin.  long.  Species  2.  Temperate  and  tropical 
Australia.    See  Palms. 


mono8t4chya,  F.  Muell.  (Areca  monostdchya,  Mart. 
Kintia  monostdchya,  F.  Muell.).  Trunk  6-12  ft.  high: 
Ivs.  IK— 4  ft.  long  ;  the  sheath  broad,  coriaceous,  about 
6  in.  long,  produced  into  2  stipular  lobes;  segments  very 
irregular,  acuminate,  very  variable  in  breadth  and  dis- 
tance, adnate  to  the  rachis,  or  tapering  at  the  base,  the 
longest  about  1ft.  long.  Queensland,  N.  S.W.  B.M.  6644. 
Jared  G.  Smith. 

BA£BIA  (after  the  Russian  zoologist,  Karl  Ernst  von 
Baer).  Composite.  Californian  annuals  (or  one  peren- 
nial species),  with  numerous  showy,  inch-wide  yellow 
fls.  in  early  summer. 

grioilis,  Gray  {Burrielia  gracilis,  DC).  Easily  dis- 
tinguished from  Actinolepsis  coroiiaria  by  its  hairy  sts. 
and  foliage  and  undivided  Ivs.:  plant  much  branched: 
height  4-12  in. :  Ivs.  opposite,  connate,  linear-lanceolate: 
fls.  solitary,  on  slender  terminal  peduncles  :  involucre 
leafier  than  inAcfinolepsis  coronaria,  the  scales  longer, 
downy,  in  2  series :  rays  8-12.  B.M.  3758. -This  is  likely 
to  be  cult,  as  Lasthenia  Californica,  which,  however,  is 
not  hairy  and  has  much  longer  Ivs. 

B.chritsostoma,  Fisch.  &  May.  Lvs.  narrowly  linear,  1  line 
or  less  wide  :  tis.  larger  than  in  B.  gracilis  :  habit  more  erect. 
—B.  corortdria=  Actinolepsis  c 


BALAEA  (the  Fijian  vernacular  name).  Palm&cea, 
tribe  Arecea.  Differs  from  Ptychosperma  in  having 
the  seed  not  sulcate,  and  in  the  half-rhomboid  seg- 
ments of  the  lvs.;  and  from  Drymophloeus  in  the  form 
of  the  leaf  and  tlie  caducous  spathes.  Species  2.  Fiji 
Islands. 

SeSmanni,  Becc.  (Ptychospirma  Seemanni,  H. 
Wendl.).  Fig.  178.  Caudex  slender,  8-12  ft.  high, 
straight,  ringed,  about  1  in.  in  diam.:  lvs.  pinnatisect, 
4  ft.  long  ;  segments  erose-dentate  at  the  apex,  alter- 
nate, 9  on  each  side,  semi-rhomboid,  obliquely  truncate, 
the  upper  margin  longer,  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  the 
terminal  one  deeply  bifid.  Growing  as  underwood  in 
dense  forests.  Fiji.  — Stems  used  for  spears  by  natives, 
because  of  their  strength  and  straightness.  Fig.  178  is 
adapted  from  Seeman's  Flora  Vitiensis. 

Jared  G.  Smith. 

BALLOON  VINE.   See  Cardwspenmtm. 

BALJi  (Melissa  ofncinAlis,'LiDJi.).  Zabidtce.  Sweet 
herb,  the  lvs.  being  used  for  seasoning,  particularly  in 
liquors.  It  has  a  lemon-like  flavor.  It  is  a  hardy  peren- 
nial from  southern  Eu.  The  plant  grows  1-2  ft.  high, 
somewhat  hairy,  loosely  branched,  with  ovate-crenate 
lvs.  and  yellowish  or  whitish  fls.  in 
loose  axillary  clusters.  Thrives  in 
any  warm  position,  and  is  easy  to 
grow.  Prop,  by  seeds  ;  also  by  di- 
vision. 


# 


'■t 


garden  Balsam.  Balsam  pod. 

BKLSAHtlmpAtiens  Balsdmina,  Linn.  (Balsdmina 
hortinsis,  DC.  Balsdmina  InipAtieiis.  Uort.  Impdtiens 
coccinea,  Sims,  B.M.  1256).  GeraiiiAcea;.  An  erect, 
much-branched,  half  succulent  annual,  long  ago  intro- 
duced from  India,  and  now  widely  cult,  for  its  showy 


126 


BALSAM 


fls.  It  has  varied  immensely  in  the  doubling,  size  and 
color  of  its  fls.  and  in  the  stature  of  the  plant.  It  was 
known  to  Gerarde  in  1596.  The  plant  has  lanceolate, 
toothed  Its.,  the  lower  ones  being  mostly  in  pairs.  The 
fls.  are  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  Ivs.,  on  very  short 


J^ 


BAMBOO 

should  give  fls.  in  July,  and  should  bloom  until  frost. 
A  full  grown  plant  is  shown  in  Fig.  182.  At  the  present 
time.  Balsams  are  grown  chiefly  for  their  value  as 
flower-garden  plants  ;  but  some  years  ago  the  fls.  were 
largely  used  as  "groundwork"  in  florists'  designs,  par- 
ticularly the  double  white  varieties.  The  flowers  were 
wired  to  toothpicks,  aud  were  then  thrust  into  the  moss 
which  formed  the  body  of  the  design.  L    H    B 

BALSAMORRHiZA  (Greek,  balsam  root).  Compdsitm. 
Low  perennials  with  thick,  deep,  resinous  roots,  tufts  of 
radical  Ivs.,  and  large,  yellow  fls.  Cent,  and  W.  N.  Anier 

Hodkeri,  Nutt.  Height  4-12  in.:  Ivs.  lanceolate,  1-2- 
pinnately  parted  :  fls.  solitary,  on  naked  scapes.  Int. 
1881  by  E.  Gillett,  but  scarcely  known  to  horticulturists. 


181.  Camellia-flowered  Balsam. 

stalks  ;  sepals  and  petals  similarly  colored  and  not 
easily  distinguished,  one  of  the  sepals  (of  which  there 
seem  to  be  3)  long-spurred  ;  petals  apparently  3,  but 
two  of  them  probably  represent  two  united  petals, 
thus  making  5  ;  stamens  5.  The  pod,  shown  in  Figs. 
179  and  180,  is  explosive.  It  has  5  carpels  and  very  thin 
partitions,  and  seeds  borne  on  axile  placentae.  When 
the  capsules  are  ripe,  a  pinch  or  concussion  will  cause 
the  valves  to  separate  and  contract,  the  seeds  being 
thrown  with  considerable  force. 

The  full-double  Balsams  are  known  as  the  Camellia- 
flowered  varieties  (Fig.  181).  In  well  selected  stock,  the 
greater  part  of  the  flowers  from  any  batch  of  seedlings 
should  come  very  double.  The  colors  range  from  white 
to  dark  blood-red,  yellowish  and  spotted.  Balsams  are 
of  very  easy  culture.  They  are  tender,  and  should  be 
started  in  thumb-pots  or  boxes  indoors,  or  in  the  open 
when  danger  of  frost  is  past.  The  seeds  are  large, 
and  germinate  quickly.  The  plants  prefer  a  rich,  sandy 
loam,  and  must  not  suffer  for  moisture.  Transplanting, 
and  pinching-in  the  strong  shoots,  tend  to  make  the 
plants  dwarf  and  compact.  It  is  well  to  remove  the  first 
flower-buds,  especially  if  the  plants  are  not  thoroughly 
established.  Better  results  are  obtained  when  only  a 
few  main  branches  are  allowed  to  grow,  all  the  secondary 
and  weak  ones  being  pinched  out.    The  lower  Ivs.  may 


-5^- 


wm^^ 


^t 


182.  The  garden  Balsam. 

be  removed  if  they  obscure  the  fls.  Well  grown  plants 
should  stand  2  ft.  apart  each  way,  and  the  tall  kinds  will 
reach  a  height  of  2-2K  ft.  Seed  of  the  finest  double 
strains  is  expensive,  but  inferior  or  common  seed 
gives  little  satisfaction.     Plants  started  early  in  May 


BAMBOO.  Various  giant  perennial  grasses  consist- 
ing of  the  genera  and  species  of  the  tribe  Bambiisece, 
order  Oraminea.  Usually  large  aud  often  tree-like, 
woody,  rarely  herbaceous  or  climbing,  of  wide  geo- 
graphical range.  The  species  are  irregularly  distributed 
throughout  the  tropical  zone,  a  few  occurring  in  sub- 
tropical and  temperate  zones,  and  reaching  their  maxi- 
mum development  in  the  monsoon  regions  of  Asia. 
About  23  genera,  only  2  being  common  to  both  hemi- 
spheres. Something  more  than  200  species  are  recog- 
nized, of  which  upwards  of  160  occur  in  Asia,  about  70 
in  America,  and  5  in  Africa.  They  extend  from  sea-level 
to  altitudes  of  more  than  10,000  ft.  in  the  Himalayas  and 
15,000  ft.  in  the  Andes,  and  under  the  most  favorable 
conditions  some  species  may  attain  a  height  of  100-120 
ft.,  with  a  diam.  of  culm  of  8-12  inches. 

An  attempt  to  portray  the  many  economic  uses  of  the 
giant-grasses  would  greatly  overreach  the  field  of  this 
article  ;  but  as  objects  of  grace  and  beauty  in  the  garden, 
conservatory,  and  special  conditions  of  landscape,  the 
Bamboos  are  invaluable.  Not  only  are  they  available  to 
planters  where  the  climatic  conditions  are  very  favora- 
ble, but  it  is  possible  to  grow  certain  species  where  the 
cold  of  winter  may  reach  zero  Fahrenheit,  or  even  occa- 
sional depressions  of  greater  severity. 

Bamboos  delight  in  a  deep,  rich  loam,  and  generously 
respond  to  good  treatment.  A  warm,  slightly  shady 
nook,  protected  from  the  prevailing  winds  of  winter, 
and  where  moist  but  well-drained  soil  is  plentiful,  is  an 
ideal  location  for  these  beautiful  grasses.  A  top-dress- 
ing of  manure  and  leaves  is  not  only  beneficial  in  winter, 
by  preventing  the  frost  from  penetrating  the  ground  too 
deeplv,  but  it  also  preserves  the  moi.sture  that  is  so  es- 
sential to  the  welfare  of  the  plants  during  the  growing 
season.  Some  species  produce  rampant  subterranean 
stems,  and  spread  rapidly  when  once  established.  It  is 
best  to  plant  each  group  of  but  one  species,  and  to  re- 
strict the  rapidly-spreading  sorts  to  isolated  positions. 
The  most  effective  results  to  be  obtained  by  planting 
Bamboos  are  secured  on  gentle  banks  above  Clearwater 
and  against  a  strong  background  of  the  deepest  green. 
In  such  situations  the  gracefully  arched  stems,  the 
dainty  branches,  bending  with  their  wealth  of  soft  green 
Ivs.,  and  the  careless  lines  of  symmetry  of  each  individ- 
ual, lend  a  bold  contrast  of  the  richest  beauty.  It  will 
require  a  few  years  to  thoroughly  establish  a  clump  of 
Bamboos  in  tlie  open  air,  and  until  this  is  effected  the 
vigor,  hardiness  and  beauty  that  characterize  some  noble 
sorts  are  lacking.  During  the  early  life  of  the  groups, 
some  protection  should  be  given  where  the  winters  are 
trying,  and  even  with  this  precaution  it  is  likely  the 
plants  will  suffer  to  some  extent  at  first  during  cold 
weather.  Planted  out  in  conservatories  or  confined  in 
tubs  or  large  pots,  the  Bamboos  present  many  admirable 
qualities.  As  decorative  plants  in  tubs  or  pots,  either 
alone  or  associated  with  palms  and  other  stock,  several 
species  offer  many  inducements  to  their  cultivation,  es- 
pecially as  they  may  be  grown  in  summer  and  wintered 
in  a  coolhouse.  Propagation  is  best  effected  by  careful 
division  of  the  clumps  before  the  annual  growth  has 
started.  The  difficulty  of  procuring  seeds  in  some  in- 
stances is  very  great  ;  indeed,  the  fruiting  of  a  number 
of  species  has  never  been  observed.  Some  species  flower 
annuallv,  but  the  majority  reach  this  stage  only  at  inter- 
vals of  'indefinite  and  frequently  widely  separated  peri- 
ods.   In  some  species  the  fls.  appear  on  leafy  branches  ; 


BAMBOO 

in  others  the  Ivs.  fall  from  the  culms  before  the  tls. 
appear,  or  the  inflorescence  is  produced  on  leafless,  radi- 
cal stems.  Fructification  does  not  exhaust  the  vitality 
of  some  species  ;  but  others,  on  the  other  baud,  perish 
even  to  the  portions  underground,  leaving  their  places 
to  be  filled  by  their  seedling  offspring.  Owing  largely 
to  the  difficulty  in  obtaining  flowering  specimens,  the 
systematic  arrangement  or  nomenclature  of  the  Bamboo 
is  in  a  sad  plight.  As  it  is  sometimes  even  impossible  to 
accurately  determine  the  genus  without  fls.,  the  correct 
positions  of  some  forms  are  not  known. 

Four  subtribes  of  Bambusese  are  regarded  by  Hackel, 
namely:  Arnndinariea).  — Stamens  3  ;  palea  2-keelert  : 
fr.  with  the  seed  grown  fast  to  the  seed-wall.  To  this 
belongs  Arundinaria.  A'ltbambKsere.  — Stamens  6  :  fr. 
with  the  seed  fused  to  a  delicate  seed-wall.  Bambusa  is 
the  only  garden  genus.  Bendi-ocalametn.  —  Sta.men'i  C 
(rarely  more) :  palea  2-keeled  :  fr.  a  nut  or  berry.  Here 
belongs  Dendrocalamus.  JfeJocnMiifo;.- Characters  of 
last,  but  palea  not  keeled.   Melocanna  is  an  example. 

The  genera  Arundinaria,  Bambusa  and  Phyllostachys 
contain  the  most  important  species  in  cultivation,  some 
of  which  are  briefly  described  below.  Roughly,  the 
species  of  Arundinaria  may  be  separated  from  Phyllo- 
stachys by  the  persistent 
sheaths  and  cylindrical 
stems.  In  Phyllostachys  the 
sheaths  are  early  deciduous, 
and  the  internodes,  at  least 
those  above  the  base,  are  flat- 
tened on  one  side.  Arundina- 
ria and  Bambusa  cannot  be 
separated  by  horticultural 
characters.  It  is  probable 
that  many  of  the  forms  now 
classed  as  species  of  Bam- 
busawill  eventually  be  found 
to  belong  to  Arundinaria. 
Extended  information  re- 
garding the  Bambuseffi  may 
be  found  in  the  following  publications 
Munro's  Monograph,  in  Transactions  of 
the  Linnnean  Soc.ety,  vol.  26  (1868); 
Hackel,  in  Die  Naturlichen  Pflanzenfa- 
milien,  vol.  2,  part  2,  p.  89  (1887),  Eng- 
lish Translation  by  Lamson-Scribner  & 
Southworth,  as  The  True  Grasses,  N.  Y., 
1890;  papers  by  Bean  in  Gardeners'  Chron- 
icle III.,  15: 167,  et  seq.  (1894);  Freeman- 
Mitford,  The  Bamboo  Garden,  1896,  N.  Y., 
Macmillan,  p.  224 ;  A.  and  C.  Riviere, 
Les  Bambous,  Paris,  1879.  The  first  two 
are  systematic ;  the  others  contain  popular 
and  cultural  notes.  The  following  species  are  conimendiMl 
as  being  among  the  hardiest :  Phiilli'sf,i,-Iiii\  //..i..»m, 
P.  nigni.P.viridirihuieesceiis,  Ani,nh„,in„  ,/  ,/    „,,». 

A.  nitida,  A.  macrosperma,  Buiiihi^sa  jmliimt  i  I,  U  ^- 
seUata  and  S.  pi/f/m(ea,  ('.  1).  I'-i  \i>lf 

The  illustrations  in  the  present  article  are  adapted 
from  Mitford's  Bamboo  Garden.  Mitford's  work  cannot 
be  praised  too  highly.  It  has  done  much  to  create  a 
popular  appreciation  of  Bamboos,  and  also  to  clear  up 
the  complete  confusion  into  which  the  trade  names  have 
fallen.  Mitford's  book  has  a  literary  quality  that  is 
very  rare  in  horticultural  writing,  and  represents  a  type 
that  deserves  the  warmest  appreciation  in  America ;  viz. , 
the  discriminating  enthusiasm  of  the  expert  amateur. 

Arundinaria  is  derived  from  Latin  ariindo,  a  reed  ; 
Bambusa  from  a  Malay  name  ;  Phyllostachys  from 
Greek  phyllon,  leaf,  and  stachys,  spike.  W.  M. 

The  following  alphabetical  list  contains  all  the  kinds 
of  Bamboos  known  to  be  cult,  in  Amer.  A  ^Arundina- 
ria ;  B  =  Barabusa;  D ^ Dendrocalamus  ;  P  =  Phyllo 
stachys  ;  T:=ThamnocaIamus,  which  is  here  considered 
a  subgenus  of  Arundinaria.  No  Japanese  native  names 
are  given  below,  although  many  Bamboos  are  still  ad- 
vertised under  such  names.  The  prevailing  tendency  is 
to  discard  Japanese  native  names  in  every  branch  of 
horticulture,  as  thev  breed  hopeless  confusion. 

B.  angustifolia,  15  ;  B.  arundinacea,  11  ;  B.  aurta,  28; 
P.  aurea,  28  ;  A.  auricoma,  16  ;  P.  bambusoides,  32  ; 
P.  Castillonis,  26  ;  A.  chrysantba.  17;  B.  clirysantha,!!; 

B.  d^sticha,  18  ;   B.  erecta,  10  ;  A    falcata,  9  ;  £.  ^l- 


BAMBOO 


127 


rata,  9  ;  A.  Falcoueri.  8  ;  T.  Falconeri,  8  ;  A.  Fortune!, 
14;  A.  rortinin.  var.  aiirea,  16;  A.  Foilunei,  var. 
viridis,  22  ;  B.  Foila)iei,  14  ;  B.  Fortunei,  var.  aurea, 
16;  B.  gracilis,  8;  B.  Henoms,  30;  P.  Henonis,  30; 
A.  Hindsii,  10  ;  A.  hurailis,  22  ;  A.  Japonica,  6  ;  P.  Ku- 
«i«4«c«,33;  P.  Kumas.is.,,  ,! ! ;  A.  macrosperma,  4  ,  .1. 


B.Mazeli,29;  5.  .1/. '  '  I  i 

iJ.HffHn,  18;  A.Nu, 

7  ;  A.pumila,  2;  B./tum  .-.  1.  i  .  „iu.i  .i. -1 ,  L.  .|u,iil- 
rangularis,  12  ;  B.  Qiiiiiui,2'3  ,  1".  l^iulioi,  29  ,  B.  Jiaya- 
mowskii,  20;  B.  riisciMia,  33  ;  P.  ruscifolia,  33  ;  A. 
Simoni,  7  ;  B.  Simont,  7  ;  A.  tecta,  5;  B.  tessellata,  20  ; 
A.  Veitchii,   1;    B.    ftitthii,   1;  B.   ydmorini,  15  ;  B. 


sheath-! 


/iii.Ca 


"m.    {The'g'', ',"<"'.,' a',',,,,,!,!,.,, 

A.    Color  of  sl<  Ills  jiii 1 1,1, 

B.    n.  I, lilt  ;-, 

A.VMtchii,  N.  E.  Biuh  hi  W", 

Fig.  lb.:i.  Heiglii 

pie,  white-waxy  below  the  nodes:  Ivs. 
5-7  in.  long,  about  2  in.  wide,  bright 
.-  green  above,  below  pale  and  minutely 
pubescent,  serrate.  Jap.  M.  77,  but 
not  G.C.  III.  15: 169,  or  R.B.  23,  p.  270, 


183.   Arundinaria  Veitchii. 


which  aiP  pictures  of  B.  palmattt,  as  explained  in  G.C. 
Ill  r.  JII9.  — This  is  also  liable  to  confusion  with  .B./es- 
^,  lliihi.  No.  20.  The  edges  of  the  Ivs.  wither  in  late  au- 
liiiiiu,  j:\\  lug  a  variegated  but  shabby  appearance. 

.'.  A.pumila,Mitford(B.p»m,^(,Hort.l.  Heightl2-20 
in.:  stems  very  slender,  purplish.  \\\\\u  »  i\\  below  the 
nodes:  lvs.4-5  in.  long,  ■t-4  iii-"i  1. -s  \m,1,  iiniiutely  pu- 
bescent, bright  green. -Much  i  m  i  iIj  in  \.  1.  dwarfer, 
the  stems  merely  puri>lish.  tli.  h  s  shc.itir  and  nar- 
rower. The  Ivs.  are  a  d  nkc  i  ..i.  ■  n  tli  m  m  ^4  .  httmihs, 
shorter,  narrower,  .mil  i  imih  i  s  ii:radually  :  nodes 
less  well  defined  and  I'  s  ,i,  i  l,ut  having  a  waxy 
bloom;  internodes.ilM.nl  _'    m    l.ni^' 

BB.    Heifjlil  0-5  /(.  01  moie. 

3.  A.  mtida,  Mitford.  Fig.  184.  Stems  slender,  about 
the  .size  of  a  goose-quill  :  Ivs.  2-3  in.  long,  Jo  in.  wide, 
shining  green  above,  pale  beneath  ;  sheaths  purplish, 
pubescent.  China.  M.  73.  G.C.  III.  18:  179;  24:  211.  Gn. 
49,  p.  388.  — Considered  by  Mitford  the  daintiest  and 
most  attractive  of  all  the  genus,  and  exceptionally 
hardy.  Some  shade  is  needed,  as  the  Ivs.  curl  up  in  full 
sunlight.  Easily  distinguished  from  Nos.  1  and  2  by 
the  deeper  color  of  the  stems,  which  are  almost  black, 
and  from^.  Falconeri,  which  it  resembles  in  habit,  the 
branches  of  both  occurring  in  dense  clusters. 

AA.    Color  of  stems  green. 

B.    Heiqht  more  than  6  ft. 

c.    SperiiK  native  to  the  O .  S. 

4.  A.  macrosp6rma,Michs.  Large  Cane.  Height  10--20 
ft.,  branches  numerous,  short,  divergent :    Ivs.  4-6  in. 


128  BAMBOO 

long,  %-2  in.  broad,  smoothish  or  pubescent :  sheaths 
very  persistent :  stems  arborescent,  rigid,  simple  the 
first  year,  branching  the  second,  afterwards  fruiting  at 
indefinite  periods,  and  soon  after  decaying.   Banks  of  the 


(J  ■  .'.  i 


larger  rivers  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  forming  cane-brakes.— This 
and  the  next  are  the  only  two  species  of  Bamboos  native 
to  the  U.  S.  They  are  rarely  cult,  in  Calif,  and  Eu.  as 
ornamentals. 

5.  A.  t^ota,  Muhl.  (A.macrosperma,  var.  suffruticdsa, 
Munro).  Small  Cane.  Switch  Cane.  Scutch  Cane. 
Height  2-15  ft. :  stonTs  ^lender  :  Ivs.  3V2-8  in.  long, 
4-12  lines  wide,  rmm-hisli :  -hcnth  bearded  at  the  throat. 
Swamps  and  moi^t  ^oil,  y\,\.  and  S.  Ind.  southward. 
B.B.  1:233.  — Soniitiiiu^  fruitini,'  several  years  in  suc- 

cc.    Species  not  native  to  the  U.  S. 

D.    Plants  relatively  hardy. 

E.    Branches  home  singly  in  the  axils. 

6.  A.  Japdnica,  Sieb.&  Zucc.(B.Jfe((ifte,Sleb.).  Height 
6-10  ft.:  Ivs.  G-12  in.  long,  1-2  in.  wide,  above  smooth 
and  shining,  below  whitened  and  finely  pubescent : 
sheaths  conspicuous.  Jap.  M.  1.  G.C.  III.  15:239 : 
18:185.  — The  commonest  of  all  hardy  Bamboos,  and 
readily  distinguished  from  all  other  tall  kinds  by  the 
broader  and  larger  Ivs.  and  by  the  broad,  persistent 
sheaths  which  almost  cover  the  sts.  It  is  especially  dis- 
tinguished from  A.  Siynnni  by  the  bud  being  a  simple 
flatfish  scale  instead  of  a  complex  scaly  one,  and  also  by 
the  less  amount  of  waxy  bloom  on  the  st.  Particularly 
recommended  for  cities. 


EE.  Branches  borne  in  dense,  semi-verticillate  clusters 
[which  easily  distinguishes  the  Himalayan  spe- 
cies from  Phyllostachys) . 

F.   Plants  sometimes  variegated. 

7.  A.  Simdni,  A.  and  C.  Rivifere  ( B.  Slmoni,  Carr.  B. 
viridi-striAta,  Hort.  A.  and  B.  Narihlra,  Hort.). 
Height  10-20  ft.:  Ivs.  8-12  in.  long,  about  1  in.  wide, 
pale  beneath,  very  minutely  pubescent,tapering  to  a  long, 
fine  point ;  mid-vein  glaucous  on  one  side  toward  the 
apex,  green  on  the  other.  Himal.  and  China.  G.C.  III. 
15:  301 ;  18:  181.— A  silver  variegated  form  is  sometimes 
known  as  B.  Maximowiczii,  Hort.,  and  B.  plicdla,  Hort. 
B.M.  7146.  This  is  the  tallest  of  the  genus,  and,  next  to 
P.  mitis,  the  tallest  of  all  hardy  Bamboos.  The  plant  is 
very  late  in  beginning  growth,  and  many  of  the  culms 
should  be  removed  in  order  to  let  the  strong  ones  ripen, 
as  weak  shoots  are  untidy.  It  fiowers  occasionally,  but 
does  not  die  thereafter.  It  has  a  shabby  appearance 
until  midsummer,  and  may  take  several  years  to  be- 
come established,  meanwhile  sending  up  dwarf,  slender 
shoots  and  narrow  foliage,  but  Mitford  urges  patience, 
as  the  plant  is  hardy,  and  ultimately  very  vigorous  and 
handsome. 

FF.   Plants  never  variegated. 

8.  A.  F41coneri,  Mitford  {T.  Fdlconeri,  Hook.  £.  B. 
fyra'ci7i.s-,  Hort.,  not  Wall.).  Height  10-15  ft.:  stems  slen- 
der, bright  green,  the  internodes  white-waxy  :  Ivs.  thin, 
3-4  in.  long,  about  H  in.  wide.  Himal.  — Not  very  hardy. 
The  leaf-sheaths  are  smooth,  CJt  short  at  the  top,  with- 
out a  fringe,  and  with  an  elongated  ligula  ;  while  A. 
talcata,  No.  9,  has  very  downy  leaf-sheaths,  fringed  with 
long  hairs  at  the  intersection  with  the  leaf.  The  serra- 
tions of  the  leaf-edges  are  more  pronounced  in  A.  Fal- 
cone ri,  especially  on  one  side.  Venation  of  Ivs.  on  upper 
surface  is  striate,  not  tesselated. 

9.  A.  falcata,  Nees  (B.  falcdta.  Hort.).  Height  6-10 
ft.:  Ivs.  3-5  in.  long,  about  J'a  in.  wide,  light  green: 
stems  annual  (perennial  under  glass),  slender,  tufted. 
Himal.- The  great  majority  of  the  plants  cult,  under 
this  name  are  really  A.  Falconeri,  which  has  larger 
Ivs.  In  a  small  staXe,  A.  falcata  can  be  distinguished 
from  No.  8  only  by  the  glabrous  leaf-sheaths  of  the 
latter.  The  flower-bearing  and  leaf-bearing  sts.  of  A. 
falcata  are  distinct,  the  former  flowering  and  seed- 
ing each  year. 

10.  A.  Hlndsii,  Munro  (B.  er(cta,  Hort.).  Height 
sometimes  7  ft.,  branches  quasi-verticillate  :  Ivs.  up- 
right at  first,  of  various  lengths  up  to  9  in.,  and  about 
■>8  in.  wide;  veins  conspicuously  tesselated;  internodes 
3-7  in.  long,  waxy-white  ;  leaf -sheaths  with  a  few  hairs. 
.Jap. -The  erect  habit  of  growth  is  very  marked.  A  re- 
cent species  of  doubtful  hardiness.  Adv.  by  Dr.  Fran- 
ceschi,  who  considers  it  one  of  the  hardiest. 

DD.   Plants  relntirely  tender  (^os.  11,  IS,  IS  . 
E.    Branches  spiny. 

11.  B.  anmdin&cea,  Retz.  A  majestic  species,  often 
attaining  aheightof  more  than  40-60  ft.  The  stems, which 
are  produced  in  dense  clumps,  are  green  and  shining, 
with  more  or  less  spiny  branches:  Ivs.  4-8  in.  long,  ii'm. 
or  a  little  more  wide,  nearly  glabrous ;  sheaths  persistent: 
fls.  are  produced  at  long  intervals,  and  after  perfecting 
seeds,  the  plants  die.  India.  — Nos.  11  and  12  are  green- 
house plants,  not  recommended  by  Mitford  for  outdoors. 

EE.    Branches  not  spiny. 

12.  B.  quadranguliris,  Fenzi.  Stems  square, especially 
in  older  plants,  20  ft.  or  more  high  :  Ivs.  deep  green, 
serrate,  6-7  in.  long,  about  1  in.  wide.  Jap.  — Franceschi 
says  it  is  as  hardy  as  any  Phyllostachys.    See  No.  11. 

13.  B. vulgaris,  Schrad.  Height  20-80  ft.:  stems  hollow, 
4  in.  in  diara.  or  more  ;  branches  numerous,  striate  ; 
internodes  1-lK  ft.  long  :  Ivs.  usually  G-10  in.  long,  8-15 
lines  wide,  sometimes  1  ft.  long,  2  in.  wide,  rough  on  and 
near  the  margins  and  beneath.  India.  G.C.  111.25:  390. 
—  Sold  south,  but  not  recommended  by  Mitford.  This 
and  D.  giganteus  are  the  only  two  Bamboos  extensively 
cult,  in  the  Orient,  though  others  are  more  useful.  It  is 
also  naturalized  and  cult,  in  the  W.  Ind . ,  Mex.  and  Braz., 
but  there  is  no  evidence  of  an  Amer.  origin. 


BAMBOO 

BB.  HeiijM  less  than  6  ft. 
c.  Vai-itgation  ichite. 
U.  A.  r6rtimei,  A.  and  C.  Riviere  (B.  FMunei,  Van 
Houtte.  and  Tar.  fa»-if^(»a,Hort.).  Height  3^  ft. :  Ivs. 
4-5  in.  long,  half  as  wide  or  a  little  more,  striped  with 
white.  Jap.  F.S.  15:  1535. -Loses  its  Ivs.  in  winter,  but 
quickly  recovers  in  spring.  More  popular  than  the  next 
two  species.  The  internodes  are  rarely  more  than  1  in. 
apart,  while  in  A.  auricoma  they  are  3-5  in.  apart.  Var. 
aurea.  Hort.,  with  yellow  variegation,  is  A.  auricoma. 
Var.  viriilis,  Hort.=Jl.  Iiiimilis.  This  is  an  old  favorite, 
and  far  more  common  than  the  next  4  species.  Rhi- 
zomes are  more  active  than  the  next,  and  demand  more 
room. 

15.  B.  anguatifdlia,  Mitford  (B.  I'ilmorhii,  Hort.). 
Height  about  1  ft.:  sts.  slender,  purplish  or  light  green: 
Ivs.  2-t  in.  long,  about  Ji  in.  wide,  serrate,  frequently 
variegated  with  white.    Jap. 

cc.    Variegation  i/ettoiv. 

16.  A.  atirlooma,  Mitford  (A.  and  B.  F6rtunei,\a.v. 
nH)-f«r,Hort.).  Height  2-3  ft. :  Ivs.  5-6  in.  long,  about  1 
in.  wide,  brilliantly  variegated  with  yellow,  softly  pu- 
bescent beneath,  serrate.   Jap. 

17.  A.  clirys4ntha,  Mitford  (B.  chri/sdntha,  Hort.). 
Height  3-5  ft.:  Ivs.  5-7  in.  long,  1  in.  or  less  wide, 
nearly  smooth,  sometimes  variegated  with  yellow,  but 
not  so  brightly  as  in  J .  auriroma.  Jap.  Also  dis- 
tinguished from  A.  auricoma  by  the  lower  surface  of 
the  leaf  being  markedly  ribbed,  and  lacking  the  soft, 
velvety  down.  "Beingueitherfrankly  green  nor  frankly 
variegated,  it  is  rather  a  disappointing  plant. "—Mitford. 


BAMBOO 


129 


Arrangeme 


'ofll 


absent. 
J.  distichou 


18.  B.  disticha,  Mitford  {B.  nAna,  Hort.,  not  Roxb.). 
Height  2-3  ft. :  branches  numerous  :  Ivs.  2-2K  in.  long, 
%  in.  wide  or  less,  serrate,  green,  produced  in  two  ver- 
tical ranks.  Origin  uncertain.  A  recent  and  rare  spe- 
cies of  great  interest,  the  distichous  arrangement  of  Ivs. 
being  quite  unique  among  Bamboos,  and  giving  a  very 
distinct  habit. 

DD.    Arrangement  of  Ivs.  not  distichous. 
E.    Lrs.  !ong,  10-18  in. 

19.  B.  palmita,  Burbidge.    Fig.  185.    Height  2-5  ft 
Ivs.  10-15  in.  long,  2-3  H  in.  wide,  bright  green  sharply 
serrate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  below  pale  and  mi 
nutely  pubescent  :  longitudinal  veins  very  promment 
Jap.    M.  79.    Gn.  49,  p.  59.  shows  a  clump  36 
ft.  in  circumference.  ^-^ 

20.  B.  tessellilta,  Munro  (_B.  Bngamdu-sk^ 
Hort. ).    Height  2-3  ft. :  Its.  12-18  in. 
long,  3-4  in.  wide,  smooth  and  shin-    ^r=-*^^I^Z^^ 
ing  above,  whitened  beneath,  sharply 
serrate;    midrib    prominent,    and 
bearing  a  tomentose  line  on  one  side.    C'liii 
and  Jap.    G.C.  HI.  15:  167  ;   18:189.    K.B.  2 
p.  269.  — Produces  the  largest  Ivs.  of  any  hard 
Bambusa  in  cult.,  which  is  especially  remark 
able  on  account  of  its  dwarf  habit.  Much  con 
fused  in  gardens,  but  unnecessarily,  with  A 

Veilchii,  as  the  tomentose  line  on  one  side 
of  the  midrib  is  unique  in  B.  tesseVuta.  The 
Ivs.  are  used  by  the  Chinese  for  wrapping  tea 

EE.    Lvs.  shorter,  S-6  i 
A.  pan 

21.  B.  pygmeea,  Miq.  Height  K-1  ft.:  stems  very  slen 
der,  much  branched  :  lvs.  3^  in.  long,  about  i^  m  wide, 
serrate,  pubescent,  bright  green  above,  glaucous  and 
pubescent  beneath.  Jap.— The  smallest  of  Bamboos  and 
remarkably  hardy.  It  is  especially  valuable  for  making 
a  thick  carpet  in  wild  places,  but  its  rampant  growth 
makes  it  a  nuisance  in  a  border.  The  sts.  are  purple 
the  nodes  prominent,  and  furnished  with  a  waxy  glau 
cous  band  round  the  bass. 

3,  Mitford    (A.  Fortunei,  var.  i\)ulis, 


Hort.).  Height  2-3  ft.:  branches  in  2's  and  3's,  long  in 
proportion  to  sts. :  lvs.  4-6  in.  long,  the  largest  about 
?^in.  wide  :  internodes  2-5  in.  apart.  Dies  down  in  a 
hardy  winter.  A  rare  species,  liable  to  confusion  with 
A.  pitmila.  No.  3. 

Section  II. — Internodes  flattened,  at  least  on  one  side  : 

sheaths  early  deciduous.    (  The  genus  Phylldstachys.) 

A.    Color  of  stems  black. 

23.  P.  nigra,  Munro  [B.  ntgra,  Lodd.).  Black  Bam- 
boo. Fig.  180.  Height  10-20  ft. :  stems  green  at  first, 
but  changing  to  black  the  second  year  :  lvs.  very  thin, 
2-6  in.  long,  6-10  lines  broad.  China  and  Japan.  M.  142, 
andfrontis.  G.C.  HI.  15:369  ;  18:185.  R.B.  23,  p.  268. 
—  One  of  the  most  popular  of  all  Bamboos,  and  very  dis- 
tinct by  reason  of  its  black  stems.  Var.  punctata,  Hort. 
Franceschi,  has  yellowish  stems  spotted  with  black. 

24.  P.  violiscens,  A.  and  C.  Riviere  {B.  violdscens, 
Carr.).  Height  sometimes  13  ft.:  stems  violet,  almost 
black  the  first  months,  changing  the  second  year  to  a 
dingy  yellow  or  brown  :  lvs.  very  variable  in  size,  2-7  in. 
long,  K-2  in.  wide,  the  larger  lvs.  borne  on  young  shoots 
or  on  the  ends  of  the  lower  branches  near  the  ground.  The 
Its.  are  sharply  serrated  and  haTC  a  well-defined  pur- 
plish petiole.  Franceschi  says  it  is  hardy,  and  that  P. 
bambusioides  is  often  sold  under  this  name. 

AA.    Color  of  stems  yellowish,  or  striped  yellow. 

25.  P.  mitis,  A.  and  C.  Riviere  (B.  mltis,  Hort.,  not 
Poir. ) .  Height  15-20  or  more  ft. :  stems  arched,  yellow- 
ish ;  internodes  at  the  base  not  short  :  leaf  characters 
identical  with  P.  aurea,  with  which  it  is  closely  allied. 
Japan.  Gn.  17,  p.  44.  — The  tallest  of  all  Bamboos,  but, 
unfortunately,  not  one  of  the  hardiest. 

26.  P.  Castilldnis,  Hort.  (B.  Castillonis,  Hort.). 
Unique  in  the  genus  for  having  both  sts.  and  lvs.  varie- 
gated. Height  6-20  ft. :  sts.  1  in.  or  more  thick,  much 
zigzagged,  bright  yellow,  with  a  double  groove  of  green: 
lvs.  sparingly  striped  yellowish  white,  7  in.  long,  1%  in. 
wide,  serrated  on  both  margins  :  leaf-sheath  topped  by 
a  whorl  of  dark  brown  or  purple  h^irs.  Jap.  — Cult,  by 
Dr.  Franceschi,  Santa  Barbara,  Calif. 

27.  B.  Btriita,  Lodd.  Height  4-5  ft.:  stems  striped 
yellow  and  green,  as  thick  as  the  thumb  ;  internodes  4-6 
in.    long  :    lvs.    6-8   in.    long,    %-l   in.    broad.    China. 


:'^''"r& 


183     Bambusa  palmata 

BM  b0i9  which  shows  a  Hon eimg  specimen  with  con 
spicuous  anthers  red  purple  at  first  and  fading  to  lUac 
Not  described  by  Mitford  Sold  b  and  by  Yokohama 
Nursery  Co. 


130 


BAMBOO 


28.  P.  adrea,  A.  and  C.  Riviere  (B.  aiireci,  Hort.). 
Height  10-15  ft.:  stems  straight 
at  the  base  remarkably  short  :  1 
the  base  to  the  apex,  minutely  and  regularly  serrate  on 
only  one  border,  usually  2-4  in.  long  and  %in.  wide,  but 
variable,  light  green,  glabrous  ;  sheaths  deciduous, 
marlied  with  purple.  Japan.  Gn.  8,  p.  206.  A.F.  5:41. 
—The  name  is  not  distinctive,  as  others  of  tbo  Ph-riin- 
stachys  group  have  yellowish  stems.  Hardier  ease 
of  cult,  than  P.  mltis. 

AAA.    Color  of  stems  green,  often  yellowish 
B.    MeigU  6-lS  ft. 
c.   Lvs.  spotted  ictth  brown. 

29.  P.  auilioi,  A.  and  C.  Riviere  (B.  Qnilu      I  1 
Ma2Hi,Uort.).   Height  sometimes  18  ft.: 

than  in  P.  mitis  or  aurea  : 
stems  arched  :  lvs.  much 
larger  and  especially 
broader  than  in  any  other 
Phyllostacbys,  the  largest 
8  in.  long,  1%  in.  wide,  the 
serration  of  one  edge  con- 
spicuous; lvs.  darli  green, 
often  spotted  brown,  very 


BB.  Height  2  ft. 
33.  P.  ruscifolia,  Hort. 
P.  Kmnusdsa,  Mitford. 
nillis,  Hort.).  Height  1}^- 
sheaths  purple  :  lvs.  2-3 
in  outline.  Jap.  G.C.  I 
The  stem  is  channeled  c 


■ihlt  . 


Kew.  (P.  Kumasfica,  Munro, 
B.  ruscifdlia,  Sieb.  B.  vimi- 
l  ft. :  stems  zigzag,  dark  green ; 
n.  long,  about  1  In.  wide,  ovate 
[1.15:369.  G.C.  III.  18:  189.- 
n  the  branching  side,  almost 


«-^ 


186.  Phyllostachys  nicra. 


glaucous  beneath  ;  leaf-sheaths  a  peculiar  feature 
ing  pinkish  brown,   deeply  mottled  with  purp  e    po 
Cult.  S.  and  in  Calif. -Rare. 

cc.   Lvs.  not  spotted  with  browi 
D.   Habit  slightly  zigzag. 

30.  P.  Hendnis,  Mitford  (B.  ZTewdnis,  Hort.).  Height 
6-15  ft. :  stems  arcned  :  lvs.  2-3  in.  long,  a  little  under 
J^in.  broad,  narrowed  below  the  middle  to  the  base  and 
long  attenuate  at  the  apex,  bright  green ;  sheaths  decid- 
uous, yellowish,  inclined  to  purplish:  intemodes  5-6  in. 
long  near  the  base  and  middle  of  the  stem,  distinctly 
grooved  with  a  double  furrow.  Japan.  — This  is  Mit- 
(ord's  favorite  Bamboo. 

DD.    Habit  strongly  zigzag. 

31.  P.  viridi-glaucescens,  A.  and  C.  Riviere  (B.  viridi- 
glauci'scens,  Carr.).  Height  10-18  ft.:  stems  slender, 
zigzag,  arched,  bright  green  at  first,  fading  as  they  ripen 
to  a  dingy  yellow  :  lvs.  3-4  in.  long,  about  Kin.  wide  or 
little  more,  bright  green  above,  whitened  below.  China. 
Gn.  7,  p.  279.  G.C.  HI.  15:433;  18:183.-The  name  Is 
unfortunate  because  not  distinctive,  as  all  Bamboos  have 
green  lvs.  with  more  or  less  whitened  lower  surfaces. 
Very  hardy  and  common. 

32.  P.  bambusoides,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Height  about  5  ft. 
in  the  second  year  :  stems  zigzag,  green  at  first,  ripen- 
ing to  yellow,  the  branch-bearing  side  flattened  rather 
than  grooved,  as  in  other  species  of  Phyllostachys  :  in- 
ternodes  long  in  proportion  to  length  of  stem,  sometimes 
8  in.:  branches  in  3's,the  longest  at  the  middle  of  the 


largest  i  , ..      _ 

one  side.    Jap. -Cult,  by  Dr.   Franceschi,  Santa  Bar- 
bara, Calif. 


BANANA       fan,  L  n 

amindeea.  This  very  valuable  tropical  plant  is  prized 
for  its  fruit,  textile  fiber,  and  decorative  effect  in  land- 
scape gardening.  Most  species  are  cultivated  for  their 
fruit,  and  one  or  two  species  for  fiber— although  all 
sorts  have  a  fiber  of  considerable  value.  Every  spe- 
cies is  worthy  a  place  in  decorative  planting.  For  an 
account  of  the  species  and  their  ornamental  values,  see 
Musa. 

The  species  mostly  in  demand  for  fruiting  seldom  or 
never  produce  seeds,  and  naturally  increase  by  suckers 
around  the  base  of  each  plant.  These  form  a  large 
clump,  if  allowed  to  grow  without  care.  They  are  most 
readily  separated  from  the  parent  root-stalk  by  a  spade, 
and  are  then  fit  for  further  planting.  This  is  a  slow  pro- 
cess of  increase,  but  it  is  sure,  and  the  suckers  so  pro- 
duced make  large  and  vigorous  plants.  A  quicker 
method  of  propagation  is  to  cut  the  entire  root-stalk 
into  .small,  wedge-shaped  pieces,  leaving  the  outer  sur- 
face of  the  root  about  1  by  2  inches  in  size,  planting 
in  light,  moist  soil,  with  the  point  of  the  wedge  down 
and  the  outer  surface  but  slightly  covered.  The  best 
material  for  covering  these  small  pieces  is  fine  peat,  old 
leaf -mold,  mixed  moss  and  sand,  or  other  light  material 
which  is  easily  kept  moist.  The  beds  so  planted  should 
be  in  full  open  sunshine  if  in  a  tropical  climate,  or  given 
bottom  heat  and  plenty  of  light  in  the  plant-house.  The 
small  plants  from  root-cuttings  should  not  be  allowed  to 
remain  in  the  original  bed  longer  than  is  necessary  to 
mature  one  or  two  leaves,  as  that  treatment  would  stunt 
them.    The  textile  and  ornamental  species,  also,  may  be 


BANANA 

increased  by  the  above  process,  biit  as  these  species 
usually  proiluce  seeds  freely,  seedlings  can  be  more 
quickly  grown,  and  with  less  trouble.  The  seeils  of 
Bananas  should  be  sown  as  fresh  as  possible,  treating 
them  the  same  as  recommended  for  root-cuttiugs.  As 
soon  as  the  seedlings  show  their  first  leaves,  they  should 
be  transplanted  into  well-prepared  beds  of  rich,  moist 
soil,  or  patted  off  and  plunged  into  slight  bottom  heat, 
as  the  needs  of  the  grower  or  his  location  may  demand. 
Both  seedlings  and  root-cuttings  sliould  have  proper 
transplanting.  sut^i"ii-Tit  room  runl  ri-'h  snil.  a^  n  r:i]>id. 
unchecked  growth  -iv,-~  tli.-  h,-^i  ;iiMi  c|iii.'k.-f  r.-ult-^. 
Thecultivati..n-f  l'.,-,i,,ui:.~  t,.r  l  run  i~  r,Mrn,-.l  ..,,  x,ry 
extensively  in  all  tr"|iii-,il  iMuntiir^.  In  ili.'  W.  -i  In.lii-^, 
Central  America  ana  .M.xi.'u,  th.  y  jiv  rai-v.l  f.ii- nxiM.rt 
to  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  site  selected  is 
usually  a  level  plain  in  the  lowlands,  near  the  coast,  or 
in  valleys  among  the  hills,  where  the  rainfall  or  artificial 
moisture  is  suiEcient.  The  variety  most  commonly 
grown  at  present  is  the  Martinique, having  large  bunches, 
with  long,  yellow  fruit.  The  Bara(;oa  (or  Red  Jamaica) 
is  more  sparingly  grown  now  than  formerly,  and  its  dark 
red  fruits,  of  largest  size,  are  not  commonly  exported. 
For  distant  shipping,  bunches  of  fruit  are  cut  with 
"machetes"  or  knives,  after  they  reach  their  full  size 
and  are  almost  mature,  but  quite  green  in  color.  Eipen- 
ing  is  effected  during  shipment  in  warm  weather,  and 
by  storing  in  dark,  artificially-heated  rooms  during  cold 
weather.  Banana  flour  is  a  valuable  product  of  ripe 
Bananas  prepared  among  the  plantations  in  the  tropics. 
It  is  nutritious,  and  has  an  increasing  demand  and  use 
as  human  food.  A  recently  invented  process  of  drying 
ripe  Bananas  has  been  found  very  successful,  and  the 
industry  promises  to  be  of  vast  importance  as  the  mar- 
ketable article  finds  ready  sale.  In  the  United  States 
there  is  little  commercial  cultivation  of  Bananas,  since 
the  frostless  zone  is  narrow  and  the  fruit  can  be  grown 


BAPTISIA 


131 


187.  A  bearmg 


so  much  more  cheaply  in  Central  America  and  the  West 
Indies.  Small  Banana  plantations  are  common  in  south- 
ern Florida,  however,  and  even  as  far  north  as  Jackson- 
ville.   They  are  also  grown  in  extreme  southern  Louis- 


iana, and  southwestward  to  the  Pacific  coast.  The  plants 
will  endure  a  slight  frost  without  injury.  A  frost  of  5 
or  6  degrees  will  kill  the  leaves,  but  if  the  plants  are 
nearly  full  grown  at  the  time,  new  foliage  may  appear 
and  fruit  may  form.  If  the  entire  top  is  killed,  new 
suckers  will  spring  up  and  bear  fruit  the  following  year. 
A  stalk,  or  trunk,  bears  but  once  ;  but  the  new  sprouts 
which  arise  from  the  roots  of  the  same  plant  continue 


the  fruit-bearing.  A  strong  sprout  should  bear  when 
12-18  months  old  (from  2-3  years  in  hothouses).  The 
plantation  will,  therefore,  continue  to  bear  for  many 
years.  A  bearing  stalk,  as  grown  in  southern  California, 
is  shown  in  Fig.  187. 

The  peculiar  flower-bearing  of  the  Banana  is  shown  in 
Fig.  188,  which  illustrates  the  tip  of  a  flower-cluster. 
This  cluster  may  be  likened  to  a  giant  elongating  bud, 
with  large,  tightly  overlapping  scales  or  bracts.  Three 
of  these  bracts  are  shown  at  a  a  a,  in  different  stages  of 
the  flowering.  As  they  rise  or  open,  the  flowers  below 
them  expand.  The  bracts  soon  fall.  The  flowers  soon 
shed  their  envelopes,  but  the  styles,  6,  persist  for  a 
tune  The  ovaries  soon  swell  into  Bananas,  c.  The  bracts 
ue  royal  purple  and  showy. 


BANCROFT,  GEOKGE. 

t  nan  (1800-1891)  deserv. 
(ulturi'itsforhis  splinidi.l 
7uer  home  in  Newpurt.  K 
be  found  in  the  Annniran 
sketch. 


5.  N.  REA.SONEE. 

The  famous  American  his- 
■s  rfmr-mbrauce  among  horti- 
.■•■llrctinii  of  roses  at  his  sum- 

I..  an  ,■ unt  of  which  may 

ilaiilin.  ls;U.  For  a  portrait 
s  Annual  Cyclopedia  for  1890. 
in  Mr  Bancroft's  garden,  (leorge  Field  found  a  rose  with- 
out a  name,  which  is  now  known  to  be  the  French  variety 
Mme  Ferdinand  Jamin.  It  was  introduced  by  Field  & 
Bro  as  the  American  Beauty.  Though  little  known 
abroad  it  is,  probably,  the  most  famous  of  all  roses  cult. 

BANEBEBBT.     See.liton. 

BANKSIA  (Sir  Joseph  Banks,  1743-1820,  famous  Eng- 
lish scientist).  Protedcete.  Many  species  of  Australian 
evergreen  shrubs,  with  handsome  foliage,  but  scarcely 
known  in  cult.  here.  Prop,  by  nearly  mature  cuttings, 
in  frames. 

BANYAN  TBEE.    See  Ficus  Indica. 

BAOBAB.    See  Aclansonla. 

BAFTtSIA  (Greek,  to  dye,  alluding  to  the  coloring 
matter  in  some  species).  Syn. ,  Podalyria.  Legumindsa. 
Small  genus  of  perennial  herbs  of  eastern  N.  Amer. 
Corolla  papilionaceous,  the  stan<lard  not  larger  than  the 
wings  :  calyx  canipaiuilatn,  tlir  .">  teeth  separate  and 
equal  or  the  2  upper  <.nc-s  niiit.-.i :  stamens  10,  distinct : 
pod  stalked  in  the  calyx.- I'laats  usually  turn  black  in 
drying.  Baptisias  are  suitable  fur  borders.  They  thrive 
in  any  ordinary  soil  and  under  common  treatment,  pre- 
ferring free  exposure  to  sun.  Prop,  by  division  or 
seeds. 


;arry 


A.  Lvs.  simple  :   fls.fjellow. 
simplicifolia,  Croom.     Branchy,  2-3  ft. :  Ivs.  2-1  in. 
long,  sessile,  broadly  ovate  and  obtuse  :   fls.  in  numerous 
terminal  racemes.    Fla.-Int.  1891. 

perfoMta,  R.  Br.,  of  S.  Car.  and  Ga.,with  small  axil- 
lary fls.  and  broad  perfoliate  Its.,  is  occasioaally  planted, 
and  is  hardy  as  far  N.  as  Washington,  but  is  evidently 
not  iu  the  trade.    B.M.  3121. 

AA.  Jji'S.  compound.  S-foJlolate. 

B.    Fls.  ll.'Ih'ir. 

tinctdrla,  E.  Br.  Wild  iNiih:^.  l;i..l,y  l)ranched,  2-t 
ft.,  glabrous':  Ivs.  stalked,  tlj.-  111^.  mjuiII,  obovate  or 
oblanceolate,  and  nearly  or  quiti-  Ntasilu  aud  entire  :  fls. 
%m.  long,  bright  yellow,  in  numerous  few-fld.  racemes. 
Cdmmon  in  E.  States.   B.M.  10U9.   Mn.  5:81. 

lanceol&ta.  Ell.    About  2  ft.,  pubescent  when  young, 

but  becoming  nearly  glabrous  :    Ivs.  short-stalked,  the 

Ifts.  thick,  lanceolate  to  obovate  and  obtuse  :  fls.  large, 

axillary  and  solitary.    Pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  S. 

BB.  Fls.  blue. 

austrillis.R.  Br.  {B. ccerulea, F.:>i .  \  AVi,  V  ,.,linl„, 
Sweet).     Stout,  4-6  ft.,  glabrous  :    I  ;,    i  ll,,!; 

Ifts.  oblanceolate  to  oval,  entire,  nlii' I  '        ,;      ,    hk.-, 

nearly  or  quite  an  in.  long,  in  1 ■    iln  .  h-hl    ,.  mhiuhI 

racemes.     Penn.  W.  and  S.     J.H.  111.  .:(.  1.4  ,  ;.4.  .",11.— 

Handsome.    Probably  the  best  species  for  cultivation. 

BBB.  Fls.  white  or  whilisJi. 

Alba,  R.  Br.  Wide-branching,  1-3  ft.,  glabrous  :  ivs. 
stalked  ;  Ifts.  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  thin,  dry- 
ing green  :  fls.  white,  J^in.  long,  in  long-peduncled, 
elongated  lateral  racemes.   N.  Car.W.  and  S.    B.M.  1177. 

leuc4ntha,Torr.  &  Gray.  Branching,  more  or  less  suc- 
culent, 2-A  ft.,  glabrous  :  Ivs.  stalked  ;  Ifts.  obovate  to 
oblanceolate  to  cuneate,  very  obtuse,  drying  black  ;  fls. 
white,  nearly  an  in.  long,  in  loose-fld.,  lateral  racemes. 
E.  states.  _ 

leucophiEa,  Xutt.  Stem  stout  and  angled,  but  low  and 
wiiif  t.i:iiMli((i.  1-2J^  ft.,  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous  :  Ivs. 
>liiiit  I"  ti.il.  ll  ;  Ifts.  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  stiif,  dry- 
in-  III.  k  :  ru,  large  and  cream-colored,  on  slender  erect 
).i  iliri  N.  liMiTii'  in  1-sided  declined  racemes.  Ga.  W. 
B.M.,v.i(in.    .M.i.:i:177.    P.S.23:2449.  L.  H.  B. 

BARBACENIA   (Barbacena,   a  Brazilian   governor). 

Aiiiiinjll'nh'ii  ru  .  About  20  Brazilian  plants,  with  scape 
bearing  a  single  large  purple  flower.  ilii.Hri  iiii.-.tly  in 
baskets,  after  the  manner  of  many  iinln.K.    B.  purpurea. 


not  appear  to  be  in  the  Amer.  traiU-.    1  Imwn  in  :i  warm, 
moist  house.    It  has  many  scapes  and  long,  grass-like, 
toothed  !vs.    B.M.  2777. 
BAKBADOES  CHEREY  is  .Mnlpiqhin  ;  B.  Lily,  nip- 

BABBARSA  (from  the  old  name.  Herb  of  Saint  Bar- 
bara). Criiciferw.  Hardy  biennials,  with  yellow  fls.; 
allied  to  water  cress  and  horseradish. 

vulgaris,  R.  Br.  CoinioN  Winter  Cress.  Upland 
Ckess.  Yellow  Rocket.  Height  10-18  in.:  lower  Ivs. 
lyrate,  the  terminal  lobe  round,  the  lateral  usually  1-1 
pairs  :  upper  Ivs.  obovate,  cut-toothed  at  the  base.  Eu. 
Asia.  —Cult,  for  salad.  Var.  varieg&ta,  Hort.,  Ivs. 
splashed  and  mottled  with  yellow,  is  cult,  as  a  border 
plant,  and  grows  freely  in  rich  soil.  If  the  fls.  are  picked 
off,  stem  and  all,  before  they  open,  the  plant  will  be 
practically  perenuial.   A  common  native. 

prEBCox,  R.  Br.  Early  Winter,  or  Bell  Isle  Cress. 
Distinguished  by  the  more  numerous  divisions  of  the 
Ivs.  (4-8  pairs).  Slightly  cult,  as  a  salad,  and  knownS.as 
Scurvy  Grass.  Naturalized  from  Eu.      j   b_  Keller. 

BARBE  DE  CAPtlCIN.    See  Chicory. 

BARBERRY.    See  Berber! s. 

BARBIfiRIA  lait.r  .1.  I;.  <■.  r.iiKi.  >.  French  physi- 
cian).   y,..//,».ii/..,.. .     A  _  .M.  species,  one 

from  i'lirto  U'ln.  -..n.l  n    i  1   -  nearest  allies 

familiar  tu  llu'  liuitiruli  111  ■ -1   ;m  .    linliuophera  and  Te- 


phrosia.  It  is  distinguished  from  allied  genera  by  the 
long  fls.  Tender  i-vrrisn-nt  slirnlis,  with  odd-pinnate 
Ivs.,  numerous  entin-  Hi-.,  and  awl-shaped  stipules  :  fls. 
large,  racemose   reil.    I'ri'ii.  Iiy  si  iil. 

poIyphJUa,  DC.  (r/,//,,;,,  j„.i,,i.hiilh,.  Poir.).  Lfts. 
9-11  pairs,  ellii'tic-ob  ong,  mucronate,  pubescent  with 
age  :  racemes  few  fld. .  shorter  than  the  Ivs. :  fls.  2  in. 
long.  Porto  Rico.— 5.  g'abilla,  Hort.,  Peter  Hender.son 
&  Co.,  1899,  is  probably  t  varietv. 


in-'  .  I'    I      ii.|.  :il  to  the  corky  layers  formed  on  the 

nil  I  '    \| dy  plants.     It  is  formed  from  an 

rtr      !  .  I  :     -in-.  — the  phellogen.    The  bark  is  de 

i-lii;  I  ll  ::i  ll  I'.  11  111  ways  upon  different  trees.  So  dis- 
met  art'  tin  1 1  -  nil  ill^  1  issues  that  species  of  trees  may 
e  readily  11  iiiurii/.i  .1  li\  1  In-ir  bark  alone.  Corkofcom- 
lerce  is  tin-  l.mk  1.1  iln  ,-iirk  oak,  a  native  of  south- 
•estern  lOumi..  .  w.  W.  RowLEE. 

BARKfiRIA.    See  EpiJemlrum. 

FARLfiRIA  (J.  Barrelier,  1606-1G73,  French  botanist) . 


plants,  but  not  offered  in  the  Amer.  trade.  They  have 
large  fls.  (yellow,  purple  or  white),  often  in  clusters. 
Prop,  oy  softwood  cuttings.  B.  cristita,  Linn.,  E.  Ind., 
is  a  good  blue-fld.  bedder. 

BARLEY.  Various  kinds  of  E6rdeum  of  the  Gramln- 
e(P.  r'ommon  Barlev  is  IT.  safivum,  Jess.  According 
t„  HimI;.-I    it  ■•.,n.l..,i').t.-.llv  nrieinated   from  H.  spnntA- 


BAR6SMA  ih,„, 

South  Afriian   In  :il 

and  in  tin-   N    11 
mature-wi ..  I  i 


s.-|.als,  .-,  iH-tals  and  10 

BARRY,  PATRICK.  Plate  II.  Nurseryman,  editor 
ami  luthcir-  wis  liorn  near  Belfast,  Ireland,  in  May,  1816, 
iiid  dRd  m  Rochester,  N  Y  June  2i,  1890  He  came 
t  )  \iiH  ru  a  at  the  age  of  twentj  ,  and  after  four  jears  of 
sirMtL  «ith  the  Princes,  at  Flushing,  on  Long  Island, 
hcfouncUd  in  1S4(I,  \Mtli  (ti  r.  Elln  iu„'  r  it  R  (  hes 
ter,  N    ■i      tl      ^r  IT   I      \  T  11  1  1 

Barry  mti  "i      I 

at  a  timt 
railroad  ■  1 

steamers  to  1  i  1  ^        1    1  1 

Prom  1844  to  Ibu-   L  1 J 

an  excellent  and  luthi  i  (     I  1  1 

m  "The  Cultivator  .1  1  ( 

death  of  A    ID  wi  1  1 

of  'Then   1        I 
until  Jun  1 


1  one  of  our  most 
]  i    1   servedly  so      The 

1  for  the  American 
I  i  \\  jrk      Mr  Barry 

1  f  nurseries  and 

\\  \      I  1  1   -n  mg  region     The 

Wi  t  u    M  n   \    ik  II   iti  ult  11    1  s     iet\    of  which  he 
was  y  rt  sulent  f  r  mcie  th  in  thirt\  \  e  irs    and  until  his 

The  work  ot  Barry  was  truly  national,  and  essentially 


BARRY 

that  of  a  pioneer.     H.-  mn-t  I ii-i.lcr.-.l  in  fhf  fn.nt 

rankof  pomolof;i';il  :ri>l<..i  -  .-,  i  h  i  !■.  I  k,  ,  niii_'-.  Warder, 
and    Thomas,    wlf-      '     i'  '  ■        ::i\i     a    L::rrai 

impulse  towards  r-r  '       i  ■       ■      i        -i   i  hir-.'  >.al.' 

in  America.     Fur  a    lalhr  a.- ni,    \',i'li    [M.rtrair.   sta- 

"Annals  of  Horticulture,"  1890,  287-290.  w.  M. 

BAETdNIA.     See  MenUella. 

BABTBAM,  JOHN.  Called  by  Linnseus  the  greatest 
natural  botanist  in  the  world.  Was  born  at  Marple,  near 
Darby,  Pennsylvania,  Mar.  23,  1609,  and  died  Sept.  22. 
1777.  He  was  a  Quaker  fanner,  who  became  intereste<l 
in  botany  after  the  aire  of  twenty-four.  In  1728,  at  King- 
sessing,  on  the  Schuylkill  Kiver,  he  established  the  first 
botanic  garden  in  ATueriea.  which,  together  with  his 
house,  built  in  17:S1,  of  stone  hewn  by  his  own  hands,  Is 
happily  preserved  to-dav  as  p.-irt  of  the  park  system  of 
Philadelphia.  He  traveled  much  in  America,  and  was 
for  many  years  the  chief  medium  of  exchange  between 
Europe  and  America  of  plants  of  all  kinds,  especially 
new  and  important  species,  as  Bliodmlendron  maximum 
and  Ci/pripedium  aeaule.  His  correspondence  with 
Peter  Collinson  lasted  nearly  half  a  century.  The  let- 
ters, preserved  to  us  in  Darlington's  "Memorials  of 
John  Bartram  and  Humphrey  Marshall,"  are  rich  in 
botanical,  historical  and  general  interest.  "Observa- 
tions on  the  Inhabitants  *  •  *  made  by  John  Bar- 
tram  in  his  Travels  from  Pensilvania  to  Onondago, 
Oswego,  and  the  Lake  Ontario  *  *  *  London,  1751," 
is  similarly  readable,  and  a  document  of  great  value  in 
the  study  of  aboriginal  races. 

At  the  age  of  seventy  he  undertook,  with  his  son  Wil- 
liam, an  expedition  to  Florida,  which  is  recorded  in  the 
"Journal  Kept  upon  a  Jouriiev  fniin  .St.  Augustine  up 
the  River  St.  Johns."  Ham  il-i  x  :i<  iiil.alify  the  first 
American  to  perform  sucta  ■  ■       it.;  in  hybridi- 

zation.    His    sons,  John    a'    i    ^  ,    ^   -ntinued   his 

garden.  Formany  years  it  \.;-;  i  n-  iar-r-t  and  best  col- 
lection of  trees  and  shrubs  in  ArmaHai,  and  the  services 
of  the  garden  to  early  American  horticulture  were  very 
great.  He  is  commemorated  in  Bartraraia,  a  genus  of 
mosses,  and  in  "Bartr.ira's  Oak,"  for  the  literature  of 
which,  see  I.  C.  Martiuale's  "Notes on  the  Bartram  Oak, 
Qiieiriis  heterojihiiUa,  Michx.,"  published  at  Camden, 
N.  J.,  1880.  Bartram's  garden  is  a  unique  spot  in 
America.  Many  of  the  trees  have  attained  great  age, 
size  and  beauty.  The  garden  also  contains  many  quaint 
and  picturesque  relics  which  have  associations  of  great 
interest.  On  the  whole,  John  Bartram  is  one  of  the  most 
illustrious,  and  by  far  the  most  picturesque,  of  the  early 
botanists  and  horticulturists  of  America,  and  his  simple, 
wholesome,  powerful  personality  presents  a  picture  that 
is  altogether  amiable.  New  editions  of  the  works  of 
Bartram  and  Darlington  are  much  to  be  desired,  and 
offer  a  promising  field  to  critical  labors.  John  Bartram's 
son  William  is  well  known  to  students  of  American 
history  for  his  "Observations  on  the  Creek  and  Cherokee 
Indians,  1789."  It  is  very  much  to  be  regretted  that  no 
authentic  portrait  of  John  Bartram  is  known.  For  an 
excellent  illustrated  account  of  Bartram  and  his  garden, 
see  the  article  by  Miss  M.  L.  Dock  in  Garden  and  Forest, 
9:121-124  (1895).  See  also  Harper's  Mag.  60:321-330 
(1880).  ^.  jl. 

BASfiLLA  (native  Malabar  name).  CI,,  „..,i..:i;,),-ne. 
Malabar  Nightshade.  A  genus  (a.Tit.iiiiinu-  .nily  one 
species,  which  is,  however,  remarkaM\-  \ariali|r.  An- 
nual or  biennial  herbs,  cult,  in  the  trcjiLs  a^  a  jhii  lit-rb. 
like  spinach.  Rarelf  cult.  N.  as  an  i.ruuunutal  warm- 
house  climber.  It  may  also  be  started  indoors,  and  set 
out  in  May  for  use  as  a  garden  vegetable,  to  follow 
spinach.    Prop,  by  seeds. 

rtibra,  Linn.  Lvs.  •^n■•l■^\^^•^\\ .  n!t<-niat.-,  rarely  oppo- 
site, almost  entir.-.  "i  xiil.ii-  r.t.n,  II,  ihit  pedicelled, 
in  simple  spikes  mi  ,  i  nr  long,  lax, 

few-fld.    Thefoll.i  ;        ,         ,       ^idered  only 

forms  of  the  abovr  :  ,;'.,..;,  >,  I,  ii>  -J,!,  i.-iiu  r.irely  cult. 
as  a  trailer  from  roots  of  warm-houses,  or  as  a  basket 
plant  ;  caninifolia  ,-  cordifblia,  with  heart-shaped  Ivs. 
4-5  in.  long  and  2-2^  in.  wide  ;  crassifblia  ;  Japdnica  ; 
iiVci'fZra,  from  India  ;  nJjra,  a  Chinese  form  ;  raiMdsa  and 
volubi'.is.   Under  the  name  of  Sweet  Malabar  Vine,  A. 


BASKET     PLANTS  133 

a  form  with  tiny  yellow  and  red  fls., 
ited  with  white,  pink,  and  green.  He 
t  assumes  a  drooping  habit.    When  cut 


BASIL.  Species  of  Ocimwm,  of  the  LabidUe.  They 
are  Indian  annuals,  and  are  cult,  as  pot-herbs,  the  clove- 
flavored  foliage  being  used  as  seasoning  in  soups,  meats 
and  salads.    They  are  of  easiest  culture,  the  seed  being 

sown  in  tlif  niM'ii  as  snnn  as  the  weather  is  settled. 
Cnnina.n  Ha^il  i-",  /.■"- /'"aiw .  Linn.,  a  ft.  high,  branch- 
in-,  wiili  ..vati    i.,..il,,,i  !x,.,and  white  or  bluish  white 

Linn,,  tlir  Dwarf  Ba-il,  is  lower,  and  smaller  in  all  its 
parts  ;  rarely  seen.  When  Basil  is  in  bloom,  it  can  be 
cut  and  dried  for  winter  use. 

BASKET  PLANTS.  Fig.  189.  Under  this  term  are 
included  all  those  plants  which,  from  their  habit  of 
growth  and  blooming,  have  been 
found  especially  suitable  for  use  in 
hanging  baskets.  Most  of  these  are 
dwarfish  plants  of  indeterminate 
growth,  of  gracefully  drooping  or 
vine-like  habit,  and  are  valued  either 
for  their  grace,  or  for  freedom  and 
daintiness  of  bloom.     Some  of  the 


plants  of  naturally  small 
stature,  or  are  practically 
such  for  a  season  from  a 
slow  habit  of  growth.  The 
suitability  of  these  erect- 
growing  plants  for  the 
purpose  is  determined, 
aside  from  their  stature, 
by  their  freedom  of  bloom, 
beauty  of  foliage,  striking 
form,  or  grace  of  habit. 
Such  plants  are  used  prin- 
cipally for  filling  the  cen- 
tral part  of  the  basket ; 
whereas,  plants  of  trail- 
ing habit  are  inserted  near 
the  sides  — some  to  droop, 
others  to  twine  upwards 
on  the  cords  or  handle  by 
which  the  basket  is  sus- 
pended. In  addition  to  the 
long  drooping  or  climbing 
plants,  there    are    a 

iber  of  half- 
hah 


nber  of  half-erect  ^'V         '«  x.    ,    ,. 

lit,  like  the  lobelia,   \AJ         ^J/^ii},\ 
;et    alyssum    and    <^^       ^ik,U(^ 

ifl 


droop  somewhat, 
not  of  a  truly  vine-like 
habit.  Some  plants  are 
more  suitable  than  others 
for  shady  places  :  the 
selaginellas,  for  instance. 
Others  thrive  only  with 
several  hours  of  direct 
sunshine  each  day. 

The  following  list  of 
common  trade  names  era- 
braces  a  number  of  the 
important  basket   pli 


.J 


s,  arranged  according  to- 


their  habit  of  growth  and  blooming.  The  list  is  not  given 
as  a  complete  one.  Any  list  would  need  amending  from 
year  to  year  to  suit  individn.al  taste  and  experience. 
Plants  which  will  bear  considerable  shade  are  marked 
with  an  asterisk  (*) ;  those  which  will  bear  more  ar& 
marked  with  two  asterisks  (**): 
1.  PLANT.S  OP  VINE-LIKE  HABIT. 

a.   LONG-DEOOPING, 

**English  I\T^,  *Kenilworth  Ivy. *Vinea  major,  *V.  Har- 
risonil.  .Saxifruga  sarinentosa.  *Cissus  discolor,*  Money- 
wort \\-y.  Tn.ijieoluiiis  IX.-isturtiums).  Lonicera  HaUi- 
Nepeta  Glechoma,  Ampe- 


Veitchii 


j  deciduous,  and  not  suitable 


IM 


BASKET     PLANTS 


ii  huiina  crassifolia,*Sweet  Alyssum, 
ta^.  Oxalis  lioribunda.  *Ru8selia 
;  ui  ]11.*Fittonia.*Fuchsia  procum- 
1.M  *r\-i- (4.:.r:niini>i   **Selaginellas. 

■  ,1    ~.  ,,i  d   h^      >.auin  Kieboldi, 


lis  Mail 


2.  PLANTS  OF  UPRIGHT  HABIT. 
o.  Low-growing. 

1.  Flowering  J'lants. 

*Toreilia.  *Pansy,  Cuphea  platyeentra.  C.  hyssopifolia. 
*Prinmla  obconica.  Dwarf  Alyssum,  Bellis  perennis. 
Linum  or  Reinwardtia  trigynum,  Phlox  Dnimmondii. 
Dutch  bulbs. 

2.  Foliage  Plants. 

*Peperomla.  *Begonia  Rex,  *Farfugium  grande,  Alter- 
nanthera,    **Maidenhair    Fern,    Geraniums    (especially 
Mme.  Salleroi),  *Isolepis    gracilis  (droops  with  age). 
b.  Taller  Growing. 

1.  Flowering. 

Geraniums — Pelargonium  *Fuchsias,  Petunias,  •Bego- 
nias, Browallia,  'Stevia  serrata.  var.  nana.  Madagascar 
Periwinkle.  *Nierembergia.  Lantana,*Impatiens  Suttana, 
Cuphea  Llavea,  Swainsona,  Chrysanthemum  fnites- 
ceus,  Salvias. 

2.  Foliage. 

'Dusty  Miller,  •Crotons,  *Palms,  **Fems,  'Fancy  Cala- 
diums,  Coleus,  Achyranthes,  "Aspidistra,  *Cyperus  alter- 
nifolius,  *Draciena  indivisa,  *D.  terminalis,  Coccoloba 
platyclada. 

Some  of  the  above  plants  make  large  subjects  when 
growing  in  the  open  ground.  Of  such,  only  young  or 
smaller  plants  are  available  for  use  in  hanging  baskets. 
Ordinarily,  several  different  sorts  of  plants  are  used  for 
filling  a  basket.  In  some  cases,  however,  a  pretty 
basket  is  made  by  using  but  one  kind  of  plant.  A  hang- 
ing basket  filled  with  sword  fern,  for  instance,  makes 
a  handsome  object. 

Baskets  of  a  variety  of  patterns  are  obtainable  from 
florists  and  other  dealers.  The  baskets  most  extensively 
used,  perhaps,  are  made  of  strong  wire,  woven  into  hem- 
ispherical or  other  forms.  These  are  sometimes  plain, 
and  again  of  ornamental  character.  The  better  form  has 
a  flat  bottom,  or  a  stand,  formed  of  wire,  to  support  the 
basket  in  an  upright  position  when  it  is  not  pendent. 
Another  style  is  f ..  rmed  of  rustic  work.  Here  the  vessel 
or  plaut  ba.sin  is  covered  about  the  sides  with  rough 
bark  or  knotted  roots.  For  this  purpose  the  roots  of  the 
laurel  are  much  used.  Above  the  basket  there  is  an  arch 
or  handle  by  which  it  is  suspended.  Again,  earthen- 
ware vessels,  to  be  suspended  by  wires,  are  ofiered  for 
sale  in  a  variety  of  shapes.  Some  of  these  are  moulded 
and  painted  in  imitation  of  logs,  and  are  known  as  "  stick  " 
and  "log  baskets."  Such  baskets  are  often  without  pro- 
vision for  drainage.  When  this  is  the  case,  holes  should 
be  drilled  at  the  lowest  point  in  the  bottom.  A  special 
form  of  basket  is  much  used  for  orchids.  It  is  made  of 
square  cedar  slats  in  raft-  or  log-fashion.  Pern-fiber  and 
broken  bits  of  brick,  tlower-pots  or  charcoal,  are  used 
for  filling  them. 

The  soil  used  in  hanging  baskets  is  simply  good, 
common  florists'  potting  soil.  This  usually  contains 
about  25  per  cent  of  humus,  and  a  small  amount  of 
sharp  sand  to  make  it  porous.  Prior  to  filling,  wire 
baskets  must  be  lined  with  moss.  This  is  merely  com- 
mon woodland  riioss  from  rotting  logs,  or  rich,  damp  soil. 
In  filling  baskets,  a  few  drooping  or  climbing  plants  are 
disposed  around  the  sides  ;  then  one  or  more  upright- 
growing  or  half-erect  plants,  according  to  the  size  of  the 
plants  and  basket,  are  planted  in  the  center.  Immediate 
effects  require  plants  which  have  already  made  consid- 
erable growth.  Florists  usually  carry  a  stock  of  suitable 
plants.  In  case  seedlings  or  cuttings  are  grown  for  the 
purpose,  it  is  usually  best  to  start  them  in  seed-pans  or 
cutting-boxes,  and  transfer  them  later  to  the   basket. 


A  .•Miiiinnii  iiii^iaki'  ill  arranging  baskets  is  crowding, 
■  .r  lilliiiL;  ihriii  t.j..  full.  Fewer  plants  will  appear  more 
graceful,  growth  will  be  iiKire  vigurous.  and  the  basket 

cise  vigilance  and  care  in  watering.  After  the  roots 
have  well  tilled  the  haski-i,  watering  is  best  done  by 
dipping  the  basket  in  a  nil.  .u-  l.arrc-l  of  water,  and  al- 
lowing it  to  remain  niiiil  it    i^wrll   saturated.    Dipping 

the  basket  in  weak  liquid  manui lu-.-  or  twice  a  month 

will  greatly  promote  \iu-nf  when  ilu-  plants  have  been 
long  in  the  basket.  These  remarks  also  apply  in  a 
general  way  to  vases  and  rustic  stands. 

Ernest  Walker. 
BASSWOOD.    See  Tilia. 

BAST.  The  soft  part  of  the  flbro-vascular  bundles  it 
plants,  abundant  in  the  inner  bark.  It  increases  in 
thickness  simultaneously  with  the  wood,  but  much  less 
rapidly.  The  fibrous  elements  in  the  bast  of  Basswood 
have  been  used  in  making  cordage  ;  also  in  making 
strong  paper.  -w.  w.  Rowlee. 


BATATAS.    SeelpomoM. 


BATEMANNIA  i  in  honor  of  James  Bateman,  the  dis- 
tinguish.. I  cnllr.-ti.r  and  cultivator,  and  author  of  im- 
portant u-.,rks  oil  Orchids).  Orchid Acece, tribe  Vdndeoe. 
Pseudoluill.s  short  :  leaf-blades  coriaceous  :  fls.  large, 
2J^-3  in.  in  diam.,  single  or  in  pairs.  Cult,  like  Cattleya. 
During  the  growing  period  they  should  be  well  supplied 
with  water  and  kept  from  strong  sunlight. 

C61Ieyi,  Lindl.  Petals  and  sepals  pu.rplish  or  umber- 
brown,  shading  to  yell.. wi-li  u'n-iii  at  tli.-  I. asp.  Deine- 
rara.    B.R.  1714.    B.Jl.  :;sls. 

Meleigris,  Reichb.  f,  l',t..l,  an.l  -,  paN  j.aU-  yellow, 
brown  toward  the  siiiMiniiv,  l.r-..a.l  ai  iho  l.a-..-  :  labellum 
white  at  the  base.    Brazil. 

li.BurUi,  Endr.  &  Reichb.  f.,with  1-fld.  peduncles, =Zygo- 
i*"»'i™-  Cakes  Ames. 

BAUHlNIA  ( after  John  and  Caspar  Bauhin,  sixteenth 
century  herbalists  ;  the  twin  leaflets  suggesting  two 
brothers).  Legumindsw,  but  there  is  nothing  to  sug- 
gest the  legume  family  to  the  northern  horticulturist  ex- 
cept the  pod.  Mountain  Ebijnv.  A  genus  of  over  200 
species,  allied  to  Cercis.  'rr..|.i.-al  tr.'.s,  shrubs, orvines, 
with  showy  fls. ranging'  l'r..iu  \vliii.>  to  purple,  and  Ivs. 
which  may  be  entire  ..r  Ll-l..!..  .1.  in  some  cases  the  Ifts. 
being  entirely  free  ;  tin-  ]..ti..i.-  is  prolonged  into  a 
short  but  characteristic  awn  between  the  Ifts. :  petals  5. 
The  number  and  fertility  of  the  stamens  are  important 
characters  in  determining  the  subgenera.  They  are 
much  cult,  in  S.  Fla.  and  S.  Calif,  in  sandy  soils.    Prop. 


:.lf-ri, 


rar.  1}     -n. ■  '  /..  -  i    is  much 

bles  agiganf  i'  ii  '  ,:i.  Tlii'  a-tiin-.nt  bark  is 
usedintanni'  ,  :,iil  ili-  1\ -.  ;inil   11. -buds  as 

a  vegetal.!.',  ;    .         '.  !■  i.   ,■,  :  pi.-l.!..!.    ■■'ri..-  reason  for 

thc^.-    |.l -    ''   "   -    -'.    hill.-  L'i..\\n  in  our  hothouses," 

.say-    I    l>    II I-.  11. .. I. ail. I,  that  they  must  attain 

S..I.1.  ■'.'.'  v  il'.w.r.  aii.l  tliat  they  require  a 

(Irv  -..!-.  11  I..  II,..  II  til.  ir  H.....1,  lilt-  giving  of  which, 
withoui  kiihui^  tlif  pkiiit  by  drought,  is  the  standing 
crux  of  all  establishments."  Great  numbers  of  species 
of  Bauhinia  are  likely  to  be  introduced  from  time  to 
time  because  of  their  gorgeous  appearance  in  the  trop- 
ics. In  the  experience  of  Old  World  gardeners,  the  most 
reliable  species  under  glass  arc  />'.  i-nrieijata,  B.  corym- 


a.  Lvh.  divhUa  Hut  tu  Ihc  middle. 

B.  Fls.  nsually  colored. 

variegata,  Linn.    Tree,  6-20  ft. :    Ivs.  3-4  in.  across, 

orbicular,  9-11  nerved,  lubes  rounded  :    petiole  1-2  in. 

long  :   fls.  about  7,  in  a  short  raceme,  4  in.  across  ;  calyx 


4 


BAUHINIA 

spathe-like  ;  petali;  5,  cUiwed,  obovate-ohlong,  veined, 
rose-colored,  the  lowest  one  larger,  broader  above  the 
middle,  strongly  marked  with  crimson  :  pod  1-2  ft.  long. 
India.    B.M.  (J818.— The  coloring  of  the  Hs.  varies. 

Var.  c&ndida,  Koxb.  {A.  dlba,  Buck-Ham.).  Height 
12  ft. :  fls.  white,  beautifully  veined  with  green  ;  lis. 
Feb.  to  May.  B.M.  7.'!12  "A  taller  grower  than  A. 
acumhiata,  h\oommg  in  late  winter  and  eaih  vpring 
Very  quick-growing,  and  ornamental  even  when  not  m 
bloom."— Reasoner  Bros. 

purpilTea,  Linn.  Height  G  ft  Ivs  coriaceous  rufous 
tomentose  beneath  when  joung,  Itts  broadlj  o\ate 
4-nerved  :  petals  red,  one  streakcl  \Mth  whit  tn  the 
claw,  lanceolate,  acute;  fertile  st  1  '  e  the 

rest  sterile  or  abortive  :    pod  1  (  H  irma 

China.-Without  doubt  one  ot    I  mall 

trees  in  S.  Fla.    Flowers  are   1  t  pro 

fusion,  3  to   5    inches  across  troni 

almo.st  white  to  a  shade  of  ii  h  i  nil  i  1  niaiked 
and  shaded  with  many  tones  The  i  lant  ih  \  ery  robust 
and  hardy  here,  growing  to  a  height  ot  15  feet  m  less 
than  2  years,  and  blooms  all  winter  and  spring 

G41pini,  N.  E.  Brown.  Half  climbing  shrub  5  10  ft 
Ivs.  1-3  in.  long,  2-lobed  from  one  htth  to  one  hilt  their 
length,  7-nerved  ;  petiole  about  Urn  long  racemes 
6-10-fld.:  petals  5,  all  alike  l-l^,in  long,  claw  as 
long  as  the  limb  ;  limb  orbicular,  cuspidate,  brick  led  , 
fertile  stamens  3  :  pod  3-5  m  long  ,  seeds  daik  brown 
S.  and  Trop.  Afr.  B.M.  7494 -Discoveied  1891  Fls 
borne  continuously  from  spring  to  late  autumn 
BB.  I'ls  pti>e  uliiti 

acuminata,  Linn.  Height  5-h  ft  Ifts  o\  ate  aeumi 
nate,  parallel,  4-nerved,  closing  it  night  fls  2-3  in 
across  ;  fertile  stamen  long  and  netih  tree  the  othei 
9  short,  connected,  and  sterile  Iiidii  Mila^n  China 
-One  of  the  most  satisfactor\  of  all  either  t(  r  open 
ground  or  greenhouse  culture  as  it  will  bloom  the  first 
summer,  when  but  a  few  months  old  and  but  a  foot  oi 
two  high,  and  in  succeeding  summers  blooms  contmu 
ously  from  May  to  September. 

AA.   Lvs.  divided  heijond  (he  middle. 
B.    Leaflets  not  entirely  free:   fls.  colored. 

corymbdsa,  Roxb.  Woody  climber,  branching  from  the 
ground.:  branches  grooved:  tendrils  opposite,  revolute: 
Ivs.  lJ^-2  in.  long,  outer  edges  slightly  rounded,  inner 
edges  straight  and  parallel;  nerves  2-4  :  fls.  numerous, 
corymbose,  1  in.  across,  rosy,  ithw  fluted  petals,  and 
characteristic  venation  ;  stamens  3,  bright  red,  3  very 
long,  the  rest  abortive.    China.    B.M.  6621. 

BB.  Leaflets  entirely  free  :   fls.  white. 

Natal6nsis,  Oliver.  Small  shrub :  Ivs.  numerous  ; 
leaflets  each  1  in.  long,  with  a  midrib  and  a  few  nerves, 
dark  green  ;  petioles  K-Kin.  long  :  fls.  single  or  in 
2's,  IVain.  across,  white,  the  midvein  of  the  3  upper 
petals  reddish  ;  petals  erect  or  spreading,  the  2  lower 
ones  larger  ;  stamens  10,  5  long  and  5  short  ;  pod  3  in. 
long.  S.  Afr.    B.M.  6086.— Not  advertised  at  present. 

B.  Hdbkeri.  F.  Miiell.,  from  Austral.,  and  B.  Eichardsoni. 
Hort.,  Frauceschi,  are  also  advertised  at  present. 

E.  N.  Reasonek  and  W.  M. 

BAY  TBEE.     See  Laurus. 

BEAN.  A  name  applied  to  various  plants  of  the  Legu- 
miubsw.  The  Beans  chiefly  known  to  agriculture  are  ot 
five  types  :  (1)  The  Broad  Beau  (  Vicia  Fahri),  or  the 
Bean  of  history,  an  erect-growing  plant,  producing  very 
large  and  usually  flat,  orbicular  or  angular  seeds.  Prob- 
ably native  to  S.W.Asia  (Figs.  190,  191,  a).  See  Vicia. 
These  types  of  Beans  are  extensively  grown  in  Europe, 
mostly  for  feeding  animals.  They  are  either  grown  to 
full  maturity  and  a  meal  made  from  the  Bean,  or  t  lie  plant 
is  cut  when  nearly  full  grown  and  used  as  forage  or  made 
into  ensilage.  The  Broad  Bean  needs  a  cool  climate  and 
long  season.  In  the  U.  S.  the  summers  are  too  hot  and 
dry  for  its  successful  cultivation  on  a  large  scale,  and  the 
plant  is  practically  unknown  there.  In  Canada,  the  plant 
is  used  in  connection  with  corn  to  make  ensilage;  and 
this  combination  is  known  as  the  "Robertson  mixture." 


BEAN 


135 


(2)  Kidney  Bean  (Phaseolus  vulgaris,  which  see  ;  Pigs. 
191,  6,  192).  This  is  the  plant  which  is  everywhere  known 
as  Bean  in  North  America,  comprising  all  the  common 
Held,  garden,  snap  and  string  Beans,  both  bush  and 
climbing.    By  the  French  it  is  known  as  Haricot,  and  this 

'I 


-^ 


"-7 


5 


190.  Broad  Bean  —Vicia  Faba  ( -\ 


i 


word  is  often  found  in  our  literature.  Its  nativity  is  un- 
known, but  it  is  probably  of  tropical  American  origin. 
For  inquiries  into  the  nativity  of  the  Bean,  see  DeCan- 
doUe,  Origin  of  Cultivated  Plants  ;  Gray  &  Trumbull, 
Amer.  .lour.  Sci.  26:130  ;  Sturtevant,  Amer.  Nat.  1887: 
332  ;  Wittmack,  Ber.  der  Deutschen  Bot.  Gesellschaft, 
6:374  (1888).  (3)  Lima  or  Sugar  Beans  {Phaseolus  lu- 
natics, which  see).  Long-season,  normally  tall-clirabing 
plants,  producing  large,  flat  seeds  (Figs.  191,  c,  193). 
Native  to  S.  Amer.  See  Bailey,  Bull.  87,  Cornell  Esp. 
Sta.  (4)  Various  species  of  Dolichos  (as  1).  sesqnipe- 
dalis).  Vines  which  produce  very  long,  slenderpods  and 
small,  narrow  Beans  (Figs.  191,  d,  194).  Native  to  trop. 
Amer.  See  Dolichos.  (S)  Soy,  or  Soja,  Bean  (G/.i/ci«i! 
hispida,  which  see).  A  bushy,  erect,  hairy  plant,  pro- 
ducing small  pods  in  clusters,  and  pea-like  seeds  (Figs. 
191,  e,  195).  In  this  country  comparatively  little  known, 
and  used  mostly  for  forage.  Native  to  China  and  Japan, 
where  it  is  much  grown.  Aside  from  these  types,  there 
are  others  of  less  economic  importance.  The  Scarlet 
Runner  type  is  a  perennial  Phaseolus  (/".  mullifloyi(S), 
grown  in  this  country  mostly  for  ornament  (Fig.  196). 
Various  other  species  of  Phaseolus  are  also  cult,  ni 
various  parts  of  the  world  under  the  name  of  Beans.  P. 
radiatus  is  prized  in  Japan,  and  has  been  int.  into  the 
U.  S.  as  Adzuki  Bean  (see  Georgeson,  Bull.  32,  Kans. 
Exp.  Sta.).  Vigna  Sinensis,  known  in  N.  Amer.  as 
Cowpea  (which  see),  is  sometimes  called  a  Bean.  The 
Velvet  Bean  of  the  South  is  aMucuna  (which  see).  The 
Jack  Bean  is  a  Canavalia  (Fig.  197).  The  Sea  Beans  of 
the  Florida  coast  are  seeds  of  various  tropical  legumi- 
nous plants,  and  are  transported  by  ocean  currents  (see 
Coe,  in  G.F.  7:503).  L.  H.  B. 

Culture  op  the  BEAN.-Thepractical  grower  usually 
divides  the  many  varieties  of  Beans  into  two  groups- 
the  bush  and  the'pole  Beans.    The  one  includes  all  those 


13G 


BEAN 


grown  as  "field  Beans"  forthe  dry-shelled  seeds,  as  also 
both  the  green-podded  and  the  yellow-podded  garden, 
string,  or  snap  Beans.  The  pole  or  running  sorts  are 
usually  grown  for  garden  purposes,  and  rarely  for  the 
dry-shelled  Bean.  The  ordinary  bush  Beans  make  no 
great  demands  for  soil  fertility.  They  do  well  on  ordi- 
narily good,  wai-m  farm  loam.  If  the  soil  contains  a 
fair  proportion  of  humus,  the  plants  will  secure  much 
of  their  nitrogen  from  the  air  ;  and  if  additional  fer- 
tilizers are  needed,  they  may  be  given  in  potash  and 
phosphoric  acid  alone.    Plant  only  after  danger  fr 

late  frosts  is  past. 
The  work  may  be 
done  by  band,  or 

various 
vised  foi 


191.   Types  of  Beans.    Natural  size. 
a  Vicia  Faba.    b.  Phaseolus  vulgaris,    c,  Phaseolus  lunatus. 
d,  Dolichos  sesquipedalis.   e.  Glycine  hispida.  f.  Phaseolus 
multiflorus. 

vestlns  the  crop,  special  tools  have  been  devised  and 
are  in  U'^e  by  those  who  make  a  business  of  Bean-grow- 
ing :  but  when  a  regular  Bean-puller  is  not  available, 
or  when  hand  labor  is  cheap,  the  plants  may  be  pulled 
by  hand  and  placed  in  rows  on  the  ground,  bottom- 
side  lip,  and  when  sufliciently  cured  put  in  stooks  or 
taki'ii  tu  the  barn,  and,  in  due  time,  threshed  with  the 
flail  or  with  aregular  Bean-thresher.  After  beingcleaned 
by  running  through  a  fanning  mill,  picking  over  by 
hand  will  also  be  required  in  most  cases. 

Among  the  leading  sorts  of  field  Beans  are  White  Mar- 
rowfat, Navy  or  Pea  Bean,  Medium,  and  the  Kidnevs. 
For  string  Beans,  Early  Valentine,  which  has  various 
strains,  probably  stands  first  in  popular  favor  as  a 
green-podded  variety  for  the  market-garden  at  the 
present  time.  Other  good  current  sorts  are  Stringless 
Green   Pod,  Early  Mohawk,  Refugee,  etc.     The    best 


among  yellow-podded  sorts  are  Black  Wax  or  German 
Wax,  Golden  Wax,  Kidney  Wax  and  White  Wax.  The 
Wax  or  Yellow-podded  sorts  need  a  richer  soil  than  the 
other  kinds.   A  good  string  Beau  has  a  thick,  meaty 


-^m- 


192     Common  or  Kidney  Bean  —  Phaseolus  vulgaris. 

pod   which  snaps  off  completely  when  broken,  leaving 
no  string  along  the  back.    Fig.  198  shows  ideal  pods. 

Pole  or  running  varieties  of  Beans  require  fertile  soil; 
and  for  that  king  of  table  Beans,  the  Lima  of  all  forms, 
luch  can  hardly  be  done  in  the  way  of  enriching 
round  Warm  soil  is  one  of  the  first  essentials  of 
■sv  in  trOWing  pole  Beans.  When  poles  are  to  be 
I  I  u|  iiort  they  should  be  set  not  less  than  4  ft. 
w  H\ ,  before  the  Beans  are  planted.  Four  or 
111  to  be  placed  around  each  pole,  1  to  IK  in. 
\\  I  ill  It  13  a  safe  rule  to  put  the  seed  eye  down- 
it  IS  not  a  necessary  condition  of  prompt  and 
uniform  germination.  In  case  of  absence  or  scarcity  of 
poles  a  serviceable,  cheap  and  ornamental  trellis  may 
be  constructed  by  setting  posts  firmly  at  proper  dis- 
tances along  the  row,  connecting  them  with  two  wires, 
one  a  few  inches  and  the  other  5  or  6  ft.  fi-uni  the  ground, 
and  finally  winding  cheap  twine  zigzag  fashion  around 
the  two  wires.  Cultivate  and  hoe  frequently.  A  top- 
dressing  of  good  fertilizer,  or  of  old  poultry  or  sheep 
manure,  hoed  in  around 
the  plants,  may  be 
great  help  in  keeping 
the  productiveness 
tin-  plants  tn  the  end  of 


l-^'-'f^t---^-. 


Ill;,'  the  i-ntire  season, the 
pods, when  large  enoui-'li. 
must  be  gathered  fn 
quently  and  clean 
Among  the  varietiis 
used  both  for  string  and 
shell  Beans,  we  have  the 
Green  -  podded  Crease- 
back,  several  wax  varie- 
ties, Golden  Cluster,  and 
the  popular  Horticultural 
or  Speckled  Cranberry 
Bean,  besides  any  num- 
ber of  others.  A  very 
fine  Bean  is  the  Dutch 
Runner  ( Fig.  196 ) ,  which 
approaches  the  Lima  in 
quality  and  resembles  it 
in  habit  of  growth.  The  seed  is  of  largest  size  s 
clear  white  in  color.  Highly  ornamental  is  the  clos 
related  .Scarlet  Runner,  with  its  abundance  of  sho 
scarlet  blossoms.  This  Bean  is  grown  in  Europe 
eating,  but  is  rarely  used  for  that  purpose  here. 


BEAN 

Of  all  pole  Beans,  the  Limas  have  undoubtedly  the 
greatest  economic  value.  They  en.i'oy  a  deserved  popu- 
larity, and  are  usually  grown  with  profit  by  the  market- 
gardener.  The  varieties  might  be  classed  in  three  types, 
—  that  of  the  Large  Lima,  the  Dreer  Lima,  and  the 
Small  Lim'i  or  Sieva.  Each  of  them  has  a  number  of 
sub-varieties  or  strains,  and  appears  in  both  pole  and 
bush  form.  The  old  Large  Lima  (Fig.  193)  is  a  very 
large,  flat  Bean,  and  yet  largely  grown  for  main  crop. 
To  the  same  type  belong  Extra-early  Jersey,  King  of 
the  Garden,  and  others.  The  pods  of  these  are  very 
large,  and  the  Beans  in  them  somewhat  flattened.  The 
dwarf  form  of  this  tj'pe  is  known  as  Burpee's  Bush 
Lima.  The  Dreer  Lima  of  both  forms  is  appreciated 
especially  for  its  high  quality.  The  seeds  are  more 
roundish  and  crowded  close  together  in  the  pods,  the 
latter  being  much  smaller  than  those  of  the  Large  Lima. 
The  seeds  of  these  two  types  are  light  colored,  with  a 
greenish  tinge,  but  the  Large  Lima  is  also  represented 
by  red  and  speckled  (red-and-white)  sports.  The  Small 
Lima,  or  Sieva,  with  its  dwarf  form,  Henderson's  Bush 
Lima,  seems  to  be  hardier  and  earlier  than  the  two 
larger  types,  but  pod  aud  Bean  are  quite  small.  The 
color  of  this  Bean  is  nearly  clear  white,  but  there  is  also 
a  speckled  sub-variety  of  it.  Wherever  there  is  a  place 
for  the  Sieva,  its  bush  form  will  be  appreciated.  The 
bush  forms  of  the  two  larger  types,  however,  are  not 
uniformly  productive  enough  to  take  the  place  of  the 
pole  forms  entirely.  The  latter  will  often  be  found 
preferable  where  a  long  season  of  continuous  bearing  is 
desired.  For  further  notes  on  Lima  Beans,  dwarf  and 
pole,  see  Bailey,  Bulls.  87  and  11.5,  Cornell  Exp.  Sta. 

Beans  are  easily  forced  under  glass,  in  a  temperature 
suitable  for  tomatoes.  They  may  be  grown  either  in 
pots  or  beds.  The  bush  varieties,  as  Sion  House,  are 
preferred.  Keep  them  growing,  and  look  out  for  red 
spider.  See  Bailey,  Forcing-Book  ;  and  for  the  forcing 
of  pole  Beans,  see  Rane,  Bull.  62,  N.  H.  Exp.  Sta.  See 
Forcing. 

Three  other  members  of  the  Bean  tribe  might  be  men- 
tioned in  this  connection  ;  namely,  the  Black  Bean  or 
Cow-pea  of  the  South,  the  Japanese  Soy  Bean,  and  the 
English  or  Broad  Bean.  The  Cow-pea  takes  in  some 
measure  the  same  place  In  the  southern  states  that  red 
clover  takes  at  the  North,  being  used  both  as  stock  food 
and  as  a  green-manure  crop.  There  are  many  varieties 
of  it,  early  and  late,  some  of  strictly  bush  habit  and 
some  producing  long  runners.  (See  Cow-pea.)  Of 
greater  value  for  the  same  purposes,  north  of  New  Jer- 
sey, seems  to  be  the  Japanese  Soy  Bean,  which  is  early 
enough  to  come  to  maturity  almost  anywhere  in  the 
United  States.  Its  foliage  is  rather  thin  or  open,  how- 
ever, which  impairs  its  value  for  green-manuring.  The 
dry  Bean  constitutes  one  of  the  richest  vegetable  foods 
known,  and  its  flavor  seems  unobjectionable  to  all  kinds 
of  stock.  Sow  1  bus.  to  the  acre.  Similar  to  this  in  value 
is  the  English  Broad  Bean,  several  varieties  of  which, 
as  the  Broad  Windsor,  the  Horse  Bean,  etc.,  are  grown 


tention  in  the  cooler  parts  of  the  country.  Being  about 
as  hardy  as  peas,  they  may  be  planted  much  earlier  than 
would  be  safe  for  ordinary  Beans.   The  Windsor  is  used 


194.  Dolichos  sesquipedalis.  or  Yard-long  Bean. 


and  are  popular  in  England  and  in  some  parts  of  the 
European  continent.  In  most  parts  of  the  United  States 
they  are  scarcely  known,  and  in  none  generally  culti- 
vated. Only  a  few  of  our  seedsmen  list  them  in  their 
otherwise  complete  catalogues.  Yet  they  are  a  decidedly 
interesting  group  of  plants,  and  worthy  of  greater  at- 


le  way  that  we 
o  much  better 
need  of  plant- 

T.  Greiner. 


by  people  in  England  much  in  the  sai 
use  Lima  Beans  ;  but  the  latter  are 
that  in  the  United  States  we  have  no 
ing  the  former  as  a  table  vegetable. 

BEAKBEKKY.    See  Arelostaphylos. 

BEAE'S  BREECH.    See  Acanthus. 


BEAUCAENEA.    See  Nolina. 

BEAUM6NTIA  (after  Mrs.  Beaumont,  of  Bretton  Hall, 
Yorkshire,  Eng.;.  Apocyncleete.  A  genus  of  three  East 
Indian  trees  or  tall  climbers,  with  very  large,  white, 
fragrant,  bell  shaped  An.  in  terminal  cymes.  The  genus 
IS  more  nearly  allied  to  the  familiar  greenhouse 
shrub  T'i ac1ieJoi>permxim  jasminoides  than  to  the  splen- 
did tropical  climbers  in  AUamanda  and  Dipladenia. 
/'  '    '        Ins  been  neglected  of  late,  presumably 

1  s,,muchroom.    It  should  he  planted  out 

1  Hius,  loamy  soil  of  a  warm  house,  as  it 

1  111  pots.    It  is  best  trained  to  the  roof ,  as 

tu  I  ,i  in  LLbsaryfor  flowering,  if  not  for  growth. 
Ihi  shout-  may  be  thinned  if  the  large  Ivs.  cast  too 
much  shade  on  the  plants  beneath.  The  wood  should  be 
well  ripened  to  produce  an  abundance  of  winter  bloom. 
The  fls.  are  produced  on  the  growth  of  the  previous 
season.  After  flowering,  the  plant  should  be  severely 
pruned  to  produce  lateral  shoots  for  the  next  season's 
bloom.  In  its  native  country,  this  vine  climbs  over  very 
tall  trees. 

in^andlfldra,  Wall.  Lvs.  obovate,  cuspidate,  wavy 
margined  :  sepals  5,  large,  ovate,  wavy,  pink-tipped  ; 
corolla  tube  veined  with  green,  the  limb  o-cleft.  B.M. 
3213.    Gn.  45,  p.  138;   49,  p.  314.    J. H.  III.  28:  243. 


138 


BEDDING 


BEDDING,  or  BEDDING-OUT.  The  temporary  use 
out-of-doors  of  plants  that  are  massed  for  showy  and 
striking  effects.  There  are  four  main  types  :  spring, 
summer,  subtropical,  and  carpet  bedding. 

Spring  Bedding  is  the  most  temporary  of  all,  and  is 
usually  followed  by  summer  bedding  in  the  same  area. 


196.   Phastoli 


See  Bean.  p.  U5.) 


It  is  the  only  kind  that  largely  employs  hardy  plants,  as 
crocuses,  narcissi,  daffodils,  tulips,  hyacinths,  and  other 
Dutch  bulbs.  All  four  types  of  bedding  are  commonly 
seen  in  public  parks,  but  spring  bedding  is  the  most 
appropriate  for  amateur  and  home  use,  as  the  bulbs 
flower  at  a  dreary  time  of  the  year,  when  their  brave 
colors  are  most  cheering,  and  also  because  they  are 
much  more  familiar  than  the  subtropical  and  foliage 


BEDDING 

plants  of  summer.  Then,  too,  hardy  hul/is  are  more 
easily  cultivated  than  any  other  class  of  plants,  and  they 
are  cheap.  The  main  principle  is  to  plant  them  early 
enough  to  secure  a  strong  root  development.  Hence 
they  should  be  ordered  early,  and  planted  in  the  latter 


partof  Octo 
massed  orn 
mixed  bedd 
and  being  !i 


ber.  The  colors  may  be 
e,  the  terras  massed  and 
ty  or  variety  of  effect, 
e  four  main  types  men- 
ityle  of  bedding  is  the 
ii:itiu:(li  III-  I  ii.  in  the  lawn.  Crocuses  and  squills 
art- pi  '  rilling  when  they  appear  singly,  or  in 

twii      I  I  .  I       iiixpected  places  in  the  lawn.    Daffo- 

diN  111-  ii-iiilU  iiiiruralized  in  large  masses  in  spots 
where  the  grass  is  not  mowed.  Pansies  are  the  only 
other  plants  that  are  used  extensively  for  spring  bed- 
ding. English  double  daisies  and  catchflies  are  largely 
used  for  edgings.  Pansies  are  set  out  between  April  1 
and  1.5.  In  largpnperntinns.  pansy  seed  is  sownin  August 
of  the  precediiiL'  \f,ir.  nn.l  the  young  plants  are  trans- 
l)lanted  oni-e  ;iii.l  winiinil  in  ii  coldframe.  After  dower- 
ing, the  plant >  an  ihrmMi  iwiiy.  The  Other  method  is  to 
sow  the  seed  in  a  ijninlii.usi-  in  January.  The  August- 
sown  pansies  give  larger  and  earlier  blooms,  but  the  Jan- 
uary-sown pansies  will  last  longer,  and  in  partially 
shaded  places  will  give  scattering  bloom  all  summer, 
especially  if  protected  from  drought. 

Summer  Bedding  often  follows  spring  bedding  in  the 
same  space  of  ground,  and  employs  cbielly  geraniums, 
coleus,  begonias,  ageratuiu,  salvia,  vinca,  alyssum, 
petunia,  verbena,  heliotrope,  grasses,  cacti,  and  aquatic 
plants,  the  culture  and  varieties  of  which  may  be  sought 
elsewhere  in  this  work.  As  to  tenderness,  these  fall  into 
two  groups,  the  first  of  whicii.  may  be  set  out  about 
May  15  in  New  York,  and  the  second  about  June  1. 
Geraniums  are  the  most  important  of  the  first  group, 
and  coleus  is  an  example  of  the  tenderest  material, 
which  is  set  out  simultaneously  with  subtropical  plants 
when  all  danger  of  frost  is  past.  As  to  fondness  for 
sunlight,  there  are  again  two  groups,  but  the  only  bed- 
ding plants  ol  importance  that  prefer  shade  are  tuberous 
begonias  and  fuchsias.  The  wonderful  popularity  lately 
achieved  by  the  former  in  Europe  will  probably  never 
be  duplicated  in  America.  The  secret  of  their  culture  is 
shade,  shelter,  and  moisture  at  the  roots.  Hence  a  clay 
bottom  is  desirable  for  a  bed  of  tuberous  begonias,  as 
being  more  retentive  of  moisture  than  a  sandy  or  porous 
soil.  They  enjoy  cool  air  and  as  much  indirect  light  as 
possible.. but  not  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun.  Hence  the 
north  side  of  a  building  is  better  for  them  than  a  station 
under  trees,  as  the  trees  usually  give  too  dense  a  shade, 
and  their  roots  interfere.  On  the  other  hand,  coleus  is 
more  highly  colored  in  full  sunlight  than  in  shade. 
The  only  fibrous-rooted  begonias  largely  used  for  bed- 
ding are'  varieties  of  the  semperflorens  type,  of  which 
Vernon  and  Erfordii  are  extremely  popular  at  present. 
In  the  manipulation  of  tender  perennials,  there  are  often 
two  methods  of  propagation,  either  of  which  may  be 
better,  according  to  the  ideal  in  view.  As  a  matter  of 
general  tendency,  propagation  by  cuttings  gives  bloom 
that  is  earlier  but  not  as  continuous  or  profuse  as  by 
seeds.  Salvias  and  verbenas  are  pronounced  examples. 
On  the  contrary,  cuttings  must  be  depended  on,  as  a 
rule,  to  keep  the  choicest  varieties  true  to  type,  as  the 
mission  of  seeds  in  nature  seems  to  be  to  produce  more 
variation  than  can  be  attained  by  nnn-scxnal  methods  of 
propagation,  as  by  bulbs  orciitini_-  >a!\  ia- art-alsoan 
example  of  plants  that  are  jiaii  nv.-  when 

seen  at  a  great  distance,  ami    i  i  i  in;-   that  are 

generally  massed  for  unityof  iit.  ■  i ,  ainl  H'I  nnxi-d  with 
otliir-  Vi  ilii  iia-  ail.  commonly  grown  by  themselves, 
but  11  '        I-  tliry  demand  much  room  by  reason 

Si  i.  I'i  muNG  is   a  department  of   summer 

biaiiiii.  I        I  :-.'-^  i-hiffly  cannas,  musas,  castor-oil 

planr  '  ■-.    tini^  of  coarser  habit,  screw- 

pirn  -  I  I     I       ,  I  l(phant-earcaladiums,and 

to    a    :         :  I,    ;    11,    acalyphas,  achyranthes, 

anth.  1 1  iiiii,  (  '/  .1  /'aj. ./'/./,  sanchezia,  and  others. 
Cannas  are  by  far  the  most  popular  at  the  present  time, 
especially  for  mass-work.  Sometimes  the  tall,  purple- 
leaved,  old-fashioned,  small-flowered  types  are  used  iq 
the  center  or  at  the  back  of  the  bed,  and  the  dwarf, 


BEDDING 


modern,  large-flowered  types  around  tbe  e  ]         or 
front.     Frequently,  massing  with   a   single      a    et       f 
canna  is  practiced.    Next  to  cannas  in  popula    t    prob 
ably  come  the  crotons  or  eodiiBuras,— the  broad  leaved 
types,   as  Queen  Victoria,  being  better  for  th     purpo  e 


Typical    Snap,  or 
String  Beans 

(XK).  (Seep  136) 


Among  the  first  half  dcp/i  II  I  n  in.  i  i  iiiir  |i  ill  1 
ding  is  the  castor  oil  |i|  Mit  m  iimux  li-  m  n  \ .  11  u 
growth  from  seed  in  a  simple  si  .ison  m.iki's  it  one  i  t  tli 
very  best  of  all  plants  for  rapidly  hlhng  up  large  ii' 
temporarily.  Urasses  furnish  an  exception  to  the  gi  mi  il 
rule  that  bedding  plants  are  tender.  There  are  iii  ins 
kinds  of  bamboos  that  are  perfectly  hardy  in  the  noith 
ern  states,  and  these  are  bound  to  increase  in  populaiit} 
A  favorite  combination  of  grasses  for  bedding  is 
Arundo  Vonajc,  the  giant  reed,  surrounded  by  eulalias 
Grasses  and  their  kind  are  particularly  effective  m 
aquatic  groups.  No  well  kr|it  i-stahlisliment  is  complete 
without  a  pond  or  body  "f  wiiTir  in  \\iiicli  aquatic  plants 
are  naturalized.  For  "a  iiii.n-  ixtnuliil  account  of  this 
attractive  subject,  see  the  article  AijKutics.    There  is  a 


" «%.o 


199    Example  of  fancy  bedding 

as  in  Fainnount  Park,  Philadelphia,  are  particularly 
commendable.  A  flower-bed  should  not  be  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  large  lawn,  because  it  distracts  the  attention 


140 


BEDDING 


from  the  larger  picture,  and  because  the  lawn  is  the 
canvas  upon  which  the  landscape  gardener  makes  his 
picture.  The  chief  merit  of  beds  is  their  attractiveness 
and  brightness,  which  accounts  for  their  presence  in 
parks  and  public  places.  On  the  other  hand,  they  are 
expensive,  and  they  are  at  their  best  only  two  or  three 
months  in  the  year,  while  a  mud-hole  in  a  lawn  for 
nine  months  of  the  year  is  an  unsightly  object.  Formal 
beds,  especially  of  foliage  plants,  with  their  gaudy  colors 
and  unchanging  monotony,  are  considered  by  some  the 
most  unnatural  and  the  least  artistic  style  of  garden- 
ing. Nevertheless,  they  require  a  high  degree  of  techni- 
cal skill,  which  deserves  appreciation. 

A  few  practical  suggestions  may  be  given  for  making 
a  bed.  The  soil  should  be  rich  and  full  of  vegetable 
matter.  If  a  foot  or  18  in.  of  the  surface  soil  is  so  poor 
that  it  must  be  removed,  it  may  be  replaced  by  two  parts 


of  fibrous  loam  and  one  of  well-rotted  niantire, 
some  upturned  broki-ii  v,,(ls  in  t!i.-  1".rtMui  f..r  ilr; 
The  fall  is  the  proper  time  !.■  iipiily  xunnr.  .  ■■m^ 
bed  be  thoroughlv  siiinled  ,,v.i'  ■md  1.  tt  reii-li 
the  winter,  the  alternalc  irn-zinu;  and  thaw  111-  w 
both  the  soil  and  the  lii.ei-  ..f  the  maiuue.  lies 
nearly  always  fail  to  supply  perfect  conditions  . 


vith 


carpet  bed. 


tering.  A  midsummer  mulch  of  half-rotted  manure  en- 
ables the  plants  to  take  all  the  moisture  they  need  dur- 
ing the  drought  and  to  keep  it.  The  soil  should  be  in  ideal 
condition  before  the  plants  are  set  into  it,  — mellow, 
rich,  full  of  fiber,  and  of  firm  and  uniform  texture. 
Begin  in  the  middle  and  work  toward  the  edges.  When 
the  bed  is  finished,  give  it  one  thorough  soaking,  to  settle 
the  soil  at  the  roots. 


Robert  Shore. 


BEECH. 


Foi 


BEECHER,  HENEY  WARD  (1813-1887).  The  cele- 
brated American  clerygymau  and  orator  deserves  espe- 
cial remembrance  for  his  work  as  editor  of  the  Western 
Farmer  and  Gardener  in  pioneer  days  of  western  horti- 
culture. A  selection  of  his  contributions  was  printed  in 
1859  as  a  book  of  420  pp.,  entitled  "Plain  and  Pleasant 
Talk  About  Fruits,  Flowers  and  Farming."  A  second 
edition  was  published  in  1874  as  "Pleasant  Talk,  etc.,"  a 
book  of  498  pp.,  containing  also  articles  written  for  the 
New  York  Ledger.  These  papers  have  a  higher  literary 
quality  than  is  usual  in  horticultural  writings,  and  are 
still  entertaining  and  suggestive.  They  did  much  to 
spread  the  taste  for  country  life  and  gardening. 

BEET,  There  are  4  or  5  species  of  the  genus  Beta, 
which  are  sometimes  cultivated  under  the  name  of 
Beet,  but  Beta  vulgaris,  Linn.,  is  the  only  one  of  practi- 
cal importance.  From  it  all  our  common  garden  varie- 
ties are  derived.    According  to  DeCandolle,  the  aborigi- 


BEET 

nal  slender-rooted  species  is  found  in  sandy  soil,  and 
especially  near  the  sea,  throughout  southern  Europe, 
and  on  nearly  all  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean.  It 
also  occurs  as  far  eastward  as  the  Caspian  Sea  and 
Persia.  "Everything  shows  that  its  cultivation  does  not 
date  from  more  than  two  or  three 
centuries  before  the  Christian  era." 
It  is  now  highly  improved,  princi- 
pally in  the  one  direction  of  large 
and  succulent  roots,  and  is  much 
esteemed  in  all  civilized  countries. 
See  Beta. 

Young  Beets  constitute  one  of  tb.^ 
most  important  early  crops  in  tru.k- 
gardening.  Many  acres  of  them  art- 
grown  near  all  the  city  markets,  and 
as  they  bear  transportation  well,  they 
are  often  grown  at  comparatively 
remote  places.  Large  quantities  are 
shipped  early  from  Norfolk,  Va.,  and 
from  other  southern  points  to  north- 
ern markets.  Like  all  root  crops,  the  joi.  Bassano  Beet. 
Beet  needs  a  loose,  light,  fresh, 
clean,  rich  soil,  which  must  be  in  the  best  condition 
of  tillage.  No  fermenting  manure  should  be  used,  but 
instead  fully  rotted  barn  manure,  with  some  good  pot- 
ash fertilizer.  The  seed  for  the  first  crop  is  sown 
early  in  spring,  as  soon  as  the  soil  can  be  well 
worked.  Where  intensive  gardening  is  practiced,  the 
drills  maybe  as  close  as  1  ft.  apart,  in  which  case  the 
young  Beets  are  thinned  to  6  in.  apart  in  the  row.  But 
in  ordinary  gardening,  it  will  be  found  most  convenient 
to  run  the  rows  2-3  ft.  apart,  allowing  cultivation  with 
the  horse.  The  plants  in  such  rows  can  be  left  4  in. 
apart  at  thinning  time.  The  thinning  is  done  when 
the  young  plants  are  large  enough  to  be  pulled  for 
"greens,"  for  which  purpose  they  find  a  ready  market. 
Beets  are  also  grown  in  quantities  as  a  fall  crop,  and 
are  stored  for  winter  use.  When  this  is  to  be  done,  the 
seed  is  sown  in  June,  and  the  plantation  is  managed  in 
all  respects  like  the  spring  sowing.  Beets  are  some- 
times forced  in  greenhouses,  but  as  they  are  hardly 
profitable,  they  are  grown  only  in  vacant  spaces  or  after 
other  crops  are  out.  When  the  young  roots  are  ready 
for  the  early  market,  thev  are  pnlie.l  an.l  tied  in  bunches 
of  five  or  six.  The  fall  crop  is  j. nil.  ,1  -...m  ,,lier  the  first 
frost,  the  tops  are  removed,  ami  ilie  r."iiv  .i,,,.  il  in  pits 
or  root  cellars. 

The  most  popular v;iriet-i!  f.  ;,,  .f  ■<.,  ..  i,  n  Beet  are 
the  following:  .Bas.«r)e  I  I  "1         I    -  '    '■  aiiiUight 

red  mixed;  an  old-tine    .  -  grown 

than  formerly.    Earhil.  /  I:  e|,  blood- 

red,   flattened    turni|.-!,         ,     •<  !       i    :         11  known 

sort.  Edmuini.  M.,.\.  <  ■  -i  .  ;  liee:.-!.!.,  reunded, 
smooth,  dfe]i    --  -       .      '     !i    .iiel    il:i     ■!  ;    net   quite 

first  early,    f  .     l   ■.••.el,    -lei,,,!:,,-.  i.i-i-l,t   red; 

fine-grained  aiel  -le,  i  ;  .ee  ef  tie'  l.e>t  i|nirk-;,'rowing 
early  Beets.  Eijuptino  Turnip. -Toy*  ipiite  .small; 
roots  fair  size,  rich,  deep  red  ;  a  standard  early  variety. 

For  field  culture  of  culinary  Beets,  the  long-rooted 
varieties  are  chiefly  used.  These  are  sown  in  the  field 
as  soon  as  the  weather  is  settled,  in  rows  far  enough 
apart  to  allow  of  tillage  by  horse.  Most  of  them  require 
the  entire  season  in  which  to  mature.  They  are  grown 
mostly  for  storing  for  winter  use.  They  were  once 
grown  for  stock,  but  the  Mangel-wurzels  give  much 
greater  yields.  The  various  types  of  Long  Blood  Beet 
(Fig.  202')  are  chiefly  used  for  field  culture. 

Favorite  varieties  of  Mangel-wurzels  are  Golden 
Tankard,  Golden  Yellow  Mammoth,  Mammoth  Long  Red. 
Several  sorts  of  Sugar  Beets,  mostly  imported  from  Ger- 
manv,  are  being  grown  in  divers  places  in  America.  Of 
Chard,  there  are  no  selected  varieties  offered  in  America. 

The  varieties  of  Beta  vulqaris  may  be  conveniently 
divided  into  five  sections,  though  the  distinctions  are 
somewhat  arbitrary  and  of  no  fundamental  importance. 
These  sections  are  as  follows  : 

1.  Garden  Beets.  Varieties  with  comparatively  small 
tops  :  reots  of  medinm  size,  smooth,  regular  and  flne- 
graine.l  :  mostly  re. I.  Imt  sometimes  whitish  or  yel- 
lowisli. 

2.  MANi:Ei,-wri;zF.i,s,  ev  Masgels.  Large,  coarse- 
growing  varieties,  with  large  tops  and  often  very  large 


BEGONIA 


141 


7- 


roots,  the  latter  frequently  rising  some  distance  out  of 
the  f^round  :  rather  coarse-grained.  Extensively  grown 
for  stock-feeding. 

3.  Sugar  Beets.  Sometimes  said  to  belong  to  another 
species,  but  doubtless  to  be  classified  here.  Rather 
small-growing  varieties,  with  medium  tops  :  roots 
small  to  medium,  usually  fusiform,  smooth,  nearly 
always  yellowish  or  whitish. 

4.  Chard,  or  Swiss  Chard.  Varieties  with  compara- 
tively large  tops,  broad  leaf-blades  and  very  large,  suc- 
culent leaf-stems,  which  are  cooked  and  eaten  somewhat 
like  asparagus.  The  thrifty,  tender  young  Ivs.  make  a 
very  excellent  pot-herb.  Chard  has  .sometimes  been  re- 
ferred to  a  separate  species.  Beta  Cicla,  but  should  be 
included  with  B.  vulgaris.    See  Chard. 

5.  Foliage  Beets.  A  race  which  has  been  developed 
to  produce  luxuriant  foliage  of  many  colors  and  varied 
markings.  Of  such  varieties  are  the  Brazilian,  Chilian, 
Victoria,  and  Dracsena-leaved.  The  ribs  of  the  Ivs.  are 
usually  beautifully  colored.  Where  the  leaf-blight  fungus 
is  not  serious,  these  foliage  Beets  make  excellent  bor- 
ders where  strong  and  heavy  effects  are  desired,  and 
they  are  excellent  for  bedding.  Raised  from  seeds,  as 
other  Beets  are  ;  roots  may  be  kept  over  winter. 

The  Beet  is  not  often  damaged  by  insects.  It  is 
sometimes   attacked   by   rust,    rot,    spot-diseases,    and 


scab,  of  which  the  last  is  the  worst.  The  scab  is  the 
same  disease  which  attacks  the  potato,  and  one  of  the 
chief  precautions  is,  therefore,  to  avoid  following  pota- 
toes with  Beets.  For  the  most  part,  clean  culture  and 
proper  rotations  will  forestall  serious  injury  from  plant 
diseases.  Spraying  with  Bordeaux  mixture  may  be  ex- 
pected to  prevent  the  leaf  diseases.         p    a    t\7 

BEGONIA  (named  after  M.  Begon).  BegonkUea. 
Elephant's  Ear.  Beefsteak  Geranium.  A  large  ge- 
nus of  very  pcipulcir  and  useful  plants  for  the  house, 
conservntnrv  nml    t-nr.lpii.     Sn.'nnlent  herbs  or  under- 

shrubs,  1l: , :  ..        ■  I  in  ^onii-  r,'i-cs  r'Tlia-ed  to  a  thick 

rhizome.  I ■  .i-:     •  im  t  ^ui.ill  tui>ri-,  while  a  few 

others  jH,-  ::  ~  .:r.  in  wlmli  there  are  a  num- 

ber of  c1u-l1.,  >'  I  ^Lulu-  ur  su;ipre~^ed  Ivs.,  resembling 
bulbs  :  Ivs.  variable,  alternate,  more  or  less  unequal- 
sided,  entire,  or  lobed,  or  toothed,  ovate-acuminate,  or- 
bicular or  peltate  :  fis.  usually  in  axillary  cymes,  monoe- 
cious, large  ;  males  usually  with  4  petals,  females  with 
5  (rarely  2),  pink,  white,  rose,  scarlet,  yellow,  and  all 
shades  of  these,  beingrepresented  ;  stamens  numerous  ; 
filaments  free  or  united  at  the  base  ;  styles  2  or  4.  free, 
sometimes  connate  ;  stigmas  branched  or  twisted  like  a 
corkscrew  :  fr.  usually  a  3-winged  capsule,  which  is 
often  colored  ;  ovary  inferior  ;  seeds  numerous,  very 
minute.  The  first  Begonia  was  introduced  into  England 
in  1777.  Since  then,  out  of  the  350  species  known,  about 
150  have  proved  of  value  to  the  horticulturist.  Few 
other  plants  have  been  improved  so  rapidly,  there  being 
thousands  of  varieties  now  in  cult.,  displaying  the  most 
gorgeous  colors  in  their  fls.  and  beauty  and  coloring 


in  their  Ivs.  Their  geographical  distribution  is  very  dis- 
junctive and  localized.  They  are  indigenous  to  Mex., 
Cent,  and  S.  Amer.,  Asia,  and  S.  Afr.  They  seem  to 
have  no  genetic  relationship  with  other  plants  now 
living.  For  literature,  see  Dryander,  The  Genus  Be- 
gonia, Trans,  of  the  Linn.  Soc,  Vol.  1,  17S9  ;  Klotzsch, 
Begoniaceen-Gattungen  uud  Arten,  12  plates,  1855  ;  De- 
Candolle's  Prodromus,  15,  18()4;  Ravenscroft,  B.C.,  Be- 
gonia Culture  for  Amateurs,  1894  ;  Wynne,  Tuberous 
Begonias. 

The  Begonias  now  in  cult,  may  be  roughly  divided 
into  four  sections  or  groups  : 

I.    Fibrous-rooted,  or  Winter-flowering. 

Nos.  1-71. 
II.    Semi-tuberous,  or  Socotrana. 

Nos.  72-76. 

III.  Tuberous,  ok  SusfMER-FLOwERiNo 

Nos.  77-99. 

IV.  Rex,  OB  Obnamental-leaved. 

Nos.  100-103. 


n  the  following  accoui 

at,  the  dates  refer  to    iutro- 

!tion  into  cultivation,  n( 

3t  into  American  trade.    They 

European  dates. 

P.  B.  Kennedy. 

There  are  four  sections  of  the  Begouia  family,  and  as 
each  requires  somewhat  different  directions  for  their 
cultivation,  it  is  desii-ihie  to  tre;it  tliem  separately.  The 
first  section,  the  Kihiou^-r""t.Ml.  e,.iiiprises  such  varie- 
ties as  B.  nitKhi,  N. /,//.!  ,//"/. /rs,  var.  gigantea  rosea, 
iilbo-pieta,  Haiiiiiuiht.  -.iuA  J>ii,l,,i lini.  Cuttings  taken 
from  clean,  healthy  stems  will  strike  readily  in  an  ordi- 
nary propagating  box  or  bench,  and  if  potted-on,  as 
they  require  root-room,  will  make  flue  plants  for  late 
winter-  and  spring-tlowering.  As  soon  as  one  neglects 
good  treatment,  especially  in  regard  to  light,  fresh  air 
and  fresh  soil,  the  red  spider,  a  physiological  disease 
appearing  like  rust,  and  the  dreaded  nematodes,  will 
soon  attack  them  and  give  them  a  sickly  and  stunted 
appearance.  They  require  a  temperature  of  from  55-00° 
at  night  and  65-70°  in  the  day  time.  The  plants  should 
be  kept  close  to  the  glass  during  the  early  stages  of 
their  growth,  on  account  of  the  tendency  of  many  of  the 
varieties  to  send  out  rather  long  shoots.  A  compost  of 
3  parts  good  loam,  1  part  well-rotted  manure,  and  1 
part  sand,  will  be  found  very  suitable  for  their  growth. 
While  Begonias  in  general  are  injured  by  too  strong 
sunshine  during  summer,  they  are  Iieueflted  by  all  the 
sunshine  they  can  get  diirinLrtlie  winter  and  e.trly  spring 
months.  Strong  suiisliiii'-.  h"\viv.r.  iiMuriiii.'  tlir.niL'h 
imperfect  glass  upt->n  \^  i  r  t.'li:iL'\  i^  ;i!'r  to  l-livt-r  the 
leaves  of  any  Beguiii:i.  >ii.-],  \  .inru, ■.:,-;:,  /i,-.  <r  •  :i]u\ 
Weltoniensis.\yhii-h],V'\n.,^  at  ilirii-  I, ,■,.,,■,  thiri,,ne, I, 
fleshy  stem  like  :i  i^.taiM.  mav  li^'  |iiM|i;.i:ii  <  .!  .  ,i  li.  i    In 


■irgijros 


longing  to  thi^ 
make  excellent 
rubra,  specula! 
heraciei  folia. 
The  second 
such  Begonias 


n,  the  Semi-tuberous,  comprises 
Socotrana  and  Gloire  de  Sceaux. 
They  require  irreater  care,  and  should  be  grown  in  a  soil 
with  eoii^jderalilN-  more  leaf -mold  and  a  temperature  of 
65-70  iM  the  .laytinie  and  60°  at  night.  Of  Gloire  de 
Sceau\  and  oihi  r  liybrids,  plants  2  years  old  will  be 
fouud  liest  for  de'.'orative  purposes. 

The  third  section,  the  Tuberous  Begonias,  are  grown 
in  pots,  boxes  or  baskets,  under  glass,  or  as  bedding 
plants  in  a  shaded  border.  If  the  plants  are  intended 
for  pot  culture  in  the  greenhouse,  it  is  best  to  use  the 
tubers.  For  early  flowering,  start  the  tubers  in  February 
orMarch,  either  in  small  pots  or  shallow  boxes.  The  soil 
maybe  composed  of  loam,  sharp  sand  and  leaf -mold,  and 
the  temperature  about  60°-65°.  When  the  plants  are 
ready  for  repotting, well-rotted  manure  may  be  added,  and 
when  the  roots  have  taken  a  fresh  hold  a  cooler  tempera- 
ture may  be  maintained.  For  bedding  purposes,  seed- 
ling plants,  as  well  as  tubers,  may  be  used,  providing  they 
are  of  a  first-class  strain.  Tubers  are  preferred  if  early- 
flowering  plants  are  desired.  They  bloom  more  abun- 
dantly in  the  early  part  of  the  season,  as  they  have  the 
strength  of  the  already  formed  tubers.   Plant  in  the  mid- 


142 


BEGONIA 


die  of  May  or  beginning  of  June,  according  to  locality, 
from  3%-  or  i-inch  pots.  Although  they  grow  fairly  well 
under  trees,  the  north  side  of  abuilding  is  to  be  preferred ; 
but  they  must  not  be  crowded  Plenty  of  light  withmois 
ture  at  the  roots  and  a  mulching  with  halt  rotted  leaves 


sifted  compost  < 
\-ell-rotted  mam 
sprinkling  of  lii 


final  shift, 

I'-nf-mold,  1 

n-,.d,  add- 

«  ell  de 

t\     f  ven 


in  hot  weather,  will  greatly  benefit  the  plants.  Water, 
when  necessary,  under  the  leaves.    See  Bedding. 

The  tubers  should  be  lifted  after  the  first  light  frost, 
and  stored.  Seeds  sown  in  March  will  produce  flower- 
ing plants  by  July  or  August,  but  2-year-old  tubers 
are  more  satisfactory  for  continual  blooming.  The  seed 
may  be  sown  in  any  shallow  box  or  seed-pan,  which 
should  first  be  filled  with  material  which  will  give  plenty 
of  drainage,  over  which  place  some  finely  sifted  soil  to 
receive  the  seed.  Scatter  the  seed  thinly.  (Sufficient 
covering  will  be  given  by  simply  pressing  the  soil  down 
level.  Keep  in  darkness  by  covering  with  glass  or  paper 
for  a  few  days,  in  a  temp,  of  not  less  than  70°.  As  soon 
as  the  seedlings  appear  the  covering  must  be  removed, 
and  when  the  little  plants  attain  roots  about  }4in.  long 
they  may  be  pricked  into  nicely  prepared  soil.  In  most 
places  in  this  country.  Tuberous  Begonias  do  not  thrive 
out-of-doors,  but  in  some  places  and  with  careful  treat- 
ment they  do  well.  They  are  very  satisfactory  for 
blooming  in  a  well-shaded  greenhouse  in  the  summer. 

The  fourth  section,  the  Rex  Begonias,  are  grown  en- 
tirely for  the  beauty  of  their  foliage.  They  may  be 
prop,  by  means  of  either  shoot-  or  leaf-cuttings,  the 
latter  being  the  better  when  plants  have  to  be  raised  in 
quantity.      Large    and 


,^^17 


Qatured,  but  st 

healthy  and  vigorou 

leaves    may   have    tl 

rincipal  nerves  cut  ( 


The 


(il^Mi/ 


if  is  then  pegged  or 
righted  down  on  the 
Mirface  of  a  well- 
drained  propagating 
bed.  If  carefully 
shaded,  roots  will  be 
formed  at  every  cut,  a 


,  -  .^;-<  f  iiuy    leaf    will    follow 

*  '^"Kv  '  iFig.  20:!),and  thelit- 

l  '   ?r^  tie    plants  may   be  in- 

^         ^  "  sorted   singly  in  small 

miS^'  pots.   Another  method 

e*^  is    to    cut    the    large 

leaves  into  triangular 
parts,  with  a  bit  of  the 
main  petiole  at  the  tip 
of  each,  and  insert  the 
pieces  about  1  in.,  with 
the  lower  or  thickest 
end  of  the  rib  down- 
ward (Fig.  204).  Still 
another  method  is  to 
cutting.  cut    the    leaf    in    two, 

across  the  veins  (Fig. 
205),  and  stand  it  edgewise  in  the  propagating  bed.  The 
young  plants  may  be  potted-up  into  small  pots,  using  a 
light,  porous,  sifted  soil.  Keep  shaded  in  a  low  house 
with  a  moist  atmosphere.     The  soil  may  be  gradually 


304.   Plant  i 


tip)  of  a  triangular  leaf- 


RoBEET  Shore 
,  rpquirements     vet  these 


1    .   Ill         111  1  I     i   I          il  I        I 

lasses  the  Tul  .  i  u  i  t  1  R  \  md  Mirul  U  cr 
Flowermg  sections  Tuberous  rooted  Begonias  attained 
a  short  lived  pt  puliritv  m  this  countr\  some  12  or  15 
\ears  ago  when  they  were  inipi  rted  in  large  quantities 
from  France  and  England  and  used  is  bedding  pKnts 
It  was  hoped  that  they  might  share  patronage  with  the 
Geranium,  but  our  burning  summers  and  long-continued 
droughts  wrought  such  havoc  with  them  that  they 
speedily  fell  into  disfnvor,  niid  vt-ry  f.-w  growers  now 
handle  them.  'I'liis  i-^  iini.li  t.,  1...  vlt.  tt,  ,1.  t'cr  they  are 
gorgeous  tliAMi'-.  imi.1  r.nriul  ^,.|.■l■t  i.-n  Im^  )iroduced 
blooms  of  ctiofiiioii^  vj/..  :inil  wiiiiil-Ti 111  iMriii,  in  the 
most  vivid  slimli-'i  of  nil,  whiti-,  \-i-ll..\v  iiii.l  [liiik. 

The  Rex  division  has  been  a  great  favorite  for  many 
years.  In  no  other  class  of  plants  are  the  rich  metallic 
"shades  of  various  colors  found  so  satisfactorily  blended 


205.  Upright  leaf-cutting  of 


as  here,  while  the  form  and  size  of  the  Ivs.  are  of  the 
greatest  variety  ;  those  of  the  old  Rex  and  of  Mrs.  Bon- 
ner are  frequently  a  foot  and  more  in  length,  while  little 
Muriiuis  Peralta  makes  a  compact  mass  of  tiny  zoned 
foliage  averaging  only  2  or  3  in.  long.  To  the  Rex  va- 
rieties showing  bright  green,  pure  silver,  bronze,  and 
velvety  green,  have  been  added  Lucy  Closson  and  Louise 
Closson,  both  showing  bands  of  bright,  rosy  plum  color, 
and  Mme.  Gache,  with  its  zone  of  light,  dull  red.  A 
class  of  Hybrid  Rex  contains  some  of  the  most  useful 
and  beautiful  of  ornamental  plants.  They  are  nearly  all 
crosses  between  Lesoudii  and  Diadema.  These  all 
show  the  Rex  texture  and  general  habit,  while  the  Ivs. 
are  deeply  notched  and  zoned  ;  they  are  more  substan- 
tial than  the  average  Rex,  and  they  make  symmetrical 
specimens  with  less  trouble.  Some  of  the  principal 
American  varieties  of  this  section  are  Anna  Domer, 
Elsie  Coles,  Bertha  McGregor,  Flora  Hill,  Mrs.  Shep- 
herd, and  Richmond  Beauty.  Rex  Begonia  culture  is 
simple.  Soil  should  be  a  mixture  of  loam,  woods  earth, 
sharp  sand,  and  well-rotted  cow-manure.  It  must  be 
light  and  porous.  Temperature  required  is  a  warm 
greenhouse  for  growing  ;  but  grown  specimens  can  be 
hardened  to  a  much  lower  temperature.  They  enjoy  a 
moist  atmosphere,  and  must  be  shaded  from  hot  sun- 
shine. They  have  few  insect  enemies.  Of  later  years 
they  have  been  subject  to  the  attack  of  a  very  destruc- 
tive fungous-like  disease,  but  careful  attention  to  han- 
dling and  propagation  will  keep  it  in  check.  The  propaga- 
tion of  Rex  Begonias  is  very  simple,  a  leaf,  or  portion 
of  leaf  with  a  strong  midrib,  rooting  very  readily  in  the 
propagating  bench  with  bottom  heat. 

The  Shrubby  or  Flowering  Begonias  comprise  a  num- 
ber of  ornamental  sorts  with  inconspicuous  flowers,  and 
also  varieties  that  are  huge  bouquets  of  bloom.  Among 
the  former  are  Albo-picta,  Diadema,  Nigricans,  Mme. 


cuvci-Ld  with  Us.,  while  tin;  Ivs.  alT  l.a^.  ,  .i.aU.  iM.iul.'a 
anil  shiuing.  Gloire  de  Lorralue  is  thu  most  woiuk-rt'ul 
of  recent  Begonias,  a  well  grown  plant  being  a  sight 
never  to  be  forgotten.  The  lis.  are  large,  bright  pink, 
and  borne  in  wonderful  profusion.  It  is  semi-tuberous 
in  character,  and  requires  a  season  of  rest  each  year. 
The  Semperflorens  gigantea  class  is  a  very  useful  one, 
and  many  improved  varieties  now  add  value  to  it. 
Among  them  are  La  France,  Elegantissiraa  alba,  Goliath, 
Mastodonte  and  Obelisque.  The  Shrubby  section  thrives 
in  much  the  same  soil  as  Rex,  or  a  trifle  heavier,  re- 
quiring less  heat  and  moisture.  Cuttings  can  be  struck 
as  easily  as  those  of  the  geranium.  e.  q.  Hill. 

Index  to  the  Begonias  here  described  :  Abel  Carrifere, 
No.  104  ;  Abundance,  39  ;  A.  Dallifere,  105;  Admiration, 
99aa;  Adonis, 74;  Adrienne Schmidt,  105;  albaflmbriata, 
99aa;  Albatross,  20  ;  albo-coccinea.  19  ;  albo-picta,  15  ; 
Alice  Manning,  99aa  ;  athaiiHora.  'Maa  ;  Amelia),  40  ; 
angularis,  41  ;  argenteo-guttata,  iiH;  an/i/rostiffma,  28  ; 
Ascotiensis,  42  ;  atropurpiu-ea  cunipacta,  20  ;  Autumn 
Rose,  76  ;  aucHbwfolia,  12  ;  Baroii  A.  \n.-n-.  104  ;  Kau- 
maunii,  80;  Bertha  de  ChateaunH-lni.  I;;  I-  i  il,,,  Mac- 
Gregor,  108  ;  Bexley  White,  99aa  ;  -        l'ij"u, 

76;  Bijou  deGand,  44  ;  Bismarcki.  r  ,    I'  ■■'^I; 

Bruanti,  47,  sub  3  ;  Caffra,  2i;  Canin  n  ■  'mi,,,  wjaa  ; 
carolinifefolia,  46  ;  Garrifere,  47;  C'builir.-,  Ualifi.  UIIaa  ; 
Chelsoni,  83;  cinnabarina,  89;  Clarkei,  84;  Clementinas, 
105;  coccinea,29;  Comte  de  Limmitighe,  IS;  corallina, 
29;  Corbeille  de  Feu,  48  ;  coronata,  20  ;  Count  Erdody, 
108;  Countess  Louise  Erdodv,  107;  Countess  of  Craven, 
99aa;  Credneri,  sub  3  ;  Crii'iis.m  (l,-i]i,  L'o  ;  iTinila,  00  ; 
cvclophylla.  91;  da?dalea,  ::l' ;  Hanch  ,  V.h\  \\  Davisii, 
77;  Dewdrop,47;  Diadem.  Llo  ;  <lia.l.i,,a.  I'.i  :  ,li-itata, 
50;  Digwelliaiia,  06;  (/,«■../..<■.  sr.  ;  ,//r,  ,■,.,/../,„,  87; 
Domini,  107;  Dr.  Musters,  'JUaa  ;  Dr.  Nachtigal,  23; 
Dregei,  24  ;  Duchartrei,  2  ;  Duchesse  de  Brabaut,  108  ; 
DuchessofEdinburgh,20;  Duchess  of  york,20;  Duchess 
of  Leinster,99AA;  Duke  of  York,  99aa;  Duke  Zeppelin, 
99aa  ;  D.  Wettstein,  105  ;  echinosepala,  51  ;  Edward  B. 
Kennedy,  104  ;  Ed.  Fynaert,  104  ;  elegantissima,  20  ; 
elliptica,  16  ;  Erdody,  107,  108  ;  Erfordii,  52  ;  Evansi- 
ana,  85;  Fairy  Queen,  20;  Feastii,  53;  Flamingo,  99aa; 
F.  E  Laing  99a  •  foliosa  14  ■  Froeheli  78  •  Froebeli 
vernali  78  futhsioides  H  geianifoha  )2  g  i  i 
nio  des  80  Gilsoni  ^^4  glaucophj  11a  18  CIohl  1 
Lorraine  75  Gloire  de  See  lUX  7b  Gloiy  of  fetinst  il 
99aa  Coegjensis  ^0  toliith  ^0  „i  i  ili  s  „! 
cihs  vai    "Mutiuii    s        r       /  ,  i 

Haagean  I  II       I      I  II      '  i 

neck  10)    H  iiii\iliii  in     lii4     li    i    i         I  i 

heracleitoha  33  h  i  >i  ui  it  t  ti  li  i  t  Iniuliniuii 
flora  5o  hydrocotjlifolii  8  lUu  tiation  20  impeu 
alis  4  imperially  var  smaragdma  4  incarnata  12 
Ingrami  56  iniigtii':  12  John  Heal  74  Julia  74 
Knowlsleyana  5/  Ruuthiana  58  lacmiata  101  La  U 
Balfour  of  Burleigh  99aa  Lad>  Cnnthorpe  99aa  I  i 
Prance  20  leopardmus  107  Leopoldi  107  Lesou  In 
105  Lin^e  10a  Lothaii  99aa  Louise  Closson  los 
Louise  Chretien  108  Lubbersi  )9  Lucanife  60  Lu  \ 
Closson  108  liicida  16  Lvncheani  (1  raacuht  i 
28  matulata  var  coialltna  29  Mad  d  Lamaf,n\  105 
Madame  deLesseps  62  Mad  Tre\%e  104  Mad  tunck 
lOt  Mad  !<  Alegatifere  104  Mad  (_  eoif.es  Biuant 
105  Mad  Chas  Weber  104  Mad  f  Van  Meeibeeke 
104  Mad  Jo  Moens  104  Mad  Luizet  104  Mad 
Isabella  Bellon  lOo  Mad  D  Wettstein  105  Mad 
Wagnet,  107  ;  manicata,  17;  nianicata,  var.  aureo-macu- 
lata,  17  ;  Margaritse,  6  ;  Marquis  de  Peralta.  108  ;  Mar- 
tiana,  12;  Mastodon,  20;  Margarita,  99aa;  Matilda,  108; 
M.  Crousse.  105;  metallica,  10;  minor,  23;  Miranda, 
107  ;  Miss  Edith  Wynne.  99aa  ;  Miss  Falconer.  99aa  ; 
Miss  A.  de  Rothschild,  99aa  ;  Moonlight,  99aa  ;  Mrs. 
Brassey,  99aa  ;  Mrs.  J.  Thorpe,  99aa  ;  Mrs.  Regnart, 
99a A  ;  Natalensis,  93  ;  nelumbiifolia,  63  ;  nigricans,  68; 
nltida,  23  ;  nitida,  var.  odorata  alba,  23  ;  Obelisque,  20; 


BEGONIA  143 

obliqua,  23  ;  Octavie,  99aa  ;  octopetala,  94  ;  Olbia,  36  ; 
Otto  Forster,  107;  Packe,99AA;  palmata,  50  ;  Papillon, 
105;  parvifoUa,1i;  Paul  Bruant,  64  ;  Pearcei,  88  ;  pel- 
tata,  5  ;  phyllomaniaca,  22  ;  Picotee,  99aa  ;  picta,  100  ; 
Pictavensis,  sub  3;  platanifolia.  9;  polypetala,  95;  Pres. 
Belle,  104  ;    Pres.  Carnot.  05  ;   Pros,  de  Boureuilles,  68  ; 

Pres.  de  la  Devansnv,-,  I114  :    \'rn Trfiil.ct-kr.i,   }()- ■ 

Princess  Mav,  99aa  :   1  1,,, ■   w  !,,■.-,,-.,  ,  .    i;,   ,,|,,.^ 

Snowflake,  20;    Rpx.   i  I:  |,   .: 

Rex X discolor  hvbri.N,  i  ,         ,     11       /,  ,.[  ; 

rosa>Hora,  T'.l:  Kosv  Mi:      •■  ,    ,.^,, ,::  I  ■,,■»/,,-,.  l'!I; 

ruliri.'anli-.  Il-;  ;    > ■  I. -,.iiiea,  31;   Sauli, 

5'i  ■<'<    \      sceptra    49 

S  Schmidtiana 

7      ^  1  rens    20      sem 

pel  rt  re  1  na  21      bir  Jo 

seph    Ho  k  Souv     de   Mad 

la  Baionne  ign    99aa     ipe 

cwia    23         1  i    Mririsc    OOiA 

stigraosa  0  1  -i 

Sunderbruchi  OJ    buthLilml     )b    t  I 

37  Theodore  Schmi  it  lOo  Thurst 
99  Torrey  Laing  99aa  Tuomphe 
de  Lemoine  73  Tuomphe  de  Nan 
Vernon  20      f  et     I  tff  It     27    Verschiftlt    n  \e 

suvius  99aa  II  1  >  It  ina  9  Weltoniensis  25  , 
Wettiteimi  "1  Wilhelm  Phtzei,  105  Wintei  Gem  ,4, 
xanthina    102     zebima   41 

I.   Fibrous-rooted  ok  Winter-floweking. 

A.  I/VS.  hairy y  velvety,  or  downy  on  the  upper  surface. 

B.  Shape  of  Ivs.  obliquely  ovate-acuminate,  orbicular- 

actiminate,  or  peltate 
c.  Size  of  Ivs  latge,  more  than  S  m  wide 
V.  Fls.  with  red  hairs  on  undet  surface  of  petals,  large 
1.  Scharfflina,  Regel  Fig  206  \  robust  herbaceous 
perennial,  l!oft.  hi„h  l\s  lar„p  thitk  fleshy  hairy 
olive-green  above,  ciimson  below  stipules  -i  ery  large 
and  prominent  :   rts   waxj  white      Briz  —This  Begonia 


:il^' 


2  Duchartrei  Hort  hybru\{B  echinosfpalaxbcharf- 
fidna)  .  St.  2-3  ft.  high,  branched  piofusely,  hairy,  pur- 
ple: Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate,  green  above,  hairy, 
red  below:  fls.  large,  waxy  white,  a  few  red  hairs  on  the 
under  surface  of  petals.-  Int.  by  Bruant  in  1892. 

3.  Haageana,  Watson  (B.  Selidrffi,  Hook.).  Fig.  207. 
Tall-shrubby,  whole  plant  hairy  :  Ivs.  ovate-cordate, 
acuminate,  wavy,  red-nerved  above:  fls.  rose-pink,  with 
a  cyme  8-12  in.  "in  diam.,  males  with  2  round  and  2  nar- 
row petals,  females  with  5  equal  petals.    Brazil.    G.C. 


144 


BEGONIA 


111,16:633  (1894).  B.M.  7028,  as  B.  ScJiarfii.- One  of 
the  most  lipantifiil  plMiits  of  tlip  ?enus.    Has  been  dls- 

tributi'.l  a<  /;   >■.;.<,'■ .  hv  mistake. 

B.rr.  ;i    I        /.     -  "Ilia  X  »ieM«Jca).  Int. 

byHcuiL-'i  ;.   -    :  1       '      i        ^  is  another  plant  named 

B.  Cri'hi'  .  ,  \Jii.|i  Hi-  1 ,11-.  1 1  liv  Lemoine  in  1891  from 
the  same  iKu-t-nts.  BriKuit  also  used  these  two  parents 
in  1891,  and  called  his  plant  B.  Pictaviensis.  All  three 
plants  are  identical,  and  can  only  be  distinguished  from 
B,  Hiiftfjeana  by  their  smaller  flowers  and  the  peduncles 
standing  erect  "ana  not  gracefully  bending  over,  as  in 
Haageana.  There  is  another  plant  spelled  B.  Piclavensis, 
raised  by  Bruant  in  1881.  a  cross  of  B.  SehynidUiy.sem- 
perflorens.  It  has  also  been  called  B.  Bruanti.  (See 
R.H.  1882.  p.377;   1883,  pp.  8.  52.) 


DP. 

Fls 

.  li-hite  0. 

r  greenish  ichiie,  small. 

4.  imperiaUs, 

4-C  in.  widf,  v.-r 
bands  ■■f  l,r:_iii 
cant.    »!i    ■        1 

has  Wh"ll\    '.:■:- 

Lem.    St 
■y  biiiry. 

;.  short,  herbaceous,  green:  Ivs 
brownish  green,  with  irregula 
long  the  nerves  :  fls.  insignifi 
t,     Var.  maculata,  Hort..  ha 
t.hes.   Var.  smaragdlna,  Hort, 
Ivs,    I, H,  7:262. 

5.  peltat! 
ennial  :    U- 
lent.cov.i. 
small,  whil 

1.     11: 

-.1    HI 

//.  .   hurli,   Zoll.).     St.   per 
1        .mate,  thick  and  succu 
!     II.  ntiiMi,(.;-9  in.  long:  Hs 
.liirii  |i  s,     Braz.-It  is  theonl 

ily 
Dnia  in  cult,  with  thick,  telted,  peltate,  silvery  Ivs. 

cc.  Size  of  Ivs.  small,  less  than  2  in.  u-ide. 
Hargarltae,  Hort.  (B.  metdllica  x  eehinosepala). 
-2  ft.  high  :  sts.  purple,  hairy  :  Ivs.  ovate-acumi- 
inuously  dentate,  green  above,  red  beneath  :  fls, 
in  cymes,  large,  rose  colored  ;  sepals  with  long  hairs  at 
the  base. -Int.  by  Bruant  in  1884. 

7.  SchmidtUna,  Kegel  [B.  Schmidti,  Hort.).    Dwarf, 
hei-baceous,    1    ft.   or    less    iu 
height :     Ivs.    lobed,    toothed, 
hairv,  about  2  in.  long,  reddish 
beneath  :  fls.  white,  tinted  with 
r.ise.  Braz.  R.H.  1883,  pp.  56,57. 
1 .11. 17.  pp.  208. 269.— Avery  use- 
Ill  plant  for  summer  bedding. 
8.  hydrocotylifdlia, 
Otto.       St.    succulent, 
creeping:  Ivs.rotundate- 
cordate  :   petiole  short : 
whole  plant   hairy  :   pe- 
duncles 1  ft.  high, pilose; 
fls.  dipetalous.  rose-col- 
ored. Mes.  B.M.  .3968. 


nate,  ; 


.,^<-' 


BB.     Shape    of   leiifes   incised,   or  parted. 
c.   Fls.  ichite  or  whitish. 
9.  plataniSdlia,  Graham.   St.  5-6 ft. high,  erect,  robust, 
smooth,  green,  .joints  annulated  :  Ivs.  8-10  in.  in  diam.. 


reniforra,  lobed,  hispid  on  both  sides,  dark  green,  lobes 
acute,  toothed,  ciliated  :  fls.  in  axillary  dichotomous 
cymes,  large,  white,  tinted  rose.    Braz.     B.M.  3591. —B. 


gunneratolia,  Lind.  (B.  Washingtoniana,  Hort.),  once 
offered  by  Saul,  is  very  similar  to  this,  but  its  Ivs.  are 
not  so  deeply  lobed  and  the  fls.  are  very  insignificant. 
I.H.  22:212.' 

cc.   Fls. pink. 

10.  met&llica,  G.  Smith.  Sts.  perennial,  succulent, 
hairy,  4  ft.  high,  branched  :  Ivs.  obliquely  cordate,  lobed 
and  serrated,  3-6  in.  long,  upper  surface  green,  shaded 
with  a  dark  metallic  color  ;  fls.  blush-white,  under  side 
of  petals  clothed  with  red  bristly  hairs.  There  are  a 
number  of  varieties;  e.g.,  var.  variegata,  var.  veWtina, 
var.  cyprea,  but  thev  do  not  differ  much  from  the  origi- 
nal. Bahia.  R.H.  1844  :  218.  G.C,  11.5:  397.-A  very 
attractive  plant,  both  in  foliage  and  flower. 

11.  ricinifolia,  Hort.  IB.  heracleifuliaxpeponifdlia). 
St.  a  short,  thick  rootstock  :  Ivs.  large,  bronzy  green, 
lobed,  resembling  castor-oil  plant :  fls.  numerous,  on 
long,  erect  peduncles,  rose  pink. 

AA.   ii'S.  glaln-ous,  or  only  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the 

upper  surface  or  on  the  margins. 

B.    Under  surface  of  Ivs.  green. 

c.   Margins  entire  or  toothed. 

D.    Width  of  Ivs.  less  than  1  in. 

E.    Fls.  pink,  scarlet,  or  carmine. 

12.  incamita,  Liuk  &  Otto  (-B.  aucuicefma,  Hort, 
B.  Martitlna,  Schlecht.  B.  insignis.  Grab.).  St.  erect, 
herbaceous,  2-3  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  unequally  cordate,  lanceo- 
late, toothed  :  Hs.  rose-colored,  abundant,  males  l^^in. 
across,  with  2  ovate  and  2  narrow  petals  ;  females 
smaller,  with  5  equal  petals.  B.M,  2900,  as  B.  insignis. 
A. G.  10:97.  A.F.  12 :  724-5  ;  13:588.  R.H.  1870.  p.  266  ; 
1875: 151.  Var.  grandiflora,  Hort.,  is  a  new  and  much 
improved  variety,  which  is  very  useful  for  cut-flowers  or 
decoration  iu  winter. 


13  fuchsioldes,  Hook 
sts  tall  and  succulent 
with  reri  when  young     fl< 


Pig  208  Rootstoek  woody  : 
vs  ovate,  1'^  in  long,  tinged 
drooping  like  a  fuchsia,  rich 


"■p. 


I  semperilorens 
Arecentlj  itruck  cutting   To  show  the  pie  otitj  ot  bloom. 
No.  20. 

scarlet,  males  with  4  petals,  females  with  5  petals.  Ne 
Granada.  B.M.4281.  Var.  miniita,  Linden  (B.  cumi 
ftnrlno,  Hort. ),  differs  ouly  in  having  flesh-colored  fl 
R.H.  1855:221.    F. 8.8:787. 


EE.   Fls.  white  ( 


cliitish,  small. 


14.  foUdsa,  HBK.    Shrubby,  sts.  herbaceous,  slende 
branching  :     Ivs.    frond-like,    very    small,    3-lobed, 
glossy  green  :    fls.  white,  tinged  with  rose.    Blooms 
early  summer.    New  Granada.  —  An  elegant  basket 
and  "ornamental  plant. 

15.  41bo-picta,  Hort.  Shrubby,  compact  growth- 
freely  branched  :  Ivs.  elliptical,  lanceolate,  covered 
with  numerous  small  silvery  white  spots:  fls.  green- 
ish white,  males  with  2  broad  and  2  narrow  petals, 
females  of  5  subequal  petals.  Braz.— An  elegant 
foliage  plant.    Int.  by  Bull  in  1885. 

DD.    Width  of  Ivs.  more  than  1  in. 


Ste 


iKitous,  creeping,  or  climtiing. 


16.  scandens,  Swartz(B.  liicida, Otto  &  Dietr.  B. 
elliptica,  Kunthl.  Sts.  climbing  or  trailing,  clinging 
by  means  of  short  aerial  roots:  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate, 
lobed,  glossy  green,  4  in.  long:  fls.  small,  white,  hang- 
ing in  ball-Uke  clusters.  W.  Ind.  R.  H.  1879,  p.  300. 
-An  excellent  basket  or  climbing  plant. 

17.  manicata,  Brongn.  A  short-stemmed,  succulent 
plant:  Ivs.  ovate,  obliquely  cordate,  thick,  fleshy,  smooth, 
shiny  green,  6-8  in.  long  :  petioles  covered  with  fleshy, 
scale-like  hairs:  peduncles  a  foot  or  more  long,  bearing 
loose  panicles  of  pink  dipetalous  fls.  Mex.  Var.  aiireo- 
maculata,  Hort.,  has  large  blotches  of  yellowish  white 
on  the  Ivs.    F.E. 8:1159.    F.R. 2:435. 

18.  glaucophylla.  Hook.  (B.  gtaticophijlla  spUndens, 
Hort.  B.  glaiicophylla  scandens,  Hort.  B.  Comte  de 
Limminghe,  Hort.).  Probably  a  hybrid,  but  parents  not 
known.  Sts.  long,  drooping  or  creeping :  Ivs.  ovate, 
wavy,  3  in.  long,  glaucous-green,  reddish  and  variegated 
in  bud  :  fls.  rose-red,  males  1  in.  across,  with  2  ovate  and 
2  narrow  petals,  females  of  4  equal  petals.  Braz.?  B.  M. 
7219.  —  A  good  basket  plant,  flowering  freely  all  winter. 

10 


BEGONIA  145 

19.  41bo-coccinea,  Hook.  {B.  Grahamiina,  Wight). 
Rootstoek  creeping  :  Ivs.  peltate,  ovate,  leathery,  6  in. 
long  :  peduncles  1  ft.  long,  coral  red  ;  male  fls.  1  in. 
across,  with  4  petals  ;  female  fls.  also  of  4  petals,  white 
above,  coral-red  beneath.  Flowers  in  winter.  Braz. 
B.R.  32:39.    B.M.  4172. 

EE.    Stem  erect. 

20.  semperildrens.  Link  A:  Otto  {B.  Sellowii,  Kl.). 
Fig.  209.  St.  herbaceous,  smooth,  green  or  reddish, 
G-18  in.  high  :  Ivs.  ovate,  rotuudate,  obtuse  at  the  base, 
toothed  and  ciliate  along  the  margin,  pale  glossy  green, 
tinged  with  red  on  the  midrib  and  petiole  :  peduncles 
axillary,  few-flowered  :  fls.  white  or  rose-colored  ;  males 
with  4  petals,  females  with  5  petals  :  capsule  green, 
wings  tinged  with  red.  Braz.  L. B.C.  15:1439.  R.H.  1897, 
p. 46.  B.M.  2920. -This  is  an  exceedingly  variable  species. 
An  endless  number  of  garden  forms  has  been  produced 
from  it.  Some  of  the  most  important  are  as  follows  : 
Var.  atropurplirea  comj„i,t,,.  ( It.  44,  i>.  570  {Vernon), 
excellent  bedder,  deep  i-  i 
carmine,  bedding  ;  i^ic  - 
Ci-JmsoM  Gem,  foliage  < 
mine  ;  Duchess  of  J^^/'^  ■ 
grown  from  seed  ;  Baiili, 
dem,  dark  rose ;  Illiistru 
etegantissima,  Miistodonte,  Goliath,  La  France,  Obelis- 
^«e,etc. 

21.  Var.  gigant^a  rosea  {B.  semperfldrensxLynche- 
dna).  Very  distinct:  rootstoek  woody  ;  sts.  succulent, 
about  3  ft.  high:  Ivs.  on  short  petioles,  ovate  or  reniform, 
toothed  at  the  margins,  about  7  in.  across,  bright  green, 
with  a  red  spot  at  base  of  sinus  :  peduncles  axillary, 
stout,  4-8  in.  long,  bearing  large  panicles  of  large  rosy 
red  fls.,  of  which  the  males  have  2  ovate  petals,  the  fe- 
males 2-4  smaller  petals.   A. F.  13:586.  A.G.16:41.-C 


bright  rosy 

1  imson,  bedding  ; 

.  Us.  elegant  car- 

lii'u'e,  white,  easily 

liuke,  white  ;  Dia- 


-One 


210.  Begonia  sempcrilorens,  var.  Sieberiana.    No.  21. 

of  the  best  Begonias  for  winter  decoration  in  the  green- 
house. Int.  by  Lemoine  in  1888.  Var.  Sieberiina,  Int. 
by  Lemoine,  is  shown  in  Fig.  210  (from  the  French). 


146 


BEGONIA 


22.  phyllomanlaca,  Mart.  Fig.  211.  St.  perennial :  Ivs. 
obliquely  cordate,  attenuate,  4--^i  in.  long,  sliglitly  lacini- 
ated  and  fringed  :  fis.  pale  pink.  B.M.  5254.  Brazil. - 
This  species  is  peculiar  in  that  it  produces  from  the  stem, 
petioles  and  Its.  innumerable  Ifts.  or  small  growths.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  plants,  though  not  of 
much  decorative  value. 

23.  nitida,  Dryander  {B.  minor,  Jacq.  B.  speeidsa, 
Hort.  B.  obllqtia,  L'Her).  St.  3-4  ft.  high,  perennial, 
fleshy,  woody  at  the  base  when  old  :  Ivs.  obliquely  ovate, 
wavy,  4-6  in.  across,  glossy  dark  green  :  fls.  on  long, 
axillary  peduncles,  pale  pink,  with  a  silvery  blush  ; 
males  1/^  in.  across,  with  2  broad  and  2  narrow  petals  ; 
females  smaller,  with  5  equal  petals.  Jamaica.  B.M.  4046. 
—A  very  useful  plant  in  the  greenhouse,  flowering  all 
winter.  Also  interesting  on  account  of  being  the  first 
Begonia  introduced  into  Europe  (1777).  Var.  odor&ta 
(Uba  is  a  very  handsome  variety  of  this  species,  which 


BB.  it's,  red,  reddish  or  red-veined  on  the  under  surface. 
c.    Margins  entire  or  serrate. 

28.  maculAta,  Raddi  (B.  argyrcstlgma,  Fisch.).  St. 
erect,  branching,  woody  when  old  :  Ivs.  cordate,  lanceo- 
late, wavy,  4-6  in.  long,  upper  surface  sometimes  with 
large  white,  roundish  spots :  fls.  pale  rose  or  white,  males 
with  2  ovate  and  2  narrow  petals,  females  with  5  equal 
petals.  It  includes  several  forms.  Braz.  B.R.666.  Var. 
argjrroBtigina  picta,  Hort.,  is  a  common  form,  with  very 
large  white  spots  on  the  Ivs. 

29.  coccinea,  Hook.  (B.  riibra,  Hort.  B.  maciMta, 
var.  coj-aiHiia,  Hort. ).  Tall,  succulent  sts. :  Ivs.  on  short 
petioles,  obliquely  oblong,  angular,  with  wavy  red  mar- 
gins, 4-6  in.  long:  fls.  deep  coral-red;  males  Kin.  across, 
with  4  unequal  petals;  females  more  attractive,  owing  to 
the  length  and  rich  color  of  the  ovary,  which  has  3  small 
subequal  wings.    Braz.    B.M.  3990.  -  The  fls.  are  very 


^\f^^' 


L  phyllomaniaca 

showing  the  ad^entltlou 
plantlets.    No.  22. 


has  smaller  fls.  of  the  purest 
white  and  sweet-scented.  Dr. 
Nachtigal,  hybrid  (£.  nitida, 
Dry.,  var.  odorata  albaxLynche- 
iina),  is  similar  in  general  form 
to  the  above,  but  has  fls.  of  a  deli- 
cate rose-pink,  especially  on  the 
inner  surface  of  petals. 

cc.    Margins  incised,  lobed  or 

parted. 
D.  Width  of  Ivs.  less  than  S  in. 
24.  Dr«gei,  Otto  &  Dietr.  (B. 
Cdffra,  Meissn.  B.  pnrvifdlia, 
Orah.  B.  renifSrmis,  Hort.). 
Rootstock  a  fleshy,  globular  tuber  ;  sts.  succulent,  an- 
nual, 1-2  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  thin,  small,  green,  deeply  ser- 
rated, reddish  on  the  under  side  :  fls.  white,  small, 
profuse.    Cape  of  Good  Hope.   B.M.  3720. 

25.  Weltonifinsls,  hybrid  (parents  not  known).  St. 
reddish,  13^-2  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  light  green,  smooth,  ovate- 
acuminate,  lobed,  dentate,  lK-2  in.  across  :  petiole  red, 
1-lKin.  long  :  fls.  pink,  profuse,  on  short  peduncles.— 
Int.  by  Major  Clark,  of  Welton  Park.  Var.  41ba,  Hort., 
has  white  fls. 


DD.  Width  of  h- 


•  than  S  , 


26.  coronita,  Hort.,  hybrid  {B.  carolinia!fdliaxpoly- 
dntha).  St.  shrubby,  coarse,  2-3  ft.  high,  covered  with 
numerous  withered  stipules  :  Ivs.  large,  lobed,  on  long 
petioles  :  fls.  pale  pink,  with  large,  somewhat  droop- 
ing cymes. 

27.  Versoha!ielti4na,  Regel.  (B.  Verschaffilti,  Hort. 
B.  manicataxcarolinioffdlia).  St.  a  thick  rhizome: 
Ivs.  large,  ovate,  acuminate,  lobed  :  fls.  rose-colored, 
pendent  on  long  peduncles.  I. H. 2:  68.  — Tall,  coarseand 
unsightly  as  an  old  specimen,  but  when  well  grown  from 
year  to  year  from  cuttings  makes  a  splendid  plant. 


persistent     and     ex- 
ceedingly   ornamen- 
tal,  especially  when 
planted  out.    Choice. 
)0    Goegofensis   Brcwn.    Kike  King.    St. 
a  short  thitk  rootstock:  Ivs.  peltate,  ovate- 
orbicular    6-9  in    long,   surface  blistered 
or  puckered     green    with    dark,    bronzy 
blotches     red    on    the    under   side  :     fls. 
small     rose  pink       Sumatra.— A    distinct 
and  ornamental  leaved  plant. 

31.  sangninea,  Raddi.  Sts.  perennial, 
woody  at  the  base,  red :  Ivs.  subpeltate, 
obliquely  cordate,  thick,  fleshy,  smooth,  shining,  bright 
green  above,  blood-crimson  below:  fls.  small,  white.  Rio 
de  Janeiro.  B.M.  3520.— A  handsome  evergreen  foliaged 
Begonia. 

32.  imii.\eeL,Lem.{B.strigill6sa,J)ietT.).  St.  a  short, 
thick  rootstock :  Ivs.  large,  green,  ovate-acuminate,  cor- 
date, margins  slightly  serrate  and  beset  with  long  red- 
dish hairs,  surface  covered  with  a  peculiar  network  of 
russet-brown:  peduncles  spotted  and  slightly  hairy:  fls. 
white,  tinged  with  pink.  Mex.  I. H.  8:  269. -A  handsome 
foliage  plant,  not  very  widely  known. 

CO.  Margins  incised,  lobed  or  parted. 
D.  St.  creeping  ;  a  short,  thick  rhizome. 
.33.  heracleilblia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  {B.jalrophcefdlia, 
Hort.).  St.  a  short,  thick  rhizome  :  Ivs.  6-12  in.  across, 
palmate,  lobes  toothed,  rich  green  :  peduncles  3-4  ft. 
long:  fls.  white  or  rose-tinted.  Mex.  B.M.  .!444.  B.R.1668. 
Var.  nigricans,  Hort.,  has  the-  uiiirijins  ..f  tin-  Ivs.  bor- 
dered with  dark  green.  B.M.  4'.is:!.  \  ar.  longipila,  Hort., 
has  long,  fleshy  hairs  on  the  leafstalks  ami  peduncles. 
Var.  punctata;  Hort.,  has  green  Ivs.,  reddish  near  the 
margin  :  fls.  rose-colored,  with  deep  red  spots  on  the 
outside. 

34.  rubella,  Hamilt.  St.  a  short,  thick  rhizome  :  Ivs. 
large,  cordate,  acuminate,  deeply  lobed,  smooth,  spotted 
with  irregularly  shaped  dark  brown  marks  :  fls.  pale 
pink,  on  long  peduncles.    Nepal. 

35.  speouiata,  Hort.,  hybrid?  St.  a  short,  thick 
rhizome :  Ivs.  broadl)'  ovate,  acuminate,  cordate,  on  long, 
hairy  petioles,  dull  green,  rough,  speckled  with  grey, 
hairy,  reddish  on  the  under  side,  veins  very  prominent, 
light  green,  profusely  branched  :  fls.  on  long,  hairy  pe- 
duncles, pink-white,  males  and  females  both  with  2 
petals  :  capsule  green,  with  small  red  spots.  — Origin  not 
known,  though  quite  common  in  cultivation.  .\  hardy 
and  useful  Begonia. 


BEGONIA 


DD  Jitem  eiitt 
3b  6lbia  Kertho\e  St  leathtn  -  ft  hitrh  h« 
lobed  hairy  and  olive  green  above  in  th  mil  I  le 
neatb  margins  reddish  petioles  t,i<  \  I  m  tli  \  ms 
prominent  as  dark  lines  flb  conct  dt  I  i  \  h  ui  null 
clusters  direith  on  the  st  without  i  lun  I  1  a„e 
whitL  male  and  female  in  same  clustei     Br  iz 

37  TeilBcben  Lind  St  2-i  ft  niKh  erect  strong 
grower  Ivs  large  acutely  lolied  o\  ate  lanteolate  mar 
gins  serrate  bright  green  above  with  grp\  ish  bloti  hes 
red  veined  beiow  fls  m  axillarj  clusters  bright  red 
large     Malaya     I  H  2b    ii8 

38  arg^nteo  §nittata,  Hort  (B  albo  pktaxOlbui) 
Protuselv  bi  uuhiug  hs  shinmg  green  o\  ate  at  mm 
n:it  li^hth  I  bed  smooth  2!4in  wide  3-o  in  long 
tliii  I  1\  I  ti  i  w  itb  white  spots  fls  m  clusters  variable 
|"t    I     "lilt      1111,1  d  with  pink    capsule  rose  pmk  —Int 

SlPPLEMENTiRl   LIST  — FIBKOnS  ROOTEIl 

39  Abundatice  (B  fuchsioidesXsemperflurens) 
Plant  2  ft  high  st  leddish  hs  glosby  green 
ovate  2  m  long  dentate  lis  lOhepink — lut  by 
Lemome  in  18J1 

40  fill  JifrCP  BruantiXRcezlii)  Plant  2ft  high 
Ivs.  green  broidly  ovite  smooth  lis  rose  colored 
—lut   by  Bru-int  in  lhi>b 

41  anguldris  Riddi  (B  zehrma  Hort )  St  sm 
culent  2-3  tt  high  l\s,  elongate  ovate  acuminate 
nnduUte  shmy  green  \eins  white  fls  msignific 
pink     Braz 

42  iscntiensii  Webb  L\s  o\ite  2  m  long  smooth  brown 
margin  green  dentate    fls  on  peduncles  4  in  long  bright  red 

43  Bertha  de  Chateaurncher  Hort    Var  of  B 
fls.  blight  currant  red  —  Useful  for  cut  floweis 

44  Bijou  de  Oand  Hort  Caulescent  fls  rose  in  cUisteis 
Very  similar  to  Teuschen  (which  see) 

45  BlsmarcH  Hort  Caidescent  fls  m  clusters  rose  males 
insignificant  females  a  gorgeous  display  A  ery  simllai  to 
Teuschen 

Caffra  Meissn    See  B  Dregei 

46  carohmafbha  'Regel  "^t  n  f  tin  1  fl  li  hs  palmate 
lobes  deeply  divided  into  6  i  il  i  I  1  i  peduncles 
MexK  o 

47  Carnerei  Hort  (B  semi  i  1  i  Dfwdrop 
Bruanti  Plant  about  1  ft  hi  I  I  I  i  iHorens  fls 
wllite  -Excellent  bedlin„  Bi;.   i  liil   U  1  i  i   iit  in  1883 


Borneo    I  H   'J 


oblong 
lose  sepals 

"    F  f  Kill    Hort    (B    SchmidtuXsemperflorens  Vernon). 
\    M   I      It   md  bushy  iKft  high    fls  abundant  rose  carmine. 
I  i  ill  111  kr  bedding    Int  by  Hadge  A,  Schmidt  m  1894 

f  I  Hort  (B  manicataXh-v  drocotylifolia)  St  a  short, 
tin  ki  t  t  k  Ivs  suborbicular  thick  red  beneath  entire: 
leticles  irregularly  mirkel  fl  light  pink  on  long  peduncles. 
-Int  by  John  Feast  of  Biltmiore  before  1880 

Sauli  Hort  is  a  newly  intiodueed  species  from  Guatemala, 
lesemblmgPeastii  in  the  sh  HI  uii  color  of  its  Ivs  but  with  a 
distinct  red  smus  at  junction  ot  petiole  with  leaf 

>1  QlUoni  Hort  (ongin  American)  Plant  2  ft  high  st. 
slinibby  coarse  Ivs  large  lobed  fls  on  long  erect  peduncles, 
pale  pmk  —Interesting  as  being  the  only  double  fld  bbrous- 
1  mted  Begonia  Named  tor  t  ilson  colored  gardener  to  Mrs. 
I  n-ingston  N  Y 

1  ht/h,idn  mnltiflbra  Hort  (B  h\liri  la  flonbimda  Hort.). 
I  lint  -4  tt  hi^h  hs  snidi  1  in  lent  '  in  across  dentate, 
„ieenlelon  fls  rose  pmk  h  lUaing  in  clusteis  like  a  tuchsia. 
()  liiijrami  Hort  (B  nitnia^tuchsioides)  Combines  the 
h  nacters  of  the  two  species  fls  light  pmk —Int  bylngrim 
in  1849 


signis    SeeB  incamata  No  12 
Knowlsleyana    Hort   (ongln  n( 


known)     Very  i 


Kunthidn 


Walp  ^tem  erect  Ivs  lanceolate  acumi- 
n  ite  serrate  smooth  green  above  red  below  fls  white  large. 
BM  j-84    Brazil 

59   Lubberti    E    Morr     Stem  a  short  rhizome     Ivs    large, 
palmate  green     fls  pmk  on  long  peduncles    Br  izil    G  C  III. 


301    El 


1888  p  225 


60    Liindna    Hort    hybrid  (B  Lyncheana  X  Bruanti) 


Pis. 


212    Begonia  Madame 


148 


BEGONIA 


micToplima,  WUld.  Is  B.  foliosa,  No.  U. 

minidta,  Planch.  &  Lmden.  Is  B.  fuchsioides,  No.  13. 

62.  Madam  de  Lesseps.  Fig.  212.  Strong,  erect  grower  :  Ivs. 
acutely  lobed,  large,  margins  serrate,  green  above,  red  and 
strongly  veined  below:  fls.  large,  white,  in  axillary  clusters, 
males  insignificant. 

63.  netumhiifdlia,  Cham.  &  Schl.  (B.  hemandisefolia,  Hort.). 
St.  a  short,  thick  rhizome :  Ivs.  large,  12-18  in.  long,  &-12  in. 
wide,  peltate,  hairy  on  the  under  side :  fls.  small,  white  or 
rose-colored.   Mes. 

Roezlii,  Regel.   See  B.  Lyncheana,  No.  61. 

64.  B.PauiJ?rufln(  (B.manicataX{?)  ).  St.  short, thick  :  Ivs. 
large,  olive-green  tinged  with  red,  deeply  lobed  :  petioles  large, 
long,  striped  with  red  ;  a  ring  of  fine  hairs  at  the  junction  of 
petiole  and  leaf:  fls.  abundant,  pale  pink,  large  on  long  pe 
duncles.   R.H.  1888.  p.  544.— Int.  by  Bruant  in  18!t2 

65.  President  Carnot.  Fig.  213.  Plant.  2-6  ft.  high  leggy  1  s 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute-lobed.  ribs  on  the  under  side  red  fls 
in  a  large  cluster :  males  small,  insignificant :  females  large 
bright  red-carmiue,  2  in.  long,  including  capsule.— Striking 

66.  Sdndersojil,  hybrid  (origin  not  known.  B.  D  gwell  ana 
Hort.).  Fls.  scarlet.   1882. 

Sailli.  See  below  B.  Feastii,  No.  53. 

67.  stigmd8a,IAnd\.  St.  a  short,  creeping  rhizome  Ivs  large 
cordate- acute,  irregularly  toothed,  smooth  above,  hairy  beneath 
green,  with  purple-brown  blotches  :  fls.  insignificant  white  m 
■cymose  panicles.  Mex. 

68.  subpeltAta  nigricans,  Hort.  (B.  nigricans.  Hort  )  Plant 
2-3  ft.  high  :  Ivs.ovate,  acuminate,  blood-red  below  silvery  and 
slightly  hairy  above,  4-8  in.  long.  2-4  in.  across  :  fls  rose  pink 
profuse:  capsule wi; 


r  decorat  c 
richer  color 
of  a  deeper 


y a,T.  Pres.deJBoureuiUes,  Hi>rt    lia-^Ks  , 
and  more  profusely  studded  uitli    rr.|  1 

69.  Siinderbrtichi. B.ort.  AuAmeri.uiilormofB.  1  eracleifol  i 
var.  longipila  :  Ivs.  bronze-green,  silver  bands  along  the  ner\  es 
purple  underneath. 

70.  rA«rs(oni,Hort.  (B.  metalUcaXsanguinea).  St  '>ft  hgh 
Ivs.  orbicular-acuminate,  shiny,  smooth,  rich  purple  red  on  tl  e 
under  side,  veins  prominent:  fls.  insignificant  small  losy 
white,  on  slender  peduncles.  A.F.  7: 728.— Excellent 

velHtina,  Hort.   See  B.  metallica.  No.  10. 


/ 


BEGONIA 


II.     SEMI-TUBEROns  OR  SOOOTRAN  SECTION. 

72.  Socotr4na,  Hook.  Fig.  215.  St.  annual,  stout  and 
succulent,  forming  at  the  base  a  number  of  closely  set 
scales  or  suppressed  Ivs.  resembling  bulbs  :  Ivs.  dark 
green,  orbicular,  peltate,  4-7  in.  across,  center  depressed, 
margin  recurved,  crenate :  fls.  In  terminal  few-fld. 
cymes,  bright  rose.  B.M.655d.  Gn.21:327.  Gn.  49:1069. 
G.C.  II.  15:8.  A.F.  13:587,  588. -Semi-tubers  were 
brought  from  the  burning  hot,  sandy  island  of  Socotra 
by  Dr.  I.  B.  Balfour,  and  given  to  Kew  in  1880.  The 
plant  was  discovered  by  Alexander  Scott,  the  gardener 
accompanying  the  expedition  to  Socotra  sent  out  by  the 
Geogr.  Soe.  of  London.  Semi-tubers  should  rest  during 
summer  and  be  planted  in  heat  in  winter 

The  follow  ng  are  Soeotrana  derivatives 

3    Tr  o  nphe  d  L 
baceous    spread 


flower  ng  branches 
obhque   margins  si  i, 
mous  cymes  from 
ceedmgly  rare   male 
bouquet  when    u  f 


de  Nancu    v  th  li 
i    J  I  I  Bml 


XRoezb) 

rb  eular  somewhat 
u     lib     n  dichoto 


PI 


■p  occorrence 
Tno  iphe 


,le) 


h  gh    1  r       h  ng  nit  iriUv  a    1  treely      1  s    obi  Quely  heirt 
si  aped  I     ta  e  a         B  s       trana    hght  green      fls  borne 

loosely       {.ri  eful  pedun  le     st  u  1  ne  well  abo  e  tie  f  ol  age 
every  stem  deve  op  ng  male  flo  ver     1*  dim    br  ght    rosj 

(■arm  ne     Blooms  from  bept  to  Ji  u  J    b  1  —No  femile 

fls  have  been  produced  from  th  s  hyl  r  1  s    thit  see  Ihngs  1  ave 


been  impos 
Toh      H     ■ 


.  lo 


ety) 


(hour 
salmon  i 


)  nk  shade 
a  Gin  re  de  Lorr. 
nearU  regular  pur 
petaled  large  bon 
s  per  or  part  of  the 
p  111  \  F  1  W 
semi  t  0  er  1 

I  r  d  tor 


/;  '<'    A  '■ 


"HaM  '^ 


Begonia  Wcttsteinii  (X  !^). 


71.  Wettsteinii.  Hort.  Pig.  214.  St.  a  foot  high,  branchinf 
from  the  base  :  Ivs.  sUghtly  lobed,  elongated,  ovate-acuminate 
fls.  on  long,  slender,  graceful  peduncles,  large,  in  clusters 
bright  red  ;  capsule  large,  red  and  showy,  very  profuse. 

zebrXna,  Hort.   See  B.  augidaris,  No.  41. 


1   1  M  1       <    F       1          1    terest  ng         oune  t  ng 
laic       t     erous  se  t  ons    Int  I  j  Th  ba  t 

IK  ii'  fe  (B  SocotranaX  n    gn  s) 

L  s    inte  rents  but    larger  th  in  e  ther 

obi  que    fl  leep  rose    Fls  all  w  nter     In 

terest  ng  r  us  rooted  and  sem   tuberous 

ect  ons     I  H           t  \  eitch  A,  Sons  188       Sjouis 

mother  bvl  r  d  f r  ties      e  parents  with  large  green  Ivs 

nd  red  carmme  fls  males  and  females  present 

111.     TlBEROLS  OR  Sl•MMER-PLOWERI^G  SECTION 

(Figs.  217,  218,  219). 

A.  Sfemless,  It's,  springing  directly  from  tuber. 

B.  Color  of  fls.  bright  red  or  brilliant  scarlet. 

77.  D4visi,  Veitch.  Stemless  :  Ivs.  springing  directly 
from  a  rootstoek,  ovate-cordate,  shining  green,  slightly 
hairy,  underside  red,  petiole  short,  fleshy  :  peduncles, 
pedicels,  and  fls.  bright  red.  Peru.  B.M.  6252.  P.M. 
1876:  231.  G.C.  II.  15:  6G9.-A  favorite  with  hybridists. 
Has  given  rise  to  numerous  dwarf,  erect -habited  garden 
forms,  with  small  but  brightly  colored  fls. 

78.  Fribeli,  A.  DC.  Stemless:  Ivs. numerous,  cordate, 
acuminate,  green,  covered  with  fleshy,  purplish  hairs  : 
fls.  in  tall.  \:<\,  (lr<"'pin^r.  brunehiug  cjnues,  brilliant  scar- 
let, large.  Wiiit.r.  Ivuailor.  Gn.  12,  p.  376.— A  beauti- 
ful flowering'  phiiit,  u.^ifiil  for  conservatory  work  in 
winter.  B.  F,-al„li  i-tnialis,  Hort.,  hybrid  (Froebeli  x 
Dregei),  similar  to  type.    Int.  by  Deleuil  in  1880. 


BEGONIA 


149 


215    Begonia  Socotrana  (X  H)      No.  72. 

,  hairy  petioles,  2-6  in.  long,  orbicular,  reniforni, 
e,  margins  lobed,  red,  toothed  :  fls.  2  in.  across, 
rose-red.  Peru.  B.M.  5680.  — Light  colored  seedlings  of 
this  species  gave  rise  to  Queen  of  Whites,  put  into  com- 
merce in  1878,  and  destined  to  be  a  most  important 
factor  in  subsequent  garden  forms  of  the  same  color. 
Int.  In  1867. 

80.  geranioides.  Hook.  Stemless,  rootstock  fleshy  : 
Ivs.  radical,  reniform.  6  in.  across,  lobed  and  toothed, 
green,  hairy,  petioles  8  in.  long:  peduncles  erect,  6-12  in. 
long,  reddish,  hairy,  bearing  a  lax  panicle  of  fls.,  each 
IHin.  across,  pure  white,  with  a  button-like  cluster  of 
yellow  anthers.  Natal.  B.M.  5583.  — Planted  in  a  border 
in  a  sunny  greenhouse,  this  is  a  fine  Begonia,  flowering 
profusely  during  Oct.  and  Nov.    Int.  to  Kew  in  1866. 

AA.    St.  present. 

B.    Color  of  fls.  cinnabar^ed,  orange-red,  bright  red  or 

scarlet. 

81.  BolivUnsia,  A.  DC.  St.  herbaceous,  succulent 
2  ft.  high,  branching  :  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ser 
rate,  3-5  in.  long  :  fls.  in  drooping  panicles,  cinnabar 
scarlet,  fuchsia-like  ;  males  twice  as  large  as  females 
Bolivia.  B.M.  5657. -The  first  Tuberous  Begonia  intro 
duced  into  England.  1864. 


82.  VMtchii,  Hook.  St.very  short,  thick,  fleshy,  green: 
Ivs.  orblculate,  cordate,  lobed  and  incised,  margins  cili- 
ated, green,  principal  veins  radiating  from  a  bright  car- 
mine spot  near  the  center,  under  side  pale  green;  petiole 
thick,  terete  pilose:  fls.  2J4in.  in  diam.,  cinnabar-red: 
capsule  smooth,  unequal  wings.  Peru.  B.M.  5663.  F.S. 
22:  2.S26.  — One  of  the  progenitors  of  the  Tuberous  race. 
Int.  1867. 

83.  Ch^lsoni,  Hort.  (B.  SedenixBoUvUnsis).  St. 
fleshy,  2  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  oblique,  lanceolate,  irregularly 
lobed  :  fls.  large,  orange-red,  drooping.  Gn.  4:  109.— 
Int.  by  Veiteh  in  1870. 

84.  CUrkei,  Hook.  St.  purplish,  fleshy,  stout:  Ivs. 
obliquelv-cordate,  serrate  ;  fls.  in  pendukms  racemes, 
abundant,  large,  bright  r<-d.  Bolivia.  B.M.  5675.- 
Resembles  B.  Veilchii.  It  was  the  seed  parent  of  Vesu- 
vius and  Emperor,  two  important  ami  useful  varieties 
for  bedding  out. 

BB.    Color  of  fls.  rose-red  or  pink. 

85.  Evansiina,  Andr.  (B.  discolor,  R.  Br.  B.  grdndis. 
Dry.).  St.  herbaceous,  branching,  smooth,  2  ft.  high  : 
Ivs.  ovate-acute,  sub-cordate,  lobed,  margins  denticu- 
late, green  above,  underside  and  petioles  red,  peduncles 
branching,  axillary  :  fls.  numerous,  flesh-colored,  large. 
Java,  China,  Jap.  B.M.  1473.— A  handsome  and  almost 
hardy  species.    Int.  in  1804  to  Kew.    Little  cult.  now. 

86.  Batimannii,  Lemoine.  Tubers  as  large  as  ostrich 
eggs  :  Ivs.  large,  orbicular,  with  short,  thick  petioles: 
peduncles  18  in.  high,  bearing  panicles  of  4-6  fls.,  which 
are  rose-red,  4-petalled,  from  3-4  in.  across,  and  fragrant 
as  roses.  Bolivia.  Gt.  40:1348:  42,  p.  25.  A. P.  7:  561. 
G.P.  5:  77. -It  is  described  as  plentiful  in  the  moist  val- 
leys of  the  Cordilleras,  where  it  is  eaten  by  cattle. 
Sweet-scented.    Distributed  by  Lemoine  in  1890. 

87.  gricilis,  H.B.K.  (B.  bicolor,  Watson.  B.  dirersi- 
fblia,  R.  Grab.).  St.  erect,  not  branched,  succulent: 
Ivs.  thinly  scattered  along  sts.,  almost  heart-shaped, 
slightly  hairy,  lobed,  denticulate,  ciliate  :  fls.  on  short, 
axillary  peduncles,  pink.  Mex.  B.M.  2966. -In  axils  of 
Ivs.  between  stipules  a  cluster  of  bulbils  is  borne. 
These  niav  be  gathered  and  sown  as  seeds.  Along  with 
its  varieties,  annulS,ta,  diversifdlia,  Marti4na,  etc.,  It 
makes  a  very  beautiful  summer-flowering  greenhouse 
Begonia.  Int.  by  P.  Neil,  of  Cannon  Mills,  Edinburgh, 
in  1829. 

88.  Pdarcei,  Hook.  St.  1  ft.  high,  succulent,  branch- 
ing :  Ivs.  lanceolate,  cordate,  acuminate,  toothed,  gla- 
brous above,  tomentose  beneath,  pale  red  on  under  sur- 
face :  fls.  in  loose,  axillary  panicles,  large,  bright  yel- 
low. Bolivia.  B.M.  5545. -It  has  been  the  chief  factor 
in  the  production  of  the  hundreds  of  yellow,  buff  and 
orange-colored  garden  forms.    Int.  in  1865. 

St-PPLEMENTARY  LIST  — TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 

(A)  The  following  tuberous-rooted  species  are  not 
known  to  be  in  the  Amer.  trade,  but  they  are  in  cultiva- 
tion in  greater  or  less  purity : 

89.  cinnaiarXna.  Hook.  Sts.  annual,  short,  green,  zigzag, 
slightly  downy :  Ivs.  on  short  petioles,  obliauely  ovate,  lobed 


216.  Begonia  Gloire  de  Sceaux  iX  H).    No.  76. 


''      'r      Sts.  red.  hairy.  1  ft.  Mgh  :  Ivs. 

1 I .  i<  ,,,.  I  , ,    innthed,  tinged  with  red  on  the  under  side: 

III. Inn.  I.  ^  ri,,  I     (.-,i,  producing  3   pale  rose-eolored  fls.     Bo- 
livia    B,M,  :.HD7.-Iut.  by  Veitch  in  186G. 

91.  cycloph}Hla.  Hoo]:..  Stemless  :  Ivs.  orbicular,  6  in.  across, 
green,  with  fimbriated  margin  :  peduncles  erect.  6  in.  long : 
fls.  rose-colored,  with  the  fragrance  of  roses.  China.  B.M. 
'6926.-Int.  to  Kew  in  1885. 

92.  geraiiifbli a.  Tiook.  St.  1  ft.  high,  erect,  greenish  :  Ivs.  cor- 
date, lobed.  serrated,  green,  margins  red,  whole  plant  smooth  : 
fls.  2  or  3  on  terminal  peduncles,  outer  petals  orbicular,  red  ; 
the  two  inner  obovate.  white.   Lima.   B.M.  3387.— Int.  1833. 

93.  Natalensis.  Hook.  Sts.  fleshy,  annual,  1-2  ft.  high:  Ivs. 
obliquely  cordate,  lobed,  sinuat.-, '_'-  :  m  long,  t^rt-en.  sometimes 
mottled  with  grey,  veins  reddish  :  tK  Muish  wliite.  1  in.  across. 
Natal.  B.M.  4841.-Int.  to  Kew  iu  ls.".4 

94.  octopHala,  L'Her.  (B.  grandiflora.  Kuowl  &  West). 
Stemless,  Ivs.  long,  succulent,  downy,  petiole'*  \\  ft.  long,  cor- 
date, deeply  lobed  and  serrated,  bright  green  :  fls.  greenish 
white,  males  with  8  petals,  females  generally  fewer.  Peru. 
B.M.  3559.   F.S.  20:  2056-7.   A.P.  4:"     ' 


217    Single  Tuberous  Begonia  (X  /-a 


95.  polypHala  A  DC  ^t  short  fleshy  annual :  Ivs,  ovate- 
cordate,  toothed  hairy  with  raised  veins  10  m  by  8  in. :  fls. 
with  9  or  10  ovate  oblong  petals  an  inch  long  red  ovary  haiiy, 
with  one  long  wing    Peru    (rn  14  p  531  —  Int  by  Froebel  in 


96.  rubricaulis  Hook  Lvs  4-6  in  long  ovate  wavy,  ciliate 
along  the  margins  deep  green  flb  large  males  li^  in.  across, 
5-petaled :  females  smaller  C  petaled  reddish  Country  un- 
known.  B.M  4131  -Int  to  Birmingham  Bot  Gar  in  1844. 

97.  SM^i.  Hort  hybrid  (B  Boliviensis  X  Veitchii?).  Lvs. 
long,  pale  gieen  fls  solitary  brilliant  red  females  of  4 
petals  ;  m.iles  r  f  f"  p  t  iK  R  H  1872  90  —Int  by  Thibaut  and 
Keteleer  in  1^ 

QS.Suth.r'  1!  '-t    ^nnual  herbaceous  1-2  ft.  high, 

"bright  rr,l  ^    Unceolate    lobed  and  serrated, 

green,  with  r^n     petioles  slender,  red:  fls. 

11  I    led     Natal     BM  5689.-Int.  by 


99.  tenern,  Dr^  (B  Thwaitesu  Hook)  Lvs  radical,  cor- 
date, 5  in.  long  (  oppcrs  green  mixed  with  purple  and  blotched 
with  grey,  under  surtue  cnmson  fls  white  tinged  pink. 
Ceylon.  B.M  4b<»>  — (_hiefly  interesting  as  a  variegated  plant. 
Int.  to  Kew  in  18o2 

(aa)  The  following  list  comprises  some  of  the  best  and 
most  distinct  of  the  innumerable  garden  forms  and  hy- 
brids  now  existing,  which   have  almost   all  been  pro- 


(1)  SINGLE -FLOWERED  VARIETIES. 


dark  bcaiiet,  dwarf , 'aud  \ei.\  il. 
orange-scarlet,  compact  and  tree 

b.  Rose-colored.— Xarfy  <?»</; 
and  fine  ;  Marginata,  large,  roui 
of  bright  pink:  Packe.  boft,  i. 
Stanstead  Surprise,  deep  ruse,  \e 

c.  VTHiTE^.-Alba  fimhrinfa  if 
with  fringed  petals  ;  Bfrlp}/  Wh, 
purest  white  ;  Mrs.  J    rt-nr/n    \ 
reddish  lake;  Queen  <i    n 
of  great  substance  ;  M 

d.  Orasge  axd  Ym 
buflf.large.erectfls.;  J//S-   i     '    L 


218.  Form  of  double  Tuberous  Begonia  (X 


(2)  DOUBLE-FLOWERED  VARIETIES. 

a.  Crimsons  and  Scari-ets.-  CannelVs  Gem,  bright  scar- 
let :  Dandy,  intensely  bright  scarlet ,  extremely  free-flowering ; 
Flamingo,  brilliant  scarlet:  Herishaw  Russell,  scarlet,  one  of 
the  best :  Triomphe,  rich,  bright  crimson  :  Duke  Zeppelin. 
dazzling  scarlet  fls.,  new. 

b.  RosF.-coLORED.-^^^/ia-mora.  bright  rosy  cerise,  distinct; 
Duke  of  York,  deep  rose  ;  Glory  of  Stanstead,  soft  rose,  light 
center  ;  Hecla,  bright,  glistening  pink,  free  bloomer  ;  Rosy 
Morn,  rose-pink,  large,  broad,  vriivj  petals. 

c.  Whites.— <7o7(»fps.s  of  Cravat,  pure  white  fls.,  dwarf; 
Miss  Edith  Wynne,  pure  creamy  white;  ^>c?a('(V,  pure  white 
blossoms,  very  floriferous  ;  Picotee,  delicate  white,  pink  mar- 
gin, dwarf  :  Princess  May.  pure  white,  uudulateil  orcrimpled 
at  the  edges. 

d.  Yeltx)WS.— Xady  Balfour  of  Burleigh,  large  yellow  fls.. 
erect;  Miss  Falconer,  clear  yellow;  Mrs.  Regnart,  chrome- 
yellow,  petals  prettily  undulated  ;  Alice  Manning,  primrose- 
yellow  blossoms. 


IV.     Rex,  or    ORNAilENTAL-LEAV 


Section. 


100.  Griffithii,  Hook.  {B.  picfa,  Hort.).    St.-lvs.  and 
habit  as  in  B.  Bex :   Ivs.  olive-green,  with  a  broad  zone 


Assam.    B.M.  4984.  — Int.    by   Henderson,  England 
1850. 

101.  lacini&ta,  Rosb.  St.  perennial  :  lv.s.  roundly 
ovate,  lobed,  pubescent,  black-purple,  witb  a  broad  zone 
of  green,  reddish  on  the  under  side  :  fls.  as  in  B.  Sex. 
India,  S.  China.  B.M.  5021. -Int.  to  Kew  in  1857.  Var. 
Sowringi&na,  Hort.,  has  green  Ivs.  and  rosy  fls.  B.M. 
5182. 

102.  zanthina.  Hook  bimilir  to  B  Ser  and  prohabh 
only  a  form  of  that  species  Ivs  laige  fleshy  cordate 
ovate,  acuminate,  sinuate  ciliated  d  irk  green  above 
purplish  beneath  :  fls  yellow  capsule  with  one  large 
wing.  B.M.  4683. -\ar  piotifolia  Hort  BM  5102 
Var:  L4zuli,  B.M.  5107 

103.  K6x,  Putz.  Fig  220  St  a  short  fleshy  rhi 
from  which  spring  the  long  stalked  Urge,  ovate 
Ivs.,  which  are  hairy  and  colored  a  rich  metallic  green 
with  a  zone  of  silverv  grey  peduncles  ereit  fls  largi 
rose-tinted,  males  2  m  across  with  4  unequal  pet  lis 
females  smaller,  with  o  nearly  equal  pttils  o\  ir\  \ 
angled,  with  2  short  and  1  long  -ning  \ssam  I  S 
12:1255-1258.  B.M.  5101  -This  nii^nihci  nt  sjems  i- 
the  principal  parent  m  the  production  ot  the  nunu  r<ni> 
omamental-foliaged  Begoniis  It  his  bun  ii  s  ec 
with  a  few  species  m  the  hrst  pUci.  ind  then  h\bii( 
seedlings  have  been  raised  again  and  again  from  the 
progenv.  Fig.  220  is  a  copy  of  a  part  of  the  original  h„ 
ure  in  Flore  des  Serres  (1857)   and  is  given  here  for  ths 


BELLADONNA    LILY 


very  bright.  Lucy  Closson  is  very  similar,  but  more  vigorous, 
with  the  blotches  more  numerous  and  better  distributed. 
Marquis  de  Peralta.  Lvs.  smaU,  margins  hairy,  numerous 
silvery  spots  on  surface.   Compact,  dense  grower.  Duchesse  de 


Following  are  some  of  the  deriv 
Begonias : 

104.  RexXdiscnIor  hvbnd<!     TR  ' 

sil\ery  wh  te    v  tl    gree     ar 
and  a  green  d         Mad  (  h 
Mad  O  ra     M    rbe  k       1 
central  green  i       r 
la  Bare  e  ie  hi 
central  port  o 
light  ipple  green 
disc  dark  green 
spotted      Others 
nedy  He 


.  like  when 


Mnd  Jos  Moens 
be  margins 
1  with  white 
n  edge  and  i 
HI  de  Mad 
i  wnj  green 


Tne. 


I-dn  B  Ken 
U  oKer  Ed  Py 
e  AbelCameie 


1     p  91 


Fres  de  la  De  a  j  Mud  F  A  j 
105  RexXd  aden  a  hybr  rfs  R  H  18«i8  . 
Lesoud  very  s  milar  to  B  Rex  but  laiger  leived 
Schm  dt  green  on  the  margins  mirked  and  spotted  sih  er  m 
tlae  center  Cle  e  t  e  lobes  very  acute  ^b  te  blotches  in 
center  Mad  Ala  ag  Iv  verv  lirge  deeply  lobed  pure 
metall  c  wh  te  wi  h  green  ter  Mai  Isabelle  £plhn 
fiuelj  dents  e  lo  ed  nd  un  1 U  el  cente  ol  e  green  sur 
rounded  1  y  a  zoneot  wl  te.  Lecom  ng  r^.e  on  tl  e  inner  mar 
gin.  M.  Crousse,  very  long,  dentate,  green  center,  band  of 
silver  around  margin.  Others  are  Theodore  Schmidt,  Henri 
Domeck,  Linee,  Papillon,  Mad.  Z>.  Wettstein,  D.  Wettateiu,  A. 
DallHre,  Mad.  Georges  Bruant,  Wilhelm  Ffitzer. 

106.  FexXSocotrana.  A  plant  has  been  produf-ed  wliirh  com- 
bines the  characters  of  the  two  parents  in  ;t  pNitviui:  manner  : 
lvs.  likeB.  Rex,  but  \vith  shorter  petioK-^,  .m^I  itmw  ,|,.,I  ,n\  the 
stem;  prettily  colored  :  Us.  in  erect.  --lurWy  i.m  <  m.--  wlu<-li 
stand  well  above  the  plant;  like  B.  S<irMrr,iii,i  m  >  i-!"!-.  but 
paler.  Plant  said  to  be  evergreen.— Inteivstiiii:  as  a  ionn.'rting 
link  between  the  Rex  and  semi-tuberous  sections.  Int.  by  San- 
der &  Co.  in  1897. 

107.  Miscellaneous  Rex  hybrids  of  known  origin  =  Jifx  leop- 
ardiiius  CRexXsanthina,  var.  Reichenheimei).  Very  similar 
to  B.  Rex,  but  much  larger.  F.S.'13: 1317.— Int.  by  Van  Hontte 
in  1859.  Grandis  (RexXsplendida).  Vcrv  similar  t^  |;.  R.-x 
F.S.  13:1330.— Int.  by  Rollison.  Otto  F»rst,  r  \  [{••■.  ■  imi.. n;,  li- ' 
Dwf.  habit :  lvs.  obliauely  cordate,  dark  ■^^•■w.  iii;irM.,|  xwth 
silvery  greyish  green:  fls.  greenish  whiii,  iinMii^pirmnis 
ilfiranda  (RexXimperialis,  var.  smaragil 


B>abant     Lvs    large    purile    m  i 
gins   and   surface  hairv    otherwi 
like  B  Rex    Loiase  (httti  n    I\ 
green  with  a  zone  ot  glr     \   sil\   i 
towird    the    center     c  \Ht    i   \  iili 
\ery    small    white    sp  t        /      '/  / 
MacGregor    Lvs    ovite  i     i   n    i 
lobed    white    center     m  1    i      in 
green    Count  Erdodu    ^-i\\    i      in 
green  «tnped  ilong the  \    in     liiii\ 
lobe     twisted  into  a  sj  ii  d    li  nr\ 
Matilda     L\s    siher\  white     t  nter 
ind    ilong    ^elns    green      m  iigms 
hair\     Alue    White     Large    1  right 
siher  center  1  I    uze     atin  luster 
P   B   Kennedy 


\ 


219.    A  type  of 
Tuberous  Begonia, 
double-flowrered. 


(RexXa 


above,  but  marbled  with  silver.  Bomh 

poldi  (GriffithiXsplendid,!).  I.H. 6:205.  Prince  Tmibetzko 
double  hybrid  (GriffithiXXjinthina,  vjir.  marmorataand  rubro- 
venia),  I.H.  5:138:  also,  from  the  s.%me  cross,  Madame  Wag- 
ner.  I.H.  5:161,  and  Miranda.  Countess  Louise  Erdody  (Alex- 
ander, var.  Humboldt Xargenteacupreata).  Fig.  221.  Lvs. 
obliquely  cordate,  ovate-acute,  the  smaller  of  the  two  lobes 
twisted  in  a  spiral  manner,  with  as  many  as  4  coils :  upper 
surface  silvery,  with  veins  deep  green  ;  under  surface  reddish, 
pilose.  I.H.  31:516.  G.C.  II.  22:205.-Int.  by  P.  Nemeczik,  gar- 
dener to  Count  Erdody,  a  Hungarian  nobleman,  in  1884. 

108.  Other  Rex  varieties  of  unknown  or  uncertain  origin: 
Louise  Closson.  Lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  lobed,  veins  deep  pur- 
ple, surface  blotched  with  deep  purple  bronze,  metaUie  luster 


BELEMCANDA  (East  Indian 
name).  Ttiddcttv.  Blackberry 
Lilt.  Leopard  Flower.  A 
monotypic  genus,  containing  an 
interesting    hardy,   herbaceous 

perennial  plant,  which  is  an  old  garden  favorite.  The 
first  of  the  popular  names  comes  from  the  clusters  of 
shining,  black,  roundish  seeds,  and  the  second  from  the 
flower,  which  is  orange,  spotted  red.  It  is  more  commonly 
sold  as  a  Pardanthus.  which  also  means  Leopard  Flower. 
Perianth  segments  oblong,  the  3  inner  slightly  shorter 
and  spirally  twisting  as  they  fade.  Prop,  by  seeds  or  by 
division.  Of  easy  culture  in  rich,  sandy  loam  and  in  a 
sunny  place.     Commonly  spelled  Belamcanda. 

nnctdta,  Moench. 
CMninsis,  Eer- 
L'2.  Height2-3ft.; 
!•  :  lvs.  about  6,  in 
■  ng,  I  in.  broad  : 
icels  1-2  in.  long: 
xing,  persistent. 
;.  L.B.C.  19:18/4. 
th  dried  grasses 
mis- 


Chin^nsis,  T,f 


Ijirds 


BELLFLOWEE.    See  CamiMniiUi. 
BELLADONNA.     See  Atropa. 
BELLADONNA  LILY.    See  Amaryllis. 


152  BELLIS 

BfiLLIS  (Latin,  bellus,  pretty).  Compdsitw.  Eng- 
lish Daisy.  The  Daisy,  as  it  grows  wild  in  England, 
has  a  yellow  center,  snrrounded  bv  numerous  rays  in  a 


220    Bee:onia  Rex,  in  its  original  form.    ]\o   iUJ 
(See  Begonia,  p.  151.) 

Single  row,  but  the  favorite  cultivated  forms  are  double, 
the  rays  rising  in  tier  upon  tier,  and  frequently  crowd- 
ing out  every  trace  of  a  yellow  center.  The  English 
Daisy  is  essentially  a  pink  or  pinkish  fl.  in  its  general 
effect,  the  tips  of  the  rays  sometimes  and  the  under 
surfaces  usually  being  pink  or  red.  There  are  27  species 
In  the  genus,  only  one  of  which  is  American.  B.  integ- 
rifolia  is  found  in  moist  soil  from  Ky.  and  Tenn.  to 
Ark.  and  Tex.,  but  is  too  rare  and  sectional  to  become  a 
general  favorite.  The  plant  that  is  most  commonly 
called  Daisy  in  America  is  Chrijxinitlirnnim  I.t  iirnn- 
themum.  For  an  illustrated  account  .t"  ll).-  imious 
plants  known  as  Daisies  in  Ameriru,  -. .    /'ksv. 

Daisies  are  favorite  border  plants,  iiinl  arr  iniicli  used 
in  spring  bedding,  especially  for  fclsiiiL'.  Tlity  thrive 
in  a  cool  soil  and  moist  atmosphere,  and  are,  therefore, 
much  better  adapted  to  English  than  American  gar- 
dens. A  light  mulch  is  desirable  for  winter  protection. 
In  home  gardening,  the  plants,  after  flowering,  are  di- 
vided into  single  crowns.  These  are  planted  about  6  in. 
apart  in  good,  rich  garden  soil.  Each  crown  soon  sends 
out  side  growths,  which,  in  time,  form  new  crowns. 
Before  winter  sets  in  the  young  clumps  can  be  moved 
readily  to  any  place  in  the  garden  where  they  are 
wanted  to  bloom.  Daisies  are  also  forced  by  florists  for 
winter  bloom.     When   Daisies  are  desired  for   edging 


BENE 

and  are  placed  3  in.  apart  in  a  narrow  trench.  These 
edgings  must  be  renewed  each  year,  as  the  plants,  if 
they  grow  well,  spread  too  wide,  or  irregularly.  In  dry 
summers  many  roots  fail,  and  if  they  remain  in  the 
same  spot  year  after  year,  the  fls.  will  degenerate  to  the 
single  condition. 

The  simplest  way  of  propagating  and  growing  Eng- 
lish Daisies  for  spring  bedding  in  this  country  is  to 
sow  the  seed  in  shallow  boxes  about  August  10.  As 
soon  as  large  enough  to  handle,  transplant  5  inches 
apart  into  coldframes,  and  when  the  winter  sets  in 
put  on  the  sash,  giving  air  whenever  the  weather  may 
be  mild.  Transplant  to  the  flower  beds  as  early  as  pos- 
sible in  the  spring,  where  in  a  very  short  time  they 
will  be  a  mass  of  bloom,  and  will  continue  to  bloom  till 
the  beginning  of  June,  when  they  should  he  thrown  out, 
and  the  summer  bedding  plants 
planted.  Longfellow  and  Snowball 
are  the  two  best  varieties  for  this 
purpose.  Myosotis  alpestris  and 
Silene  penduta  may  be  grown  the 
same  way,  using  the  Daisies  as 
edging  when  in  the  beds,  and  the 
others  as  center  pieces 

The  Daisy  is  propagated  by  seeds 
(which  are  sown  early),  and  by  di 
visions,  the  choicest  varieties  be 
ing  maintained  by  the  latter  method 
The  main  types  growd  from  seed 
are  the   white,  rose     quilled,    and 
white     with     red 
center,      all       of 
which  are  double. 
A    dark    red     is 
less  common.    Of 
kinds     prop,    by 
seed,   Longfellow   is 
now   the    best   rose- 
colored,  and  Snowball 
the  best  white  van 
ety,  the  latter  being 
especially  prized   b> 
florists  for   cut-flow 
ers.  as   it  has   long 
stiff    stems.      Other 
varieties  are  Maximi 
Snowflake,  and   Rot 
Roy,   which   is    per 
haps  the  best  red. 

per^nnis,  Linn 
True  or  English 
Daisy.  Hardy  herba 
ceous  perennial,  3-6 
in.  high  :  Ivs.  clus 
tered  at  the  root 
spatulate  or  obovate 
fls  1-2  in  across 
solitarj ,  on  hairj 
scapes  \i  r  -June 
ized 


1  Cahf 

lid   m   the 


222    Belemcanda  Chmensis  (X%). 
(See  Belemcanda  p  lol  ) 


spring  flower  beds,  the  clumps  are  divided  into  single 
plants  during  the  previous  September,  or  early  enough 
to  allow  the  new  plants  to  get  a  firm  hold  before  winter, 


stites  B  "M  228  F 
>^  6  584  which  shows 
11  well  marked  types.— An  interesting  but  not  perma- 
nent form  which  is  a  result  of  overfeeding,  is  the  "Hen- 
and  Chickens  Daisy,"  in  which  a  number  of  small  fl.- 
heads  are  borne  on  short  stalks  springing  out  of  the 
main  fl  head  Cockscomb  forms,  in  which  several 
scapes  unite  to  produce  a  monstrous  flower,  are  some- 
times seen  but  cannot  be  perpetuated.  The  rays  are 
sometimes  whollj  incurved,  or  reflexed,  or  quilled. 
Other  English  names  of  the  Daisy  are  Herb  Margaret, 
Ewe  or  May  gowan,  Childing  Daisy,  Bone-  or  Bruise- 
wort    Bone  Flower.  March  Daisy,  Bairn-wort. 

J   B    Keller.  E.  J.  Canning,  and  W.  M. 

BELLWORT     In  England,  any  member  of  the  Cam- 
panulAcecr     In  America,  Uvul&ria. 

BELVIDEEE,  or  Sumjier  Cvpress.     See  Kochia. 

BEHE.     See  Sesamiim. 


BERBERIS 


153 


BENI,  JAPANESE.     See  Caryopteris  Mastacanthus. 

BENINCASA  (name  of  an  Italian  nobleman).  Ciieur- 
bitdcea-.  One  species  from  E.  Ind.  Annual,  running, 
squash-like  herbs,  with  solitary  yellow  monoecious  fls., 
the  staminate  long-peduncled,  the  pistillate  nearly  ses- 
sile ;  corolla  deeply  lobed  ;  tendrUs  2-3-branched. 

cerifera,  Sari.  Fig.  223.  Wax  Gourd.  Zit-kwa. 
Chinese  Preserving  Melon.  Chinese  Watermelon. 
Vine  long,  like  a  muskmelon,  hairy,  with  cordate  lobed 
Ivs.:  fr.  mostly  oblong,  10-16   in.    long,   hairy,   white- 


223.  Bcnincasa  ccrifei 


waxy,  with  solid  white  flesh  and  small,  cucumber-like 
seeds.  Cult,  the  same  as  muskmelon  or  cucumber. 
R.H.  1887:540. -Recently  int.  into  the  U.  S.  (Bull.  67, 
Cornell  Exp.  Sta.),  and  used  for  making  preserves  and 
sweet  pickles  ;  said  to  be  eaten  raw  in  warm  countries. 
L.  H.  B. 
BENJAMIN  BUSH.    Benzoin  odoriferum. 

BENT  GRASS.     See  Agrostis. 

BENTHAMIA.     Referred  to  Cormis. 

BENZOIN  (of  Arabic  or  Semitic  origin,  meaning  a 
gum  or  perfume).  Syn.,  Lindern.  Laiirilceie.  Trees 
or  shrubs,  aromatic  ;  Ivs.  alternate,  usually  deciduous, 
entire  or  sometimes  3-lobed  :  fls.  polygamous-dioecious, 
apetalous,  small,  in  axillary,  umbel-like  clusters  ;  calyx 
6-parted  ;  staminate  fls.  with  9  stamens  :  fr.  a  berry. 
About  60  species  in  trop.  and  E.  Asia  and  N.  Amer. 
Some  E.  Asiatic  species  yield  an  odorous  oil,  used  in 
perfumery.  Only  a  few  deciduous  species  are  cult. 
They  are  attractive  on  account  of  their  handsome  foli- 
age, which  turns  bright  yellow  in  fall,  and  their  black 
or  scarlet  fr.  The  hardiest  species  is  B.  odoriferum, 
though  B.  obtiisilobtim  and  J?,  hypoglaticviii  may  also 
be  grown  north  in  sheltered  positions.  They  thrive  best 
in  peaty  and  sandy  soil.  Prop,  usually  by  seeds  sown 
after  maturity;  also  by  layers,  which  root  best  in  peaty 
soil ;  of  greenwood  cuttings  under  glass,  one-half  may 
be  expected  to  root.  The  Benzoin  of  the  druggists  is  a 
balsamic  resin  obtained  from  Styrax  Benzoin. 

odoriferum,  Nees  (Lindira  Bhizoin,  Blume).  Spice 
Bush.  Benjamin  Bush.  Wild  Allspice.  Fever  Bush. 
Fig.  224.  Shrub,  6-15  ft.,  nearly  glabrous  :  Ivs.  oblong- 
obovate,  finely  cUiate,  bright  green,  pale  beneath,  3-5  in. 
long:  lis.  yellow,  before  the  Ivs.:  berry  red,  oblong, 
spicy.  N.  Eng.  southward  and  west  to  Kans.  Em.  365. 
—The  bark  is  aromatic,  stimulant,  tonic,  astringent. 

B.  wstimle,  Nees=B.  odorifenim.— B.  grAcile,  0.  Kuntze 
(Daphuidium  gracile,  Nees).  Lvs.  ovate,  3-nerved,  charta- 
ceous.  Habitat  unknown.  Stove  plant.— .B.  hypoglartcum^ 
Rehd.  (Lindera  hypoglauca,  Max.).  Lvs.  penninerved.  glau- 
cous beneath :  clusters  few-fld..  with  orbeforetbelvs.i  berries 
black.  Japan.— i?.  »)e/(>S(7('^n(H(,  Nees.  Allied  to  B.  odorifermn. 
Branches  pubescent  :  lvs.  oliloiig,  downy  beneath.  S.  states. 
B.M.  1470.— B.  obtusilobiini.  (l.  Kuntze.  Lvs.  3-nerved.  ovate  or 
3-lobed:  clusters  many-Hd.:  berries  black.  Japan.  G.l\  6:295. 
~~B.  prtecox,  S.  &  Z.  Lvs.  penninerved,  elliptic-oblong  :  clus- 
ters few-Hd.,  before  the  lvs.;  berries  brownish,  Min.  diam. 
Japan.— i?.  seri^eum,  S.  &  Z.  Lvs.  penninerved,  pubescent  be- 
neath :  clusters  many-tld.,  witli  the  lvs.  Japan. 

Alfred  Rehder. 


BERB£RID6FSIS  (from  Berberis  and  Greek  opsis, 
likeness).  BerberidAcew.  Climbing  evergreen  shrub  : 
lvs.  alternate,  petioled,  dentate  :  fls.  on  long  pedicels  In 
terminal  racemes  ;  bracts,  sepals  and  petals  gradually 
passing  into  one  another,  9-15,  the  inner  ones  concave  ; 
stamens  8-9  :  fr.  a  berry.  One  species  in  Chile.  Orna- 
mental low-climbing  shrub,  with  deep  green  foliage  and 
crimson  lis.  in  drooping  racemes,  for  temperate  regions 
or  the  cool  greenhouse,  growing  in  almost  any  soil. 
Propag.  by  seeds  sown  in  spring,  by  greenwood  cuttings 
in  spring,  or  by  layers  in  autumn. 

coralllna,  Hook.  Lvs.  cordate,  oblong-ovate,  coarsely 
spinulose-dentate,  2-3  in.  long  :  fls.  globose,  over  Yz  in. 
long,  crimson,  in  many-fld.  leafy  racemes.  B.M.  5343. 
F-S- 20:2137.  Alfred  Rehder. 

BfiRBEEIS  (Arsibic  name).  Berberiddceie.  Bar- 
BERBV.  Shrubs,  with  yellow  inner  bark  and  wood,  often 
spiny :  lvs.  alternate,  often  fasciculate,  usually  glabrous, 
simple  or  pinnate,  deciduous  or  persistent,  mostly  spin- 
ulose-dentate :  fls.  in  racemes,  rarely  umbellate  or  soli- 
tary ;  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  6  :  fr.  a  1-celled  berry 
with  one  or  several  oblong  seeds.  Nearly  100  species  in 
America  from  Brit.  Col.  to  Patagonia,  Asia,  Eu.,  and  N. 
Afr.  Low  ornamental  shrubs,  of  which  a  large  number 
is  cultivated.  Most  of  the  deciduous  species  are  quite 
hardy,  while  the  evergreen  ones  are  to  be  recommended 
for  more  temperate  regions,  except /J.  Aquifolinm  and 
B.  repens,  which  may  be  cultivated  even  north  in  some- 
what sheltered  positions.  Both  evergreen  and  deciduous 
kinds  are  very  attractive  in  spring,  with  their  bright  or 
orange-yellow  fls.,  and  in  fall  with  their  red,  dark  blue 
or  nearly  black  fruits.  Some,  as  B.  Amurensis  and  B. 
Thunbergii,  while  amongst  the  handsomest  in  fr., 
assume  a  splendid  fall  coloring.  They  grow  in  almost 
any  soU,  but  prefer  drier  situations  ;  the  evergreen 
species  thrive  best  in  a  sandy  compost  of  peat  and 
loam.  Prop,  by  seeds  sown  soon  after  maturity,  or 
stratifled  and  sown  in  spring  ;  even  B.  vulgaris,  var. 
atropurpurea,  may  be  increased  in  this  way,  as  a  large 
percentage  comes 
true.  The  evergreen 
species  grow  from 
cuttings  in  Septem- 
ber, placed  in  sand 
under  glass.  Most  of 
the  deciduous  species 
can  be  grown  from 
greenwood  cuttings, 
taken  from  forced 
plants  in  spring  and 
put  under  glass  with 
slight  bottom  heat. 
Layers  put  down  in 
autumn  usually  re- 
main 2  years  before 
they  can  be  sepa- 
rated. Some  species 
may  be  propagated  by 
suckers.  Rarer  kinds 
and  varieties  are 
sometimes  grafted  on 
B.  vulgaris  or  Thun- 
bergii, in  August 
or  September  under 
glass,  or  in  early 
spring  in  the  green- 
house. The  root 
and    the    inner   bark 

for  dyeing  yellow. 
Some  species  have 
medicinal  properties. 
In  wheat-growing 
districts,  planting  of 
Berberis  should  be 
avoided,  as  it  is  the 
host  of  the  ^iTciiJi  eon -stage  of  Puccinia  graminis,  a  fun- 
gus which  causes  the  wheat-rust.  Destroying  the  Ber- 
beris, however,  will  not  check  the  propagation  of  the 
fungus,  as  it  is  able  to  grow  and  to  spread  for  years 
without  forming  the  ^cidiMm-stage.    Monogr.  of  spe- 


154  BERBERIS 

cies  cult,  in  England  in  Flore  des  Serres,  6:  66  and  73 
(1850-1). 

Index  :  Amurensis,  No.  2  ;  Aquifolium,  21  ;  aristata, 
15  ;  asperma,  1 ;  atropurpurea,  1 ;  JSealii,  19;  buxifolia, 
9;  Canadensis,  4;  C(iroliniana,4;  Darwini,  12;  dulcis, 
1,9;  emarginata,  3 ;  Fortunei,  24;  Fremonti,  17;  Jofto- 
date,  2  ;  heteropoda,  6  ;  ilicitolla,  11,  14  ;  integrlfolia, 
7  :  Jaraesoni,  13,  16  ;  Japonica,  2,  19  ;  Maximowiczi,  8  ; 


*f^ 


axils  of 


iflora, 
list  ;    iSinensi-s.  '>  :   stenophylla,  10  ;  Thunbergi,  f 
garis,  1  ;  Wallicbiana,  13. 

A.    Lvs.  simple,  usuolly  fasciculate 

spines,  deciduous  or  persistent. 

B.   Foliage  deciduous :    Ivs.  membranaceotts  or 

charlaceous. 

c.   Fls.  in  racemes. 

D.    Brani-hes  gray,  except  those  of  the  purple-leaved 

1.  vulgaris,  Linn.  Common  Barberry.  Fig.  225,  226. 
From  4-8  ft.,  rarely  15:  branches  grooved,  upright  or 
arching  :  Ivs.  oblong-spathulate  or  obovate,  setulose- 
dentate,  membranaceous,  1-2  in.  long  :  racemes  pendu- 
lous, many-fld.;  fls.  bright  yellow  :  fr.  oblong,  usually 
purple.  May,  June.  Eu.  to  E.  Asia  ;  escaped  from  cul- 
ture and  naturalized  in  E.  N.  Amer.  Gn.  35:  693.  — Hand- 
some in  spring,  with  its  golden  yellow  fls.  and  light 
green  foliage;  and  in  fall,  with  its  bright  scarlet  fruits, 
remaining  through  tin-  whole  winter.  A  very  variable 
species  ;  also  the  six  fnll.iwiiiL,'  kjh  ries  are  Included  by 
some  botanists  as  v:ni.  ti.^.  i  if  ilie  iiianygarden  forms, 
the  mo.st  effective  is  \iif.  atropurpiirea,  Rgl..  with  pur- 
ple colored  Ivs.  Ut.U:i;7S.  1.  There  are  also  varieties 
with  variegated  Ivs.  and  purplish  black.whitish  or  yellow 
berries,  as  var.  dlba,  white-fruited  ;  var.  asperma,  seed- 
less ;  var.  dulcis,  less  acid  ;  var.  liltea,  yellow-fruited  ; 
var.  mltis,  less  thorny  ;  var.  nigra,  black-fruited  ;  var. 
Tiol&cea  or  fructn-vioUceo,  violet-fruited.  The  spines 
of  the  Barberry  are,  morphologically,  Ivs.,  and  the  Ivs. 
are  borne  on  short  branches  in  their  axils  (Fig.  226). 
The  stamens  are  sensitive.  Touch  the  filaments  with  a 
pin  when  the  fls.  first  open,  and  the  stamens  fly  for- 
ward uym  the  j.istil. 

LV  Amurensis,  Rupr.  (B.  riilgfiris,  var.  Amurinsis, 
Rl'1  '.  Till  '■-  fM  s  ft.  I  branches  straight, upright,  grooved: 
Iv-      iiiM   it.  ,  ,  ij-iiLT  or  elliptic,  densely  cifiate-dentate, 


119.    Var.  Ja- 

pomca,  K.  ;,  I  /■  r„/,„),-;.^.  vmt,  ./-.-/.^Hiea,  Rgl.  B.Sie- 
(/oM/.Huit.  :  Mil  /.//',''./..  llort.).  Lvs. firmer 
and  more    r'    ,  Iv    veined    beneath, 

shorterii.ti  ,    .Tap.    G.P.3:249as 

B.  Siebol'l'.  \J'.  I-:  I'l  i  —  \  iiT'i'ius-growing  shrubs, 
standing  drought  well,  with  brilliant  orange  and  scarlet 
fall-coloring,  especially  the  variety. 

3.  emarginata,  Willd.  One  to  3  ft.,  in  culture  usually 
higher  ;  spines  simple  to  5-parted,  sometimes  longer 
than  the  lvs. :  lvs.  cuneate,  obovate  or  obovate-oblong, 
setulose-dentate,  J^-1/4  in.  long  :  racemes  short,  up- 
right;  petals  usually  emarginate.  S.  Eu.  to  Himal.— 
Low  spiny  shrub  with  handsome  fall-coloring. 

DD.    Branches  reddish  brown  or  brown:  lvs.  usualh/ 
tjparsely  dentate,  sometimes  entire. 

4.  Canadensis,  Mill.  (B.  CaroZiMiana,  Loud.).  One  to 
3  ft. :  spines  small,  3-parted  ;    lvs.  cuneate-oblong,  re- 


BERBERIS 

motely  spinulose-dentate,  rarely  entire,  1-2  in.  long  : 
racemes  few-fld.,  nodding,  about  as  long  as  the  lvs.; 
petals  refuse  or  emarginate  :  fr.  short-oval  or  nearly 
globular,  coral-red.  AUeghanies.— The  plant  sold  under 
this  name  is  usually  B.  vulgaris. 

5.  Sinensis,  Desf.  From  4-6  ft.,  with  slender,  often 
arching  branches  and  small,  3-5-parted  spines  :  lvs.  cu- 
neate, oblong  or  obovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  setulose- 
dentate,  sometimes  entire,  green  or  glaucescent  beneath, 
1-2  in.  long  :  racemes  pendulous,  slender-peduncled, 
bright  or  pale  vellow  :  berries  oval  or  oblong,  blood-red. 
From  Caucasus  to  Himal.  and  China.  B.M.  6573. -A 
hardy,  graceful  species,  very  handsome  in  fruit. 

6.  heterdpoda,  Schrenk.  Three  to  6  ft.:  branches 
stout,  spreading,  with  few  short  spines  :  lvs.  broadly 
obovate,  entire  or  remotely  serrate,  pals  bluish  green, 
1^-2  in.  long,  some  short  and  some  slender-petioled; 
fls.  in  long-stalked,  few-fld.  racemes,  orange-yellow,  fra- 
grant: fr.  oblong,  dark  blue  with  glaucous  bloom.  May. 
Turkestan,  Songaria.  G.F.  8: 455.  — Handsome  and 
very  distinct  species. 

7.  integerrima,  Bunge.  In  habit  and  appearance  very 
like  No.  6,  and  difficult  to  distinguish  without  fl.-clus- 
ters  :  stems  terete  and  brown  :  lvs.  broad-obovate,  re- 
motely dentate  or  entire,  dark  bluish  green  above  :  ra- 
cemes dense  and  upright.   Persia,  Turkestan,  Songoria. 


cc.    Fls. 


illy  solitary,  rarely  in  feic-fld.  umbels: 
lvs.  entire. 


8.  Thtinbergii,  DC.  Figs.  227,  228.  Dense,  low  shrub, 
2-4  ft.:  branches  spreading,  deeph-  L'roore.l.  brown, 
with  simple  spines:  Ivs.  obovate  in  M-iiimi  it.  -inite  en- 
tire, glaucescent  beneath,  ^-1 '  I  1  ::.  pale 
yellow:  fr.  elliptic  or  nearly  gliii.  _  1.  Apr., 
Mav.  G.F.2:53.  B.M.  6646."R.11 .  I -u  1 7  A  n. 18:357. 
Gng.  4:241  ;  5:119,  353,  355.  Mn.2:llS.  A. F.  8:  526.- 
Oneof  the  most  valuable  species,  especially  remarkable 
for  its  low,  dense,  horizontal  growth,  its  large,  brilliant 
red  frs.,  remaining  fresh  till  the  following  spring,  and  for 
its  bright  scarlet  fall-col- 
oring ;  hardy.  Very  val- 
uable for  borders  of  walks 
I  drives.  Endures  par- 
tial shade.  Cattle  and 
sheep  do  not  browse 
it  much.  Var.  Mazimd- 
wiczi,  Franch.  &  Sav., 
has  the  lvs.  green  beneath. 
Var.  plurifldra,  Koehne, 
with  3-10  fls.  in  short,  um- 
bel-like raceme,  is  perhaps 
a  hybrid  with  B.  vulga- 
■  St  gray 
branches.     China,  Japan. 


BB.    Foliage  evergreen  or  half-evergreen. 

c.    Lvs.  entire,  or  rarely  with  few  spiny  teeth. 

9.  btizi!61ia,  Poir.  (B.diilcis.  Sweet).     One  to  3  ft.: 

branches   brown,   grooved  ;    spines    usually    3-parted, 

short :    lvs.  cuneate,  obovate  or  elliptic,  %-l  in.  long  : 

fls.  solitary,  on  long  pedicels,  orange  yellow  :  fr.  nearly 


BERBERIS 

globese,  blackish  purple.  May.  Chile  to  Strait  of  Ma- 
gellan. B.M.  6505.  S.B.P.G.  II.  1:  100.  P.M.  10:  171. 
—A  very  graceful,  free-flowering  shrub  ;  one  of  the 
hardiest  of  the  evergreen  species  ;  will  stand  the  win- 
ter even  north  if  somewhat  protected. 

10.  stenophylla,  M;ist.  i /;.  riiirirhi!  ■.  ,',,ipetrifdHa). 
Height  l-:i  ft.,  with  sl.-ii.lrr.  aivhiii-  1. ranches  :  Ivs. 
narrow-ol.l.Mii:.  n-v.ilutr  at  th.-  liiaiu'lii-.  spiny  pointed, 
Vi-IM  in.  l"ns-'-  '^li"k  Krt''u  ali..\  t-  :  tl>.  L'-ti,  in  pedun- 
cled,  pendulous  umbels.  Uf  tfardin  ori^-iu.  May.  G.C. 
III.  7:619.  A.F.  0: 325. -Handsome  shrub,  nearly  as 
hardy  as  the  former. 

cc.    Lvs.  cnai-seJi/  spi)nj  fletrtate. 


BERBERIS 


155 


D.   FIs. 


rhi 


11.  iIiciidlia,F..rst.  II„llyI.  av,.,l.  Lvs. 
green,  persisting  till  late  in  wiiiiif.  shinii 
ovate,  tapering  at  l.asi-,  (■..ais.ly  s|.iiiy-tu,, 
short,  4-fid.,  somewhat  cnrymljusu  ;  lis.  c 
Terra  del  Fuego.    B.M.  4308.    F.S.  3:  291. 

12.  D4rwini,  Hook.  Height  1-3  ft. :  branches  brown, 
pubescent  when  young  :  lvs.  sessile,  cuneate,  obovate, 
usuallv  .'^-tM  at  tlM>  ajM-x,  fflfi-ssv  dark  green  above,  K-1 
in.  long  iM.i.M,  -Iniir,  in.iny-Hd.,  pendulous;  fls. 
orange  \  >  .1  i-h  MHiside  :  style  longer  than 
theovai\  I  i;-!.,  Cliile  to  Patagonia.  B.M. 
4590.    F.S    :  m;  ,.    \\l\>i  ^-.if: 

13.  ■Wallichiana,  ix ;.  i  B.  JAmesoni,  Hort.,  not Lindl.). 
Shrub,  to  1(1  ft.,  with  grayish  brown  branches  :  spines 
3-parted,  marly  an  imli  long  :  lvs.  sessile,  oblong-ellip- 
tic or  lauci-olate.  rtiuotely  spiny  serrate,  shining  on  both 
sides,  1-2  in.  long  :  fls.  long-pedicelled,  nodding,  3-6  in 
a  cluster.    Himalayas.    B.M.  4656.    P.F.G.  1:79. 

14.  Neiiberti,  Lem.  (B.  ilicifdlia,  Hort.,  not  Forst. 
B.  Aquifoliiim  x  vidgAris).  Branches  grayish  brown, 
without  spines,  upright  :  lvs.  simple,  oval  or  ovate, 
sometimes  with  1  or  2  smaller  lateral  Ifts.,  spiny  or 
setulose-dentate,  dark  grayish  green  above,  1^-3  in. 
long:  fls.  in  racemes.  Of  garden  origin.  I.H.  1:111. 
G.C.  III.  9:73,  7.'i. -Hardy  north,  but  lvs.  not  persistent. 


228    Bcrbens  Thunbergu 

DD.    Fls.   in  compound,  pendulous  racemes. 

15.  aristita,  DC.  Bush,  2-6  ft. :  lvs.  oblong,  semi 
sistent,  usually  spinose-dentate,  1-3  in.  long  :  fl: 
long-peduncled,  compound  racemes.  Himalayas.  : 
9:729. 

16.  J4mesoni,  Lindl.  Shrub,  much  branched  : 
oblong,  2-3  in.  long,  with  few  large  and  strong  spii 
fls.  orange,  in  drooping  panicles  or  compound 
Ecuador.   I.H.  6:201. 


AA.    Zivs.  pinnate,  persistent:  branches  spineless. 

{Mahonia.) 

B.    Petioles  short  or  almost  none. 

c.    Bacemes  few-fid.,  slender,  mostly  lateral. 

17.  Frfimonti,  Torr.    From  .5-12  ft.:  Ifts.  3-7,  rigidly 

coriaceous,  ovate  or  oblong,  with  few  strong,  spiny  teeth, 

glaucous,  dull, '  ■.  -  -  - 


229.  Berberis  AQUiloIium  (X  K). 


pedicels  slender  :  fr.  at  least  Kin.  in  diam.,  red,  in- 
flated, and  rather  dry.  W.  Texas  to  Utah  and  Mex. 
G.F.  1:  497. -Remarkable  for  its  pale,  glaucous  foliage 
and  large  berries.    Not  h.ardy  north. 

cc.    Bdcemes  many-fid.,  dense. 

18.  pinnata.  Lag.  {Mahdnia  fasciculAris,  DC).  Two 
to  3  ft. :  Ifts.  5-17,  oviite  or  ovate-lanceolate,  coriaceous, 
undulate  at  the  margin  and  with  few  spiny  teeth,  dark 
green,  somewhat  shining;  fls.  in  short, fascicled  racemes: 
fr.  blue.  Calif.,  N.  Mex.  B.M.  2396.  B.R.  9:702.-Not 
hardy  north. 

19.  Japdnica,  Spreng.  (M.  Japdnica,  DC.  B.  Bealii, 
Fort.).  Height  5-10  ft.:  Ifts.  9-13,  roundish  or  ovate, 
coriaceous,  usually  truncate  at  the  base,  with  large,  re- 
mote, spiny  teeth,  2-5  in.  long  :  racemes  3-4  in.  long, 
fascicled  :  fr. bluish  black.  China,  Japan.  B.M.  4846, 
4852.  P.F.G.  1:11.  F.S.  6:79. -Very  effective  by  its 
large  foliage,  thriving  best,  like  the  other  Mahonias,  in 
a  partly  shaded  position.  Hardy  north  to  New  York  in 
sheltered  positions. 

20.  Nepal6nsis,  Spreng.  (B.  Japdnica,  Hort.).  Tall, 
4-6  ft. :  Ifts.  5-25,  rigid,  obovate-oblong,  repand-toothed, 
with  few  spiny  teeth  on  each  edge.  India  to  Japan. 
N.  1:182.    A.G.  18:355. 

BB.   Petioles  prominent  or  elongated. 
c.    Lfts.  truncate  or  rotmded  at  the  base. 

21.  Aquifdlium,  Pursh  (Mahdnia  Aquifolium,  Nutt.). 
Pig.  229.  From  3-6  ft.:  Ifts.  5-9,  oblong  or  oblong-ovate, 
shiny  dark  green  above,  spiuulose-dentate  :  racemes 
erect,  fascicled:  berries  blue,  small.  May.  British  Co- 
lumbia to  Ore.  B.R.  17:1425.  L.B.C.  18:1718.  P.M.B. 
9:  5.  — Handsome  evergreen  shrub,  hardy  north  in  shel- 
tered positions. 

22.  nervdsa,  Pursh.  Dwarf  evergreen  shrub  :  sts.  but 
a  few  inches  high,  tipped  with  long,  husk-like,  pointed 
bud-scales  :  Ifts.  11-21,  lance-ovate,  3-5-ribbed,  remotely 
spiny-toothed,  borne  on  a  strongly  jointed  stalk  ;  ra- 
cemes elongated,  erect:  fr.oblong,  blue.  Ore.  B.M.3949. 
L.B.C.  18:1701.  F.S.  2:127.  P.M.  7:55,  as  Mahonia 
ylumacea. 

23.  ripens,  Lindl.  (Mahdnia  repens,  Don).  Rarely 
over  1  ft.  high,  stoloniferous  :  Ifts.  3-7,  roundish  ovate 
or  ovate,  pale  or  glaucous  and  dull  above,  spinulose- 
dentate  :  fls.  and  fr.  like  the  former.  Brit.  Columbia  to 
Calif,  and  N.  Mex.    B.R.  14:1176.    L.B.C.  19:1847. 

cc.    Lffs.  cuneate  at  base,  narrow-lanceolate . 

24.  Fbrtunei,  Lindl.  Dwarf  :  Ifts.  5-9,  distant,  nar- 
rowJy  lanceolate;  spiny  teeth  numerous,  small :  racemes 
erect,  fascicled.   China.    F.S.  3:287  bis. 


l')6  BEIiBHRlS 

II  "  -/■    rMji'ini!  rr-i    Mil  1  1 1  It 


BEROAMOT 


I 

iEIJTOI.ONIA 

Nil 

MM        l.|> 

Miiioiis    iiinnmtic 

iliuh 

1.,    incinlK 

r.s   11 

f    tlK    LaluiiUr,   as 

Mono 

Kllis        Tl.o 

He 

1  Kiuiiot    eHMeiico    of 

mdo  f 

roiii  11  citrr 

ms  f 

lint      Seo  Cilnit. 

\l     ll.^^    It 

"''": 

1  Miidrnx  botanist), 
r      A  Ki-mis  of 

1    ^ 

b.-(irt  Hbftped, 

:  .  .1, 

M,,i,       tlM     in 

II  dpiip- 

1 

MlllCh 

1   li.ng. 

(  Mlon, 

1    ll_-l   -1    Ml 

III    111 

"st  \  iIimMi  (iniber 

UK  h^lit  find 

strone,  is  usod  for 

1 

iinil  tor 

boats     Itis.\port..l  n» 

(  ult    hv 

Dr 

rraiiopsohi,  hiiiita 

a     T     IlASTlNOS 

II    »iMm. 
<lllnt«    II 


'V.V .' 


piilo  Kioon      IN    eriHMllHh  jollnw    fu'*tl< 


KIlllGK    lllul    KUKll    W      CaKI) 


BERCH£MIA   idprivntiou  iiiipertnin)      Iihamndcf(r 

ilmili-  iiiii-tl\  olinibhiK,  riiu'ly  tm-s  l\s  deciduous, 
lliiniii  -.1  III  1  iiotiolod,  entiio  oi  luiih  -n  wiih  nil 
spicuo 


i>s      tr 


mill  I 


1  Mho  spocies  111  1      \  1 

\i  1 1   I'UnibniK   shnil 

,11,^1  I    iMl^bt  Br.-..n  ^i  >  I 

fol     lOMlllU-     111  Ills     «..lk     III     -1111.  I         \ 

Rrow  in  iiliii(i-l  iiin  -.imI      I'lop    1  v  t 

cuttmjts  ill   -iMiiii;  iiiidir  (;b>-.s  i, 

yOUIl(?  sluiiils   mill    lis    lUtllllifs   nl    n        1  1  ill 

under  glass 

BOtLndeng,  Kocli  (li.  toliihihi,  DC)  Scrn  k  .lACh 
Ten  to  iri  ft  1\8  ovate  or  oblonj?  ovato,  acuininatr, 
often  nndulato,  1-2  in  lonft,  ^Mth  ')-lJ  pairs  of  lateral 
vins  lis  Kreeiusli  white  fi  bluish  black  June 
S   states 

raoemAsa,  Slob  &  Zuce  Cloael)  allied  to  tlio  former 
Lvs  coidati ,  mate,  with  0-8  pans  of  \tins  tls  green- 
ish fi  III  St  led,  becoming  black  at  length  .Iul\  .lap, 
China —Haidiei  than  the  forinei.  not  hiuh  climbing  , 
iittrncti\o  in  late  summer,  with  Us  led  tiuit.s. 

Alfkeu  Rehdeb. 


des  J  bnltl 
enough  tin 
rastiiii,  I  w 
includ.  s  111. 
«xo«lBa,11iinili  ^  It  n 


ill  furnish  Hrnril  nuts  Curiously 
II  tiade  name  ot  the  Itiaril  nut  is 
Miiperly  the  name  ot  the  genus  that 


vith 


top 


sinoiith  tniiiK 
It  f 01  Ills  large  f 
Jio  Negro  Til. 
iii.s  ,l,.,pp,m:il 


111  large 

qiiessed 
I  caulk- 
Kopur- 

ilturo  of 


teii.ler  for  glow  til  an\  where  in  the  United  Mates  — Ctilt. 
at  !>anta  Barbara,  falif  q    t   Hastinos 

BERTOLONIA  (after  A  Bertolini,  Italian  botanist). 
it>lii^lnmi)cf<r  [splendid  warnihouse  foliage  plants 
fioiii  Hra7il.  alwa\  s  dwatf.  and  soimtimes  creeping,  the 
gardi  n  fnriiis  with  im  nibrin  ic<  oils  "".-T  iior\  ed  lea\es 
r,  s  ,,  1  ,  .  .  I  I  II  I  I  I  I  III  lU  .  ^  .lored,  5- 
pi  II  \\     I  in  the 

r.  si  1  „f  the 

M.:  N..1   7), 

till  I  1. 1  bota- 

nists .1  >  11.  t  s,  p  1,  III  (111  Mil  ll  1.  I  Ji  IK  1  I  winch  usu- 
all\  cannot  be  distinguished  bv  habit  alone  The  surest 
chill acter  is  the  luHiited  and  .1  angletl  oi  J  winged  calyx 
of  Bertolonia.   In  Bertolouia,  flower-parts  are  in  S's,  but 


BERTOLONIA 

the  ovary  is  3-colleii.  Gravosia  Im?  n  ficollpd  ovary, 
and  Souerila  is  trimerous.   In  Bert(>!<»!ii:i  »h<'  fMmt.-ctive 

of  the  anthers  has  no  appendage  :   m  ^   i,,, i,  ,,.  jj 

a  spur  helow  and  behind  thecoim  i  i     i     ,  -icna 

there  is  a  spur  in  front,  and  the  c;!!;.     i     n   ;  i   :  i 

Bertolonias  are  essentially  fiinrn  i  '  p! mi  It  is 
somewhat  difHcult  to  bring  out  their  trim  elnir.i.teristics 
under  ordinary  stove  treatment,  as  they  require  a  more 
humid  atmosphere  than  can  usually  be  maintained,  even 
in  a  small  house.  The  additional  shelter  of  a  small 
frame  should  be  provided,  where  the  atmospheric  con- 
ditions will  be  much  more  easily  regulated.  A  plentiful 
supply  of  water  at  the  roots  is  necessary  ;  syringing  or 
sprinklinp;  overhe.td  is  not  advisable.  The  most  con- 
venient iiietii,..!   c.f  i>r..|>ngation  is  by  cuttings,  which 

strike  v  ii    »      n    ,   i l.rately  close  propagating  case 

filled  w I  111(1.  The  pots  should  be  thor- 
oughly (  i !   '      :n((l,and  the  compost  open  and 

porous.  Ihi  I.  r  ill  ,1,11-,,,  shade.  Old  plants  are  not  so 
brilliant  iis  young  ones. 

Bertolonias  and  their  allies  furnish  an  excellent  ex- 
ample of  Van  Houtte's  triumphs  in  hybridization.  The 
two  species  described  below  have  probably  been  im- 
portant factors  in  the  plant-breeding,  and  Oravesiagut- 
lala  even  more  so.  Gravesia  is  a  Madagascar  plant, 
and  has,  perhaps,  been  crossed  with  the  Brazilian  Ber- 
tolonias. Unfortunately,  the  pictures  in  Flore  des  Ser- 
res  show  no  flowers,  and  the  pedigree  is  not  given.  The 
Bertonerilas  figured  and  described  in  I.H.  43,  pp.  188 
and  189,  with  colored  plates  04  and  68,  are  presumably 
hybrids  between  Bertolonia  and  Sonerila.  Excepting  C. 
maculata  Buii  C.  marmorata,  the  following  are  hybrids. 
A.    Veins  not  lined  on  both  sides  with  a  colored  Ixind. 

marmor&ta,  Naudin.  Stem  less  densely  hairy  than 
the  above  :  Ivs.  more  narrowly  ovate,  or  ovate-oblong, 
acute,  sparsely  hairy,  streaked  with  white   along  the 


Eriocnema  mnrmnmta,  Naudin.  P.S.7:  7.W,  as  li. 
lata,  var.  ti:ii niwrntn ,  I'liuielion.  roifrnenux  reengnizes 
two  varieties,  viir.  genuina,  witli  Ivs.  grein  .'il.ove.and 
banded  with  white  along  the  \eins  i  var.  ienSa  [Krioc- 
nima  wh!,i  iiiid  IS.  „  ii.'ii,  Namliii),  with  Ivs.  .lark  green 
with  a  coppery  cast,  but  not  spotted  or  only  slightly  so. 
Mirdndsei,  V^an  Houtte.  Spots  red  on  the  lower  Ivs. 
and  white  on  the  upper  or  younger  ones  :  Ivs.  purple 
beneath.    F.S. 21:2235  (1875). 

B.  Hands  and  spots  magenta  or  purple. 

macul&ta,  DC.  Stem  short,  decumbent,  rooting  at  the 
base,  densely  clothed  with  rusty  hairs  :  Ivs.  long- 
petioled,  cordate,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  hispid  above 
and  at  margins,  dark  velvety  green  above,  often  spot- 
ted; calyx  densely  clothed  with  glandular  hairs:  petals 
obovate,  soniewhat  acute,  rose-colored.    B.M.455I. 

Houtte4na,  Van  Houtte  (IS.  Van  Houltei,  Hort.). 
IjVs.  purple  l>eneiith.  This  wtis  the  sensational  i)lant  of 
1874,  and  Van  Houtte  refused  $2,000  for  his  stock  of  it. 
It  was  originated  by  his  propagator,  Marchatid.  F.  S. 
20:2120. 

mi.  Bands  and  spots  silvery  whitr. 
C.  Spots  very  distinct. 

Hruby&na,  Van  Houtte.  This  has  bars  of  white  con- 
necting the  veins.  The  under  side  of  the  Ivs.  seems  to 
be  green  instead  of  purple,  at  least  toward  the  tip.  F.S. 
23:2.381. 

Kodecki&na,  Van  Houtte.     Distinguished    from    the 

above  and  all  others  of  this  group  by  the  abundance  of 

dark  red  color  in  the  upper  surface  of  the  Ivs.    Veins 

of  the  under  side  prominent  and  green.    F.S.  23:  2382. 

CO.  Spots  very  faint. 

Lesrelleina,  Van  Houtte  (B.  Legrille,  Hort.).  There 
are  a  few  longitudinal  bars,  but  they  do  not  connect  the 
veins.  Reterred  to  Oravesia  guttata  by  Coigneaux. 
F.S.  23:  2407. 

Other  trade  names  are  S.  nuUAta.  Hook,  f  .=Gravcsia  ciit- 
tata.— B.  martiaritacea,  Hort.  BiilI.=Salpiuea  margaritacea.— 
£.  primulatldra,  Hort.=  Monolema  primuloBflora.— iJ.  pubis- 


BESCHORNERIA  157 

crns,  Hort.,  with  long  white  hairs  and  a  chocolate  band  down 
the  center.  E.rei,l,.r  n  f'nriatissitna.Horl.—H.suDerblt- 
»i»ia,Hort.  1 1',      1 1, 1     n,,,i  ),  with  rose  colored  spots,  which 

pi^bai;?^";.'";,'! :,;.,,;  v",;;;;;^'"''^"'  ^--M-isKms).- 

W  M.  s,   .1  I.  Tarrytown,N.  Y.,andW.  M. 

BEETONEKlLA.  A  class  of  handsome  foliage  plants, 
presumably  hybrids  between  Bertolonia  and  Sonerila. 
I.H.  vol.  43  (189U).    For  culture,  see  Bertolonia. 

BESCHOENfiRIA  (after  H.  Boschorncr,  German 
liotanisi ).  .1 1,1,11  i/ltiddcecf.  Succulent  desert  plants,  al- 
lied to  llravoa  and  Doryanthes.  Lvs.  in  a  rosette,  glau- 
cous, roughish  at  the  margins,  not  so  thick,  firm  or 
fleshy  as  in  Agave  (which  has  a  strong  end-spine  and 
horny  marginal  prickles):  rootstock  short,  tuberous. 
In  Besohorneria,  the  perianth  is  usually  reddish  green, 
with  scarcely  any  tiiiie  and  witli  Ioiil'.  olilaneenlnte  s.-.r. 
raents;  in  Doryantlie^  i  !,,■  |,,  ,  i,,,,:  i,  ,  ,  i,,  i.:i,(  , ,  ,i.  1 1,,  ,'.'. 
ments  long,  narrow!  >    i  ,,,    i,  ,,1, 

is  red  or  white,  the  n.   ,  ,  .i       ,1  ,        ,,  ,        ,     ,   ,1,,. 

segments  short.  .1.  1 ;  1 '  ,' ,  ,  .  \  mnA  iii.i,,,,,,  i(,i.  cih,,,.,. 
similar  to  ,\l  i\,,      M  ,irsare  vi'i-y  closely  allied, 

anddiflieuli  Tlie  following  are  the  only 

kindswelllsi,  n         -leallfromMex.  They  flower 

at  long,  irre^-iiiir   |„  1  i,,,i   ,  .as  do  century  plants. 

The  species  sneeeed  l.esi,  when  treated  similarly  to 
Agaves,  with  the  exception  of  the  soil,  which  may  be 
made  richer  by  the  addition  of  crushed  bone  and  a 
little  vegetable  mold.  All  of  the  species  need  green- 
house protection  in  the  northern  states.  Useful  for 
bedding. 

A.   Roughish  on  both  surfaces  of  lvs. 

tubiilbra,  Kunth.  Lvs.  12  or  more,  l!^-2  ft.  long,  1  in. 

broad,  linear,  long-aeuminate,  narrowest  of  the  genus. 

B.M.  4G42.-The  oldest  and  best  known  species. 

AA.    Roughish  beneath  and  on  the  margins  of  Irs. 

B.  Zi-rs.  very  glaucous. 
Tonilii,  Jacobi  {B.  2'one(»dna,  Jacobi).  Allied  to  B. 
tubiflora, but  with  looser  habit  and  much  broader  lvs. 
Lvs.  15-20,  l-l}4tt.  long,  2-2>^  in.  broad,  short-acumi- 
nate, and  more  boldly  contracted  below  the  middle. 
B.M.  (i09l. 

nn.  Lvs.  less  glaucous. 
r.  liiisr  of  lvs.  thick,  about  %  inch. 
Deko8terld,na,  C.  Koch.  Lvs.  15-20,  2-4!^  ft.  long, 
2-2',j  in.  broad,  oblanceolate,  long-acuminate,  very  grad- 
ually tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle,  l-V/im. 
broad  above  the  base  ;  the  bases  thickest  in  the  genus. 
B.M.  G7()8. 

CO.  Base  of  lvs.  thinner. 
D.  Narrowed  to  less  than  1  inch  above  the  base. 
braoteata,  Jacobi.  Lvs.  20-30,  lX-2  ft.  long,  2  in. 
broad,  short-acuminate  ;  texture  thin  but  firm.  B.M. 
6641.— In  the  picture  the  margins  are  rougher  than  in 
any  other  species,  and  they  are  also  wavy  or  revoluto  at 
intervals. 

inj.  Narrowed  to  %  inch  above  the  base. 
yuccoides.  Hook.  f.  Lvs.  about  20, 1-1>^  ft.  long,  2  in. 
Iiioad,  lanceolate,  short-acuminate.  B.M.  5203. -The 
lvs.  are  broader  than  in  A.  tubiflora,  shorter  acuminate, 
and  more  boldly  narrowed  below  the  middle.  In  the 
picture  cited,  the  lvs.  seem  more  spreading  and  less 
revolute  than  in  the  rest  of  the  genus. 

B.  Califdmica  is  offered  by  Dr.  Franceschi,  Santa 
Barbara,  Colif.,  without  description. 

As    Beschornerias  can    be  certainly   identified    only 
when  in  flower,  the  following  key  is  added  : 
A.  Inflorescence  racemose. 

B.  Fls.  highly  colored,  purple  and  red-Tonelii. 
BB.  Fls.  dull-colored,  reddish  green- (i(6t7/ora. 
AA.  Inflorescence  panicled. 

B.  Fls.  2  or  3  in  a  cluster— Z>eA:<).s/<;»-m)in. 
BB.  Fls.  more  numerous  in  the  cluster,  3-7. 
c.  Peduncles  bright  red  — )/MCCoirfc.s-. 
CO.  Peduncle  dull  reddish  brown  — ^rac<ea (a. 
G.  W.  OuvEK  and  W.  M. 


158 


BESLERIA 


BESLEBIA  (after  Basil  Besler.  Nuremberg  apothe- 
cary, and  reputed  authorof  the  superb  Hortus  Eystetten- 
sis,  1613).  Gesnerdceoe.  Tropical  plants,  mostly  sub- 
shrubs,  with  somewhat  4-angled  stems,  large,  membra- 
naceous, opposite,  petiolate  Ivs.  prominently  veined  be- 
neath, and  yellow,  white  or  purple  fls.  B.  Imray  is 
herbaceous,  with  serrate  Ivs.  and  yellow  axillary  fls. 
B.M.  6341.  Prop,  by  cuttings.  None  are  known  to  be 
offered  in  America. 

BfiSSEBA  (after  Dr.  Besser,  professor  of  botany  at 
Brody).  Mexican  Coral  Drops.  An  exceedingly  pretty 
summer-flowering  bulbous  plant,  with  umbels  of  pendu- 
lous fls.,  which  are  vermilion  outside,  have  a  white  co- 
rona or  cup  within,  and  long,  purple  stamens.  It  is  a 
monotypic  genus  allied  to  Androstephium.  Perianth 
cup-shaped,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  oblong-lanceolate 
segments;  .stamens  (i.  Culture  simple.  Bulbs  planted 
out,  and  lifted  when  ripe.     Belongs  to  lily  family. 

«egans,  Schult.  f.  Bulb  globular,  1  in.  thick,  tuni- 
cated  :  Ivs.  2-3,  about  10-12  in.,  or  even  2  ft.,  long: 
scape  1-2  ft.  long,  hollow,  fragile;  umbels  4-10-fld.; 
pedicels  1-1 K  in.  long  ;  perianth  9-10  lines  long,  keeled 
on  the  back,  variously  marked  with  white  within,  but 
usually  with  vermilion  margins  and  center-band  :  fls. 
borne  through  two  months  of  late  summer  and  earlv 
autumn.  G.F.  4:125.  Gn.  25:423.  B.R.  25:34.  B.R. 
1546,  as  Pharium  fistulosum.  P.S.  4:424,  as  B.  miiiia- 
<«»i.- Strong  bulbs  sometimes  throw  up  6-10  scapes, 
with  12-20-fld.  umbels.  W.  M. 

BfiTA(Latinname).  Chetiopodidcem.  Perhaps adozen 
or  15  species  of  herbs,  ranging  from  the  Canary  Islands 
to  eastern  India.  One  polymorphous  species  yields  the 
cultivated  Beets.  This  is  B.  vulgaris,  Moq.,  the  origi- 
nal form  of  which  is  perennial,  and  grows  on  the  coasts 
of  southern  Europe,  reaching  as  far  N.  as  the  Straits  of 
Dover.  Moquin  (DC.  Prodr.  13,  pt.  2:56)  divides  the 
derivatives  of  this  species  into  three  groups  :  (1)  The 
slender-  and  hard-rooted,  essentially  wild  forms,  includ- 
ing B.  maritimaoi  Linneeus  ;  (2)  Leaf  Beet(B.  C'lcla), 
comprising  the  various  kinds  of  Chard  or  Spinach  Beet 
(see  Chard);  (3)  the  common  garden  Beets,  or  Beet- 
root. The  ornamental  Beets,  grown  for  their  handsome 
colored  Ivs.,  are  akin  to  the  Chards.  All  these  races 
have  been  developed  in  comparatively  modern  times, 
probably  from  one  original  form.  Cf .  Sturtevant,  Amer. 
Nat.  1887:433.    See  Beet.  L.  H.  B. 

BETEL,  or  BETLE.  The  leaf  of  Piper  Bette.  a  kind 
of  pepper  used  in  wrapping  the  pellets  of  betel-nut  and 
lime  which  are  commonly  chewed  in  the  Orient.  The 
pellets  are  hot,  acrid,  aromatic,  astringent.  They  redden 
the  saliva  and  blacken  the  teeth,  and  eventually  corrode 
them.  The  betel-nut  is  the  fruit  of  Areca  Catechv,  a 
palm. 

BET6NICA  and  BETONY.    See  Stachijs. 

BfiTULA  (ancient  Latin  name).  BetuMcem,  a  tribe  of 
Cupulilenp.  Birch.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  the  bark  usu- 
ally separating  into  thin,  papery  plates  :  Ivs.  alternate, 
deciduous,  petioled,  serrate  :  fls.  monoecious,  apetalous, 
in  catkins,  opening  in  spring  with  the  Ivs.;  staminate 
catkins  usually  long  and  pendulous,  formed  in  the  au- 
tumn and  remaining  naked  during  the  winter,  every 
scale  bearing  3  fls.,  each  with  2  stamens  divided  at  the 
apex  ;  pistillate  catkins  oblong  or  cylindrical,  bearing  in 
the  axil  of  every  scale  3  naked  ovaries  :  fr.  a  minute 
nut,  often  erroneously  called  seed,  with  membranaceous 
wings,  dropping  at  maturity  with  the  bracts  from  the 
slender  rachis.  About  35  species  in  N.  America,  Europe, 
N.  and  Oent.  Asia,  especially  in  the  northern  regions. 
No  tree  goes  farther  north  than  the  Birch  ;  in  N.  America 
B.  papyri fera  reaches 66°  N.  lat.,  and  in  Europe  B.  alba 
goes  to  the  North  Cape,  and  is  still  a  forest  tree  at  70°. 
The  hard  and  tough  wood  is  often  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  furniture  and  of  many  small  articles,  in 
making  charcoal,  and  for  fuel;  from  the  bark,  boxes,  bas- 
kets, and  many  small  articles  are  made ;  also  canoes  from 
that  of  the  B.  papyrifera  ;  in  Russia  and  Siberia  it  is 
ased  in  tanning  leather.  The  sap  of  some  species  is  used 
as  a  beverage.    The  Birches  are  very  ornamental  park 


BETULA 

trees,  hardy,  except  2  or  3  Himalayan  species,  and  espe- 
cially valuable  for  colder  climates. 'Their  foliage  is  rarely 
attacked  by  insects,  and  turns  to  a  bright  or  orange-yellow 
in  fall.  Theirgraceful  habit,  the  slender,  often  pendulous 
branches,  and  the  picturesque  trunks  make  them  con- 
spicuous features  of  the  landscape.  Especially  remark- 
able are  those  with  white-colored  bark,  as  B.  papyrifera, 
pnpiilifoliu,  alba,  Ermani,  and  also  B.  Maiimowiczii 
with  yellow  bark.  Most  Birches  prefer  moist,  sandy  and 
loamy  soil  ;  but  some,  as  B.  alba  and  populifolia,  grow 
as  satisfactorily  in  dry  localities  and  poor  soil  as  in 
swamps  and  bogs,  and  they  are  especially  valuable  In 
replanting  deserted  grounds  as  nurses  for  other  trees  ; 
both  are  comparatively  short-lived  trees.  Prop,  readily 
by  seeds,  gatljrr.  M  ;,i  m,,!  in-ii  v  ami  -mi'  ,,  in  ImII,  or  usu- 
ally kept  d^^     ■::_:.  ,         ,   ,         .  |  ;    but  B. 

nigra,  ■Khh)i  V  ■  ^  i.    sown  at 

once,  and  hv  t  .a  i!,.  -.  -..in.-.  -,■  ,i  i..  -.  .  lal  inches 
high.  The  seeds  sIk.uI.I  l..-  sown  in  saudy  soil,  slightly 
or  not  at  all  covered,  but  pressed  firmly  into  the  ground 
and  shaded.  The  seedlings  must  be  transplanted  when 
one  year  old.  Rarer  species  and  varieties  are  grafted, 
usually  on  B.  lenta,  papyrifera,  nigra  or  alba.  Cleft  or 
tongue-grafting  in  early  spring,  on  potted  stock  in  the 
greenhouse,  is  the  best  method.  Budding  in  summer  is 
also  sometimes  practiced.  Shrubby  forms  may  also  be 
increased  by  layers,  and  B.  nana  by  greenwood  cuttings 
under  glass.  Monographs  by  Regel :  Monographische 
Bearbeitung  der  Betulacese  (1861);  and  in  De  Candolle, 
Prodromus,  16, 2,  p.  162  (1869). 

Index  :  alba,  10  ;  atropurpurea,  10  ;  Bhojpattra,  2  ; 
Carpatica,  10  ;  cordifolia,  8  ;  costata,  6  ;  Daleearlica,  10; 
Ermani,  5  ;  excelsa,  4,  10  ;  fastigiata,  10.  13  ;  glandu- 
losa,  12  ;  Japonica,  10  ;  laciniata,  10,  9  ;  lenta,  3  ;  lutea, 
4  ;  Maximowiczii,  1  ;  minor,  8  :  nana,  14;  nigra,  7;  occi- 
dentalis,  11  ;  odorafa,  10  ;  papyracea,  8  ;  pap3rrifera.  8; 
pendula,  10,  9  ;  persicifolia,  14  ;  platyphytia,  8  :  Pon- 
tica,  10  ;  populifolia,  9  ;  pubescens,  10  ;  pumila,  13  ; 
pyrifolia,8;  rubra,  7:  tortuosa,  10;  urticifolia,  10; 
utilis,  2  ;  verrucosa,  10. 


1.  Maxim6wiczii,  Regel.  Tree,  80-90  ft.,  with  smooth, 
orange-colored  trunk  and  dark  reddish  brown  branch- 
lets  :  Ivs.  long-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  coarsely  and 
doubly  serrate,  membranaceous,  pubescent  on  younger 
trees,  nearly  glabrous  on  older  ones  :  cones  K-3  in. 
long,  slender,  nodding  ;  fr.  with  very  broad  wings. 
Jap. -This  is  probably  the  most  beautiful  of  all  Birches, 
perfectly  hardy  north  and  of  rapid  growth  ;  its  large 
foliage  and  the  yellow  color  of  the  trunk  render  it  a 
highly  ornamental  and  conspicuous  park  tree. 


c.  Shape  of  Ivs.  orate  or  oblong-ovate,  rounded  and  often 
cordate  at  the  base,  broadest  about  the  middle: 
veins  distinctly  impressed  above,  comparatively 
short-pel  ioled. 

2.  iltiiis,  Don  {B.  Bhojpattra,  ViTan.).  Tree,  40-60  ft. : 
trunk  with  reddish  brown  bark  :  Ivs.  ovate,  rounded  at 
the  base,  acuminate,  densely  irregularly  serrate,  pubes- 
cent when  young,  2-3  in.  long,  with  8-12  pairs  of  veins : 
cones  peduneled,  cylindrical,  1-2  in.  long  ;  bracts  with 
erect  oblong  lobes,  the  middle  one  much  longer.  Himal., 
Jap.  — Not  quite  hardy  N. 

3.  16nta,  Linn.  Cherry,  Sweet,  or  Black  Birch. 
Tree,  60-70  ft. ;  trunk  dark  reddish  brown,  young  bark 
aromatic,  of  agreeable  flavor  :  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  usu- 
ally cordate  at  the  base,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate, 
hairy  beneath  when  young,  nearly  glabrous  at  length, 
2-5  in.  long  :  cones  ovoid-oblong,  1-1  Kin.  long;  bracts 
with  broad  lobes,  the  middle  one  slightly  longer.  From 
Newfoundland  to  Florida,  west  to  Illinois  and  Missouri. 
S.S.  9:448.  Em.  232.— Very  handsome  tree,  round- 
headed,  and  with  pendulous  branches  when  older;  at- 
tractive in  spring,  with  its  long  staminate  catkins. 

4.  Ititea,  Michx.  (B.  excelsa,  Pursh.  not  Ait.).  Yel- 
low Birch.    Fig.  231.    Tree,  sometimes  100  ft.:  bark 


BETULA 


159 


silvery  gray  or  light  orange,  on  old  trunks  reddish 
brown  ;  young  bark  aromatic,  but  somewhat  bitter  : 
branchlets  usually  pilose  :  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
usually  rounded   at  the   base,    acuminate,  sharply  and 


doubly  serrate,  usually  hairy  along  the  veins  beneath: 
cones  like  the  last,  but  thicker,  and  bracts  larger,  pu- 
bescent outside.  From  Newfoundland  south  to  N.  Caro- 
lina and  Tenn.,  west  to  Minn.  S.S.  9:449.  Em.  235.- 
One  of  the  most  valuable  forest  trees  in  the  northern 
states,  much  resembling  the  former  in  habit.  Var.  per- 
.j-:«ii.--    T^j —     t_- , ^  longer  Ivs.,  often  ovate- 


cc.  Shape  of  7cs.  oi-ate,  broad  and  usually  truncate, 
sometimes  cordate  at  the  base:  veins  not  im- 
pressed above:    long-petioled. 

5.  firmani,  Cham.  Tree.  60  ft. :  trunk  white;  branches 
orange-colored  ;  branchlets  usually  glandular  and  pu- 
bescent when  young :  Ivs.  broadly  triangular-ovate, 
acuminate,  irregularly  coarsely  serrate,  2-4  in.  long, 
hairy  when  unfolding,  with  7-10  pairs  of  veins  :  cones 
oblong ;  bracts  pubescent,  with  linear-oblong  lobes, 
middle  one  somewhat  longer.  N.  E.  Asia,  Japan.— 
Handsome  round-headed  tree,  with  slender  branches. 

6.  C03ta.ta,  Trautv.  Tree,  50  ft.:  bark  yellowish  brown: 
branches  not  or  slightly  glandular  :  Ivs.  ovate,  rarely 
oblong-ovate,  irregularly  doubly  serrate,  with  9-12  pairs 
of  veins,  long  acuminate,  2-3'^  in.  long,  glabrous  : 
cones  elliptic  ;  bracts  glabrous,  with  short,  rhombic  or 
obovate  lateral  lobes.   Japan.    Manchuria. 


CCC.  Shape  of  Ivs.  rho 
veins  slightly  ir, 
short :  cones  ere 


the  has 


7.  nigra,  Linn.  {B.  riihr,,.  Milixi.  Ifru  or  River 
Birch.  Tn  .  .  :.ii-;"i  i-,:  l. ark  reddish  brown,  or  silvery 
gray  on  \  -  ,>  -.  separating   into  numerous 

thin,  p:i|"         '  i     iiii-hlets  pubescent  :  Ivs.  rhom- 

bic-ovati',  :i  III.  ,  .!  ii:  .  ~.-i-i-ate,pubescent  when  young, 
at  length  oiiiv  ou  the  veins  beneath,  pale  or  glauc-escent 
beneath,  2-3H  in.  long:  cones  1-1?^  in.  long,  cvlindri- 
cal,  ripening  in  May  or  June  ;  bracts  pubescent,  with 
erect,  linear-oblong,  nearly  equal  lobes.  From  Mass. 
south  to  Fla.  and  west  to  Kans.  and  Minn.  S.S.  9:  452. 
—  A  moisture-loving,  graceful  tree,  with  slender,  very 
numerous  branches,  and  remarkable  for  its  torn  and 
ragged  bark. 


AA.     reins  of  li-s.  7  or  less,  not  impressed  pairs. 

B.    Wings  usually  broader  than  the  nut. 
o.    Trunk  tfith  white  bark.     Trees  ;  rarely  shrubs. 

8.  papyrifera,  Mar,sh.(B.pnp)/r(}ceo,  Ait.).  Paper  or 
Canoe  Birch.  Fig.  2^2.  Tree,  60-80,  exceptionally 
120,  ft.:  liiMiiflilits  glandular,  hairy  when  young  :  Ivs. 
'iviiii,  tian-'iw.-il  t.)  cordate  at  the  base,  acuminate, 
'■.iar-riy  aiiil  u-iially  doubly  Serrate,  pubescent  on  the 
VL-iuv  li.-n.;aili  (.r  nearly  glabrous,  ll4-4%in.  long: 
cuues  peduncUa.  1-2  in.  long  ;  bracts  with  short  and 
broad  divergent  lateral  lobes.  N.  states  from  the  Atlan- 
tic to  Pacific  coast.  S.S.  9:451.  Em. 238.  G.F.8:223. 
-Ornamental  tree,  with  rerv  white  trunk  and  a  loose, 
graceful  head  when  older.  Var.  cordifdiia,  Kegel.  {B. 
pyrifolia  and  platyphylla,nort.).  Lvs.  broadly  ovate, 
usually  cordate,  large.  Var.  minor,  Tuckerm.  Low, 
bushy  tree  with  smaller  lvs.  and  frs.  Mts.  of  X.  Eng. 
and  N.  York. 

9.  poptOiidlia,  Ait.  (B.  dlba,v&T.populifdlia,  Spach.). 
White  Birch.  Small  tree,  exceptionally  40  ft.,  with 
smooth  white  bark  ;  branchlets  with  numerous  resinous 
glands  :  lvs.  slender,  petioled,  triangular  or  deltoid, 
long  acuminate,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  glutinous  when 
young,  glabrous  at  leiii,'th  and  shining  :  cones  slender, 
stalked,  cylindrical,  about  1  in.  long  ;  bracts  pubescent, 
the  lateral  lobes  divergent,  about  as  long  as  the  middle 
one.  From  X.  Brunswick  to  Delaware,  west  to  Ontario. 
S.S.  9;  4.50.  Em.  1:242. -A  small,  graceful,  but  short- 
lived tree,  yet  thriving  in  dry  and  poor  soil.  Var. 
laciniata,  Hort.  Lvs.  incised-laciniate.  Var.  p^ndula, 
Hort.  Branches  distinctly  pendulous.  Var.  purpilrea, 
Hort.  Lvs.  purple  when  young.  gr»en  at  length.  B. 
populi folia  xpapyrifera  is  shown  in  G.F.  8:  356. 

10.  Alba,  Linn.  Eukopean  White  Birch.  Fig.  233. 
Tree,  sometimes  80  ft.,  with  white  bark  :  lvs.  slender- 
petioled,  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
doubly  serrate  :  cones  erect  or  pendulous,  cylindrical; 
bracts  with  horizontally  spreading  lateral  lobes  about  as 
long  as  the  middle  one.  From  Eu.  to  Jap.  — This  very 
variable  species  may  he  divided  into  2  subspecies : 

(1)  pSndula,  Roth  {B.  verrucdsa,  Ehrh.).  Branches 
more  pendulous,  glabrous,  usually  glandular  :  lvs. 
rhombic-ovate,  glutinous  when  young  :  cones  all  pen- 
dulous.   The  following  varieties  belong  here  :    Var. 


atropurpurea.  Hort.  Lvs.  dark  purple.  Var.  Dalec&r- 
lica,  Linn.  (B.?<u-i«i(»ri.  Hort.).  Fig.  234.  Lvs. more 
or  less  deeplv  lobed  with  incised-serrate  lobes.  Var. 
faatigiS.ta,  Hort.  Of  straieht,  upright,  columnar 
growth.    Var.  Jap6nica,  Miq.  [B.dlba,  va.T.  Taiischi, 


IbU  BETULA 

Regel.).  Lvs.  broad-ovate,  usually  truucate  at  the 
base.  Var.  p6ndula,  Hort.  Branches  slender,  dis- 
tinctly pendulous  ;  cult,  in  several  different  forms,  as 
var.  pSndula  laciniita,  Hort.,  with  laciniate  lvs.;  a 
very  graceful  form  ( Fig.  T.U) ;  var.  p6ndula  Slegans  ; 
var.  pSndula  Yotlngi,  and  others. 

(2)  pubfiscens,  Ehrh.  (B.  odorAta,  Bechst.).  Less 
pendulous  or  upright,  sometimes  shrubby  ;  branehlets 
usually  pubescent,  not  glandular  ;  lvs.  ovate,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  at  least  when  young  :  cones  pendu- 
lous or  erect.  The  first  grows  more  in  dry  situations, 
while  the  latter  is  found  growing  in  moist  places, 
often  in  swamps.  To  this  subspecies  belong  the  follow- 
ing varieties  :  Var.  excSlsa,  Regel.  (B.  eicelsa,  Ait.). 
Tree  :  lvs.  ovate,  short  petioled,  pubescent  beneath. 
Var.  pub69cens,  Regel.  Branches  and  lvs.  pubescent, 
at  least  when  young  ;  lvs.  ovate,  acute.  Var.  urticifb- 
lia,  Spach.  Lvs.  small,  deep  green,  irregularly  in- 
cised-serrate,  unequal  at  the  base.  Var.  CarpAtica, 
Regel,  F6ntica,  Dipp.,  and  tortudsa,  Regel,  are  small 
trees,  without  any  horticultural  value. 

CC.    Trunk  with  dark  bronze-colored  bark. 

11.  occident41is,Hook.  Small  tree,  occasionally  40  ft.; 
branehlets  slender,  glandular:  lvs.  broadly  ovate  or 
nearly  orbicular,  acute  or  obtuse,  sharply  serrate,  short- 
petioled,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent  at  the  veins  be- 
neath, 1-2  in.  long:  cones  1-1J4  in.  long;  bracts  with 
erect,  oval  lobes,  the  middle  one  usually  longer.  North- 
west Amer.,  east  to  Dakota  and  Nebraska.  S.S.  9:  453. 
BB.    Wings  smaller  than  the  nut :  shrubs  1-15  ft.:    Irs. 

small,  short-petioled  :  cones  erect. 
c.    Branehlets  glandular,  not  pubescent. 

12.  glanduldsa,  Michx.  Only  1^  ft.:  lvs.  shortpeti- 
oled,  rounded  or  cuueate  at  the  base,  orbicular  or 
broadly  obovate,  obtuse,  dentate,  glabrous,  H-li4  in. 
long :  cones  peduncled,  J^-?4in.  long  :  lobes  of  bracts 
nearly  equal,  slightly  spreading.  Newfoundland  to 
Alaska,  south  to  Michigan,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Colorado.     B.B.I:  510. 

CC.   Branehlets  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  not 
glandular. 

13.  pdmila,  Linn.  Usually  2-8  ft.,  rarely  15  :  branch- 
lets  tomentose  or  pubescent,  at  least  when  young  :  lvs. 
orbicular  or  oval,  acute  or  obtuse,  coarsely  dentate,  pale 
and  glabrous  or  pubescent  beneath,  yi-'i  in.  long:  cones 
peduncled,  K-1  in.  long  ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  pubescent 
bracts  spreading,  shorter  than  the  middle  one.  New- 
foundland to  Minn.,  south  to  Ohio.     B.B.  1:511.    Var. 

fastigiita,  Hort.  {B.  humilis 
fastigiata,  Hort.).  Of  distinct, 
upright  growth.  B.  pumila  x 
lenta  is  shown  in  G.F.  8:245. 


14.  n4na,  Linn.  Low,  spreading,  rarely  4  ft.:  lvs. 
orbicular  or  cuneate-obovate,  crenate,  rounded  at  apex, 
glabrous,  K-Kin.  long  :  cones  nearly  sessile,  H-Kln. 
long  ;  the  upper  bracts  usually  entire,  the  lower  ones 


ms 


234.  Cut-leaved  Weepine  Birch- Betula  i 


3-lobed.  Arctic  N.E.  Amer.,  N.Eu.,  Siberia.  B.B.1:51L 


graceful  shrub  for 


Alii.', I   Ir.    I:     iii^t:,       I,.,-     I. 

B.  alnoides.— i'.  DahiiHa 
lvs.  ovate,  pubescent  on  tl 
oblong.  Dahur.,  Manchu 
ft.:  lvs.  ovate,  glabrous 
neath,  1-2  in.  long.  Sil-. 
B.  truticosa.— i?.  grdml.x 


and  rocky  slopes. 

i.Wall.).  Tree. 50-60 
'Uspidately  serrate: 

J/w.Fries-B.inter- 
/>'.  conjUfolia,  Regel. 

1 H  .v;ite,  fojirsely  den- 
,    -■,.,;.«„.  Wall.= 

i  I'lic:  cones 

i  Mmib,  tol5 

-    iM.lidar  be- 

;    '         '"'    Buiige= 

/>'.  grbssa. 


ii;  Cauca- 
.  I.  &Zucc. 
lH-14  pairs 


333.  Leaves  of  Betula  alba.    Natural 


pendula  Youngi.       Alfred  Rehder. 

BIABUM  (old  and  obscure  name). 
Aroldem.  Dwarf,  tuberous  perennials  of 
the  same  tribe  with  our  native  jack-in- 
the-pulpit.  They  are  hardy  in  England, 
but  probably  are  suitable  only  for  pot-cul- 
ture in  the  northern  U.  S.  They  have  a 
spathe  which  is  tubular  at  the  base,  mostly 
with  a  long  limb,  and  usually  a  long  tail- 
like .spadix.  They  grow  a  few  inches  high. 
Odd.     Little  known  in  America. 

tenuifblinm,  Schott  (Arum  tenuifolium, 
Linn.).  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate  or  spatu- 
appearing  after  the  fls.  decay:  spathe 
long-acuminate,  at  length  recurved  and 
twisted  spirally,  about  10  in.  long,  out- 
side green,  streaked  purple  ;  inside  dull 
purple,  spotted  ;  margins  wavy  :  spadix 
15  in.  long.    Spain.    B.M.  2282. 

Pyr&mi,Eng.(/;f;i«™mPi/rami,  Schott). 
Lvs.  oblong  above  the  middle,  narrowing 
abruptly  to  a  very  long  petiole,  resembling 


BIARUIVI 

Calla  palHstris  :  spathe  green  outside,  shining,  velvety 
purple  within,  shorter  and  broader  than  inB.  tubiflorum, 
at  length  revolute  ;  tube  swelling,  connate  only  at  the 
very  base  :    spadix  thicker  and  shorter.    Syria.    B.M. 

Bdvei,  Blume.  Lvs.  similar  to  B.  Pyrami :  spathe- 
tube  connate  a  fourth  of  its  length  ;  blade  of  spathe 
longer  and  more  narrowly  lanceolate,  green  outside, 
dark  purple  within.    Syria,  Asia  Minor. 

BtDENS  (Latin,  ?«>iVe-(oo»i€d,  referring  to  the  seed). 
CompSsit(e.  Bur  Marigold.  Mostly  American  hardy 
annual  and  perennial  herbs,  allied  to  Dahlia  and  Core- 
opsis, and  distinguished  by  the  barbed  awns  of  the  seed, 
which,  in  B.  fron<los<:.  our  common  Stick-Tight,  or 
Devil's  Bootjack,  an-  v.iv  tioul.l.some  by  clinging  to 
the  clothiiiu'.  B.  grandiSlora,  I'.alli.,  from  S.  Amer.,  is  a 
yellow-tld.  hanlv  annual,  i.'r..win-  2  ft.  high,  bearing 
glabrous  phmatise,-t  lvs.:  ,..M-asionally  cult.  For  B. 
atrosuHy„n,,a,  Hurt.,  see  tV.s<„^s  dU'er.ifoUus. 

BIENNIAL.  A  plant  living  two  years  ;  particularly 
one  which  does  not  bear  flowers  and  fruit  until  the  second 
year  from  the  seed.  Plants  vary  greatly  in  their  dura- 
tion, depending  ujion  tin-  oliniat..  in  which  they  grow 
and  the  treatment  wlml,  th,  y  ,,■■■, ive.  Comparatively 
fewplants  are  triit:-  l.irnmal^.  Tli.'  common  mullein  and 
bull  thistle  {Ciiirii.^  /.,«...-/„/»..)  are  examples.  Most 
cultivated  biennials  become  annuals  if  grown  in  a  warm 
or  long-season  climate,  as  turnips,  celery,  cabbage, 
onion.  If  the  plants  are  crowded,  or  not  allowed  to  attain 
their  full  development,  they  tend  to  run  to  seed  and  com- 
plete their  growth  the  first  year.  Gardeners  are  familiar 
with  this  fact  in  celery,  carrots  and  beets.  Plants  which 
are  practically  annuals  under  such  conditions,  but  which 
have  the  power  of  carrying  themselves  over  winter  by 
means  of  bulbs,  corms,  tubers,  and  other  food-.storage 
parts,  have  been  called  psf  H(f -an)!  Ha?s.  DeCandoUe  esti- 
mates that  true  or  natural  biennials  comprise  1  or  2  per 
cent  of  the  total  number  of  species  of  seed-bearing 
plants.  L.  H.  B. 

BIFBENABIA  (Latin  for  twice  and  strap,  referring 
to  the  connective  of  the  pollinia).  OrchidAcew,  tribe 
Vdndew.  Very  like  Maxillaria,  and  distinguished  by 
technical  characters  of  the  pollinia.  About  25  trop. 
Amer.  species,  of  which  the  two  following  are  best 
known  to  the  horticulturist.  These  species  do  well  at 
the  cool  end  of  the  Cattleya  house,  and,  in  general, 
should  be  treated  like  Maxillaria  and  Lycaste. 

aurantlaca,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  ovate  or  ovoid,  mono- 
phyllous  ;  leaf -blades  about  6  in.  long,  oval  or  nearly 
so  :  fls.  about  1  in.  across,  yellow,  dotted  with  deeper 
yellow.    British  Guiana.    B.M.  3597. 

vitelUna,  Lindl.  Fls.  deeperyellow  than  in  the  above, 
with  a  brown  spot  on  the  labelium.    Brazil. 

Oakes  Ames. 

BIGELdVIA  (after  Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow,  author  of 
Florula  Bostoniensis,  Medical  Botany  of  U.  S.,  etc.). 
Compisitw.  The  only  species  in  cult,  is  the  original 
one,  which  resembles  a  goldenrod.  Prop,  by  cuttings 
and  by  seed.   Culture  simple. 

gravfeolens.  Gray  (Bigeldwia  dracuncnloldes,  DC). 
Low  shrub,  1-6  ft.  high,  densely  white-tomentose,  much 
branched,  very  leafy,  malodorous  only  in  drying  :  lvs. 
linear,  1-2  in.  long  :  fl. -heads,  yellow,  5-8  lines  high, 
very  numerous,  crowded,  in  terminal  corvmbose  cymes, 
rayless.  Alkaline  soils  Dak.  to  B.  C.  and  S.  to  S.  Calif. 
and  Ariz.  Var.  alhicaftUs  is  more  permanently  and 
densely  woolly,  dwarfer,  and  recommended  by  D.  M. 
Andrews,  Boulder,  Colo.,  for  low  hedges  and  edgings. 

BIGELOW,  JACOB.  Botanist,  physician,  educator, 
and  founder  of  Mt.  Auburn  Cemetery,  tlie  prototype  of 
all  garden  and  landscape  cemeteries,  was  born  at  Sud- 
bury, Mass.,  February  27,  1787,  and  died  at  Boston,  Jan- 
uary 10,  1879.  He  was  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1806, 
and  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  1810.  His  Florula 
Bostoniensis,  1814  (2d  ed.  1824),  was  the  first  American 
local  flora  of  importance,  and  served  for  many  years  as 
the  only  popular  manual  of  New  England  botany.  He 
was  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  in  Harvard  from  1815 

11 


BIGNONIA  161 

to  1855,  and  for  twenty  years  Physician  to  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital.  His  American  Medical  Botany, 
1817-20,  was  the  first  work  of  its  kind.  Each  of  the  three 
volumes  contained  descriptions  of  20  species,  with  a 
colored  plate  of  each  produced  by  the  aqua-tinting  pro- 
cess, a  method  invented  by  Dr.  Bigelow  just  before 
lithography.  His  essay  on  "  Self-limited  Diseases,"  an 
attack  on  heroic  remedies  and  a  plea  for  the  recuperative 
processes  of  nature,  marked  an  epoch  in  medical  reform. 
Dr.  O.  W.  Holmes  said  that  it  probably  had  more  influ- 
ence on  medical  practice  in  America  than  any  work  ever 
published  in  this  country.  He  also  did  much  to  introduce 
science  into  colleges  that  were  too  exclusively  classical. 
The  genus  Bigelovia,  named  after  him  by  DeCandoUe, 
was  founded  on  a  western  plant  resembling  goldenrod. 
He  was  the  one  man  without  whom  Mt.  Auburn  Ceme- 
tery would  never  have  existed.  This  cemetery  has  been 
one  of  the  most  important  factors  in  the  development  of 
landscape  gardening  in  America,  and  without  the  reve- 
nues derived  from  it  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  could  never  have  played  so  important  a  part  in 
American  horticulture.  Dr.  Bigelow  was  one  of  the  most 
versatile,  useful  and  interesting  men  of  his  day.  The 
popular  use  of  the  word  "technology"  dates  from  his 
"Elements  of  Technology,"  1827.  For  a  fuller  account, 
see  the  sketch  by  L.  H.  Bailey,  in  Botanical  Gazette, 
8:217  (1883),  and  Scientific  Papers  of  A.  Gray,  2:  413. 
See,  also,  Dr.  Bigelow's  book  on  the  history  of  Mt.  Au- 


W.  M. 


BIGNONIA  (The  Abbe  Bignon,  librarian  to  Louis 
XIV.).  Bignoni&cew.  Climbing  American  shrubs,  mostly 
tropical,  of  more  than  100  species.  Fls.  mostly  large  and 
showy,  long-tubular,  with  a  contracted  base,  5-lobed  or 
-toothed,  2-lipped  limb;  perfect  stamens  4 :  seeds  winged, 
in  a  linear,  compressed  capsule. 

Bignonias  are  strong  and  rapid-growing  evergreen 
greenhouse  climbers,  requiring  considerable  space  for 
their  best  development,  such  as  the  roof  of  a  large  con- 
servatory, or  the  back  wall  of  a  lean-to  greenhouse.  If 
convenient,  they  should  be  planted  out  under  the  plant 
stage  of  the  greenhouse,  or  otherwise  in  boxes  placed  on 
the  stage.  Abox  Sft.slJ'a  ft.  and  1  ft.  deep  will  be  found 
a  convenient  size  for  them.  As  with  most  greenhouse 
climbing  plants,  the  roots  like  considerable  freedom; 
but  with  Bignonias  the  roots  must  be  somewhat  re- 
stricted (though  not  to  the  limitations  of  a  flower-pot), 
otherwise  an  immense  growth  and  few  flowers  will  be 
the  result.  They  are  not  very  fastidious  as  to  soil.  A 
good,  fibrous  loam,  to  which  one-third  well  decomposed 
cow  or  sheep  manure  has  been  added,  suits  them  admi- 
rably. A  winter  temperature  of  45°  to  50°, with  a  gradual 
rise  as  the  days  lengthen,  should  be  given  them,  admit- 
ting air  freely  whenever  the  weather  is  favorable.  They 
like  plenty  of  moisture  at  the  roots-especially  during 
the  spring  and  summer  (the  growing  season)— but  per- 
fect drainage  should  be  ensured,  as  the  soil  at  no  time 
must  become  saturated  or  sour.  Except  when  in  flower, 
a  good  syringing  on  all  fine  days  will  be  very  beneficial. 
They  should  also  be  sprayed  once  or  twice  a  week  with 
a  moderately  strong  solution  of  kerosene  emulsion,  or 
kerosene  and  water,  to  keep  them  free  from  mealy  bug, 
as  they  are  very  subject  to  this  pest.  The  vines  should 
be  trained  so  as  to  allow  a  free  circulation  of  air  among 
the  branches  for  the  purpose  of  ripening  the  wood,  as 
upon  this  depends  the  assurance  of  flowers.  All  super- 
fluous branches  and  weak  shoots  should  be  removed, 
and  before  the  grnwinsr  season  begins  all  the  branches 
should  be  sliortcn.d  frcuri  1  to  3  feet,  according  to 
their  strenstb  :  this  will  llii-ow  the  energy  of  the  plant 
into  the  lat.-ral  liu.ls.  wliirh  will  produce  the  flowering 
branches,  providing'  tin-  w.i.id  has  been  properly  ripened 
the  previous  season. 

Propagation  is  effected  by  cuttings  taken  in  late 
spring  and  inserted  in  sand  under  a  bell  glass,  or  in 
a  propagating  box,  in  a  warm  temperature.  Choose,  if 
possible,  stout,  short-jointed  lateral  growths  for  the  pur- 
pose. They  must  be  carefully  watered  until  rooted, 
which  usually  takes  from  6  to  10  weeks. 

Cult,  by  Edward  J.  Canning. 
A.   Jyvs.  simple,  opposite. 

magnifica,  Bull.  Free-growing  and  floriferous,  need- 
ing warm  treatment:  lvs.  ovate-elliptic,  stalked,  entire: 


fls.  panioled,  large  (3Kin.  across),  ranging  from  mauTe 
to  purple-red,  the  throat  primrose,  limb  wide-spreading. 
Colombia.   G.C.  II.  12:73. 

reg&Us,  Hort.  Lvs.  elliptic-lanceolate :  fls.  large,  yel- 
low and  red.  Guiana. -Of  recent  introduction.  Requires 
warm  treatment. 

ariT^reo-vioUscens,  Hort.  Lvs.  ovate,  cordate  at  base, 
short-stalked,  purple  when  young,  but  becoming  beau- 
tifully veined  and  blotched  with  white  :  fls.  purple. 
S.  Amer.?   I. H.  13:469. 

AA.  I/vs.  pinnately  compound,  the  2  lower  Ifts.  usually 

foliaceous  and  the  others  represented  by  tendrils. 

E.  Fls.  normally  from  the  axils  of  the  lvs. 

c.  Pedicels  1-fld. 

capreoUta,  Linn.  Trumpet-flower.  Cross-vine. 
Quarter-vine.  Climbing  to  great  heights  (often  50  ft. 
or  more),  glabrous,  evergreen  :  Ifts.  stalked,  oblong- 
acuminate,  cordate,  entire  :  fls.  in  nuniy  "^-.'i-Iid.  ^hort- 
peduncled  cymes,  yellow-red  and  li-ht.  r  within,  tubu- 
lar (2  in.  long),  with  a  stout  limb  Native  from  .Md.  S. 
and  W.,  and  often  a  pest  in  orchards,  climbing  on  the 
trees.  B.M.864.  Gng.  1:370,  371. -Handsome  vine  for 
outdoor  use.  Good  for  covering  walls.  Sometimes 
grown  in  conservatories.  A  cross-section  of  the  stem 
presents  a  cross-form  appearance,  whence  one  of  the 
common  names. 

Var.  atrosangulnea.  Hook.  f.  (JS.  atrosangttinea, 
Hort.).  Lvs.  longer  and  narrower:  fls.  dark  purple, 
the  lobes  short  and  triangular-ovate.  B.M.  6501.  F.R. 
2:27.  — Handsome. 

Tweediana,  Lindl.  Leaflets  lanc-i-.,latr  ;,!m1  |"Mi]ted, 
cordate,  3  in.  or  less  long:  fls.  tiuniii.  t  ~lia|i.,i.  2  in. 
long,  orange-yellow,  the  limb  of  roundiil,  s|,ii%iding 
lobes  and  from  2-4  in.  across.  Argentina.  B.R.  L'C:  45. 
Gn.  40:812. -Will  stand  a  little  frost  if  grown  in  the 
open  in  the  South. 

cc.   Pedicels  S-fld. 

Lindleyi,  DC.  Glabrous  :  Ifts.  oblongorovate-oblong, 
cordate,  acute,  somewhat  wavy-margined  :  fls.  pale 
purple,  with  spots  and  stripes,  the  tube  oblong-cylin- 
drical (2  in.  long),  the  limb  short  and  the  lobes  obo- 
vate-rounded  and  undulate.  Argentina.  — Blooms  when 
young. 

specidsa,  R.  Grah.  Glabrous:  leaflets  3  in.  long,  ellip- 
tical and  more  or  less  acumin.ite,  shining,  the  midrib 


..'<. 


prominent :  fls.  3  in.  long,  with  compressed  tube,  which 
is  furrowed  or  plaited  below  and  yellowish  with  lilac 
streaks,  the  limb  2-3  in.  across,  purple  and  streaked,  the 
lobes  spreading-reflexed,  obtuse  and  wavy.  Argentina. 
B.M.  3888.— Needs  warm  or  intermediate  temp. ;  blooms 


BILLBERGIA 


BB.    Pis.  in  clusters  terminating  the  hranchlets. 
c.    Branches  prominently  4-angled. 

bucoinatoria,  Mairet.  (B.  Cherere,  Lindl.  B.  Kerire, 
Hort.).  Tall:  leaflets  2-3  in.  long,  elliptic  or  ovate-ob- 
long, obtuse  or  only  cuspidate,  pellucid-dotted,  the 
petioles  (as  the  racemes)  tomentose  :  fl.  long-tubular 
(4  in.  long),  blood-red,  but  yellow  at  base,  the  limb 
rather  narrow,  with  retuse  lobes.  Mex.  Gn.  26:471. 
B.M.  7516.  R.H.  1898:  580. -Needs  coolhouse  treatment. 
Strong  grower.    One  of  the  finest  species. 

c.    Branches  terete  or  very  nearly  so. 

eequinoctiilis,  Linn.  Glabrous  :  Leaflets  ovate  to 
oval-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acuminate,  shining  above  : 
fls.  in  both  terminal  and  axillary  panicles  ;  corolla  gla- 
brous, trumpet-shaped,  2Min.  long,  purple,  with  dark 
rose  stripes  (but  said  in  garden  books  to  be  yellow); 
fls.  sometimes  only  in  2's.  W.  Ind.  and  S.  Amer.  — Per- 
haps not  the  plant  known  under  this  name  in  the  trade. 

Ch^mberlaynii,  Sims.  Glabrous  :  leaflets  ovate-acu- 
minate, glabrous,  shining  above,  paler  beneath,  more  or 
less  tapering  at  base  :  fls.  tubular,  contracted  below, 
3-4  in.  long,  the  limb  comparatively  short  and  spread- 
ing, bright  yellow  ;  cluster  many-fld.  Braz.  B.M.  2148. 
—  Perhaps  a  form  of  the  last.  This  species  and  B. 
<Fquioctialis  are  referred  to  the  genus  Anemopt^gma  by 

venista,  Ker-Gawl.  Pig.  235.  Sts.  striate  or  some- 
what angular,  the  young  ones  pubescent :  leaflets  usu- 
ally 3,  glabrous,  ovate-acuminate,  more  or  less  tapering 
at  base  :  fls.  in  corymbose,  mostly  drooping  racemes  ; 
corolla  slender  and  long-tubular,  contracted  in  the  lower 
half  (2-3  in.  long),  with  2-lipped  limb  and  oblong,  obtuse, 
reflexing  lobes,  crimson-orange.  Braz.  B.M.  2050.  A. P. 
11: 1023. -Requires  a  rather  warm  house.  Profuse 
bloomer;  early  winter.    One  of  the  best  rafter  plants. 

purpilrea,  Lodd.  Glabrous,  tall-climbing :  leaflets 
often  3,  usually  2,  lance-obovate,  abruptly  acuminate, 
short-stalked,  toothed  or  entire  :  fls.  mauve  or  rose-pur- 
ple, with  a  white  eye,  the  flaring  tube  1  in.  long,  the 
wide-spreading  lobes  rounded.  S.  Amer.  B.M.  5800. 
G.C.  in.  '..'t:  :i9<1.  — Rpqiiirct  warm  treatment. 

/:■'■'  w  'I. -I  tophragma. —  B.  alba,  Hort.= 

Piii  ;,  '.,.  Thiinb.=Tecoma.-B.  radi- 

r"'<^    :  !  /,  '  "/(Tis, Koxbg.=Stereosperiiuim. 

BILIM^I.    iii^e  Ar.rrlwu. 

BILLAEDlfiEA  (after  J.  J.  Labillardi^re,  French 
botanist  and  traveler. )  PiltosporAcece.  Tender  Austra- 
lian climbers,  with  terminal,  solitary,  pendulous,  tubu- 
lar, stalked  fls.,  generally  yellow,  and  edible  fr.  B.  Ion- 
giflora  and  B.  scandens  are  cult,  abroad  as  greenhouse 
climbers.  B.  cymosa,  cult,  outdoors  at  Santa  Barbara, 
r.ilif..  is  Snlhja  hfterophylla. 

BILLBfiRGIA  i  fur  the  Swedish  botanist,  J.  G.  BUl- 
ii.  TL'  I .  Hiniii.  lu'u  <  ,1 .  About  40  tropical  American  ever- 
LTft'ii  epipliyta]  lierbs,  now  much  cult,  by  amateurs  and 
II  fancy   collections.    A  few  kinds  are  well  known  to 

lists.   A  closely  allied  genus  is  ^Echmea,  which  see 

r  botanical  differences.  The  fls.  are  in  a  spike  or  spi- 
:ite  panicle,  which  rises  from  the  center  of  the  rosette 
of  long,  spiny  edged,  and  usually  stiff,  pineapple-like 
lvs. :  fls.  showy,  with  3-parted  calyx  and  3  long  petals, 
6  exserted  stamens,  thread-like  style,  and  berrv-like 
fr.  The  colored  bracts  of  the  fl. -clusters  are  usually 
very  showy.  Cf.  Charles  Mez,  the  latest  monographer, 
in  DC.  Phaner.  Monogr.  9.  Species  confused ;  but 
the  artificial  arrangement  given  below  may  aid  the 
gardener. 

Billbergias  can  be  cultivated  best  in  greenhouses, 
planted  in  pans,  pots,  wooden  cribs,  or  wire  baskets, 
with  loose,  light  material  about  their  roots,  such  as 
pieces  of  charcoal,  roots  of  very  fibrous  plants,  or  fern 
roots  and  sphagnum  moss,  and  such  material.  They 
require  little  water  at  the  roots  in  winter,  and  nothing 
but  light  sprinkling  over  the  foliage  is  required  to  keep 
them  alive  during  that  time.  But  in  summer,  when  the 
heat  is  great  and  they  are  making  their  growth,  they 


BILLBERGIA 

can  withstand  an  abundance  of  moisture,  at  the  roots 
as  well  as  at  the  top,  most  o£  the  time  holding  water  in 
the  funnel-like  center  or  body  of  the  plant.  They  gener- 
ally bringtheir  conspicuous,  showy  fiowers  in  the  spring, 
when  moisture  overhead  or  sprinkling  should  be  with- 
held in  order  to  prolong  the  beauty  of  the  flowers.  They 
require  at  night  a  temperature  of  from  50°-75°,  but,  of 
course,  can  stand  any  amount  of  heat  in  summer.  Bill- 
bergias,  like  all  other  Bromeliads,  make  very  good  house 
plants,  and  they  will  thrive  exceedingly  well  in  a  living- 
room  temperature.  They  love  plenty  of  light  and  sun. 
All  flrst-class  private  garden  establishments  should 
have  at  least  a  few  of  this  class  of  plants.  They  are 
propagated  best  from  suckers  or  sprouts,  which  arise 
from  the  base  of  the  old  plant,  generally  after  it  has 
bloomed  and  performed  its  functions.  The  old  plant 
then  gradually  deteriorates,  sending  out  from  two  to  five 
young  plants  from  its  base.  These  can  be  taken  off  as 
soon  as  they  are  hardy  and  substantial  enough,  and  can 
be  mounted  or  potted  into  the  same  kind  of  material. 
Then,  suspended  in  the  greenhouse,  conservatory,  or 
window  for  an  exhibition,  they  thrive  best.  Besides 
their  beautiful  and  attractive  flowers,  they  have  very 
handsome  foliage,  which  is  of  a  tough  and  leathery 
texture.  Billbergias,  ^chmeas,  and  the  like,  are  na- 
tives of  the  tropics,  and,  therefore,  require  a  warm  tem- 
perature. Jichmeas  are  usually  larger  than  Billbergias 
and  Tillandsias.  Quit,  by  H.  A.  Siebrecht. 

A.    Fls.  greenish  or  yellowish,  often  tipped  with  blue. 
B.    Petals  curling  spirally  after  fl.  expands. 
(Heliebdea.) 

zebrina,  Lindl.  {Bromelia  zebrlna,  Herb,  ^ehmea 
sebriiiii,  Hort.).  St.  very  short,  or  none  :  Ivs.  sheath- 
ing, deep  green,  with  blotches  and  zones  of  gray-white, 
strongly  spine-margined:  tt. -cluster  loose,  long  and 
drooping  :  fls.  green  or  yellow-green,  the  stamens  be- 
coming long-exserted  :  bracts  salmon  or  rose,  long-lan- 
ceolate.   S.  Amer.    L.B.C.  20:  1912.    B.M.  2686. 

decfira,  Poepp.  &  Endl.  (Helicddea  Baraquinictna, 
Lem.).  Differs  from  the  last  in  having  longer  petals, 
denser  spike  and  longer  bracts  :  Ivs.  8-10,  from  1-2  ft. 
long,  mealy,  white-blotched  and  banded.  Brazil.  I.H. 
11:421.  B.M.  6937. 

BB.   Petals  not  spirally  tioisting. 

specidsa,  Thunb.  { B .  amina ,  hindl.  B.  pdllida,KeT- 
Gawl).  Lvs.  strap-shaped,  connivent,  and  forming  a 
tube  at  the  base,  1-2  ft.  long,  somewhat  spine-margined, 
green  above  and  lepidote  and  somewhat  striped  on  the 
back  :  fl.-cluster  large  and  loose,  erect  or  drooping ; 
bracts  rose  :  fls.  pale  green  or  whitish,  tipped  with  blue. 
Brazil.   B.R.  1068. -An  old  and  well  known  species. 

nutans,  Wendl.  Stemless,  stoloniferous  :  lvs.  linear 
and  long-pointed,  1-2  ft.,  distantly  small  toothed,  finely 
striate  on  the  back  :  fls.  4-8,  in  a  loose,  drooping  spike  ; 
petals  green,  blue-edged;  bracts  lanceolate,  red.  Brazil. 
B.M.  6423.   Gn.  32,  p.  107. 

AA.    Fls.  markedly  red  or  purple. 
B.    Essentially  red. 

thyrsoidea,  Mart.  Lvs.  1-2  ft.,  broad-ligulate,  spine- 
margined,  concave  on  upper  surface,  green  above  and 
paler  beneath,  abruptly  acuminate  :  fl.-cluster  shorter 
than  lvs.,  farinaceous,  densely  red-bractert  :  fls.  numer- 
ous, bright  red,  petals  reflexing.  Brazil.  B.M.  47.'i(i.— 
Showy.  Runs  into  several  varietii-s.  s..iiir  (.f  thc-ni  with 
purple-tipped  fls.  (as  vars.  spl6ndida  mikI  Jastuosa, 
Andre,  R.  H.  1883:300).  B.  sph'iidriis,  Hort..  is  evi- 
dently one  of  the  forms.    Species  too  near  the  next. 

pyTamidd,Us,  Lindl.  (Bromelia.  pyramiddlis,  Sims. 
B.  CroyiUna,  De  Jonghe).  A  foot  high  :  differs  from  the 
last  in  having  more  gradually  acuminate  lvs.,  which  are 
more  strongly  and  distantly  toothed  and  whitish,  or  even 
banded  on  the  back  :  fl.-cluster  less  farinaceous,  broader 
and  looser,  the  fls.  less  numerous.  Peru.  B.M.  1732. 
BB.    Essentially  purple. 

Morfelii,  Brongn.(B.  Morelidna,  Hort.  B.  W^lherellii, 
Hook.).  Lvs.  short  (1-1>^  ft.),  with  few  weak  spines, 
wide,    glabrous   and    green :    fl.-cluster  exserted    and 


BIRTHWORT  163 

drooping,  with  showy,  pointed  red  bracts,  the  rachis 
woollv  :  fls.  with  red  sepals  and  purple-limbed  petals. 
Brazil.    B.M.  4835.  — Very  showy. 

vexill4ria,   Andr«.     Fig.  236.    Hybrid  of   B.  thijrso- 
idea  and  B.  Morelii.     Pis.  purple  :    lower  bracts  long- 
pointed  and  red  ;    spike-erect,  exceeding 
the  lvs.    R.H.  1889:468. 

vittata,    Brongn.    {B.  Leopoldi,  Hort., 
not   Morr.).    Vigorous,  2-3  ft.:  lvs.  long 
and  large,  concave  above,  recurved  at  the 
summit,    obtuse      or 
abruptly    pointed, 
red  -  spined,      cross- 
banded  on  the  back: 
fl.-cluster  loose   and 
nodding,  shorter  than 
the  lvs.,  red-bracted: 
fls.    deep   blue,  with 
recurving     limbs. 
Brazil      Gn    32-608 
R  H   1869,  p    87 

Liboni^na,  De 
Jonghe  Small,  1-1 K 
ft  ,  producing  run 
ners  lvs  long  Imear 
o  r        strap     shaped 


der  the  bratts  not 
promment  fls  with 
red  sepals  and  erect 
blue  petals  Brazil 
B  M  5090  F  S  10 
1048 

Q  u  e  s  n  e  1 1  d.  n  a  , 
Brongn  (Que'-neha 
Caijennensis  Baker) 
Lvs  numerous  aris 
ing  from  a  trunk  or  236    BiUbergia  vexillaria 

stem,      rigid      ind 

spreading  or  recurved,  concave  above,  very  sharp- 
spined,  more  or  less  white-marked  on  the  back,  long- 
acuminate  :  fl.-cluster  a  dense,  erect  spike,  with  red  and 
white-blotched  obtuse  bracts  :  fls.  deep  purple.  Guiana. 
P.S.  10:1028. 

Ill  the  American  trade  the  following  names  have  been  used: 
B.  clarata  longifolia.  once  offered  by  Pitcher  &  Manda,  is  proba- 
bly ^c-hmea  bromelia;tolia.— J>'.  /ns«ii(i(  =.lEehmea£asciata.— 
B.  maxima— i  —B.  ornata=l—B.  rhodocyanea  =  MehmeA 
fasciata.— B.  stHcta=i 

Any  of  the  following  may  be  expected  to  appear  in  the  Amer. 
trade  at  any  time  :  B.  Andegavensis.  Hort.,  is  B.  thyrsoideaX 
Morelii ;  fls.  red  and  hhie.— B.  Bakrri.  Morr.  (B.  pallescens. 


tippeil 


n-ple 


;.  .^nd  hr'.i'- 


B.M.  6342.-B.  Breaute- 

I      h:is    reddish,  purple- 

llort.    B.  BakeriX 

//.  Regel.   Small:  fls. 

:   -II.  iridifblia.ljvail. 

V.R.Wes.-B.Liitzei. 

- 11.   Fortednn,   Brongn. 


BILSTED.    See  Liquidambar 


BIOTA.     See  Thuya. 

BIRCH.    See  Betula. 

BIRD-OF-PAEADISE   FLOWEE.    See  Strelilzia. 

BIED'S-NEST  FEEN.    See  Tliamnopteris. 

BIKD'S-TONGUE    FLOWEE.    See  Strelitzia. 

BIETHWOET.    See  Aristolochia  ;  also  Trillium. 


164 


BISMARCKIA 


BISMARCKIA  (in  honor  of  Prince  Bismarck).  Pul- 
m&cere,  tribe  Bordssece.  A  genus  nearly  related  to  La- 
tania  and  Borassus.  distiaguished  by  fruit  characters. 
Forms  a  tree  200  ft.  high,  with  a  gigantic  crown  of  pal- 
mate Ivs.  with  white  streaked  petioles  and  blades  10 
ft.  in  diam. :  fr.  borne  in  large,  drooping  clusters,  dark 
brown,  plum-like,  IM  in.  in  diam.,  with  a  thin  outer 
shell  and  a  fibrous  inner  one  enclosing  a  rounded, 
wrinkled  seed  1  in.  in  diam.,  reticulated  like  a  walnut 
and  ruminated,  as  in  the  nutmeg.    Cult,  as  for  Latania. 

n6bilis,  Hildeb.  &  Wendl.  Young  plants  :  petiole  con- 
Tex  on  the  back,  channelled  above,  finely  serrate  on  the 
ridges  above,  thinly  clothed  with  tufts  of  fibrous  scales, 
half  as  long  as  the  blade  ;  blade  blue-green,  rigid,  3  ft. 
in  diam. ;  segments  20,  2  in.  wide,  1  ft.  long,  apex  blunt, 
obtuse,  with  a  long  curved  filament  from  the  base  of 
each  sinus.  Madagascar.  G.F.  6:246.  F.R.  2:257. 
<5t.  1221.  Jared  G.  Smith. 

BITTEK-SWEET.   See  Celastrus  and  Sotaimm. 

BlXA  (South  American  name).  Bixclcem.  A  genus 
of  two  species  of  tropical  trees  with  large,  entire  Ivs. 
and  showy  fls.  in  terminal  panicles.  B.  Orellana  is  cult, 
in  the  E.  and  W.  Indies  for  the  Annatto  dye  which  is 
prepared  from  the  orange-red  pulp  that  covers  the  seeds. 
It  is  the  coloring  matter  chiefly  used  in  butter  and 
•cheese.  It  is  also  used  in  dyeing  silks,  and  preparing 
chocolate. 

Orell&na,  Linn.  Height  30  ft. :  Ivs.  cordate  :  fls.  pink- 
ish. B.M.  1456.  — It  is  rarely  grown  in  northern  green- 
houses as  an  ornamental.  Cuttings  taken  from  a  flower- 
ing plant  will  produce  flowering  plants  of  a  convenient 
size.  Plants  from  seed  usually  flower  less  freely,  and 
must  attain  a  greater  size  before  flowering. 

BLACKBEEKY.     A 

of  Rubus.  of  which  t 
drupelets  when  fruit  i 
■     '     "  Iv  in  A 


BLACKBERRY 

wild  fruit  from  the  earliest  times,  the  Blackberry  has 

only   r titlv   iii'i'l.-    iti-    rippparance    among   the    more 

onl.'i  ..,,1  -,r,, ,,,,,!,  .  Li'liii  fruits.  The  type  species 
is  /."  ' I urh  it  has  long  been  known 

unMi  I //  '.MIS  (see  Bubus).     It  is  a 

must  \.inii.!.  -[M  .  ;,^ ,  ;in,|  I  lu*  niuuber  of  foHus  which 
may  be  n-i'(,giiizi-d  di-pends  only  upon  the  judgment  of 
the  botanist  who  is  reviewing  them.  There  are  several 
distinct  types  or  groups  in  cultivation.  (1)  The  Long- 
Cluster  Blackberries.  Ruhnx  niiimhnreus.  The  plants 
growtall  and  upright,  tl).  ]■  ill.  i  -  .m  l..ii';-stalked.  rather 
flnely  serrate  and  t:i|i.  i  I'  i-  tlower  cluster  is 

long,  leafless  and  oiM-t  I.  liual  flowers  stand- 


ing almost  at  right ; 
is  normally  ol)]( 
in  color,  with  il 
Taylor  is  on.-  - 
(2)  The  Whit.- 
Similar  to  th.- 
green  canes  :ni 
Many  varieti.-^ 
none  have  att:.i 
Blackberries.  1 
commonest  fori 
such  varieties  s 


-  I-.  il  -  .  .  ii,r,,lstem.  The  fruit 
iii.i.l-  -,,;.|..  -I.  -«-.-.-t,  r;ither  dull 
-1,1^,11  :,n.l  .L.-Iv  ,,-,.-k.-d.  The 
-t  1-.  |. ]■-•-. -ni;in\  i~  i.r  iliis  class. 
r\.  I,\  ,1. .jr. ■!■'!•  •, IS,  wu-.albinus. 
tit  H  iih  ii.-;irly  r..iiii.l,  yellowish 
I  rT-.aiu-or  amber-colored  fruit. 
1 .  |M  have  been  introduced,  but 
.ui,.-ii.-e.  (3)  The  Short-Cluster 
... .  i,.s-.  var.  sativus.  This  is  the 
iv;ited  Blackberry,  and  includes 
vder,  Lawton  and  Agawam  (Fig. 
237).  In  this  type  the  clusters  are  shorter,  but  leafless, 
the  pedicels  more  oblique,  the  fruits  shorter  and  rounder, 
glossy  black,  the  drupelets  large  and  irregularly  set. 
The  leaflets  are  broader,  coarsely  and  unevenly  serrate, 
or  jagged  and  less  tapering  at  the  point.  (4)  The  Leafy- 
Cluster  Blackberries,  -ffi.  argutus.  This  is  a  lower  and 
more  bushy  form,  with  narrow,  coarsely  toothed,  light- 
colored  leaflets  and  short  cluster,  having  simple  leaves 
intermingled  with  the  flowers.  Its  best  common  repre- 
sentative is  the  Early  Harvest.  (5)  The  Loose-Cluster 
Blackberries,  B.  nigrobaccus  xvillostis .  This  is  a  group 
of  hybrid  origin,  being  intermediate  between  the  Black- 
berry and  dewberry  (see  Dewberry).  The  plants  have 
a  low,  spreading  habit  of  growth,  broad  jagged  and 
notched  leaves,  short  dewberry-like  clusters,  with  large, 
roundish  fruits,  made  up  of  very  large,  loosely  set  drupe- 
lets. The  Early  Wilson  and  Wilson  Junior  are  its  best 
known  representatives  (Pig. 238).  (6)  The  Sand  Black- 
berry, B.  ciineifoliiis  (Fig.  239).  A  sturdy  little  shrub, 
armed  with  vicious  recurved  thorns,  with  thickish, 
wedge  shaped  leaflets,  whitened  woolly  beneath.  The 
clusters  are  few  flowered,  opening  from  the  center  out- 
ward, the  fruit  roundish,  loose-grained,  very  black  and 
good  Known  m  cultivation  only  as  the  Topsy,  or  Tree 
Blackberry  (7)  There  is  still  another  type  of  Black- 
berry, known  as  the  Thomless  cr  Mountain  Blackberry 
{ li  Canadensis),  but  it  is  not  in  cultivation.  This  is 
(  haratterized  by  smooth,  unarmed  canes,  narrow,  sharp- 
jiiinttd  leaflets,  the  upper  ones  borne  on  long,  slender 
I  if  stilks  an  open  flower-cluster,  a  short,  roundish, 
_1  ss^  I  I  K  k  fruit,  with  large  drupelets.  It  ripens  later 
tl  in  the  I-  Mnraon  Blackberry,  and  is  not  so  good  in 
lu^lltJ  lor  further  account  of  the  Blackberry  tribes, 
sit,  Bailej,  Evolution  of  Our  Native  Fruits. 

The  first  Blackberry  introduced  into  cultivation  was 
the  Dorchester,  which  was  exhibited  before  the  Massa- 
chusetts Horticultural  Society  in  1841.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  Lawton  a  few  years  later,  which  became 
much  more  prominent.  The  Kittatinny  soon  divided  hon- 
ors with  this,  and  both  now  largely  have  given  place  to 
the  Snyder,  which  is  undoubtedly  the  most  widely 
grown  variety  of  the  present  day.  This,  like  many  com- 
mercial fruits,  is  a  variety  of  poor  quality,  but  extremely 
hardy  and  productive.  The  rapid  strides  made  by  the 
Blackberry  in  cultivation  prove  that  a  place  was  ready 
;.  ti.l  waiting  for  it  in  the  pomological  world,  a  place  which 
t  lias  proved  itself  eminently  fitted  to  fill,  owing  both  to 
'  -  ilesirable  qualities  in  general  and  to  its  ability  to 
i;i].id!y  vary  and  develop  new  types.  At  the  present 
I  line  it  is  one  of  the  most  important,  most  generally  liked 
and  most  profitable  bush-fmits  grown. 

The  Blackberry  thrives  on  almost  all  soils,  but  to  reach 
perfection  demands  a  strontr  l..am.  retentive  of  moisture 
and  tending  toward  clay  rather  than  sand.  Soil  must 
be  well  drained  at  all  times.  If  too  rich  in  humus  and 
nitrogen,  a  tendency  toward  a  rank  growth  of  plant, 
with  diminished  fruitfulness,  appears,  while  a  light, 
sandy  soil  wiU  fail  to  carry  the  fruit  through  periods  of 


BLACKBERRY 

drought,  which  is  usually  the  greatest  obstacle  to  suc- 
cess with  this  fruit.  For  this  reason  a  cool  northern 
exposure  is  always  desirable,  and  in  the  region  of  the 
Plains,  a  good  windbreak  on  the  south  and  west  is  very 
beneficial.  Fertilizers  containing  a  liberal  proportion  of 
potash  are  most  suitable.  Too  much  stable  manure,  or 
nitrogen  in  other  forms,  will  induce  a  rank  growth  of 
canes  at  the  expense  of  fniit. 

Plants  are  propagated  either  by  root-cuttings,  or  by 
means  of  the  suckers  which  naturally  spring  up  about 
the  parent  plants.  The  latter  are  most  commonly  used 
in  commercial  work.  Root-cuttings  may  be  made  in  the 
fall  and  carried  over  winter  in  sand,  or  started  under 
glass  toward  spring,  or  the  cuttings  can  be  made  in 
spring  and  sowed  in  furrows,  like  peas.  Planting  is 
best  done  in  spring,  as  a  rule.  If  set  in  the  fall,  each 
plant  should  be  covered  with  a  mulch  of  earth  or  strawy 
manure,  which  should  be  removed  in  spring.    The  rows 


BLACKBERRY 


165 


of  thinning  the  Blackberry,  and 
judgment  must  always  enter  into  the  question  of  thin- 
ning fruit.  In  the  region  of  the  Plains,  where  moisture 
is  likely  to  be  deficient,  both  in  soil  and  atmosphere,  it 
is  frequently  found  better  not  to  cut  back  the  growing 
shoots  in  sunmnr.  Imt  t"  I.  t  tliim  develop  one  straight 
cane,  which  i~  .1,1  l,,i  k  u.  ."  ,  ,,r  :;  I'.-.t  in  spring.  This 
will  generally  ■]•  \ .  |.,|,  ;,I1  iln  fniif  which  the  plant  can 
carry  to  maturity  uiiJ.r  ,11,  h  ,-..n(liti(>us.  A  few  grow- 
ers in  other  parts  ot  the  cuuiitiy  train  to  wires,  and  in 
that  case  the  shoots  are  also  allowed  to  grow  at  will,  but 
are  left  much  longer  in  spring  and  tied  to  the  wires  for 
support.  Close-pruned,  stocky  bushes  may  be  covered 
with  straw  as  a  protection  against  late  spring  frosts. 

The  best  of  cultivation  is  always  demanded.  In  a  crop 
in  which  so  much  depends  upon  an  abundant  supply  of 
moisture  in  the  soil,  none  should  be  allowed  to  go  to 
waste.     Hence,  the  cultivation  should  be  frequent  and 


■^M^Ak^ 


hybrid  of  Blackbe 


and  Dewberry. 


should  be  about  8  feet  apart,  and  the  plants  may  be  set 
from  2  to  4  feet  apart  in  the  row.  At  the  latter  distance, 
cultivation  may  be  given  in  both  directions  for  the  first 
year  or  two.  With  high  culture,  good  results  may  be 
obtained  by  planting  in  hills,  7  or  8  feet  apart  each  way. 
Pruning  the  Blackberry  is  not  difiicult,  yet  upon  its 
proper  performance  depends  much  of  the  success  of  the 
crop.  The  old  canes  should  be  removed  yearly,  prefer- 
ably in  summer,  as  soon  as  they  have  borne  their  crop 
of  fruit.  They  then  no  longer  interfere  with  the  symmet- 
rical development  of  the  young  canes,  and  if  gathered 
and  burned  at  once,  much'is  gained  in  keeping  the  field 
clear  of  certain  fungi  and  insects.  The  young  canes 
should  be  clipped  off  when  they  reach  a  height  of  18 
inches  or  2  feet,  in  order  to  induce  early  branching  and 
a  stocky  bush  with  well  developed  laterals,  capable  of 
producing  and  holding  up  a  heavy  crop  of  fruit.  It  is 
very  important  that  the  shoots  be  not  allowed  to  get 
higher  than  2  feet  before  this  clipping  is  done.  They 
will  then  elongate  and  make  the  bush  high  enough.  If 
neglected,  and  later  cut  back  to  2  feet,  the  buds  will  be 
weak,  the  growth  poor,  the  bush  low,  and  the  crop  small. 
The  laterals  are  usually  cut  back  to  about  18  inches  in 
lenu'th  the  fallowing  spring,  but  varieties  differ  in  their 
habit  (if  bfariii!:;  fruit-buds,  and  it  is  not  safe  to  cut  by 
measure.     It  should  be  remembered  that  this  spring 


constant,  but  always 
turbs  the  roots  and 
small  garden  patch  1 
Growers  in  the  ntidd 


-  be  substituted, 
id  mulching  with 
iig  between,  very 


winter  protection  is  abso- 
id  often  adds  greatly  to 
the  yield  in  other  regions,  where  not  considered  a  neces- 
sity. This  protection  is  bynomcaii-^  always  called  for 
by  reason  of  extreme  cold.  Tin-  wintrr-;  ..f  Xi-braska 
and  Kansas  are  nearly  always  jiiiM.r  ili:ni  thosi-  of  cen- 
tral New  York  ;  yet  during  one  C'f  tin-  milik-st  cf  these, 
when  the  meri-ur\-  t<  ailnri  z'ro  but  once,  and  was  then 
only  five  de.L'ri  1  ..  li.  l.i.\.  Ti.l.r  Blackberries  were  killed 
to  the  ground.  \\:itli  ili.  -n.ci-eding  winter,  which  was- 
decidedly  coKUr,  tli<y  cain.-  through  unharmed.  It  may 
be  as  much  a  nialti-r  uf  luuisture  as  of  temperature.  The 
needed  protection  is  best  given  by  loosening  the  earth 
on  both  sides  of  the  plant,  carefully  turning  it  down  and 
covering  the  tips  with  soil,  laying  the  next  plant  upon 
the  roots  of  this,  and  so  on.  In  mUd  climates,  covering 
the  tips  is  sufficient ;  in  especially  unfavorable  ones  the 
whole  plant  must  be  covered.  The  cost  of  this  need  not 
exceed  $5  to  $8  an  acre. 
The  fruit  of  the  Blackberry  should  be  left  upon  the 


166  BLACKBERRY 

plants  as  long  as  possible  before  picking,  for  it  is  not 
ripe  when  it  first  turns  black.  It  should  never  be 
exposed  to  the  sun  after  it  is  remoTed  from  the  bushes. 
The  Blackberry  generally  outyields  all  the  other  mem- 
bers of  this  family,  and  is  usually  one  of  the  most  profit- 


able to  grow  when  properly  managed,  provided  the  cli- 
mate and  other  general  conditions  are  favorable. 

There  are  several  formidable  enemies  of  the  Black- 
berry, but  they  are  generally  easily  mastered  by  the 
alert  and  energetic  grower.  "  Ciittiiiff  out  tlic  1m ';iriii!,' 
canes  as  soon  as  they  an-  tlirmi-li  fruitiiiL'  will  cinniii- 
vent  the  borer  which  sonutim.^  woik^  in  tl..'  .  [lim  -.  aTi.l 
will  aid  in  preventing  the  >pn  ad  "t'  anTliraciio^r  ami 
leaf  rusts.  The  orange  rust  niu>t  W  fought  by  ilig^-ing 
up  and  burning  infected  bushes  as  soon  as  detected,  for 
there  is  no  cure.  But  this  trouble  is  seldom  serious. 
Feed  W.  Card. 

BLACKBEKRY  LILY.    See  Belemcanda. 

BLACKWOOD.    See  Acacia. 

BLADDEK  NUT.    See  StapliyJea. 

BLADDEKWORT.    See  Ufricularia. 

BLANDFOEDIA    (after    George,  Marquis   of    Bland- 
ford).    Lilini-,:,r.    Tender  bulbous  plants  from  Australia 

and  Tasmania.  ].] .1  bv  .1.  ci.  Hak.-r  (.Tonr.  I. inn.  Sn,.. 

11:364)  l.,-fH-,.-.n  Kni|.li..lia  an,l  Kiiiil<ia.  ).ut  vrr-v  .lif- 
ferent  in  .-.nrral  ai.|irar:inr,.  fr,.ni  Fiinl^ia.  K.^.ts  tn- 
berous  tibiTs :  Ivs.  in  two  vrrtiial  ranks,  nan-owlv  liinar. 
hard,  persistent  :  fls.  large,  IJi-S  in.  long,  showy,  nod- 
ding, in  short  racemes,  usually  orange-red  to  crimson, 
Vfith  yellow  tips. 


Being  tenderer  tha 
difiScult    culture.    T.I; 
America.   B.  ftain >■ 
In  New  South  A\  .: 


and  of  more 


BLECHXCM 

resting  season  they  may  be  placed  in  a  light  pit,  where 
they  are  not  crowded  or  shaded  by  taller  plants.  They 
like  a  moist  atmosphere  and  plenty  of  air,  but  not 
draughts.  The  chief  element  of  the  potting  soil  should 
be  peat ;  if  the  peat  is  heavy,  use  sand  freely  ;  if  light, 
use  some  loam,  and  pack  firmly  ;  if  spongy,  add  some 
charcoal.  Pot  after  tiowering,  in  early  spring,  being 
careful  not  to  overpot,  and  plan  to  leave  roots  undis- 
turbed for  two  years  at  least.  A  top-dressing  each  year 
and  liquid  manure  during  growing  season,  is  necessary 
to  produce  a  good  flowering.  Prop,  by  seeds  sown  in 
sandy  peat  with  mild  bottom  heat,  or  usually  by  careful 
and  not  too  frequent  divisions  of  the  root,  made  in  early 
spring,  after  flowering,  at  the  time  of  repotting,  and 
preferably  when  strong  offsets  are  formed. 
A.    Margin  of  !vs.  not  roughish. 

Ctiuningliami,  Lindl.  Lvs.  18-24  in.  long,  3-4  lines 
wide,  broader  than  in  B.  flammea  :  fls.  10-15,  or  even 
20.  Blue  Mts.  of  Australia.  B.M.  5734.  Gn.  24:411.- 
This  has  lately  been  held  to  be  synonymou.s  with  B. 
grandiflora,  but  it  is  horticulturally  distinct,  and  the 
pedicels  are  shorter. 

AA.    Margin  of  lvs.  roughish. 
B.    Fis.  golden  yellow,  without  any  red. 

ailrea,  Hook.  f.  Lvs.  8-12  in.  long,  lJ^-2  lines  wide: 
fls.  3-6,  the  only  ones  in  the  genus  not  touched  with 
red  ;  perianth  wide-swelling,  sometimes  nearly  as  wide 
as  long,  more  bell-shaped  than  any  other  species.  N.  S. 
Wales.    B.M.  5809. 

BB.   Fls.  red-tubed  and  yellow-tipped. 
c.    Perianth  long,  S-i  times  as  long  as  wide. 

n6bilis,  Smith.  Lvs.  12-18  in.  long,  %-%  lines  wide, 
dark  green,  sharply  3-angled  :  fls.  4-9,  smallest  of  the 
genus,  and  narrowest.  Near  Port  Jackson.  B.M.  2003. 
B.R.  286. 

fidmmea,  Lindl.  Lvs.  12-18  in.  long,  2-2K  lines  wide: 
fls.  4-12,  typically  constricted  near  the  base  of  the  tube 
and  much  lower  down  than  in  B.  Cunninghami.  E.  Aus- 
tralia. B.M.  4819.  P.M.  16:,354.  F.S.  6:585.  F.S.  18: 
1829.  as  B.  Cunninghami. 

Var.  princeps,  Baker  {B.  princeps,  W.  G.  Smith),  has 
larger  and  brighter  colored  fls.,  and  is  the  best  of  the 
genus.  The  perianth  is  longer  and  less  spreading  than 
in  the  type,  and  swells  very  gradually  from  the  base, 
instead  of  being  constricted  near  the  base.  B.M.  0209. 
F.M.  1875:170.    F.S.  22:2314.    Gn.  47:1013. 

cc.    Tube  short,  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  wide. 

grandiflftra,  R.  Br.  Lvs.  12-18  in.  long,  3-4X  lines 
wi.li-:  (Is.  10-30.  Distinguished  from  all  others  by  hav- 
ini;  til.'  lilanients  inserted  above  instead  of  at  the  middle, 
liut  in  var.  intermedia.  Baker,  which  connects  i?.<7ra«di- 
flor^f  ,an.l  iinhills.  the  filaments  are  inserted  at  the  mid- 
dle of  ilo-  tnbo.  till-  lvs.  are  narrower,  and  the  fls.  smaller. 
Tasmania.  H.R.  '.t:;4.  — The  name  grandiflora  is  now  a 
misnomi  r.  a-^  tin-  lis.  are  smaller  than  in  any  other  spe- 
cies i\((].t  IJ.  }i':hilis.    The  rarest  species.         \y.  ji_ 

BLANKET  FLOWER.    See  Gaillardia. 

BLAZING   STAR.     ^seLiatris. 

BL£CHNUM(  Greek  name  for  some  fern).  Polypodid- 
cetp.  Rather  coarse  greenhouse  Ferns,  with  pinnatifid 
or  pinnate  lvs..  and  rows  of  almost  continuous  sori  par- 
allel to  the  midvein  and  close  to  it,  covered  with  a 
iin-mbranous  indusium.  Blechnums  will  thrive  in  al- 
iri.ist  any  compost,  but  their  lvs.  quickly  turn  brown  and 
then  black  if  watered  overhead.  Prop,  by  spores.  In 
Bleehnum  we  have  a  singular  knot  in  nomenclature. 
Linnaeus  described  two  species  in  1753,  and  to  the  West 
Indian  one  he  gave  the  name  B.  orientate,  citing  figures, 
etc.,  to  show  that  it  is  the  plant  that  recent  writers 
call  B.  occidentale.  His  East  Indian  plant  he  simi- 
larly called  B.  occidentale.  The  normal  or  ordinary 
usage  has  been  followed  below,  the  name  B.  orientate 
being  given  to  the   eastern  plant. 

Blechnums  are  ver>'  useful  to  florists  for  jardinieres, 
and  for  specimen  Ferns.  To  attain  best  results,  it  is 
necessary  to  maintain  an  abundance  of  moisture  at  the 


BLECHNUJI 

roots,  with  a  drier  atniosplirrc  than  mr 
quire,  to  prevent  fn.iMl-  fruii  tnrninL-  1 
ter  months.    Av.  i         ■    i    ■     •"  '        ! 
of  rich  loam  and  1                                     < 

BlerUli.i.,-   _.   :!   ,..:     '         '   : 
\                            aOOUll...-.    ..L|.;.m:Mnl    1,: 

^t  other  Perns  re  - 

rnvn  during  win- 

-    1 1 .  equal  parts 

l"'res  of  most 

1.  Iv  if  sown  on 

iiMild  or  peat  in 

BLOOMERIA 


167 


equal    parts,   and    placi-d    in    a   moderately 
moist  and  shady  position  in  a  temp,  of  60- 
65°  F.    Some  of  the  species  send  out  creep- 
ing rhizomes,  which  develop  young  plants  at 
the  ends.   When  of  sufficient  size  these  may 
he  detached  and  potted,  and  in  a  short  time 
they    will    develop    into    good    specimens. 
Some  very    attractive    spe- 
cies   are  found    among    the 
hardy  British  Blechnums. 
Cult,  by  N.  N.  Beuckner. 
^  strongltf  decurrent 


the  one  next  below. 
Brasili^nse,  Desv.  Gr 
ing  from  n  stout,  slie-htly 
boresoent  trunk  1  ft.  «r  n 
long  :  Ivs.  ■_'-:;  11.  I^iiu-,  1 
ormore  wid.'.  «  iili  tiii-  i.ii 


but  is  not  showy  enough  to  be  popular.  They  need  a 
long  season  of  rest.  The  commonly  cult,  kinds  are  ter- 
restrial, and  thrive  in  ordinary  orchid  loam. 

hyacintUna,  R.  Br.  Lvs.  about  1  ft.  long:  fls.  looking 
down,  in  various  shades  of  purple,  on  a  scape  about  1  ft. 
high.  China.  B.M.  1492,  as  Cymbidinm  hyacinthinum. 
—  Stands  some  frost. 

yereounda,  R.  Br.  The  first  exotic  Orchid  introduced 
(1731).  Racemes  showy  and  branching,  2-3  ft. :  fls.  pur- 
plish.   W.  Ind. ;  also  in  Middle  and  E.  Fla. 

ShSpherdii,  Hook.  Very  like  the  last,  and  perhaps  a 
form  of  it :  fls.  deep  purple ;  center  of  labellum  yellow. 
B.M.  3319. 

Sherratiina,  Bateman.  Lf.-blades  pointed  at  both 
ends :  fls.  large,  more  showy  than  in  the  above,  brilliant 
lilac  or  rose  color;  labellum  purple,  with  3  golden  yellow 
lines.    New  Grenada.    B.M.  5646. 

pAtula,  Hook.  Fls.  deep  pink-lilac,  numerous  and  large 
(2  in.  across).  B.  M.  3518.  —  Requires  culture  given 
Cattleyas. 

campanuiata,  La  Llave  &  Lex.  Pis.  bell-like,  purple, 
with  white  center.    Mex.  — Not  common  in  cult. 

IS.  aptifiUa,  Nil 


N.  L'.-i 


-S.Tan/cerinUew.R. 


the  rachis,   the  lower  much 
shorter   and   more   distant. 
Braz.    S.  2:4. 
nitidum,   Presl.   Habit  of 


lant  1-2  ft.  high. 

Corcovadfense,  R  a  d  d  i . 
cut  to  the  rachis, 
much  crowded  and  shorter 
than  the  last;  longest  pinnae 
less  than  6  in.  long,  attenu- 
ate at  the  tips;  lvs.  crimson 
when  young,  and  gradually 
tiirniiii;    to    n    metallic    hue 


occidentale 


crlspun 
may  be  commoner  in  cult,  than  the  type. 
AA.    Plnnxe  contracted  at  the  base  to  th' 
forming  a  very  short  stalk. 
occidentile,  Linn.    Lvs.  from  an  erect  caudex,  which 
is  covfri.-il  with  lirownish  scales :  lvs.  9-18  in.  long,  4-6  in. 
wide,  with  thi-  pinnae  truncate  or  even  cordate  at  the 
hasc  and  slif;htly  falcate.    Mex.  and  W.  Ind.  to  Braz. 
yee  Fig.  240. 

serrulitum,  Rich.  Growing  from  an  ascending  nearly 
naked  rootstoek  :  lvs.  1-2  ft.  long,  6-15  in.  wide,  with 
numerous  narrow  pinnae,  which  are  contracted  at  the 
base  and  of  nearly  uniform  width  throuirhoiit  :  margins 
finely  serrulate;  texture  coriaceous,    i  i:,   i..  |;i  >   . 

B.  orientale,  Linn.,  is  a  large  East    In  ;:  mi  i  .  ~ian 

Fern,  with  lvs.  of  ten  3  ft.  long  ;  wellw,.i;l  :  i       i     i; 

L. 
BLEEDING  HEAET.    See  Biceutra. 

BLfiPHAElS  (Greek,  eyelash;  referring  to  fringed 
bracts).  Acanthitcea.  An  unimportant  genus  of  dwarf, 
often  spiny  shrubs  and  herbs,  allied  to  Acanthus,  and  of 
similar  culture. 

carduifdlia,  T.Anders.  {Acanthus  carduifdlius,  Linn. 
Acanthddium  cnrdiiifolins,  Nees).  Plant  villous  :  lvs. 
lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate,  spiny :  spike  terminal, 
cylindrical  :  bracts  roundish,  palmately  5-spined  at 
the  apex. 

BL£TIA  (Louis  Blet,  Spanish  botanist).  Orchiddcea-, 
tribe  £Jpid^ndre(e .  Terrestrial  or  epiphytal  herbs,  widely 
distributed  :  lvs.  plicate,  membranaceous,  sheathing  the 
St.,  erect.    This  genus  lends  itself  readily  to  cultivation. 


species  growing  as  far  N.  as 
Br.,  isaPhaius. 

Oakes  Ames. 

BLIGHT,  An  indefinite  term,  popularly  used  to  desig- 
nate any  sudden  and  inexplicable  death  of  plants.  The 
term  is  now  restricted  by  botanists  to  parasitic  diseases. 
These  diseases  are  of  two  classes,  —  those  due  to  bacteria 
or  microbes,  and  those  due  to  parasitic  fungi.  For  an 
account  of  these  troubles,  see  Diseases. 

BLUE.    See  Chenopodiiim. 

BLOODEOOT.    See  Saiiyuinaria. 

BLOOMfiEIA  (named  for  Dr.  H.  G.  Bloomer).  LiU- 
Aceif.  A  genus  of  two  species,  natives  of  southern 
California.  In  every  way  they  are  closely  allied  to 
Brodisea,  but  differ  in  having  the  perianth  parted 
nearly  to  the  base.  Bloomerias  have  a  flatfish  corm, 
ike  Crocus,  covered  with  fiber,  and  not  often  pro- 
offsets.  The  lvs.  are 
radical,  slender,  and  grass- 
like; scape  slender  but  stiff, 
6  to  18  in.  high,  naked,  ex- 
cept for  short  bracts  be- 
neath the  many-rayed  um- 
bel ;  pedicels  slender, 
jointed;  fls.  nearly  rotate, 
less  than  an  inch  across, 
orange.  Bloomerias  prefer 
a    sandy,   warm    and    well- 


,    they     are      perfectly 
hardy.    In  a  colder  climate, 
a  covering  of  straw  or  leaves 
or   a    position   in  the    cold- 
frame  would  be  a  judicious 
precaution.   Plant  early,  and 
see  that  the  soil  is  light  and 
sweet.    They  like  the  sun, 
and    are   good    for   forcing. 
The  light  soil  and  warmth  of 
a  pot  more  nearly  approxi- 
mates    natural     conditions 
than      the      open 
ground  does  in  cool- 
er climates.    After 
ripening,    it 
is  best  to  dig 
and    replant 
in  fall.    The 
seeds    grow 
readily,  and 
the      plants 


241,  Bloomeria  aurea  (> 


to  4  years. 
Scape  roughish,  6-18   in. : 
lerous,  bright  orange,  in  a 


168 


BLOOMERIA 


dense  umbel:  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  perianth, 
the  filaments  dilated  at  the  base.  B.M.  5896  (as  Nothos- 
cordnmaureum).   G.C.  III.  20:  687. 

CWvelandi.Wats.  More  slender:  Ivs.  3-7:  fls.  smaller, 
keeled  with  brown,  the  stamens  shorter.  G.C.  III.  20: 687. 
-Less  valuable  than  the  other.  ^^^^  ^^^^ 

BLUEBELL.    See  CampaniiUi. 

BLUEBEEEY.    Species  of  Vaccinium. 

BLUE  FLAG.    See  Iris. 

BLUETS.    See  Eousionia. 

BLUMENBACHIA  (after  Dr.  J.  F.  Blumenbach,  pro- 

f  es.sor  at  Gottingen) .  Loasdcea.  A  genus  of  S.  American 
plants  allied  to  Loasa  and  Mentzelia  (Mexican  prickly 
poppy),  not  cult,  in  Amer.  because  cf  tlnir  .Lviriiii.'  uf 
stinging  hairs.  The  fls.  are  odd  :uid  ]ii-.  tty.  Tl].-  -jav- 
den  forms  are  mostly  treated  as  tciidt  r  aniiuaK. 

S.  CIdquitmsis.  Hook.  f.  Lts.  8-10  h,  l-n-  iK  1'  .  -  in. 
long,  brick  red,  tipped  yell'.\v  with.Hi)  :         '  ■,  liiiii  : 

petalsr>-10,l)oHt-shaped.  Pcni.EauiMl.r     im   •  ■' ',        I ../.- 

flora,  a.  Don  IB.  contorta,  Honk,  t      1      '    >  I.        i  ''>  in. 

long:    fls.  1%-d  in.  long,  wln>lly  mi  '  _■    i  iij,- 

shaped,  green;  stamens  in  .'>  hiinillr^  \\i'!i  l-i'^  ti  hi  m.iils. 
Peru.— if.  insiiinis,  Schrad.  Stem  ciunbing.  4siued  :  petals 
white,  ungnicni.-tte.   B.M.  2H65. 

BOCCdNIA  (after  Dr.  Paslo  Bocconi,  Sicilian  botanist 
and  author).  Papaverdcere .  PLtTME  Poppv.  A  geniis  of 
5  species,  of  which  B.  cordata  is  tli.-  .ihIn  . .i,,-  WMiiliV  of 

cultivation.   The  large,  handsome.  ;.-'  ■  I    -    rinind 

one,  by  their  texture  and  lobing.  d   !■: lit      iil  Sty- 

lophorum,  which  belong  to  allied  ::.  n,  i.i.  'I'll.  lis.  are 
very  unlike  our  common  poppies,  iK-inir  snudi  and  with- 
out petals,  but   they   are  borne    in    great    feathery    or 


picturesque  general  appearance.  Hence,  it  is  much  used 
for  isolated  lawn  specimens,  or  for  very  bold  and  strik- 
ing effects,  being  especially  adapted  to  be  viewed  at 
long  distances.  It  is  also  placed  in  shrubberies,  wild 
gardens,  and  at  the  hack  of  wide  borders,  as  it  spreads 


rapidly  by  suckers,  any  one  of  which,  if  detached,  will 
make  a  strong  plant  in  a  single  season.  The  Plume 
Poppy  seems  to  be  much  hardier  in  America  than  in  the 
Old  World.  It  was  popular  early  in  the  century,  but  was 
neglected,   probably    because    it     spread     so    rapidly. 


BOMAREA 

Lately  it  has  become  popular  again.  It  deserves  to  be 
permanently  naturalized  in  the  American  landscape. 
To  produce  the  largest  specimens,  it  is  well  to  plant  in 
very  rich  soil,  give  the  old  clumps  liquid  manure  in 
spring,  and  cut  off  the  suckers.  Prop,  chiefly  by  suckers. 

cordata, VVilld.  {B.Japinica.Hort.).  Fig.  242.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennial  :  height  5-8  ft.:  Ivs.  large,  glau- 
cous, heart-shaped,  much-lobed,  deeply  veined  :  fls. 
pinkish  ;  stamens  about  30.  China,  Japan.  B.M.  1905. 
Gn.  54,  p.  279.    Gng.5:342. 

J.  B.  Keller  and  W.  M. 

BOEHMfiBIA  (G.  R.  Boehmer,  a  German  botanist). 
Urticdce(e.  Many  widely  distributed  species.  B.  nivea, 
Gaud.,  of  trop.  Asia,  is  cult,  in  some  countries  as  a  fiber 
plant,  and  has  been  introduced  into  this  country  for  that 
purpose.  It  is  a  strong-growing,  large-lvd.  perennial, 
well  suited  to  the  border  as  an  ornamental  subject. 
B.nriji'ntea,  Lind.,  a  stove  plant,  is  useful  for  subtropi- 
■■;il  bedding  ;  but  it  is  not  in  the  Amer.  trade. 

BOLANDBA  (H.  N.  Bolander,  Californian  botanist). 
.Siijifniiii)ce(f.  Two  species  of  small  west  American 
herbs,  with  purplish  fls.  in  lax  corymbs  ;  petals  5.  in- 
serted on  the  throat  of  the  5-lobed  calyx  ;  stamens  5, 
.'Utemate  with  petals.  Delicate  herbs,  suitable  for  rock- 
work. 

Oreg&na,  Wats.  A  foot  or  two  high,  pubescent  and 
glandular  :  Ivs.  laciniately  toothed  and  lobed  :  fls.  deep 
purple  ;  tube  of  the  calyx  equaling  the  teeth  and  a  little 
shorter  than  the  petals  :  pedicels  reflexed  in  front. 
Oregon. -Int.  by  Gillett  in  1881. 

The  first-described  species,  B.  CaUfdrnica,  Gray, 
seems  not  to  have  been  offered  in  the  trade.  It  is  a 
smaller  species,  less  pubescent,  w'ith  smaller  fls.,  the 
lower  Ivs.  round-reniform  and  5-lobed  :  plant  3-12  in. 
high,  the  stems  weak  and  slender. 

BOLDOA  FBAGEANS,  cult,  in  S.  Calif.    See  Peumus. 

B0L£TUS.    Consult  Mushrooms. 

BdLLEA.    See  Zijgopetahim. 

BOLTONIA  (James  Bolton,  English  botanist).  Com- 
pdsitw.  False  Chamomile.  Four  or  5  species  of  aster- 
like glabrous,  often  glaucous  herbs  of  the  United  States 
and  eastern  Asia.  They  are  tall  and  leafy  plants,  bloom- 
ing profusely  in  late  summer  and  autumn,  and  excellent 
for  the  hardy  border.  Differs  from  aster  in  having  a 
convex  receptacle,  short  pappus  bristles  and  awns,  and 
other  technical  characters.  Boltonias  are  of  easiest  cul- 
ture. They  take  care  of  themselves  when  once  estab- 
lished. Prop,  by  division.  Should  be  better  known  to 
gardeners.    They  stand  without  staking. 

asteroldes,  L'Her.  [B.glastimia,'L''B.eT.).  Sts.2-8ft., 
simple  below  and  branching  at  the  top  :  Ivs.  broadly 
lanceolate  or  the  upper  narrower :  heads  short-peduneled, 
numerous,  the  rays  varying  from  white  to  violet  and 
purple;  involucre  bracts  lanceolate  and  acute,  greenish; 
scales  of  the  pappus  numerous  and  conspicuous,  the 
two  awns  sometimes  missing.  Pa.  to  111.  and  S.  B.M. 
2381, 2554.    Mn.  1 :33.- Perennial. 

latisquima,  Gray.  A  handsomer  plant,  with  larger 
and  more  showy  heads  with  blue-velvet  rays  :  invo- 
lucre bracts  oblong  or  obovate  and  obtuse  (often  bear- 
ing a  minute  point);  pappus  scales  small,  the  awns 
present  and  conspicuous.  Kans.  and  Mo.  G.F.  5:271. 
Perennial. 

B.  C'antonUnsis,  Franch.  &  Sav.,  is  native  to  Japan, 
where  the  young  plants  are  used  for  greens.  See  George- 
son,  A.G.  13,  p.  8,  fig.  4.  It  is  annual.  Has  not  yet  ap- 
peared in  the  Amer.  trade.  Gray  restricts  Boltonia  to 
the  U.  S.,  and  regards  this  species  as  of  another  genus. 
L.  H.  B. 

BOMABEA  (derivation  doubtful).  Amarylliddcece. 
Tender  South  American  plants  allied  to  Alstroemeria, 
and  with  similar  fls.  but  a  twining  habit.  Lvs.  parallel- 
veined,  usually  borne  on  short,  twisted  petioles:  fls.  in 
pendulous  umbels,  variously  colored  and  spotted,  borne 
in  early  spring  and  summer  :  perianth  funnel-shaped  : 
tube  none.    See  Baker,  Amaryllideie. 

Bomareas  delight  in  a  rich,  fibrous  soil,  and  require 
plenty  of  water  during  the  growing  season,  which  com- 


Plate  ni.    A  hardy  border 
lul  herbaceous  plants,  well  grown  and 


BOJIAREA 

mences  early  in  spring.  Late  in  fall  the  stems  are  cut 
down  to  the  ground  and  the  roots  are  kept  in  the  soil  in 
a  dry  state.  While  they  often  make  satisfactory  pot 
plants,  they  do  best  when  planted  out  in  an  open,  sunny 
■     I  cool  conservatory,  where  they  have  plenty 


BORDER 


169 


BONESET.    E: 


Ivs.,  1-fld.  axillary  or  clustered  peduncles,  and  usually 
large  white  or  scarlet  fls.  Specimens  are  rarely  seen  in 
cult,  in  fine  glass-houses,  and  none  of  the  species  appear 
to  be  in  the  Amer.  trade.  The  bark  of  some  species  pro- 
duces commercial  fiber. 


iiim  perfoUatum. 


of  air  in  summer.  Prop,  by  fresh  seeds, 
which  germinate  readily  if  sown  in  shallow 
pans  in  a  warm  propagating-house.  Also, 
ad  more  rapidly,  by  careful  division  of  the  rhizome, 
>  which  some  of  the  roots  should  be  attached. 


Cult,  by  X.  J.  Rose. 


A.   Perianth  segm 
B.    Umbel  simple  :   fls 

oUg&ntha,  Baker.  Lvs.  3-4  in.  long,  oblong,  acute, 
lax,  thin,  densely  pubescent  beneath  :  fls.  6-8  in  an 
umbel:  bracts  large,  leaf -like;  segments  1-134  in.  long, 
outer  dull  red,  inner  bright  yellow  with  reddish  brown 
spots.   Peruvian  Andes. 

BB.    Umbel  compound, 
c.   Fls.  small. 

SaUilla,  Herb.  {B.  ociilAfa,  M.  Roem.  Alstra:meria 
oculdta,  Lodd.).  Pig.  2-13.  Lvs.  2-4  in.  long,  3^  in. 
broad,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  moderately  firm, 
glabrous  beneath  :  umbel  4-1.^-rayed  ;  rays  1-3  in.  long, 
1-3-fld. ;  bracts  small  :  fls.  pink  or  red,  marked  with 
blue  and  dark  purple  within.  Chili.  L.B.C.  19:1851. 
B.M.  3344. 

CC.    Fls.  large. 

C^rderi,  Mast.  Lvs.  4-6  in.  long,  13^-3  in.  broad,  ob- 
long, acute  :  umbel  1  ft.  long,  6-9-rayed  ;  rays  1-4-fld. : 
bracts  large,  leafy  ;  perianth-segments  2  in.  long,  outer 
pale  pink,  spotted  brown  near  the  top,  inner  greenish 
white,  much  spotted.    P.M.  1876:239.    G.C.  II.  5:793. 

Shuttle worthii,  Mast.  Lvs.  5-6  in.  long,  oblong,  acute, 
glabrous  :  umbel  1  ft.  long,  5-10-rayed  ;  rays  usually  3- 
fld. :  perianth  segments  2  in.  long,  outer  reddish,  inner 
greenish  yellow.  Colombian  Andes.  G.C.  II.  17:  77  and 
85.  The  curious  egg-shaped  tubers  terminate  un- 
branched  roots,  which  spring  from  a  rhizome  about  1  in. 
wide.  Having  no  eyes  or  buds,  they  cannot  be  used  for 
propagating. 

AA.    Perianth  segments  not  equal,  the  inner  longer 

than  the  outer. 

B.    Umbel  sim!)le. 

Patacoc^nsis,  B.eih.{B.  conferla.  B.'iifh. ).  stems  pur- 
ple-tinted, pubescent:  lvs.  5-6  in.  ImiL'.  uIiI.hil-  laii.rci- 
late,  pubescent  beneath:  fls.  20-:;ii  :  nnirr  ^c  -up  iit^ 
1}^  in.  long,  bright  red,  inner  on.-s  L"  ..  in.  l-ni-',  lui^ht 
red,  yellow-keeled,  with  a  few  spots.  And.s  .,f  Iviiiadnr 
and  Colombia.  G.C.  II.  17: 187.  B.M.  «0112.-Wheu  well- 
grown,  the  umbel  is  very  dense  and  many-fld. 
BB.    Umbel  compound. 

vitellina,  Mast.  Lvs.  3-4  in.  long,  ovate-oblong  :  um- 
bel about  12-rayed  :  perianth  segments  bright  yellow, 
outer  IM  in.  long,  inner  2  in.  long  :  bracts  large,  leafy. 
Peruvian  Andes.    G.C.  II.  17:  151.  W.  M. 

B6MBAX  (a  Greek  name  for  niic  silk,  alluding  to  the 
cottony  contents  of  the  pods  I.  JI<ilv<h:iir.  Silk  Cotton 
Tree     Ten  or  12  tropical  trees,  with  digitate  5-9-foliolate 


E   |/       //     ofhein&lis,  hinn.).    Boragindcece. 

mm  il  I  1  mt  grown  for  culinary  use  in  some 
u  I  m  C  ermany.  Used  as  a  pot-herb  and 
nietinies  with  salads.  Only  the  young  lvs. 
II  I  il  it  ible  Mostly  known  in  this  country 
i  i  1  ee  plant  and  for  its  handsome  blue 
r  1  un  li  h  racemed  fls.    It  is  a  hairy  plant, 

1'  -2  ft    high   with  oval  or  oblong  lvs.    Eu., 

North  \fiica 

BOKASSUS  PalmAceee  Tall  palms,  with  large  pal- 
raately  flibelliform  plicate  lvs.:  sheath  short:  petiole 
spiny:  ligule  short,  rigid  :  fr.  large,  subglobose,  brown. 
Species  1.    Trop.  Africa. 

flabemfdrmis,  Linn.  Fig.  244.  St.  30-100  ft.  high:  lvs. 
8-10  ft.  long;  If.- segments  bifid  at  the  apex.— Widely 
cultivated.  One  of  the  most  useful  palms  of  India. 
The  fruits  are  very  large.  Many  parts  of  the  plant  are 
utilized  by  the  natives  as  food  and  in  the  arts.  Wood 
black,  very  hard.  This  plant  requires  rich  soil  and 
strong  heat  for  its  best  development,  and  is  rather  slow- 
growing  under  cultivation,  especially  while  young.  The 
illustration  (Fig.  244)  is  adapted  from  Martins'  Natural 
History  of  Palms. 

Jared  6.  Smith  and  W.  H.  Taplin. 

"i  BORDER.  A  narrow  planting,  particularly  if  it  is 
alongside  a  walk,  drive,  fence,  or  other  boundary. 
Plate  III.  Figs.  245. 246.  The  term  border  may  be  taken 
to  have  meant  ongmalh  a  line  of  plants  set  out  to  mark 
the  edge  or  dividmjc  line  or  termination  of  a  part  of  the 
grounds   m  man\  instances  still  to  be  seen  in  the  most 


ancient  gardens  of  cistl 
are  formed  on  the  ter 
race  where  no  other 
form  of  fioral  decori 
tion  would  be  possible 
In  these  places  are 
often  herbs   shrubs  and 


and  other  reside 


These 


There  lie   thi.t    di 
tinct  t^pes  ot  border 

(1)  the  shrubben  bor 
der  in  which  various 
forms  of  garden  plants 
of  fruticose  habit  are 
blended  so  as  to  make 
a    harmonious    whole. 

(2)  Another  form  of 
border,  now  happilv  al- 
iiio-cf    ,,l,snletf.    is    the 


the  old-fashioneii  bur-  --    ' 

der,  or  (3)   the  border        244.  Borassus  flabelliformis. 
proper,— the    one    that 

was  used  when  gardening  had  to  be  done  without  the  aid 
of  glass  structures,  all  the  occupants  being  hardy  by  na- 
ture, whether  of  annual,  biennial  or  perennial  dura- 
tion. It  may  be  said  that  we  are  in  the  renaissance  of 
the  flower  border  ;  but  much  has  been  added  to  it,  and 


170  BORDER 

the  greater  possibilities  we  have  are  due  largely  to  our 
greater  wealth  in  plants. 

To  have  a  good  flower  border  is  by  no  means  an  ex- 
pensive undertaking  if  a  few  essentials   are  regarded. 


The  first  and  most  important  requisite  is  a  good  depth 
of  soil ;  it  matters  little  what  the  kind  of  soil,  if  good, 
but  it  is  better,  if  possible,  to  vary  the  texture  and  be 
able  to  control  the  quantity  of  moisture.  Lilies  are 
among  the  most  beautiful  of  border  flowers,  but  they 
like  a  soil  that  is  light,  cool  and  moist  ;  hence  decayed 
humus,  us  leaf -mold,  is  valuable.  Many  other  subjects, 
as  annuals  from  warmer  climates,  like  a  soil  that  ab- 
sorbs heat  rapidly  and  retains  it,  such  as  a  soil  of  a 
sandy  texture.  In  this  will  thrive  all  bulbs  that  die 
down  early  in  summer,  such  as  tulips  and  narcissuses.  It 
enables  the  bxilbs  to  mature  well  and  remain  dry  in 
winter,  and  to  make  an  early  start  in  spring.  The  great 
majority  of  plants,  however,  require  a  retentive  compost, 
that  will  not  dry  out  readily  in  hot  weather,  and  it  must 
be  ma'le  rich  enough  to  grow  vegetable  crops.  One 
cannot  starve  the  plant  and  expect  a  good  harvest  of 
bloom.  If  the  natural  soil  be  not  really  good  or  suitable, 
make  it  so.  If  ii  i^  ip.t  ],i,ssihle  to  do"it  all  at  once,  be- 
gin well,  juiii  :i'l'I  I'l  II  :i~  time  goes  on  and  the  plants 
need  the  s|i;h  ,  .  (..v  it  v.  lil  1„-  found  that  in  a  mixed  bor- 
der of  pl.-iiit^  «  lihii  |,ii.ri  i.Mlly  take  care  of  themselves, 
there  will   ;il\\:iv~    I..-  j.lt-iily  for  one's  own  use,  and  a 


BOEDER 

plants  are  very  desirable,  such  as  bergamot,  monarda, 
the  perennial  fennel,  with  its  graceful  foliage  for  blend- 
ing with  cut-flowers,  a  little  bush  of  rue,  one  of  marjo- 
ram, a  plant  of  the  lemon-scented  verbena  or  aloysia 
(which  may  be  wintered  ■■vir  indoors), the  scented  gera- 
niums, southirii  A i,    iimI    )ii,niy  others  that  have  old 

associations.  ;i II' !   '     :;    '  .    Ilie  memory  back  of  self 

and  friends.     ^!        -  i mst  not  be  negfected,  as 

they  "come  Ipii^i,    i„,    -  ,. x,  il;ires."    Narcissuses  in 

many  kinds  arr  ii.iiu_\  aiitl  i-cniiMn'-Tit  ;  ^o,  -tNo,  ;irf  the 
Darwin  tulips,  evtu'though  uuli'-  il"  ii,,,,.i-  i,],:^]. 
This  recent  race  of  tulips  and  tin-'  '  i  li:  '  ■  -i  .  ri,iii;i 
type  live  year  after  year  and  ci-  '-  •'  '  !"  -  'I'  -  l;iv 
ing  fine  blooms  forcutting.  Cri»u-'  -  im,i_>  1..  j.|;,c,  ,1  jicar 
the  margins  in  warm  comers,  pluutiiig"  over  them  or 
sowing  a  few  seeds  of  annuals  to  cover  the  soil  that 
hides  them  in  summer.  Stocks,  zinnias,  asters  and 
mignonette  are  all  admissible  and  most  suital)le,  with  a 
clump  or  row  of  sweet  ]h:i-  h.iii  ;Ii.  li,i.  k  :,t  int.rvals. 
Gladioluses  are  excellent       '"      1  '     -  .    [laiited 

in  a  group,  to  do  them  j;i-      ■       ■  .     thtiibe 

covered  in  fall  with  a  I. 'Ill  -I  mi,  |.  ,  ,,,h  :  ,  i,.  n.cdles 
to  protect  them.  The  roj...!  .J..i.:,i,  n  ,-  -  nm.li  wa- 
ter, and  may  be  given  a  special  be  il.  w  liri,  it  ,  an  be  sup- 
plied freely,  other  semi-aquatic  plants  \,i;ui:  |ilarecl  with 
them,  provided  the  one  border  thu-^  nut  i:\\-f  tin-  desired 
variety  of  soils;  but  the  whole  ..f  tli.'  above-named 
plants  may  be  made  to  grow  in  a  mixed  border  if  it  be 
properly  prepared. 

One  of  the  best  uses  of  a  border  is  to  make  it  a  re- 
pository or  catch-all  for  hardy  plants.  Here  plant  wild 
asters  and  gol.b-nrM.lx.  wiM  "lilies  and  buttercups,  and 
anything  and  im  rx  thin-  \\lii,li    interests   you  in   the 


woods  or  fields.     FIm -, 

plant,  may  be  dug  even  in  sum- 

mer.    Cut  off  th.-  t..|,-. 

1.   I  .  Mi_-  ti  few  leaves  just  above 

the  ground,  plant   ih,  n 

.    tiii.L-.ttn.l   n....-t  ..f  fltr-m  will 

live.    The  border  rett.-. 

■'-  •'■'■  <"  ■ '   "•   '•-  "laker. 

One  caution  must  lie 

^■:                                                              Mffork 

over  such  a  border.     1 

top-dressing  in  fall,  a 

11. iu  iii_'   t'lM    pLitit-    t me   up 

through  it  as  tbev  will. 

Tin-  best  tim.-  to  plant  is  early 

in    fall,  before   the  soil   loses 

its  stored-up  warmth,  as  the 
plants  then  get  well  estab- 
lished before  spring  ;  but  if 
division  and  replanting  are 
necessary,  wait  until  things 
have  made  a  visible  start 
in  spring,  so  that  nearby 
plants  are  not  injured  bv  the 


qua 


such  a  border  is  an  important 
IS  general  effect  and  efliciency  are  con 
i-  line  of  a  fence  or  boundary 
:.  drive,  or  avenue,  or  next  the  hou 
IS.     The  front  line 
curved  or  irregular 
ing  to  tlu-  si 


all  foriTis.  Mi  .  .    M    .  -    I  MM,, 

of  their  ..«  n  i-.   m  ,  •  _■ , n.- 

lotted  spa.'.-.  II..-  linnil.i-i  ..1'  subjects 
suit.able  f..r  tliis  kind  of  work  are 
many.  B.-gin  with  the  old-fashioned 
flowers,  such  as  peonies,  dicentras, 
larkspurs,  perennial  poppies,  py- 
rethrums,  iris,  hemerocallis,  and  a 
host  of  others.  Hollyhocks 
excellent,  but  in  the  East  the  disease 
or  rust  must  be  kept  off  by  thorough 
spraying.  The  pen-nnitil  i.':ii-.l.-n 
phlox  must  be  adil.-.l.   l.nt   -.  .    i..  it 

that  it  does   not   s.-.  .1    ih.     1.  .1    i 

produce   a    tiresome    .i-..].    ..1    [.....r. 

weedy  sorts.    The  same  may  be  said 

of    the    larkspur.       In    fact,    unless 

some  specially  marked   flowers  are  wanted   for    seeds, 

it   is   best   not   to    allow  border  plants  to   seed   in   the 

soil,  for  they  speedily  make   trouble.    Sweet-smelling 


246.  An  informal  border  along  the  fence. 


BORDER 

L  important  conception 
ndscape  Gardening). 
E  O  Okpet 
The  Hakdt  Bokdeh  may  be  made  a  most  attractive 
feature  of  any  planting  A  good  model  to  follow  may 
often  be  found  along  a  country  road  which  has  not  been 
"cleaned  up"  into  formality  and  monotony  The  charm 
of  the  haidy  bolder  lies  as  much  m  its  bapp-v  faculty 


BOROXIA 


171 


to  them.  The  English  florists  set  their  young  plants  in 
the  open  ground  during  summer,  being  careful  to  shade 
them  with  lath  frames  Plants  that  have  flowered  two 
seasons  are  thrown  away  and  replaced  by  ■*  ounger  speci- 
mens Ri)liert  t  imeron  propagates  them  by  cuttings 
fi  111  li  t  I  [  II  1  w  )od  inserted  in  4  inch  pots,  which 
u  111  inch  of  the  top  with  a  compost  of 

till   1  I  I     it  and  sand,  over  which  is  spread 

I    I  I        md      After  a  thorough   watering, 

Hi       I  ]  I   1111(1  J  1  hell  glass  in  a  greenhouse 

"li  1  111  t  1  i|  I  mil  1  inges  from  45-50°  P.,  and 
s'l  I  I  111  111  I  M_lit  nil  Inn  Seeds  germinate  readily 
111   th     s  niji    ti  iii|    1  itui      md   make  good   flowering 


and  re  IS  II  il  I  pi  n  iii  n  t  ili 
can  ht  111  I  1  t  1  n  till  1  1  1  1 
of  the  1  1   1  t    1       II  I    I  I     1 

plentiful  t         I  ill 

best  h  11 

mon  pi  lilt      I  ih    II   1    1  I    1  II      II 
conditions  «biih  .,'im  i  u  h   i  (linn 
A  border  is  recalled  which  shows 
September  an  enormous  boneset  ,  i 
at  its  beaut\  do  not  k  co^^^ui/e  tin   i 


particular  1    id,  .   ,s  ,„     t 

I       111     1        'i       1  1'    llt^    to 

all  Amoi    111  ]  lint    -n     t 

'mis 

curling  (iiiii  nil   n  1    m     i  i 

11                  1               1  Iht 

11   I  m.       111  Un     iiing 

ins   hau„',  thtll     bells 

1  It  1    IS  a  glorj    of  wild 

1  uuels  and  the  rhodo- 

beaut %      1                     1 

against                                       h 

dendioii       i   1  il          1 1  nli     i 

11  h  summer  bungs  out 

the  yam™    n.d    tb,    ludl.e.  ki 

1    lust  before  the  happy 

succession  of  asters  and  golds 

mods  start  on  their  pro 

cession  toward  wmter      No  t\ 

yo  dajs   show  the   same 

blooms  ,   often  a  visit  m  the 

afternoon  gives  a  totall) 

different  impression  from  the  i 

uorning  \  lew. 

Artistically  treated,  and  with 

care  to  keep  out  any  of 

the  formal  and  comparatively  artificial  plants  (gera- 
niums, coleus.  verbenas,  and  the  like),  the  hardy  border 
may  be  n  si.iircp  of  niucb  enjoyment  and  edification, 
wlictlii  1-  it  III-  in  a  city  Imck  y.inl  nr  a  great  park.  Often 
an  cxi^tiii-  .iu-t.r  i.t  ^liriili^  m-  l.cd  of  lilies  in  the  home 
1,'ri.iiiiiK  niiiv  -ir\-i.  ii^  a  stariin-  fur  the  border;  and 
Sdiiic  tine  cxainplcs  an-  iciii.nil.ercd  as  incidental  ad- 
.iuncts  to  the  farm  vegetable  patch,  while  nnc  « liidi  has 
a  most  distinct  individuality  of  beamy  iin.ilitni-ively 
flanks  a  unique  Connecticut  grass  iranli  n. 

To  create   an   individual  hardv   In,,, In-,    tin     ,,laiiter 
must  divest  liiinself  (if  i.reiiidiee.'iiiMl   H  ei  liiillv  .tart  a 


plants  in  one  season.  Seeds  can  be  obtained  from  ' 
man  or  Australian  dealers,  large  quantities  being 
lected  in  the  wild.  Boronias  belong  to  a  large  clas 
hard-wooded  Australian  plants  that  were  jiojnilar  a 
with  the  Cape  heaths  in  the  early  part  nf  tlie  I'.ith 
tury.  These  were  largely  replaced  by  ((iii.ki  r  irnnv 
soft-wooded  plants.  The  renewed  interest  in  l^mi. 
is  largely  due  to  the  more  recently  infriiihni  d  s]iei 


thei 


alit\ 


bers  of  his  general  plan.  He  should  bu  prepared  to  coi 
sider  any  plant  a  prize  in  the  border  if  it  fits,  and  an 
plant  a  weed  if  it  is  inharmonious. 

J.  Horace  McFarland. 
BOEECOLE.    See  Kale. 


in  Italian  who  lost 
of    Dr.    Sjlithorp). 


BOEdNIA  (after  Francis  Borone 
his  life  at  Athen-  in  the  v.,rri,-^ 
Rut&eece.  A  genu-  ..i  Vn-irninni  ~l 
fls.  having  a  me-li  j    . 

nate,  or  simple.  /•.  i 

and  B.  hetemplni  ■       ,i;    '  ;    n:l. 

stigma  (wliieli   i-  i  .        n  ;n   the  lias 

and  hidd ■    -   ■  jina.  wlnie 


The  chiet   ' 
granee.    A  sn 

for  two  or  three  weeks.  Boronias  are  cultivated  like 
Cape  heaths  in  a  cool  greenhouse.  After  flowering  they 
should  be  cut  back,  in  order  to  make  compact,  bushy 
specimens.  The  leading  shoots  may  be  frequently 
pinched,  to  prevent  a  straggling  growth.  As  most  of 
them  are  natives  of  barren,  sandy  places,  not  bogs, 
good  drainage  is  necessary.    Sour  soil  is  very  disastrous 


liant  in  Australia,  Oloomiug  wlien  very  young, 
maining  attractive  for  two  or  three  months. 

A.    Stigmas  large. 
B.    Lr.'i.  less  than  1  in.  Jong  :   leaflets  in  1  or  S 
plus  an  odd  one. 
c.   Fls.  borne  singly 
megastigma,  Xees.   Fig.  247.    Height  about  2  ft. 
very  sparse. 
pair,  the  Inv 

one;  Ifts.  mi  ii-.  mi  nion-purple  outside 

yellow  within.       ,  ;  ,    i. -i  1\  ihaii  in  .B.  e/a^ior.    A 

times  some  il-.  .n.   riueih  bruwu,  ulhers  chiefly  purple 
B.M.  G04G.-The  bes 


spe 
cc.   Fls.  borne 
heterophylla,  F.  Muell. 


In  whorls  of  4  or  6. 
Height  5-6  ft.  in  Australia : 
.  i  in.  long,  sometimes  simple,  usually  with  1 
pair,  rarely  2  pairs  of  Ifts.:  fls.  bright  scarlet,  but 
usually  pictured  as  purplish  crimson.  Differs  from  JS. 
elatior  and  B.  megastigma  in  its  larger  leaves,  fewer 
Ifts..  more  brilliant  fls.  and  longer  filaments.  Cult,  only 
in  its  var.  hrSvipes,  Hook,  f.,  which  differs  merely  in 
the  shorter  peduncles.  B.M.  6845.  Gn.  32:  622.-Of  late 
years  it  has  been  grown  for  Easter  by  florists  to  a  con- 
siderable extent. 


172 


BOROXIA 


B.    Lvs.  more  than  1  in.  long  :  leaflets  in  2-6 pairs, 

plus  an  odd  one. 
eiatior,  Bartl.  Height  about  4  ft. :  pubescence  va- 
riable :  Ivs.  close-set,  1-2  in.  long,  K-Ji  in.  broad, 
petioled,  with  Ifts.  in  2-6  pairs  :  Ifts.  broader  and 
shorter-acuminate  than  in  B.  meyastigma :  fls.  darlt 
red-brown,  or  rosy  red,  or  purple,  sometimes  showing 
groups  of  widely  different  colors  on  the  same  branch, 
and  borne  so  densely  as  to 
hide  one  side  of  the  branch. 
B.M.  6285.  Gn.  10:39.  P.E. 
9:491. 

AA.  Stigmas  small. 
pinnata,  Smith.  Lfts.  in 
2-4  piurs,  very  smooth, 
aciitf  :  peduncles  dichoto- 
mous,  5-7-fld. :  stamens  8. 
B.M.  1763.    L.B.C.  5:473. 

tetrfindra,  Labill.  Lfts.  in 
4-5  pairs,  obtuse,  glabrous: 
branches    pilose :     pedicels 


BOTANY.  The  science 
\\iii(.-h  treats  of  plants;  plant- 
knowledge.  In  its  widest 
sense,  and  properly,  it  in- 
cludes much  that,  by  com- 
consent,  is  usually  in- 
luded  in  horticulture,—  as 
lui-lioration  of  plants  by 
■  ■iiiistii-ation,  hvbridizing, 
■    ■     -ike. 

BOTBVCHIUM  (Greek,  in 
lusion    to    the    grape-like 

;ia|.  Ophioglossdcece. 

Ferns  of  woods  and 

s,  with   fleshy  roots, 
t  t        h  s  ,     and 


248.  Botrychii 


4      Lf    iiiij  I     s.ssi?,  n,ai 
til  mi  nil     I  th,   slim 
Virgimanum,  "^wz    Moon 
SORT     bix  in   to  2  ft    high, 
nth  a  broad,  triangular  leaf, 
Pj*  with  3  mam  tn  quadri  pin 
obliquum     natifld  divisions    sporophyll 
(Xj^.)  long  stalked     Eastern  U  S 

—The  only  species  which  is 
large  enough  to  make  a  display 

AA.   Lt.  s'alked  from  near  the  base  of  the  com- 

obllquum,  Muhl.  Fig.  248.  Plant,  6-15  in.  high,  with  a 
ternate  If.  2-6  in.  wide :  segments  obliquely  ovate  or  ob- 
long, %-%m.  long  :  sporophyll  long-stalked.  (B.  ter- 
natum,  Authors,  not  Swz.,  which  is  a  very  different 
Japanese  species.)    Eastern  U.  S. 

diBS6ctum,  Spreng.  Plant,  6-18  in.high,  with  a  ternate, 
finely  dissected  If.,  3-8  in.  wide,  the  ultimate  divisions 
-n,  in.  or  less  wide.  Eastern  U.  S.— Evergreen;  delicate 
and  graceful.    Grows  in  woods.       j^  jj_  ^tj 


BOTTLE-BEUSH.    See  Metrosideros. 

"  BOTTOM  HEAT.  Said  of  soil  temperature  which  is 
higher  than  that  of  the  superincumbent  air.  Most  ten- 
der plants  require  to  have  the  roots  warmer  than  the 
tops,  particularly  when  grown  under  glass. 


BOUGAINVILLAEA 

BOUGAINVtLL^A  (De  Bougainville,  1729-1811,  a 
French  navigator).  NyctaginAcece .  A  half  dozen  or 
more  species  of  S.  American  shrubs,  with  alternate 
petiolate  entire  Ivs.  The  fls.  are  small  and  inconspicu- 
ous, tubular,  the  margin  5-6-lobed  ;  stamens  7-8,  on 
unequal  capillary  filaments  ;  ovary  stipitate.  Fls.  in  3's, 
each  one  subtended  by  a  very  large  colored  bract.  These 
bracts  are  very  gaudy,  and  constitute  the  decorative 
value  of  the  plants.  Two  more  or  less  scandent  species 
are  chiefly  known  in  cultivation.  Bougainvilleas  are 
just  now  receiving  much  attention  in  this  country. 

glabra,  Choisy.  Pig.  249.  Growing  10-16  ft.  high  and 
wide,  when  planted  in  the  ground  and  allowed  to  have 
its  way  ;  glabrous  :  Ivs.  ovate  and  acuminate,  glabrous 
and  bright  green  :  bracts  cordate-ovate,  bright  rosv  red, 
distinctly  veined.  Brazil.  G.C.  III.23: 168.  Gn.54,p. 
257.  R.H.  1889: 270.  A.  G.  16:15.  A.F.  11:137.  F.E. 
10: 106.— Free-flowering  and  handsome  ;  often  grown  in 
pots  and  kept  dwarf.  Var.  Sanderiina,  Hort.  Very  flo- 
rif  erous,  blooming  even  in  very  small  pots :  bracts  deeper 
colored.     Gn.  45:962.     A.F.  10: 307  ;    11:  977 ;  12:1185. 


Gng.  4:281  ;  5:  :Ur).-A  very  worthv  plant. 

Bpeotdbilis,  w    i  i 

.      ,       -rs(;.Lindl.    B.spUndens, 

Hort.).  Tall.r.M., 

r       ith  larger  and  thicker  Ivs., 

hairy  :  fls.  ii.   1 

;   1  Tacts  larger,  deep  rose 

color,  but  vaiM:  . 

1  1  :,'reenish.    Brazil.    B.M. 

4810,  4811.     V.S\     1 

1   II     IJ:  30. -Variable  ;  known 

also  as  B.  B," 

/        ^'  le.uta  and  B.  Peruviana. 

Var.  lateritia.  1 

''i„.  Hort.),  has  brick-red 

bracts.    I.H.  11,  n.,. 

I'M.    ,li..wy  than  the  last  when  in 

full  bloom,  bu:  la..,. 

lull,  iilt   to  grow,  and,  therefore, 

not  so  desirable.    Int. 

to  cult,  earlier  than  B.  glabra. 

refiilgens,  Bull.  Lvs.  pubescent :  racemes  long  and 
drooping,  and  bracts  purple.  Brazil.  — Perhaps  a  form 
of  B.  spectabilis.  l_  jj^  g^ 

There  is  much  confusion  in  species  and  varieties  of 
Bougainvilleas  in  the  trade.  They  seem  to  vary  consid- 
erably. B.  spectabilis  and  its  varieties  seem  to  be  un- 
promising. Our  experience  with  thousands  of  plants  of 
B.  glabra  and  var.  Sanderiana  leads  us  to  say  that  we 
cannot  think  of  any  class  of  plants  so  readily  handled. 


249.  Bougainvillaea  glabra  (X  K). 


They  are  easily  propagated,  are  not  particular  as  to  soil 
or  treatment,  their  growth  is  strong  and  rapid,  they  can 
be  flowered  with  ease  and  certainty,  and  they  are  but 
little  subject  to  insect  attacks.  Their  flowering  charac- 
ter is  so  persistent  that  a  small  stock  of  plants  will  afford 


easily  in  Apr: 
•  old-wood 
0  heavy- 
shorter  if 
Place  the 


BOUGAINVILLAEA 

cutting  material  for  almost  six  months.     The    bloom- 
bracts  are  extremely  durable.    They  harmonize --""     ''*• 
some  of  the  popular  orchids,  and  also  go  well  wi 
ican  Beauty  roses.    Entire  heads  of  plants  prodi 
decorative  results,  and  are  very  satisfactory  on 
of  their  durability. 

Bougainvilleas  are   propagated 
and  June.    Secure  half-ripened 
cuttings  — no  wood  is  too  old  or  ■ 
and  cut  into  G-12-in.  lengths,    o; 
more  attention  is  given  to  them 
lower   part   2-t  in.  deep  in   sand  in  an  airj 
situation,  fully  exposed    to   the    sun   during 
April,  with  some  bottom  heat  for  this  month 
In  May  and   June  give   no  bottom  heat,  but 
slight    shade     should    be    given    during  the 
brighter  hours  of  the  day.    The  sand  should 
be   kept   moist,   not    wet     — '    — "=—    '-" 
syringed    several   times 
every    day     in      bright 
weather.  The  foliage  will 
drop   mainly  at  the  end 
of  the  first  week  ;  after 
the  second   week,   roots 
may  be  seen.    The  time 
of  rooting  varies  from  12 
to  30  days,  according  to 
conditions.    In  propaga- 
ting in  quantity,  it  is  ad- 
visable to  grade  the  wood 
according    to     ripeness, 
enabling  the  removal  of 
the  same  from  sand  with 
less  trouble  and  loss  of 
time.    For  first   potting, 

use  a  light,  sandy  loam,  with  pots  to  suit  the 
roots  ;  place  in  a'  sunny  situation,  keep  them 
on  the  dry  side  for  a  week  or  so,  giving  light 
syringing  daily,  and  shade  during  midday 
hours.  In  four  or  five  weeks  they 
shifted  ti.  laiircr  ii.its.  ;ni.l  ^v:itf  r  niav  be  given 
more  frr,lv  ;  aftrr  tin-  tli.v  r:in  be  shitted 
almost  lUMiitlilv.  l'r..iii  ih-  nmr  tliey  are  in 
5-in.  pots  th.  V  .shouia  lu,v  cMirful  drainage 
as  they  will  want  daily  syriu^int;  and  a  free 
supply  of  water.  They  should  be  grown  with 
full  sun  exposure  under  glass,  and  plenty  of 
air,  and  in  July  and  August  may  receive  al 
most  daily  drenchlngs  of  water.  All  growths 
should  be  exposed  to  the  sun  by  occasional 
turning  of  plants;  this  secures  a  ripened 
dition  of  wood,  which  is  essential  to  best 
results.  So  grown,  every  shoot  will  flower 
freely.  If  crowded  or  shaded,  satisfactory  re 
suits  are  risked.  The  aim  should  be  to  secure 
strong,  well-ripened  growths  by  the  last  of 
October.  For  earliest  bloom,  plants  mav  be 
held  drier  from  this  time  on,  but  in  the  case  of 
/>'.  ,il,thi;i  II. .t  .-n.iiiL'h  to  vellow  the  foliage 
iwil.--^  Ill  v.iy  su-Mii-  plants.  With  a  little 
.■\|.iri.n.-...  ilii-  .aili.  ~t  rested  plants  can  be 
ti..\\iTfd  fur  riiri^tnias,  and  others  can  be 
brought  in  successively.  The  new  growths 
will  afford  cut-flower  material  until  midsum 
mer.  In  June,  the  flowering  plants  should  be 
held  as  cool  and  airy  as  possible,  but  not 
shaded  or  only  slightly  so.  If  held  too  warm 
or  dry,  the  bracts  drop  in  a  short  time.  After 
the  flowering  season  is  all  completed,  the 
plants  may  be  held  dry  for  a  week  or  ten 
days;  then  all  oM  ■^"11  -.fiMiiM  l..-  ri-iii..v.'(I,  the 
roots,  and  tops  i.npi.  .1  i  .■  -mt .  ;iriil  i  In-  1. 1  ants 
repotted  to  small'  -    ■  ,        ,  n.    t 

drainage.    Then  ti.   .     .         ;  ,:       ^  .i,  1 

cutting.    Asani-xi 1  >■,  m  i   i-  m  im  :"ii,  at    250.Made 

this  stage,  shade  for  a  few  days  and  syringe 
frequently.  Keep  on  the  dry  side  until  the 
foliage  indicates  that  water  may  be  given  more  freely. 
Hundreds  of  eyes  will  push  from  strong  plants  ;  and 
the  plants  will  soon  make  rapid  growth,  when  they  may 
be  syringed  and  watered  daily.  A  yellowish  foliage  is 
evidence  of  too  much  water,  but  this  will  hardly  occur 
with  plants  thoroughly  drained  and  exposed  to  the  full 


BOUVARDIA  1(6 

sun.    Growths  may  be  pinched  according  to  the  end  in 

Strong,  well-ripened  shoots  of  B.  gUthra,  tied  hori- 
zontally, produce  numerous  laterals,  whose  inflorescence 
is  very  distinct  in  character  from  the  earlier  bloom, 
clusters  of  intense  mauve  bracts  crowding  the  shoots, 
offset  bv  the  dark  green,  glossy  foliage.    The  arrange- 
ment or  disposition  of  the   bracts   on   such 
shoots  is  a  revelation  of  beauty  compared  with 
the  more  familiar  form.    B.  glabra  is  gener- 
ally spoken  of  as  a  climbing  plant,  which  may 
apply  in  a  large  state  or  when  the   plant  is 
stricted  as  to  root  room.    In  pots  up  to 
12-15  in.  we  have  frequently  seen  shoots  20-25 
ft.  long,  hut  these  always  prove  mainly  self- 
supportin^'.     H"th  J!,  ti'luhra  and  its  variety 
make  distiii.f  and  rxtr.nnly  showy  subjects 
for  the   lawn.     In  a    |i,iiiially  sheltered  situ- 
ation tiny  lamld  1".  held  in  fair  condi- 
tion for  at  least  a  mouth. 

B.  {ilabra,  var.  Sanxleriana,  has 
proved  valuable  as  a  decorative  plant, 
particularly  for  Easter,  as  it  can  be 
flowered  unerringly,  and  possesses  the 
merit  of  being  durable  for  weeks,  — a 
decided  advantage  over  most  subjects 
grown  for  that  season.  B.  glabra  also 
may  be  grown  into  showy  specimens, 
but,  being  less  compact  than  Saiideri- 
ana,  requires  more  attention  to  secure 
shapely  plants.  It  should  be  noted  that 
B.  glabra,  — on  account  of  the  larger 
size  of  the  bi-a.ts  i  fully  tlirn.  times  as 
large  as  thosr  .f  >.,../.  ,-..■,. m  and  their 
arrangement  .m  ili.  Iran.  h.  -.  oti'set  by 
luxuriant  gins-v  t..liai.'.-.-ai.pears  to 
be  the  most  desirable  variety  for  cut- 
flower  material  ;  while  Sanderiana. 
from  its  elegant,  compact  habit,  affords 
a  splendid  subject  for  pots. 

Theo.  F.  Beckert. 


BOUSSINGAtLTIA  (J.  B.  Boussin- 
gault,  born  in  1802,  a  famous  agricul- 
tural chemist).  Chenopodiieea.  A  few 
tropical  American  climbing  herbs.  Fls. 
small,  perfect,  with  a  5-parted,  short- 
tubed  perianth,  5  stamens,  and  3- 
divided  style,  in  long  racemes.  Lvs. 
alternate,  thick,  entire. 

baselloldes,  HBK.  Madeira  Vine. 
Mignonette  Vine.  Fig.  250.  Peren- 
nial, root  tuberous:  stems  smooth  and 
twining,  reaching  10-20  ft.  in  a  season, 
and  in  late  summer  or  fall  bearing 
profusely  of  the  fragrant  white  fls. 
( which  become  nearly  black  with  age) , 
and  producing  little  tubercles,  by 
means  of  which  the  plant  is  propa- 
gated. Equador.  B.M.  3620.— A  com- 
mon vine,  prized  for  porches  and  ar- 
bors. The  roots  are  stored  in  the 
winter,  and  planted  out  after  dan- 
ger of  frost  is  past.  The  plant 
%vill  not  endure  frost.  Sometimes 
grown  in  the  conservatory  and 
window  garden.  l.  jj,  g. 


BOUVAEDIA  (Dr.CharlesBou- 

vard,   physician  to    Louis  XIII., 

and  superintendent  of  the  Royal 

Gardens    in    Paris).     Huhiciceiv. 

Between    20    and    30    American 

(chiefly  Mexican)  shrubs  or  per- 

ennialherbs.    Mostly  tropical,  but 

some  of  them  range  as  far  N.  as 

itire  and  mostly  sessile,  opposite 

or  verticillate  lvs.  with  small  stipules  interposed,  and 

terminal  cymes  of  long-tubular  fls.  with  4-parted  limb 

(lobes  becoming   more  numerous  in  cult.),  4  stamens, 

and  1  style  with  a  slightly  2-lobed  stigma. 

Bouvardias  are  very  useful  late  fall  or  early  winter- 


'^%«. 


5W. 

singauttu 
Texas.    They  have  i 


BOUVARDIA 


ts.  Though  they  may  be  prop- 
id  ill  sand  in  a  propagating 
:■■!  .1  in-tter  and  more  expedi- 
H  l.ii-.--t  roots  of  a  healthy 
1  iiirh  in  length,  placing 
and  covering 


174 

flowering  greenho 
agated  by  cuttiii; 
frame  with  bottoi 

tious  way  is  to  ■■iii  n|>  iiic  i.irj.--^t  i 
plant  into  piecis  ;i1,mui  1  iiirh  ii 
them  thickly  in  pans  ot  light,  peaty 
them  to  the  depth  of  1  inch  with  the  : 
the  pans  are  then  placed  in  a  warm  temperature  with 
bottom  heat,  every  piece  will  quickly  develop  one  or 
more  buds  and  grow  into  a  young  plant.  March  is  per- 
haps the  best  time  for  propagating.  As  soon  as  the 
young  plants  are  well  rooted  they  should  be  potted 
singly  into  small  pots  and  grown  along  in  a  tempera- 
ture of  about  60°.  By  the  end  of  May  the  plants  may  be 
planted  out,  either  in  spent  hotbeds  or  frames  prepared 
with  a  goodly  proportion  of  leaf -mold  mixed  with  the 
soil,  if  fine  pot  plants  is  the  ultimate  aim  ;  or  if  grown 
for  cut-Howers  only,  they  may  be  planted  out  in  the 
greenhouse  benches  about  15  inches  apart,  giving  all 
the  air  possible  and  a  plentiful  supply  of  moisture.  In 
both  cases,  the  plants  must  be  kept  well  pinched  back 
to  induce  a  bushy  habit,  and  also  to  insure  a  greater 
profusion  of  flowers.  Towards  the  end  of  September 
those  intended  for  pot  plants  should  be  lifted  and  potted 
and  placed  in  a  close  frame  for  a  week  or  ten  days, 
keeping  them  moist  and  well  shaded  until  they  have  re- 
covered from  lifting.  Before  the  approach  of  frost  they 
should  be  removed  to  the  greenhouse  and  given  a  tem- 
perature of  50°.  They  are  very  subject  to  the  attacks  of 
mealy  bug  and  green  fly.  They  therefore  should  be 
sprayed  once  a  week  with  an  insecticide,  with  a  vapor- 
izer sprayer,  choosing  fine  mornings  for  the  operation. 
After  flowering,  the  plants  should  be  rested  by  keeping 
them  almost  dry.  Towards  the  end  of  April  they  should 
be  well  pruned  back,  and  in  May  again  planted  out  for 
the  summer.  The  same  plants  may  be  grown  in  this 
way  for  several  years,  when  iu  4  or  5  years'  time  they 
will  make  very  fine  specimens. 

Cult,  by  Edw.^rd  J.  Canning. 

The  Bouvardias  of  florists  donot  n  i  i.  ..n!  ^my  if  il,, 
type  species.   They  are  sports,  hyliriil-     im!  ■  .h.  r  •    i  . 

of  variations.     The   Latin-form    uiim-     n     \n ,  < 

trade  catalogues  nearly  all  belong  t..  I  in  ■>  _;n-.i.  n  i.nni-. 
The  species  which  are  of  most  inipuit  to  iLl-  huiticul 
ttirist  are  mentioned  below: 

A.   Fls.  in  shades  of  red. 

B.    Ijvs.  normally  in  3^s  (except,  perhaps,  on  the 

branchlets). 

triphylla,   Sali.sb.  {B.  Jdequini,  HBK.).     Small  pu- 
bescent shrub,  2-6  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  in  3's  or  4's  (or  oppo- 


^4^*^ 


BOWIEA 

—  The  genus  Bouvardia  was  founded  upon  this  species, 
which  was  introduced  into  England  about  100  years  ago. 
It  is  evidently  the  most  important  parent  strain,  al- 
though it  is  probably  not  in  cult,  in  its  original  form. 
Pigs.  251  and  2.52  partake  very  strongly  of  this  species. 
In  fact.  Fig.  251  compares  well  in  botanical  characters 


site  on  the  branchlets),  lanceolate  to  lance-ovate, glabrous 
above:  fls.  an  inch  long,  pubescent,  red.  Mex.,  and  reach- 
ing N.  to  Ariz.    B.M.  1854;  3781  as  B.  spUndens,  Grab. 


(except  less  long-pointed  Ivs.)  with  the  early  pictures 
of  B.  triphyllii. 

Iei4ntha,  Benth.  Much  like  B.  iriphyUa  ;  more  bushy 
and  better  grower  :  stems  hairy  :  Ivs.  hairv  above  :  fls. 
glabrous.  Mex.  R.H.  1851:  81. -Perhaps  only  a  form  of 
the  preceding. 

Other  red-ad.3-lvd.  species  are:  B.  angiistifdlia,  B.BK. 
Lvs.  lanceolate,  revolute,  glabrous  above  and  flne-pu- 
bt'scent  below  :  branches  nearly  glabrous.  Mex.  B.hir- 
t.'n.i.  Hr.K.  Very  similar  :  lvs.  pubescent  on  both  sur- 
I  n  Mix.    B.   scdbra,   Hook.   &  Arn.     Lvs.    ovate, 

Il  'I  -■  ilk.-d:  fls.  large,  in  dense  clusters,  pink  :  stem 
lii.irN.     .Mrx. 

B.    ZiVS,  opposite. 

Cavanillesii,  DC.  {B.  muUiflbra,  Schult.).  Hairy: 
lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  broad  at  base,  short-stalked,  edges 
hairy:  fls.  VA  in.  long,  very  slender,  glabrous.   Mex. 

AA.    Fls.  yellow. 

fUva,  Decne.  Lvs.  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate  or  lance- 
elliptic,  very  short-stalked,  ciliate  :  fls.  very  long, 
drooping,  in  3-5-fld.  racemes,  bright  yellow.  Mexico. 
F.S.  1:43. 

AAA.    Fls.  white. 

longifldra,  HBK.  Glabrous,  branching  shrub  :  lvs. 
opposite,  ovate-acuminate,  stalked  :  fls.  lK-2  in.  long, 
with  a  very  slender  tube  and  a  wide-spreading,  large 
limb,  2  or  3  together  and  aggregated  into  a  terminal 
cyme.  Mex.  B.M.  4223.  F.S.  2:123.-Gray  supposes 
(Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.  iv.,  p.  314)  that  this 
species  belongs  to  the  genus  Houstonia.  Not  known  to 
be  in  the  American  trade. 

Humboldtli,  Hort.  Lvs.  opposite,  ovate-acuminate  : 
fls.  verv  large,  fragrant,  in  a  large,  terminal  cluster. 
G.C.  1873:717.-Thisis  a  choice  conservatory  plant,  and 
is  in  the  Amer.  trade.  It  is  usually  catalogued  as  B. 
Humboldtii  corymbiflora.  Blooms  from  summer  to 
winter.  Probably  a  derivative  of  B.  Mnyittora.  B.can- 
didlssimn,  Hort.,  white-fld.,  is  said  to  be  a  hybrid,  with 
B.  Humholdtii  as  one  of  its  parents. 

jasminifldra,  Hort.  Compact  and  dwarf,  very  florif- 
erous.  the  fls.  in  close,  tenninal  clusters.  G.C.  1872:215. 
—  Probably  a  derivative  of  J5.  ;o«5riflora.  ■ 

BOWIEA(afterJ.  Bowie,  collector  for  Kew).  Bilidcece. 
A  monotypic  genus  containing  one  of  the  most  curious 
plants  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  A  round,  green  bulb 
4-5  in.  thick  throws  up  yearly  a  very  slender,  twining 
flower-stem  6-8  ft.  high,  with  many  compound,  forked, 
curving  branches  below,  and  numerous  small  green  fls. 
above.   The  st.  is  somewhat  asparagus-like.   There  are 


BOWIEA 

no  Ivs.  except  two  small,  linear,  erect  scales  at  the  apex 
of  the  bulb,  which  quickly  vanish.  The  Ivs.  show  its 
relation  to  Drimia  and  Scilla. 

volibilis,  Harv.  Fig.  253.  Perianth  G-cleft  to  the  base: 
segments  Incurved  at  the  tips.  S.  Afr.  B.M.  5619.— 
Sold  by  Reasoner  Bros.,  Oneco,  Fla.,  and  cult,  in  botanic 
gardens  with  cactus-like  Euphorbias  and  other  curi- 
osities. W.  M. 

Bouiefl  roliitiUs  is  a  useful  plant  for  twining  on  the 
supports  of  a  moderately  warm  greenhouse,  and  is  of 
the  easiest  possible  culture.     Propagation  is  effected  by 


BRAHEA 


175 


253.    Bowiea  volubilis. 


bulbs.  Th.-  seas 
first  of  Octub.-r, 
anv  li^'llt.  ri.-li  ; 


.f  trr.iwth 


Gray,  which  has  been  int.  by  dealers  in  native  plants, 
is  2-3  ft.  high,  soft-pubescent,  with  thin,  serrate  Ivs.: 
fls.  golden  yellow,  in  small  heads,  which  are  borne  on 
raceme-like  secund  branchlets.  Recommended  for  the 
native  border. 

BKACHYCdME  {short 
hair,  from  the  Greek,  al- 
luding to  the  pappus). 
Compdsita.  Australian 
herbs,  with  membrana- 
ceoius  involucral  bracts, 
naked  receptacle,  very 
short  pappus  bristles,  and 
diffuse  leafy  growth.  One 
species  in  cult. : 

iberidifolia.Benth.  Sw w 
RivEE  Daisy.     Fiirs.  ■_'.-,:,. 
256.   Avery  graceful  littN- 
annual(6-r2  in.  liJ!;li  i  \v>i\\ 
Austral.,     suiTiMi    tu     Im.t 
ders,    and   als(.    attiaitivi- 
in  pots;  seeds  may  hv  >own  ii 
open  or  under  glass.     Fls.  blv 
white,  an  inch  across:  Ivs.  sn 
pinnate,  with  very  narrow  d 
ions  ;  glabrous.  l,  -q 

BKAHEA  (Tyeho  Brahe.  the 
astronomer).  Palmare,' .  trib.- 
Corfipheit.  Spinelesspalms.  with 
medium  caudices,  ringed  below, 
and  clothed  above  with  the  bases 
of  the  fibrous  sheaths.  Leaves 
terminal,  orbicular,  somewhat 
peltate,  flabellat.- -  ].li.-at.-,  sjilit 
down  the  miililli-.  tli,  \.,],r-.  I.ifid, 
infolded,  fllaui.nt.iu-  ..,,  il,,  mar- 
gins; rachis  sli"i-t.  narr.iw  :  liijule 
subtriangular;  pctiulis  rlatliiicd. 
dentate  along  the  margins  ; 
sheaths  fibrous  :  spadices  long, 
pendulous,  paniculately  much 
branched,  the  ultimate  long  ver- 
miform obtuse  branches  rigid, 
spreading,  very  densely  velvety 
tomentose  :  spathes  many,  long- 
linear,  firm,  coriaceous,  split,  glabrous  ;  bracts  and 
bractlets  minute :  Hs.  smaller  than  the  diameter  of  the 
branches,  hidden  in  the  toracntum:  frs.  ».,  in.  long,  ob- 
liquely ellipsoidal,  minutely  pul>escent.  laterally  keeled, 
pale  when  dry.  Species  4.  Mex.  to  the  Andes.  Of  sim- 
ple culture  in  a  fibrous  compost,  with  an  admixture  of 
sand.    Prop,  by  seeds. 

dulcis,  Mart.  Palma  Dulce.  Stem  10-20  ft.,  6-8  in. 
thick,  cylindrical  :  Ivs.  4-5  ft.  long  ;  petiole  plano-con- 
vex, green,  with  pale  margins;  ligule  short, subtriangu- 


wiu- 


>il.  and  kept  well  wat.Tf.l  until  the 
lature.  which  usually  u.curs  in  May, 
when  water  should  be  gradually  withheld,  and  the 
plants  stored  away  in  some  shaded  part  of  the  green- 
house and  kept  quite  dry  until  the  season  of  growth 
begins  again.  Edward  .1.  Canning. 

BOX.    See  B»j-».v. 

BOX  ELDER  {Acer  Negnndo,  which  see).  Fig.  254. 
A  very  popular  small  native  tree  for  planting  on  the 
prairies  and  in  trying  climates.  It  propagates  most 
readily  from  seeds'.  It  is  an  excellent  nurse  tree  for 
other  species.  The  wood  is  of  inferior  quality.  It  grows 
with  great  rapidity  for  a  few  years. 

BRACHYCHiETA  (Greek,  short  bristle).  Compdsitm. 
One  species,  growing  in  open  woods  from  Ky.  to  N.  C. 
and  Ga.  Closely  allied  to  Solidago,  from  which  it  differs 
in  the  very  short  pappus  (the  bristles  shorter  than  the 
akene),  and  the  lower  Ivs.  cordate.    B,  cordita,  Torr.  & 


SMM 


*>^ 


255.   Brachyo 


lar.  green,  the  scarious  villous  margin   at   length   de- 
ciduous:  fr.  edible.    Mex. 

JS.  filameulosa,  Hm-t.=Washingtonia  fllifera.— B.  fiUfera, 
Hort.=W.  tilitera.-/(.  iilauca,  Hort.=Washlngtoma  flUfera.— 
B.robusta.  Hort.=Washingtonia.— B.  B<)ez!w,Lindl.(B.  glaiica, 
Hort.)-Washinetoniii  flUfera.  Jaeed  G.  Smith. 


BRAKE.    A  name  applied  to 

larly  to  Pteris  aquilina. 

BKAMBLE.  Thorny  plants 
of  the  genus  Rubus,  — raspber- 
ries, blackberries,  dewberries. 

BRASfiNIA  imrnniii-  unex- 
plained), y iiiK iih.i  ^)r,  ,1 .  Water 
Shield,  (im-  >ii((ii  ^  of  n4\iatie 
plant  widely  distributer!  ( in  N. 
Amer.,  Asia,  Afr.,  Austral.). 
Lts.  oval  and  entire,  floating, 
centrally  peltate  :  fls.  axillary 
near  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
small,  purple  ;  sepals  3  or  4  ; 
petals  3  or  4,  linear  ;  stamens 
12-18,  on  filiform  filaments  ; 
pistils  4-18,  forming  indehis- 
cent  follicles.  B.  peltita, 
Pursh,  is  not  a  showy  plant, 
but  is  interesting  for  ponds. 
It  is  catalogued  by  dealers  in 
plants.  Grows  in  1-G  ft. 
f  water.  L.  H.  B. 

BKASSAVOLA   (A.M.   Bras- 

;,\..I:,,  V,  11.  |-:,n  liufanist).     O)- 

h  .■'  '  ■  '  KpiiUndre(e. 
I...  ,  _  I  I  :  ;.  Amer.  epi- 
liv  I.  -,  .  ,--■  ,.  .illii-d  to  L»lia, 
ii.l  .i.  in.ii..!iii.;  .similar  treat- 
I.  ut.  Su^ptud  on  blocks.  The 
s.  an-  large,  solitary  or  ra- 
i-nn)sr.  the  sepals  and  petals 
arrow  and  greenish,  the  lip 
Int.  :  h-.  tln.k.  solitary.  For 
11-  .Milir,  nioi-.  tin-  treatment  of 
la  i^  identical  with 
the  >I.xi.-an  Lielias. 
f  sun  to  mature  the 
iwtlis.  and  water  when 
hat  drier 
.tmosphere  when  resting,  will 
li.  DUjbiiana,  Lindl.,  is  Lalia 
dl.,  is  Liilia  (jlaitca. 


cucuIlAta,  R.  B; 
and  subulate,  gro 
ing  a  very  long-ti 
be  elevated  on  : 
red;  petals  whii 
lobe  beak -like,    i:^ 

AA.    Fh.  ill  )• 

acaiUis,  Lindl.  &  Paxt 


cordJkta,   Lindl.     Lvs.    linear,   rigid,   recurved : 
corymbose  ;  sepals  and  petals  lance-1: 
pale   green;    lip    roundish-cordate,    cuspidate, 
scarcely  as  long  as  the  claw.   Jamaica,  Braz.    B.M.  3782., 

nod6sa,  Lindl.  (B.  grandifldra,  Lindl.).  Lvs.  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  channeled  above  :  fls.  few  and  large, 
corymbose ;  sepals  and  petals  linear-acuminate  ;  lip 
round-ovate,  long-cuspidate,  entire,  longer  than  the 
claw.  Jamaica,  Mex.,  S.  B.M.  3229,  of  this  name,  is  B. 
subulUoUa.  L.  H.  B. 

BRASSIA  (William  Brass,  botanical  collector  of  last 
century).  Orch id^ceai,  tribe  Vandece.  About  30  Trop. 
Amer.  plants,  closely  allied  to  Oncidium.  Distinguished 
from  that  genus  by  the  very  long  and  pointed  sepals 


BRASSIA 

and  the  wingless  column.  The  fls.  are  odd  and  spider- 
like in  form,  and  are  cultivated  chiefly  for  that  reason. 
They  can  be  grown  with  Cattleyas.  They  bloom  in  sum- 
mer, and  during  that  time  should  have  liberal  supplies 
of  water.  Keep  them  quiet  in  winter,  but  do  not  dry 
them  off  completely.  Grow  in  pots  with  thorough 
drainage,  in  a  soil  of  fibrous  peat  and  sand.  Prop,  by 
division. 

The  Brassias  succeed  well  in  the  Orchid  house  de- 
voted to  Cattleyas,  one  that  is  not  too  warm  in  winter 
and  furnishes  plenty  of  air  during  the  warm  months. 
They  have  not  been  popular  in  gardens,  as  their  flowers 
lack  brilliant  coloring,  but  their  shape  is  weird,  and  to 
the  collector  they  have  charms  that  are  almost  as  allur- 
ing as  the  Odontoglossums.  Pot  culture  is  best,  as  the 
plants  make  fine  specimens,  and  are  vigorous  root-pro- 
ducers. B.  Lawrenceana  and  its  variety  longissima, 
with  B.  vemicnsa,  are  the  best,  known  in  gardens,  and 
are  most  desirable  from  a  cultivator's  standpoint. 

Cult,  by  E.  O.  Obpet. 
A.    Sepals  and  petals  whitish  or  greenish. 

verrucdsa,  Batem.  Pig.  257.  Strong  :  foliage  deep 
green:  fls.  many  and  large,  the  greenish  white  petals 
and  sepals  blotched  witli  dark  jjurple,  the  lip  white  and 
warty.  Guatemala.  Var.  grandiildra,  Hort.,  has  fls. 
twice  larger  than  in  tlie  type. 

AA.    Sepals  and  petals  greenish  yellow. 

macul4ta,  R.  Br.  Sepals  and  petals  pale  or  greenish 
yellow,  short  for  the  genus,  marked  with  large,  irregu- 


lar brown  spots,  the  large  lip  white,  spotted 

with  brown  and  purple.    Jamaica.     B.M.  1(J91. 

-Int.  into  Eu.  in  180(j,  being  one  of  the  first 

known  of  exotic  Orchids.    Flowers  large,  but  not  very 

showy. 

Var.  guttata,  Lindl.  {B.  Wriya;,  Skinner).  Fls. 
greener,  much  spotted,  lip  yellowish  :  spikes  2-3  ft. 
high.    Guatemala.    B.M.  4003. 


AAA.    Sepals  (iiitl  petals  cleiirer  ijeUow. 

caud&ta,  Lindl.  Spikes  drooping,  12-18  in. :  sepals 
and  petals  very  long  (4-6  in.),  barred  with  brown;  lip 
yellow  and  broad  spotted.     W.  Ind.    A.F.  «:  G09. 

Lance&na,  Lindl.  Robust,  witii  2  dark  green  leaves 
from  each  pseudobulb  :  fls.  large  and  numerous,  very 
fragrant,  lasting  2  or  3  weeks;  sepals  and  petals  bright 
yellow,  long  and  tapering,  blotched  with  brown  or  red, 
the  lip  yellow  and  wavy,  spotted  at  the  base.  S.  Amer. 
B.M.  3577.  — A  handsome  species.  There  are  two  or 
three  varieties. 

Lawrence^na,  Lindl.  Sepals  and  petals  bright  yellow, 
spotted  with  brown  and  green;  lip  yellow  tinged  with 
green  :  otherwise  much  like  the  last.  Braz.  J.H.  III. 
30:275. 

Var.  longlSBima,  Reichb.  f.,  has  a  spike  18-20  in.  long, 
and  very  slender  sepals,  which  are  6  or  7  in.  long,  the 
lip  purple-spotted  near  the  base.  Costa  Rica.  B.M. 
57-18.  — A  remarkable  plant. 

Gireoudiana,  Reichb.  f.  &  Warsc.  Large,  with  many- 
fld.  scapes:  fls.  larger  than  in  B.  lianceana,  the  sepals 
and  petals  very  long,  they  and  the  lip  bright  yellow, 
Ijlotehed  with  deep  red.    Costa  Rica.  l_  jj^  g^ 

BRASSICA  (old  classical  name).  Crticifero!.  Prob- 
alily  100  species  of  annual,  biennial  and  perennial  herbs, 
natives  of  temperate  regions  of  Europe,  Africa,  and 
Asia.  Petals  and  stamens  4 :  pod  long,  beaked  :  seeds 
not  winged  (Figs.  258,  259).  Includes  all  the  mustards, 
cabbages,  turnips,  and  the  like  ;  and  to  these  plants  the 
reader  should  refer  f.ir  ntlicr  information. 

In  common  witli  iimrly  all  culTivated  plants,  espe- 
cially those  wbicli  arr  ]iii-j.lrxiiiLr.  theBrassicas  have  re- 
ceived too  little  attniti..]!  fioiii  ijiitauists.  The  inevita- 
ble outcome  of  such  inglect  or  of  any  superficial  study 
is  a  reduction  of  species,  and  in  this  direction  Brassica 
has  suffered  greatly.  It  is  usually  confusing  to  reduce 
types.  The  most  perplexing  species  in  our  manuals  are 
those  which  contain  the  greatest  number  of  old  types 
i  names.  It  is  true  that  this  is  supposed  to 


origin  is  lost,  and  perspicuity  demands  that  they  be  kept 
distinct  in  a  horticultural  treatise. 

The  confusion  into  which  our  Brassicas  have  fallen  is 


Flower  of  Mustard. 


be  primarily  due  to  the  va- 
riation of  the  species  or 
groups,  but  it  is  often  to  be  charged 
to  superficial  study  or  insi 
terial.  Our  manuals  contain  too  few 
rather  than  too  many  species  of 
Brassica  ;  at  all  events,  the  miscel- 
dumping  of   rutabagas,  tur- 

Bra'ssiea  cnmpesfris  is  unnatural, 
and,  therefore,  unf(.)rtuu 
the  best  presentations  of  the  true 
259.  Pod  or  sdiQue  Brassicas  is  that  of  De  CandoUe's 
of  Mustard— Brassica  Prodromus,  as  long  ago  as  1824  (also 
iuncca  (X2).  in  Trans.  Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  vol.  5, 
and  in  Systema,  2:  582-607),  and  the 
following  scheme  closely  follows  that  outline.  Some 
of  the  forms  which  are  here  kept  separate  as  species  may 
be  derived  from  their  fellows,  but  the  evidence  of  such 


260.  Flowers  of  Cabbage  —  Brassica  oleracea  (X  K). 


easure  due  to  the  different  vernacular  names 
f  bear  in  different  countries.  The  French  use 
chou  generically  to  include  all  forms  of  S. 
lul  th«  rutabaga— that  is.  all  the  blue,  thick- 
■assicas— while  in  England  the  rutabaga  is 
Swedish  Turnip.  A  tabular  view  of  the  di£- 
uaculars  may  be  useful: 

Eiiglisli.  American. 


Chou  Cabus, 
Chou  de  Milan, 
Chou  de  Bniselles 

Chourave, 


Cabb.-ige. 
.Savoy  Cabbage. 
Brussels  Sprouts. 
Borecole  or  Kale. 


Navet(orChou-naTet),  Ttirnip, 


Brussels  Sprouts, 

Borecole  or  Kale, 
[  Turuip  Cabbage 
I      or  Kohlrabi. 
fTurDip-rooted 
,      Cabbage  or 
(     Swedish  Turnip, 

Cauliflower,  Cauliflower. 


,'  Kolilrabi. 


^  Rutabaga. 


the  flnirer-stems  clasping:  fls.  various.    (Brassica 

B.    /.rs.  ti-'nit  ih,    first  more  or  less  fleshy  throughout, 

an. I   ,il,iiir,,iis-t,hie   even  when  young:    fls.  large 

mid  '■>■>  ,1  ni  'f  II'  //nir.  the  petals  conspicuously  long- 

elau-t'l.  "11,1  til,  s,/„ils  Hsually  erect. 

oleracea,   Limi.     i'.mii!a.;e.  Cauliflovtek,  Brussels 

Sprouts,  K.\le.     Fi;,-.  -C.ii.     Lvs.  smooth  from  the  first, 

and  the  root  never  tul,)eruus.     Sea  shores  of  the  Old 

World,  and  naturally  perennial.    See  Cabbage. 

N&pus,  Linn.  Rape.  Lvs.  smooth  from  the  first ; 
differing  from  B.  oleracea  chiefly  in  habit  and  more 
deeply  scalloped  lvs.  The  botanical  position  of  the 
Rapes  is  open  to  doubt. 

camp^stris,  Linn.  Rutabaga.  Fig.  261.  First  lvs. 
hairy,  the  root  usually  tuberous. 


12 


178 


0  Plant  potentially  hiennial  (that  is,  the  root  hard  and 
thickened,  often  distinctly  tuberous):  foliage  firm 
in  texture. 

D.  Foliage  distinctly  hairy. 
B&pa,  Linn.  Co>raoN  Turnip.  Lvs.  prominently 
lyrate  or  interrupted  below,the  root  tuberous.  —  Whatever 
the  origin  of  the  Rutabaga  and  Turnip  may  be,  the  two 
plants  show  good  botanical  characters.  The  tubers  of 
the  two  are  different  in  season,  texture  and  flavor.  In 
the  Rutabaga,  the  small  leaves  immediately  following 
the  seed-leaves  are  spars.-ly  iKtiry.  Imt  all  subsequent 
leaves  are  entirely  smooth.  <!<ri-'h-  L'*l;ni<'ous-blue,  thick 
and  cabbage-like,  with  a  th  -liy  p.  ti..].-  and  midrib.  In 
the  Turnip,  the  radical  1h:i\  .  ..  an-  always  more  or  less 
hairy,  and  they  are  gretii  and  radi.--h  like,  thin,  with 
slender  petiole,  and  the  leaves  are  much  more  lyrate, 
with  interrupted  leaflets  on  the  petiole ;  the  small  leaves 
following  the  seed-leaves  are  also  thinner  and  narrower 
and  more  deeply  scalloped.  In  the  Rutabaga,  the  flow- 
ers are  large  and  more  cabbage-like,  whereas  in  the 
Turnip  they  are  small,  yellow  and  mustard  like  with 
shorter  claws  and  more  spreading  calj-x.  The  Tumi] 
vary  in  hairiness,  but  the  cone  of  expand 
or  the  "heart-leaves,"  always 
shows  the  hairs  distinctly, 
while  the  heart-leaves  of  the 
Rutabagas     are     entirely    gla- 


BRASSICA 

feathered  petioles,  sharply  and  irregula 
a  thin  bloom  :  beak  of  the  pod  more  a 
tinctly  hard  and  tuberous.  — This  ve^r\ 
France  in  1882  from  seeds  sent  bv  \>' 
of  the  Russian  legation,  IVkin.    It  wa- 


tubers  a 
sown  in 
not  appear 


I  III  rhina  the 
the  seeds  being 
.  China.  It  does 
he  attention  of 


.    The  plant  is  natii 

ave  been  brought 
botanists  until  Bretschneider  published  an  account  of  it 
in  a  I  r.  11-1,  "Uinal  in  1881.  Paillieux  and  Bois  (Le 
I'.i    -  1  iix)  regard  it  as  a  variety  of  .B»-assioa 

jin  iJi,-  Chine.se  mustard  belongs,  but  it  is 

viiv  nil- 1,  111  11.  iiii  that  plant.  It  is  nearly  related  to 
Tttk-t.  iMii,  aiid  11  may  have  sprung  from  the  same  spe- 
cies; but  it  is  clearly  distinguished  by  its  sharply 
toothed  lvs.,  one  of  which  is  shown  in  Pig.  264. 

(•<•.    Plant  trulji  annual:  foliage  profuse,  loose  and  soft. 
Pe-tsM    Bailcv      Pets^i   Cabbape     Fig    265      Nu 
merous  radical  lvs     large 
and  light  green  oblong  or 
ovate  oblong  crinkled  and 
uj     and  the 
ms  wavv 
flat  and  ribbed  petiole  1 


brous,  fleshy,  and  remind  one  of  the  young  shoots  of 
sea-kale.  The  Turnip  usually  produces  seed  freely  if 
the  bottoms  are  left  In  the  ground  over  winter  ;  and 
thereby  the  plant  spreads,  becoming  a  true  annual  and  a 
bad  weed,  with  a  slender,  hard  root. 

DD.    Foliage  not  hairy. 

Chin^nsis,  Linn.  Pak-Choi  Cabbage.  Figs.  262,  263. 
Radical  lvs.  wavy  and  ample,  glossy  green,  obovate  or 
round-obovate  in  general  outline,  either  entire  or  ob- 
scurely wavy  or  even  crenate,  tapering  to  a  distinct  and 
thick,  strong  petiole,  which  is  generally  not  prominently 
margined  ;  pod  large  and  tapering  into  a  beak  half  an 
inch  long;  root  sometimes  tuberous.— This  plant  is 
grown  by  the  American  Chinese,  and  is  occasionally 
seen  in  other  gardens  (see  Bailey,  Bull.  67,  Cornell  Exp, 
Sta. ).  It  is  impossible  to  determine  if  this  particular 
plant  is  the  one  which  Linnaeus  meant  to  distinguish  by 
his  Brassica  Chinensis,  but  it  best  answers  the  de- 
scription in  his  Anupiiitatfs  (vol.  n.  In  Linnfeus"  her- 
barium is  a  Bra-^-ir:,  iiiarl.nl  "  (  liim  u-is  "  in  his  own 
handwriting,  but  ii  i-  iii!|il.  tM.  luhl  has  lyrate-Iobed 
lvs,,  whereas  Linna  w-  d.  -.  rii.,.l  In-  [ilant'as  having 
yellow  fls.  and  T}  ii<i^'!.'s~uni-lik<j  h  ~. 

napifbrmis,  Bailey  {Sinapis  jiinvea,  var.  napifdrmis, 
Paill.  A:  Bois  I.  TuBEROUS-ROOTED  CnrsESE  Mustard. 
Fig.  -H'A.  Radical  lvs.  comparatively  few,  the  blade  thin 
and  oval  in  outline,  and  on  long  and  slender,  slightly 


in.  wide,  which  is  provided  with  a  wide,  thin,  notched  or 
wavy  wing;  stem  lvs.  sessile  and  clasping;  pod  of  me- 
dium size,  with  a  short  coBe-Uke  beak.  — The  Pe-tsai.  or 
Chinese  Cabbage,  is  no  longer  a  novelty  in  Amer.  gar- 
dens, although  it  does  not  appear  to  hi-  will  known,  and 
its  merits  are  not  understood.  Its  cultivation  and  pecu- 
liarities were  described  in  France  as  loug  ago  as  1^40, 
by  P^pin,  who  says  that,  while  the  plant  had  been 
known  in  botanic  gardens  for  20  years,  it  was  brought  to 
notice  as  a  culinary  vegetable  only  three  years  before 
he  wrote.  It  appears  to  have  attracted  little  attention 
in  Europe  until  very  recent  vears,  however,  and  it  is 
stiU  Included  in  the  second  edition  of  PaiUieux  &  Bois' 
Le  Potager  d'un  Curieux,  1892.  It  began  to  attract  at- 
tention in  the  United  States  probably  about  15  years 
ago.  The  leaves  tend  to  form  an  oblong,  loose  head, 
like  Cos  lettuce.    See  Cabbage. 

Japdnica,    Sieb.     California    Pepper-gkass.    Pot- 
herb Mustard.    Pig.  266.     Rather   numerous   radical 

lvs.,  oblong    or    oblong-ohovn'.  ,   iIm      i -u'lns     either 

crisped  or  cut  Into  many  vor\      ■  -,  the  petiole 

distinct  at  its  lower  end  ;   -i  i      i.'lid  ;  pod 

very  small,  with  a  slender  1 ..—  Iim     --ii,  thin    lvs, 

make  excellent  "greens."  L..1.1;  ki.uiwi,  hut  with  no 
designative  name,  in  old  gardens  in  this  countrv,  and 
occasionally  runs  wild,  Int,  in  1890  by  John  Lewis 
Childs  as  California  Pepper-grass,  A  verv  worthy 
plant  (see  Bull,  67,  Cornell  Exp.  Sta.), 


BKASSK'A 

AA.  Whole  plant  ijmn  or  but  sliijlitly  f/lfiiiroiis  irJie 
in  flower:  trs.  on  the  ft. -stems  not  prominentl 
clasping:  fls.  small  and  yellow.  Anniiah 
{Sinapis  or  Mustard.) 

B.    Pod  terete  or  nearly  so. 
jiincea,  Coss.  (Slndpis  juncea,  Linn.).    Chinese  Mrt 
TABD.    Figs.  259.  2()7.    Eanlc  and  coarse  grower,  in  th 
common  forms  nialiing  great  tufts  of  root-1 


arly: 


radical   Ivs.  generally  abi 


.ndant  and  often  very 
the  blade  angled   or 

f:iIMriiiL'  iiit"  a  narrow  iHtiiile,  which  generally 
tty  apprii(laL''>  :  l"\\<i-  ^Ti-m-lvs.  more  or  less 
in.l  i"ii.il;ii,-,  til.  upiMr  . .HIS  oblong  or  oblong- 
c,  eutirc  and  UMially  sessile  or  clasping  :  flow- 
nis  and  Ivs.  more  or  less  lightly  glaucous  :  fls. 
ellow  :  pod  slender,  of  medixun  size,  tapering 
(»rt  beak.  Asia. —  This  much  abused  species  is 
EI.Miker  and  Th..nis,.n  (.Imirn.  Linn.  .Soe.  v.  17(1:. 


BRECK  179 

anth-tube  :  fr.  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Native  of  the 
mountain  and  table  land  region  of  Mex.— Five  species 
have  been  described,  but  recent  explorations  have 
brought  to  light  some  5  or  G  additional  species.    While 


rliiucse  Mustard,  Chiuesr  Lr.  .a.i  1..  a  ,  ,.  li  Mu.-lar.l.  and 
Brown  Mu.stard).  Linn.-eus  f.iun.lrd  his  .Si,i<ip!s  Jinirea 
upon  a  figure  in  Hermann's  Paradisus  (Hermann,  Para- 
disus  Batavus,  t,  230,  1705),  which  represents  a  plant 


the  flowers  ar< 
yet  the  genus 
lection.  Ouly 
extent,  and  ev 
species  often 


2b3.    Tuberous  Root  of  Pak-Choi. 


41ba,  Boiss.  Wild  Mustard.  Tall :  Ivs.  pinnatifld 
and  rough-hairy:  pods  spreading,  hairy,  the  lower  part 
thick  and  few-seeded  :  seeds  pale  brown,  large.  Weed, 
from  Europe. 

Sinapistrtun,   Boiss.    Charlock.    Tall :   Ivs.   strong- 
toothed,    or    sometimes    nearly    lyrate :    pods    knotty, 
glalirous   or   hairy,   the   upper  third   indehiscent    and 
2-edged,  usually  1-seeded.    Weed,  from  Europe. 
BB.    Pod  distinctly  4-angled. 

nlgn^a,  Koch.  Black  Mustard.  Pig.  268.  Wide- 
spreading  and  loose  grower  :  Ivs.  pinnatifld,  somewhat 
hairy  :  pods  short  and  erect,  glabrous  ;  seeds  small  and 
dark  brown,  punsent,  supplying  the  mustard  of  com- 
ni'-rce.  Cuit.  in  Eu,,  but  a  weed  in  this  country.  — Com- 
niir..ial  mustard  is  the  flour  of  the  seeds  of  this  species 
cliitily.  lint  the  seeds  of  B.  alba  and  probably  of  B. 
j„„<;.,  .ari.  si.tnetimes  used.  L.  h.  B. 

BBAVOA  ( Bravo,  Mexican  botanist).  Amaryllid&cea'. 
A  small  genus,  much  resembling  in  some  of  its  species 
the  tuberose  ( Polianthes ) ,  and  considered  by  the  writer 
as  hardly  distinct  from  it.  Stems  slender,  from  small 
thickened  rootstocks:  Ivs.  mostly  basal:  inflorescence  a 
lax  spike  or  raceme;  fls.  always  in  pairs  more  or  less 
bent  or  curved  ;    stamens  6,  included  within  the  peri- 


tuberose, 
■  found  in  every  choice  bulb  col- 
■i.s  has  been  cultivated  to  any 
...h-  is  not  well  known.  As  the 
ill.'  lii.rli  moimtains  of  Mexico, 
tliiy  ought  to  be  hardy  in  the 
southern  stretches  of  the  tem- 

Llav     iS,    Lex 

I"  1       LB    Stems 

II    1-lK 

I    s     cut 

basal 
I  less 

^e  col 

inded 

and 


The   1 
probably 


BRAZIL  NUT.    See  Bertholletia. 

BREAD  FETTIT.    See  Artocarpns. 

BREAD  NUT  is  Brosimum  Alicasfrum. 

BRECK,  JOSEPH  (1794-1873).  Plate  II.  Bostonseeds- 
lu  in  and  auth  r  t  The  Flower  Garden  or  Breck  s  Book 
of  Flowers     hr  t  )   il  Ii  bed  m  Ibil   ind  reissued  in  IfcOB 


Pe   Tsai  Cabbage  -  Brassica  Pe   Tsai 


180 


BRECK 


as  the  "New  Book  of  Flowers."  This  was  preceded,  in 
1833,  by  "The  Young  Florist."  In  1822,  he  founded  the 
seed  business  now  conducted  at  51  North  Marliet  St., 
under  the  name  of  Joseph  Breclc  &  Sons.  He  was  one 
of  the  original  members  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticul- 


Brassica  Japonica. 


tural  Society,  and  its  president  from  1859-1862.  He 
edited  the  old  New  England  Fanner  for  many  years,  but 
discontinued  it  in  1840,  when  he  turned  over  his  list  of 
subscribers  to  Luther  Tucker,  of  All)anv.  N.  Y..  at  the 
time  of  the  founding  of  The  H..rti.  liii-m  i ,  -Alii.li  was 
edited  by  the  illustrious  A.  J.  D<>«  1  ii  .  .lited 

The  Horticultural  Register  from  1  -       :-   -  iii).auy 

with  Thomas  Fessenden.  The  rcvi-Piii  ■■!  _u:~  iiM,,k  in 
1866  was  undertaken  when  the  aulhur  iiii>  lU  \  lar.s  old. 
It  was  a  popular  book  in  its  day.  A  portrait  of  Joseph 
Breck  is  seen  in  the  catalogues  of  the  present  firm. 


BEEV06RTIA  (J.  Carson  Brevoort,  Regent  N.  Y. 
State  University).  lAHdce(e.  Differs  from  Brodis-a  in 
the  long-tubular  and  6-saccate  corolla.    One  species. 

Ida-Miia,  Wood.  (B.  cocclnea,  Wats.  Brodicra  coe- 
cinea,  Gray).  Floral  Fire-Cracker.  Lvs.  slender, 
grassy:  scapes  slender,  1-2  ft.  high,  with  3-60  pendu- 
lous tubular-saccate  fls.  1-2  in.  long,  which  are  bril- 
liant crimson-red,  tipped  with  pea-green.  N.  Calif,  to 
Ore.  B.M.  5857.  G.C.  III.  20:  687.  Gn.  46,  p.  .503.- 
The  flower.s  are  very  lasting  and  beautiful.  Half-hardy. 
Needs  partial  shade  and  a  deep,  loose  soil,  thoroughly 


•iftju'jW 


drained,  and  with  some  leaf  mold.    Bulb  the  size  of  a 
nutmeg.    Grows  2-3  ft.  high.  Carl  Purdy. 

BBEWflBIA  (Samuel  Brewer  was  an  English  bota- 
nist of  last  century).  Convolvulacea.  Herbs,  rarely 
somewhat  woody :  lis.  much  like  those  of  Convolvulus, 
but  style  2-cleft,  the  divisions  simple,  with  capitate 
stigma,  the  corolla  pubescent  outside  in  the  bud  :  lvs. 
simple.  Trailing  plants  of  30  or  more  species  in  warm 
climates. 

grandiildra,  Gray.  Root  tuberous :  stem 
pubescent :  lvs.  broad-ovate  and  very 
short-stalked  :  peduncles  1-fld. :  fl.  very 
large  (3  in.  long),  bright  blue  and  showy, 
funnel-shaped  ;  stigmas  large  and  glo- 
bose.    S.  Fla.  —  Int.  by  Reasoner  Bros. 


BBIAS.  In  America,  commonly  applied 
to  brambles  or  thorny  plants  of  the  genus 
Rubus,  especially  blackberries.  In  the 
Old  World,  it  is  applied  to  large,  wild- 
growing  roses. 

BRICKfiLLIA  (Dr.  John  Brickell,  an 
early  American  naturalist).  Comp6sit(v. 
About  40  species  of  herbs  or  small  shrubs 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  U.  S.  and  Mex., 
only  one  of  which  seems  to  be  in  the 
trade.  Somewhat  allied  to  Eupatorium. 
Lvs.  veiny,  either  opposite  or  alternate  : 
fls.  white,  cream-colored  or  flesh-colored, 
small,  with  pappus  either  scale  -  like  or 
somewhat  plumose  :  akenes  striate. 

grandifldra,  Nutt.  Tassel  Flower. 
Nearly  glabrous,  2-3  ft.,  branchy  above  : 
lvs.  triangular-cordate  or  triangular-lance- 
olate above,  coarsely  toothed:  heads  about 
40-fld.,  drooping,  in  large  panicles,  tassel- 
shaped  and  yellowish  white.  Rocky  Mts. 
—  Recommended  for  moist,  shady  borders. 


BRIDAL  WREATH.    Se 


.s>,- 


r 

268.  Brassica 


BRIDGEMAN,  THOMAS.  Plate  II.  Gar- 

di-in-r,  lldrist,  sut'dsman  and  author;  was 
born  in  Berkshire,  Eng.,  came  to  America 
in  1824,  and  established  the  business  which 
is  now  conducted  under  the  name  of  his 
son,  Alfred  Bridgeman,  at  37  E.  19th  St., 
New  York.  An  historical  account  of  this 
business  may  be  found  in  the  catalogue  of 
the  present  firm.  In  1829,  Thomas  Bridge- 
man  published  "The  Young  Gardener's 
Assistant,"  which  was  many  times  re- 
printed and  eventuallv  enlarged  to  five 
times  Its  origmal  bulk  It  was  copyrighted 
m  1847  when  it  appeared  as  a  large  sized 
w  ork  in  three  parts  covering  fruit  vege 
t  ibl(  and  ornamental  gardening  Two  of 
tl  I  irts  were  published  separately  m 

t!  \<_aras    The  Kitchen  C  ardener  s 

i      1 1  I   t   r      and      The   Florist  s    C  uide 

II  hit  named    work    was   revised    by 
V  I    1     1   IwardsTodd  and  republished  in  1800  by  Alfred 
I  1 1  I      III  m     Thomas  Bridgeman  died  in  1850.     -^y.  jj. 

BEINCKLfi  WILLIAM  DRAPER  Plate  II.  Physi- 
1  in  III  I  amateur  pomologi  t  mis  bom  in  Delaware, 
I    „aii  the  practice  of  medicine  at  Wilmington  in  1820, 

III  ved  to  Philadelphia  in  1825   where  he  passed  most  of 
111   life  as  a  busy  physician  and  diedat  Groveville,  N.  J., 

I   IM       it  th     u    <f    i\t\  four    In  a  room  of  his  Phila- 

I   I       I     1       1      1     I  1    trawberries    and  had  fruit 

1      He  also  had  a  little  garden 

He  produced   the    Cushing 

I  1      1  lent  C  ope    Cushing,  and 

1  1      1  1  I       1 1      \\  ilmington  and  Catherine 

(     I  1   It     ]      I        111   nil!    t  i^    ni     t  of  his  work  with 

1     ]1    111      w       1  11    ^wtl    /     I       Ilriii  the  Old  World 

lU  regarded  by  many  as 


N.atur:i; 


ll- 


BRINCKLE 

the  acme  of  quality.  He  was  for  many  years  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society,  and 
was  regarded  as  a  leader  of  American  pomology.  In 
raising  pear  seedlings,  he  was  wont  to  graft  and  regraft 
annually,  after  the  second  or  third  year  from  seed.  He 
thus  produced  new  fruits  in  half  the  time  required  by 
Van  Mons,  many  of  whose  novelties  did  not  fruit  within 
twenty  years  from  seed.  Dr.  BrinckW  gave  away  thou- 
sands of  grafts  to  amateurs  and  tradesmen  everywhere, 
and  always  prepaid  the  carriage.  In  ISliO  he  edited 
"Hofify's  North  American  Pomologist,"  a  high-class  peri- 
odical with  colored  plates,  which,  unfortunately,  did  not 
survive.  Some  sprightlv  anecdotes  of  Dr.  Brinckl^  are 
reprinted  from  the  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1863,  in 
Bailey's  "Evolution  of  Our  Native  Fruits."        t;^.  M. 


see  Stropholirion ;  for 
Monogr.  by  Baker,  in  ill 
also  Watson,  Proc.  Ani.i 
Index  to  the  specii-^  : 
caudida,2;  congesta,  r.l;  I 
16;  gracilis,  9;  grandiflor 
23;hyacinthina,  7;  ixioid* 


BRITISH  COLUMBIA.    See  C< 


■uhi. 


BBtZA  (Greek  name  of  a  grain).  Gramineip.  Quak- 
ing Grass.  A  genus  of  grasses  cultivated  for  the 
graceful  panicles,  which  tremble  in  the  slightest  breeze. 
Lvs.  flat  or  convolute;  panicles  loosely  flowered  and 
open  ;  spikelets  many-flowered,  triangular  or  heart- 
shaped,  nodding  ;  glumes  membranaceous  and  rounded 
on  the  back;  awnless.  Species,  12  in  Eu.,  N.  Afr.,  S. 
Amer.  About  5  are  considered  to  be  ornamental  and 
useful  for  dry  bouquets. 

genicul&.ta,  Thunb.  Fig.  269.  Plant  12-18  in.  high: 
culms  geniculate  at  the  base :  lvs.  3-5  in.  long,  smooth 
above,  slightly  rough  below:  spikelets  showy,  nodding, 
oblong-cordate,  ^  in.  long,  9-12-fld.,]  with  a  striking 
ribbed  appearance. 

m&xima,  Linn.  (B.  mdjor,  Presl.).  Annual,  14-18  in. 
high  :  lvs.  long  and  linear-acuminate  :  panicles  nod- 
ding: spikelets  oblong-cordate,  13-17-fld.  Eu.— A  hand- 
some ornamental  grass. 

mddia,  Linn.    Common  Quaking  Grass.   Plant  6  in.  to 
2  ft.  high  :  lvs.  short,  linear-acuminate  :    spikelets  tri- 
angular, ^in.  long,  5-12-fld.    Eu. 
minor,  Linn.  (B.  grdeilis,  Hort.    B.  minima,  Hort.). 
Plant  +-15   in.  high:  lvs.  1-5  in. 
long :      panicle      with      hairlike 
branches  ;    spikelets    triangular, 
.3-6-fld.;    empty    glumes     longer 
than  the  flowering  glumes.    Eu., 
N.  Afr. —An   exceedingly   pretty 
little  ornamental  grass. 

P.  B.  Kennedy. 


BRIZOPtBUM. 


BROCCOLI. 


CaiiUflou 


BRODI.aEA    (J.    J.    Brodie,    a 

Scotch  botanist).  JAUAcew.  West 
American  cormous  plants  of  low 
growth,  some  of  which  are  now 
becoming  popular  in  cult.  The 
fls.  are  several  on  a  scape,  the 
perianth  mostly  funnel-form,  and 
either  saccate  or  non-saccate, 
ranging  from  purple  to  red,  white 
and  yellow ;  stamens  6,  3  of  them 
sometimes  reduced  to  staminodia. 
In  Bot.  of  Calif.,  Watson  includes 
under  Brodiiea  a  number  of 
genera  erected  by  previous  au- 
thors. Baker,  in  his  latest  re- 
vision of  Brodisea,  still  further 
enlarges  the  genus  by  including 
some  species  of  South  American 
(X  M  )  bulbs  heretofore  separated  under 

Milla  and  Triteleia.  Brodia-a,  as 
thus  outlined,  includes  Hookera,  Triteleia,  Milla,  Calli- 
prora  and  Hesperoscordum.  For  horticultural  purposes, 
it  is  better  and  more  convenient  to  merge  all  into  Bro- 
disea. In  this  broad  sense  Brodisea  includes  about  30 
species,  which  must  be  divided  into  several  groups. 
The  species  differ  so  widely  in  every  way  that  cultural 
directions    must  follow   the  group.     For  B.  volubilis. 


II.  L'n,  |M..-'13,238,  459,  687: 
:Mt,  \,.-  :ui.l  Sci.  14:236. 
i::-  :  i;  ( 'alifornica,  11; 
_'l:,-n.JJ;  i-recta,6;fllifolia. 
Ill;  HeiHlersoni,5;  Howellii, 
li;  lactea,  8;  laxa,  1;  lilacina, 


8,23,  and  supplementary  list;  major,  8;  minor,  6,  12; 
multiflora,  20;  Orcuttii,  15;  parviflora,  20;  peduncularis, 
3  ;    Purdyi,  18  ;  rosea,  17  ;  splendens,  6  ;    stellaris,  14  ; 

Group  1. 
In  this  group,  which  contains  some  of  the  best  species 
in  cultivation,  the  plants  have  a  fibrous-coated  flattened 
corm,  resembling  that  of  the  crocus;  not  usually  bulbif- 
erous.  The  lvs.  are  few,  all  radical  and  grass-like;  the 
scapes  are  slender  but  stiffly  erect,  naked  except  for 
bracts  below  the  many-fld.  umbel ;  the  fls.  are  oftener 
broadly  tubular,  borne  on  slender  pedicels,  and  are  in 
purples,  white  and  yellow.  •  All  are  hardy,  but  a  protec- 
tion of  straw  or  leaves  is  advisable  in  the  colder  regions. 
A  light,  loose,  well-drained,  sandy  or  loamy  soil  best 
meets  their  needs,  and  an  excess  of  moisture  and  very 
rich  soils  are  to  be  avoided. 

1.  14xa,  Wats.  Strong,  with  many  broadly  tubular 
purple  fls.:  tube  very  narrow,  and  equaling  or  exceed- 
ing the  segments  ;  filaments  very  slender  ;  stamens  in 
2  rows.  N.  Cal.  G.C.  III.  20:  241. -Showy,  and  one  of 
the  best.    There  are  many  variations. 

2.  c&ndida,  Baker.  Fig.  270.  Much  like  B.  laxa  in 
characters  of  bloom,  but  segments  white  or  bluish  with 
a  green  vein,  and  the  fls.  set  at  an  angle  on  the  pedicel, 
so  that  they  all  face  one  way  :  further  distinguished  by 
early  flowering  and  the  very  broad  and  glossy,  scarcely 
carinate  lvs.    Calif. 

3.  peduncularis,  Wats.  Still  stouter  (1-2  ft.),  with 
smaller  and  fewer  white  fls.  on  pedicels  a  few  inches  to 
a  foot  long;  filaments  short  or  none.  N.  Calif.  G.C. 
III.  20:  243.  — This  species  grows  in  wet,  heavy  ground 
close  to  water,  and  is  very  bulbiferous. 

4.  Bridgesii,  Wats.  Fig.  270.  Similar  to  B.  laxa,  but 
stamens  in  one  row,  corolla  with  a  spreading  limb,  and 
color  reddish  purple  ;  filaments  deltoid.  Cent.  Calif. 
G.F.  1:  126. -Grows  a  footer  more  high. 

5.  Hfindersonii,  Wats.  Resembles  B.  Bridgesii:  yel- 
low, banded  purple:  filaments  somewhat  winged,  but  not 
deltoid:  small-fld.    Central  and  N.  Calif,  to  Ore. 


182 
6.  ixioides.Watf 

to  2  ft.).    Fls.  few 
.shades  of  yellow 

B.M'.35'88(as  ('»//(, 
handsome  varietie 


Th< 


1  to  Ti.  /ff«(,batdwarfer(3  in. 
ly,  Miijiedicels  1-4  in.  long,  in 
r.'ii    purple-tinged  ;    filaments 

S  Calif,  to  Ore.  B.R.  1590. 
•  t,,i)-  li.C.  III.  20:  459. -Many 

best  is  var.  splindens,  Hort. 


<Fig.  270),  with  large,  bright  yellow  fls.,  the  limb  wheel- 
shaped.  Var.  minor,  Hort.  Dwarf :  fls.  yellow,  with 
dark  band  and  blue  anthers.  Var.  erfecta,  Hort.   Dwarf. 

7.  hyacinthina,  Bailey,  Ann.  Hort.  1891, 267  ( TriteMa 
hyacinthhxa,  Greene).  From  1-2  ft.:  Ivs.  linear  :  fls. 
10-30, 1  in.  or  less  long,  milky  white  or  purplish.  Calif. 
—Probably  a  form  of  the  next. 

8.  lAotea,  Wats.  In  the  type,  has  the  habit  of  B.  laza, 
but  the  fls.  have  a  short  tube  with  a  rotate  corolla,  and 
are  white,  with  green  midvein;  filaments  deltoid.  Calif, 
to  Brit.  Columbia,  in  many  forms.  B.R.  1639  (as  ffes- 
peroscordutn  lacteum  and  S.  hyacinthinutn).  G.C.  111. 
20:459.— Var.  lilaclna,  Wats.,  is  much  stronger,  very 
bulbiferous,  grows  in  wet,  heavy  soils,  and  has  a  larger 
fl.,  which  is  usually  lilac-colored.  Var.  mijor,  Purdy. 
Like  var.  lilavina,  but  fls.  white. 

9.  grdcilis,  Wats.  A  tiny  species,  with  small  yellow 
fls.  Scape  2-i  in.  and  purplish:  If.  1:  fls.  Kin.  long,  on 
pedicels  of  equal  or  greater  length;  filaments  elongated 
and  very  slender.   N.  Calif.,  in  Sierras. 

Group  i. 
In  this  group  the  corm  is  not  flattened,  and  bears  many 
strong  offsets  ;  the  coating  is  hairy  and  reddish.  The 
Ivs.  are  linear  and  grassy;  the  scapes  stiff,  few-fld. ;  the 
fls.  of  a  thick,  waxy  texture,  funnel-form  (except  B. 
Purdyi),  very  lasting,  usually  purple.  These  Brodiseas 
are  native  to  a  heavy  soil,  in  rather  moist  situations,  and 
are  hardy.  They  will  thrive  under  conditions  recom- 
mended for  Group  1.    iRookera.) 

10.  grandifldra.  Smith  (Hookera  corondria,  Salisb.). 
Scape  4-10  in.  high:  Ivs.  nearly  terete,  dying  before  the 
fl.  St.  appears:  fls.  3-10,  blue,  of  good  size  (1  in.  long), 
very  lasting;  staminodia  obtuse;  anthers  linejir.  Calif, 
to  Brit.  Col.,  Ore.,  and  Wash.  B.R.  1183.  B.M.  2877. 
G.C.  111.20:213. 

11.  Califdmica,  Lindl.  (ffoo&era  Califirnica,  Greene). 
Very  like  B.  grandiflora  :  scape  longer  ( 12-30  in.) :  fls. 
10-20,  IK-2  in.  long,  rose  to  deep  purple  :  staminodia 
linear  and  cu.spidate.  N.Calif.  G.C.  III.  20: 215.-"The 
finest  species  for  garden  purposes,"  ace.  to  Baker. 

12.  minor,  Wats.  Very  slender^  3-6  in. :  fls.  >^1  In. 
long:  staminodia  broad  and  usually  emarginate;  anthers 
oblong.   Calif,  to  Ore. 

13.  terristris,  Kellogg.  Scape  short  or  practically 
none,  the  umbel  sitting  on  the  earth:  Ivs.  nearly  terete: 
fls.  %-l  in.  long;  staminodia  emarginate,  yellowish:  an- 
thers sagittate-oblong.    Central  Calif.,  along  the  coast. 

14.  stellilriB,  Wats.  Low:  scape  with  long  pedicels  and 
3-6  bright  purple  fls.,  with  white  centers  :  Ivs.  nearly 
terete:  anthers  winged  behind:  staminodia  white,  longer 
than  the  stamens,  emarginate.  N.  Calif.  G.C.  III. 
20:  213. -Very  pretty. 

15.  Orcuttii,  Bailey.  Ann.  Hort.  1891,  267  (Bookira 
Orcuitii,  Greene).  Plant  rather  stout,  a  foot  or  more 
high:  Ivs.  linear,  flat  or  nearly  so:  fls.  5-15,  less  than 
an  inch  long,  short-tubed,  lilac;  staminodia  a  small, 
triangular  scale  or  none.    S.  Calif.     G.C.   111.20:215. 

16.  Hlifdlia,  Wats.  {Hookera  filifdlia,  Greene).  From 
6-12  in.:  Ivs.  slightly  flattened:  fls.  3-6,  J4  in.  or  less 
long,  dark  colored;  staminodia  triangular,  twice  shorter 
than  the  anthers.    S.  Calif. 

17.  rdsea.  Baker  {Hookera  rdsea,  Greene).  About 
3-6  in.:  Ivs.  nearly  terete:  fls.  5-8,  under  1  in.  long, 
rose-red  ;  filaments  dilated  ;  staminodia  white,  obtuse 
and  entire,  longer  than  the  anthers.  N.  Calif.  G.C.  III. 
20:213.— A  pretty  species. 

18.  Purdyi,  Eastw.  Different  from  others  in  having  a 
short-tubed  fl.  with  broadly  spreading,  declinate  seg- 
ments, the  throat  constricted.   Cent.  Calif.,  in  Sierras. 

Group  S. 
In  these  pretty  Brodiffias  the  corm  is  long  and  bulbif- 
erous. Lvs.  grassy;  the  scape  tall,  slender  and  flexuous; 


BROMUS 

the  fls.  in  a  close,  head-like  umbel,  the  separate  fls. 
waxy  and  narrowly  tubular.  They  like  a  loose,  perfectly 
drained,  loamy  soil,  with  some  humus.  Hardy.  The  .spe- 
cies are  not  readily  distinguished.  All  are  from  Cent. 
Calif,  to  Wash.    Known  as  "California  Hyacinths." 

19.  cong^sta,  Smith.  Tall  (2-3  ft.),  with  a  globular 
head  of  purple  fls. :  lvs.  somewhat  terete :  fls.  6-12,  ses- 
sile or  nearly  so,  %  in.  long  ;  filaments  0  ;  staminodia 
purple,  2-toothed.  N.Cal.  G.C.  III. 20:213. -Blooms  late. 

20.  multifldra,  Benth.  Similar  to  B.  congesia :  fls. 
6-20,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  umbellate,  %  in.  long, 
blue;  staminodia  lanceolate,  entire.   Calif,  Ore.,  Utah. 

21.  capit&ta,  Benth.  Lower  (1-2  ft.):  lvs.  narrow- 
linear  :  fls.  many,  in  a  capitate  umbel,  ?^  in.  or  less  long, 
lilac  (avar.  ai6a);  three  inner  anthers  winged.  Calif., 
Utah,  N.  Mex.  B.M.  5912.  G.C.  III.  20: 238.-Early 
blooming. 

Var.  parvifldra,  Torr.    Dwarf  (3-6  in.),  very  early. 

Group  4. 
Bulb  as  in  Group  1:  fls.  many,  in  a  dense  umbel,  the 
tube  about  as  long  as  the  segments. 

22.  Doiiglasii,  Wats.  Lvs.  linear:  scape  lK-2  ft. :  fls. 
few,  in  a  close  umbel,  saccate  as  in  Brevoortia  cocninru, 
blue  :  segments  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  inner  ones 
wavy:    filaments  winged.    Ore.  and  Wash.    B.M.  0907. 

23.  Hdwellii,  Wats.  (TriieleUt  HdwelUi,  Greene). 
Fls.  bell-shaped,  white:  differs  from  B.  Douglasii  in 
smaller  fls.,  and  segments  not  more  than  half  as  long  as 
tube.    Wash.    B.M.  6989. 

Var.  lilaclna,  Hort.  One  of  the  handsomest  of  all 
Brodiseas,  and  a  good  grower.  Fls.  porcelain-blue,  sag- 
geative  of  Breroorlia  cocchiea.  Wash.  G.C.  III. 19:  767; 
20:  239.    Gn.  46:  992.  — Large  and  strong. 

li.crdcea.Vfa.ta.  1  ft.  or  more :  fls.  6-15,  yellow.  N.Calif.— B. 
insuldris.  Greene.  Like  B.  capitata,  but  more  robust  and 
larger  fid.  Islands  off  Calif.— .B.  iemnio(i(E,  Wats.  1  ft.:  fls. 
small,  .Ii'f.p    nnmge.    X.    .\riz.— 7?.  hi>tan(lra.   Baker.    1   ft.  or 


as.  orik-ut  yellow.    Lain.  Qarl  Pukdv  and  L.  H.  B. 

BHOMfiLlA  (Bromel,  a  Swedish  botanist).  Brome- 
li&cein.  About  two  dozen  species  of  tropical  Amer. 
herbs,  with  stiff,  pineapple-like  lvs.,  and  fls.  in  panicles ; 
corolla  3-parted;  calyx  of  3  ovate-oblong  sepals.  Differs 
from  Billbergia  and  Ananas  in  technical  characters, 
particularly  in  the  deeper-cut  calyx.  Less  popular  as 
stove  plants  than  iEchmeaand  Billbergia.  B.  bracleata 
and  B.  macrodontes  of  trade  lists  belong  to  Ananas. 
Culture  as  for  Billbergia,  which  see.  Monogr.  by  Mez, 
in  De  Candolle's  Monogr.  Phaner.  9. 

Finguin,  Linn.  Pinguin  of  Jamaica.  Wild  Pine. 
Three  or  4  ft.  high  :  lvs.  broad-toothed  and  spiny, 
bright  green,  but  becoming  pink  and  red  with  age  :  fls. 
reddish,  pubescent,  in  a  dense  panicle,  with  a  mealy 
rachis,  the  sepals  acute  :  fr.  as  large  as  plums,  acid. 
W.  Ind.— Makes  a  good  hedge  in  tropical  countries,  and 
the  fr.  yields  a  cooling  juice. 

Bindti,  Morr.  Panicle  lax:  sepals  rounded  at  the  top : 
habit  open  and  spreading.    Braz.  l.  h.  B. 

BEOMPTON  STOCK.   See  Matthiola. 

BRdMUS  (Greek,  food).  Graminew.  Brome  Grass. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  large  spikelets,  usu- 
ally over  1  in.  long.  Lvs.  flat,  the  sheaths  often  closed: 
panicle  branched,  somewhat  spreading  ;  spikelets  sev- 
eral-fid., erect  or  drooping,  awned,  rarely  awnless; 
empty  glumes  2,  unequal,  acute;  flowering  glumes  usu- 
ally rounded  on  the  back  (except  B.  unioloidefi).  Species 
about  40,  most  abundant  in  the  North  Temperate  zone, 
some  also  in  temperate  S.  Amer.;  a  few  on  the  moun- 
tains of  the  tropics.  A  number  of  kinds  used  as  for- 
age grasses.  The  common  Chess  is  B.secalimts. 
A.    Spikelets  lO-flowered  or  more. 

brizceS6rmi3,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  (B.  squarrbsus, \a.r.  miiti- 
cus,  C.  A.  Mey.).   An  elegant  biennial  grass  with  droop- 


BROJIUS 

ing  panicles  of  spikelets  about  as  large  as  those  of  Briza 
maxima  :  Ivs.  5-7,  soft-pubescent,  blades  2-3  in.  long  : 
spikelets  10-15-fld.,  nodding,  awn  short.  Int.  from  Eu. 
-Very  useful  in  the  mixed  border,  and  for  drying  for 
winter  decoration. 

macrdstachys,  Desf.  {S.  lanceol&tiis.  Roth.  B.  divari 
cdtiis.  Rohdel.  An  erect,  smooth  annual:  Ivs.  soft, 
covered  with  hairs;  sheaths  slit:  panicles  erect,  njr 
row,  the  branches  very  short  or  the  lower  ones  sonn 
what  long  ;  spikelets  large,  lanceolate,  10-lC-fld.  Medi 
terranean,  Siberia. 


BROWALLIA  1»3 

often  brown-marked  :  scape  1  ft.  high:  fls.  stalked,  in  a 
loose,  erect  raceme,  bright  crimson,  lasting  a  long  time 
in  perfection.    .Jamaica.    B.M.  3076,  3536.         l.  h.  B. 


AA.    Spikelets  from  l-lO-flou 

MadriWnsis,  Linn.  (B.  poii/'.ttMn/ic 
AWNED  Bkome  Grass.  Fig  271  A  so 
annual,  geniculate  at  the 
base  :  sheaths  longer  than 
the  intemodes;  blades  2H-3 
in. long;  spikelets  dull  green, 
7-10-fld.;  flowering  glume 
linear -lanceolate,  about  ?4 
in.  long,  including  the  two 
slender  points :  awn  about  1 
in.  long.  -  Pretty  ornament:.  1 
grass.    Int.  from  Eu. 

nnioloides,  H  B  K.  (/>'. 
Hchrdderi,  Kunth).  Kes.  ri: 
Grass.  A  stout,  erect  an- 
nual, 2-3  ft.  high  :  shc:iths 
shorter  than  the  internndi-s : 
blades  flat,  smooth  on  the 
lower  side,  scabrous  on  the 
upper ;  panicle  variable, 
about  8  in.  long;  rays  stout, 
bearing  1  to  few  spikelets 
along  the  upper  part.  N. 
Amer. 

B.  iiiermis,  Leys.  (B.  gigaii- 
teus,  Hort.).  An  erect  peren- 
nial 2-5  ft.  high.  In  Europe 
classed  among  the  best  forage 
plants.  Int.  from  Eu.— B.  mil- 
lis,  Linn.  An  erect  annual  1-3 
ft.  high.    Kcsemljles  chess  (B. 

srr:,:h,ii.\   f ,.  n  ii  llifh  It  differs 

t    ■    ~  ~     I  A  well-known 

«  I  ^      u  l:  ■    i,:i   1      gr.ISS,    With 

siireadmg  ;iiiil  more  or  less  drooping  panicles.  As  it  very 
often  occurs,  in  whe.at  fields,  it  is  erroneously  regarded  as  de- 
generated wheat.  Int.  from  Eu.  p.  B.  Kennedy. 

BSOOM,    See  Cytiaus  and  Oenista. 

BBOOU  COBN.  Brooms  are  made  of  the  rays  or  pe- 
duncles of  the  flower-cluster  of  Andropogon  Sorghum 
ISorfihum  viihjare),  the  species  which  in  other  forms  Is 
known  as  Sorghum,  Kafiir  Com,  and  Guinea  Com. 
Broom  Com  is  grown  in  various  parts  of  the  U.  S, 


BEdSIMUM  (Greek,  edible).  Urticilcem.  A  few 
large  trees  of  Trop.  Amer.,  yielding  edible  fr.  B.  Ali- 
cdstrum,  Swz..  is  the  Bread-nut  of  Jamaica,  but  it  is 
not  grown  within  the  U.  S.  It  bears  round  yellow  fr., 
about  an  inch  in  diameter,  containing  a  single  large, 
edible  seed.    The  tree  has  shining  lance-elliptic  Ivs. 

BROUGHTdNIA  (Arthur  Broughton,  English  bota- 
nist). Orclnddce(T.  tribe  Epidendrefp.  Two  or  three  W. 
Indian  Drchids  nuich  like  L:plia  and  Cattleya.  Several 
species  whic-li  have  been  refcrriMl  to  this  genus  are  now 
distributi  il  in  Ki.i.li  ndnuii.  .'M;ixiUaria,  Phajus,  etc. 
Plant  pr...luriii- ], -.11.1. .-Lull. ~.  ;iii.l  sendingup  a  bracted 
scape  l.e:iiiiiL'"  ^.  \ .  r;il  ..r  iiii.iiy  sliowy  fls.:  calyx  of  3 
e.|u:il  lau..  ..|:.ti-  v,  |ial-:  two  lateral  petals  broad-ovate 
ami  -..iii.-vvhat  .-ri -]■.■. 1.  tlie  labellum  round-cordate  and 
s..lll.•\^  liaT  L*-!..!..  .1.  .i.nare,  with  a  spur  at  the  base  ad- 
nar.- T..  tin- ..vary.  i;.-.|uire  warmhou.se  treatment.  Cul- 
ture like  that  ti.r  La-lia.  Do  not  dry  off  enough  to 
slirink  the  bulbs.    Prop,  by  division. 

sangulnea,  R.  Br.  (i?.  eoccinea.  Hook.).  Pseudo- 
bullis  clustered,  roundish-ovate  and  somewhat  flattened, 


BROUSSONfiTIA  ( after  T  N.  V.  Broussonet, 


I  French 

..u-  lit.  Ill  It.  ]..  Ti.  1..I  ].!_'.  n-  .li  .  I  us  mcon- 
s]  1  u  .11-     q.til   us    111.    si  1111111  ii.    Ill        111   In.  al,  nod- 

tiUii.  Ill  ^'l..l.ul  n  li.  I. Is  ...11. .In,  ti  -'I. .l.ul  11,  consist- 
ing of  small  flesh\  nutlets  Thiee  species  in  E.  Asia, 
and  there  often  cultivated,  the  bark  being  used  for 
paper  making.  Ornamental  trees  with  broad,  round 
heads.  Imt  umUr  tultuit  often  shrubby,  of  vigorous 
^'1    wTl       1  _         1   .  It,  ctive  by  its  large,  often 

.1.  1  \  north  or  only  in  very  shel- 

t    1     I  I  best  in   rich,   somewhat 

111.  I    .lis     Prop,  by  seeds,  sown 

ati   1  I   '  Ti'M.od  cuttings  under 

gl  I  1    kept  m  colder 

iihouse  ;  also  by 
summer  or  graft- 
use   is   sometimes 


Kuo 


IS  P. 


Mulb. 


papyrifera,  Vent.  Tree,  30-50  ft.,  with  thick,  pubes- 
cent branches:  Ivs.  long-petioled,  usually  cordate-ovate, 
acuminate,  coarsely  dentate,  often  deeply  lobed,  espe- 
cially on  younger  plants,  rough  above,  pubescent  be- 
neath, 3-8  in.  long  :  fr. -heads  %  in.  across,  red.  May. 
China,  Jap.  B.M.  2358.— Many  varieties.  Var.  cucol- 
Uta,  Ser.  {B.  nafictilctris,ljodd.).  Lvs.  small,  curled 
upwari'.  Var.  laciniita,  Ser.  Lvs.  deeply  lobed  and  in- 
eise.l.  Decrative  form,  but  more  tender  than  the  type. 
Var.  macrophylla,  Ser.    Lvs.  large,  usually  undivided. 

Kazindki,  Sieb.  {B.Kdmpferi,  Hort.).  Branches  slen- 
der, glabrous  at  length  :  lvs.  short-petioled,  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  nearly  glabrous,  only  somewhat  rough 
above,  entire  or  2-3-lobed,  2-8  in.  long  :  fr.-head  less 
than  y^vn.  in  diani.  China.  Jap. -This  species  is  more 
tender  than  the  f..rmer.  wliieh  is  also  cultivated  some- 
times as  11.  h'<i  n^/ii.  ri.  wliil..  111.'  true  B.  Kwmpferi, 
Siel...  with  til,-  l\s.  ivs.iiil.lini;  111  shape  those  of  B. 
K'lzni'.l.i.  l.iit  inu.li  Mii.'ilj.  r  all. I  i.iil.escent,  and  with 
very  small  f r.-li.-ails.  se.aus  ii,.t  t..  !..•  cultivated. 

Alfred  Rehder. 

BBOWALLIA  (after  John  Browall,  Bishop  of  Abo, 
Sweden).  SoJanaeia.  A  genus  ..f  al..,ut  10  South 
American  annua;-,  witli   nl.iiri.! mf  Ii'u.'.  ri..I."t  or  white 

flowers.    Til. -       •    '  '■      ;"■    larder,  but 

for  the  sak.  ,  ,  i  .  v  to  start 


them  ind.....rs  :  ,  . 
open  about  ;Mu;.  1.".. 
through  our  hot,  dr 
can  be  grown  in  p. 
nuals,  and  make  ex 
also  used  for  winter 


the 


ikely 


Blue 


ially  desirable  for  their 
!i  winter  and  early  spring. 
likely  to  f.ide,  especially  the 
of  the  early  species,  Linnseus 
)  of  his  acquaintancship  with 
Browall :  elata,  reflecting  the  exalted  character  of  their 
early  intimacy  ;  demi'ssa,  its  rupture  ;  and  aiicMoto,  the 
permanent  estrangement  of  the  two  men. 

A.  Corolla  segments  long,  acuminate:  fls.  large. 
specidsa,  Hook.  Lvs.  sometimes  opposite,  sometimes 
alternate  :  fls.  thrice  as  large  as  in  B.  grandiflora,  all 
solitarv.  axillary  :  peduncle  shorter  than  the  lvs. :  co- 
rolla-tube thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  and  abraptly 
swelled  at  the  top  into  a  globular  form :  limb  of  5  ovate, 


184 


BROWALLIA 


striated,  dark  purple  segments,  pale  lilac  beneath. 
Colombia.  B.M.  4339.  P.M.  16: 290.-There  are  blue, 
Tiolet  and  white-fld.  varieties.  Var.  major,  Hort.,  has 
Tiolet  fls.  2  in.  across.  R.B.  20: 240.  B.  giganWa,  Hort., 
is  a  florist's  variety,  with  very  deep  blue  fls.  and  long- 
blooming  habit.    Int.  into  Amer.  trade  in  1899. 


B.    Uppe 


loose 


t  stalked:  fls.  nil  i 
calyx  not  hairy. 
grandifldra,  Graham  {B.  Baezlii,  Hort.).  Stem  and 
Ivs.  glabrous,  or  in  the  upper  part  of  the  plant  minutely 
clammy-puberulent :  Ivs.  ovate,  the  lower  petioled  : 
calyx-teeth  oblong,  somewhat  obtuse,  equal,  scarcely 
shorter  than  the  tube,  spreading:  corolla  white  or  pale 
blue,  the  limb  wider  than  in  B.demissa.  Peru.  B.M. 
3069.  In  B.  Bcezlii,  from  Rocky  Mts.,  some  fls.  are 
white,  some  pale  blue.  No  dark  blue  or  violet  colored 
forms  are  known. 

BB.    Upper  Ivs.  stalked;   fls.  solitary  and  axillary 
belou\  racemose  above. 

c.  Calyx  hairy, 
demissa,  Linn.  (B.  elita,  Linn.).  Fig.  272.  Stem  and 
Ivs.  pubescent  or  glabrous  :  Ivs.  ovate,  with  longer 
stalks  than  in  B.  grandiflora  :  calyx-teeth  acute,  un- 
equal, much  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube.  The  Ivs.  are 
variable,  cuneate,  rotund,  or  rarely  cordate.  S.  Amer. 
B.M.  34  and  1136.  The  followin-  are  now  referred  to 
the   above:    B.   J... -'■;„,,.   ,■.•',,,   ,  -  .,,,,,•,^,,   nerfdsa. 

This  species  is  til.' ■! i,.    ■,,,■:. i        ,    ;:illv  known  as 

B.elata.    Blue,  vi-i   ■       <■•'      i    '    i      >:  lirms  are  cult. 


Viseftsa,  HBK.  (B.  puldatla  and  B.    Czerniakowski- 
dna,  Hort.).    Plant  viscous-pubescent :  Ivs.  short-peti- 


r 


272.  Browallia  demissa  (X  %). 

oled,  ovate,  rough-hairy  on  both  sides  :  pedicels  a  little 
shorter  than  the  calyx  :  calyx  teeth  very  clammy,  oblong, 
shorter  than  the  corolla  tube.    The  Ivs.  are  similar  to 


BRUNPELSIA 

B.  demissa,  but  the  habit  is  stiffer  and  the  fls.  more 
numerous.  The  calyx  teeth  spread  less  than  in  B. 
grandiflora.    So.  Amer. 

B.  AmericAna,  Linn.,  is  considered  by  some  .-i  separate 
species  from  the  above,  but  in  Germany,  whfTf  most  Sff.ls  of 
annual  flowers  are  grown,  it  is  used  by.Si.l..  ii  lil  \  —  mu 
Vilmorin's  Blumengartnerei)  to  include  /.'     -  /         ifn, 

and  other  forms.— B.  J dmesonii,  Benth.  -   ^  i    

somi.—B.pufcfteJia,  Hort.,  is  likely  to  be  .ii,,       ,     .   :,,ih 

or  B.  %-iscosa.  ^y     -^j 

BROWNEA  (Patrick  Brown  wrote  a  history  of  Ja- 
maica). Leijuminosa'.  Several  small  evergreen  trees  of 
trop.  Amer.,  allied  to  Amherstia,  but  little  known  in  the 


hothouses.  B.  Ariza,  Benth.  (B.  Princeps,  Lind.)  has 
drooping  heads  of  scarlet  fls.  B.  grdndiceps,  Jacq.,  fls. 
red,  in  capitate  spikes  :  Ifts.  about  12  pairs,  lance-oblong. 
B.  Kdsa-de-M6nte,  Berg.,  fls.  scarlet,  in  dense  heads  : 

Ifts.  •_'-:!  pairs,  ir 


BRUCKENTHALIA  (after  S.  von  Bruckenthal,  an 
Austrian  nobleman).  EricAcea,  Low,  heath-like,  ever- 
green shrub,  5-8  in.  high,  with  small,  linear,  whorled 
Ivs.:  fls.  rosy  pink,  nodding,  in  short,  terminal  racemes. 
Only  one  species-B.  spiculifldra,  Reichb.,  in  the  moun- 
tains of  S.  E.  Europe.  A  pretty  little  plant  for  rock- 
eries, quite  hardy,  and  requiring  the  same  treatment  as 
hardy  Ericas.  Alfred  Rehder. 

BRUGMANSIA.    Consult  Datura. 

BRTTNfLLA  (probably  from  old  German  breutie  or 
braiine,  quinsy,  which  it  was  thought  to  cure).  Often 
written  Prunella,  LabiAtce.  Low-growing,  hardy,  her- 
baceous perennials,  with  fls.  usually  violet  or  purple, 
produced  all  summer  on  heads  an  inch  or  more  high. 
They  are  best  suited  for  the  rockery  and  slightly  shaded 
parts  of  the  border,  succeeding  In  almost  any  soil  that 
is  not  excessively  dry. 

vulgaris,  Linn.  Self-Heal.  Heal-All.  Lvs.  ovate- 
oblong,  entire  or  toothed,  usually  pubescent :  corolla 
violet  or  purple,  rarely  white,  V^-Min.  long,  not  twice 
as  long  as  the  purplish  calyx.  Amer.,  Eu.,  Asia. 
D.  255.— One  of  the  most  cosmpolitan  of  all  plants,  be- 
ing too  common  in  the  wild  to  be  cult.  A  form  with 
variegated  lvs.  is  rarely  found  wild. 

grrandifldra,  Jacq. ( B.  PyrenAica,  Phillipe) .  Lvs.  often 
toothed,  especially  at  the  base  :  corolla  over  1  in.  long, 
more  Ihan  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Eu.  B.M.  337.— 
The  best  of  the  garden  kinds. 

Webbi&na,  Hort.  Lvs.  shorterthan  in  B.  grandiflora, 
and  not  so  pointed  :  fls.  very  freely  produced,  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  bright  purple.  June- 
September.  J.  B.  Keller  and  W.  M. 

BRUNFfiLSIA  (Otto  Brunfels,  physician  and  botanist 
of  the  16th  century).  Syn.,  Franciscea.  SolanAcea, 
More  than  20  trees  and  shrubs  of  tropical  America,  a  few 
of  which  are  grown  in  warm  glasshouses.  Lvs.  entire, 
oblong,  often  shining  :  fls.  in  terminal  cymes  or  clus- 
ters, or  solitary,  large  and  showy,  fragrant ;  corolla 
with  5  rounded  and  nearly  equal  spreading  lobes  (or  two 
of  them  a  little  more  united) ;  stamens  4,  in  the  throat 
of  the  corolla,  the  anthers  all  alike  :  fr.  berry-like. 
Brunfelsias  are  usually  winter-flowering  plants.  The 
wood  must  be  well  ripened  before  flowering  begins. 
Grow  in  a  rather  sandy  compost.  Of  easy  culture.  Re- 
quire a  night  temperature  of  50°.  They  bloom  best  when, 
pot-bound.  Prop,  by  cuttings  from  the  new  growth  in 
spring. 

Hopeina,  Benth.  (Franciscea HopeAna,  Jlook.  F.nni- 
fldra,  Pohl.).  Compact  and  dwarf:  lvs.  lance-oblong, 
alternate,  paler  beneath  :  fls.  solitary  or  in  2's.  with  a 
whitish  tube  and  a  bluish  violet  or  purple  limb.  Brazil. 
B.M.  2829.-Grows  12-18  in.  high.  One  of  the  least 
worthy  species. 

paucifldra,  Benth.  (F.  calychta.  Hook.).  Branches 
terete  and  glabrous,  with  abundant  evergreen  foliage  : 
fls.  in  large  trusses,  purple,  with  a  lighter  ring  about 


BRUNFELSIA 

the  mouth  of  the  tube  ;  oalvx  large,  as  long  as  the 
curved  tube  of  the  corolla.  Brazil.  B.M.  4583.  Gn.  40:815. 
—A  handsome  plant,  flowering  in  succession  most  of  the 
year.   The  commoner  species  in  cult. 

B.  confertimra.  Beiith.=B.  ramosissima.— -B.  exlmia.  Bosse 
=-B.   macropbylla.— B.    ijraiidifldra. 


should  be  sown 


BRYANTHUS 


Ju: 


185 


NichoKo 


Fls 


vmbs.—  /?.   Liitdeni 
iiuve-  li. 


iilla 


Fls.  'J-'J'o  in.  across,  deep  purple:  Ivs.  longer  .'tnd  (hilli 
than  those  of  F.  i-al.Toina.-B.  ramosissima.  Benth.  Fls.  larg 
in  crowded  corymbs,  deep  violet-purple  :  foliage  luxurian 
One  of  the  best:  may  be  grown  cooler  in  winter  than  the  oth( 
species.  L.  H.  B. 


BEUNSVfGIA  (after  the  Duke  of  Brunswick).  Avia- 
ry llidicece.  Tender  flowering  bulbs  from  S.  Afr.,  with 
imibels  of  large,  numerous,  brick-red  fls.  The  bulbs 
must  be  thoroughly  rested  from  the  time  the  Irs.  fade 
until  the  scape  appears,  or  from  May  to  Aug.  Brun 
rigias  are  hard  to  flower.  They  require  rich,  sandy  so 
plenty  of  heat  and  sunlight.  When  growing,  give  water 
and  liquid  manure  freely.  They  propagate  by  offsets. 
J.  G.  Baker,  Handbook  o"f  the  Amaryllideee,  p.  96. 

A.  Li'S.  strap-shaped. 
Josephlnae,  Ker-Gawl.  Bulb  5-6  in.  thick  :  Ivs.  8-10, 
strap-shaped,  glaucous  or  greenish,  thick,  closely  ribbed, 
2-3  ft.  long,  VA-2  in.  broad  :  scape  1  in.  thick,  1)4  ft. 
long:  fls.  20-30.  rarely  50-GO,  in  an  umbel:  pedicels  H-1 
ft.  long:  capsules  smaller  than  in  B.  gigantea,  less 
conical  and  less  strongly  angled.  B.M.  2578.  F.S.  4:322. 
—Named  after  the  Empress  Josephine,  who  purchased 
the  original  bulb  after  it  flowered  at  Malmaison. 

AA.   Lvs.  tongue-shaped. 

eietait6&.  Heist.  [Amaryllis  gigantea.  Van  Marum. 
A.orientcllis,  Ecklon).  Bulb  very  large:  lvs.  about  4, 
tongue-shaped,  closely  ribbed,  3-5  in.  broad,  usually  un- 
der 1  ft.  long:  scape  red  or  green,  a  finger's  thickness: 
fls.  20-30  in  an  umbel,  paler  than  in  B.  gigantea,  and 
less  numerous  ;  pedicels  stout,  strongly  ribbed,  4-6  in. 
long.    B.M.  1619  as  B.  multifora. 

B.  falcdta,  Ker-Gawl=Ammocharis  falcata. 

H.  A.  SiEBRECHT  and  W.  M. 

BRUSSELS  SPEOUTS.  Fig.  273.  Although  this  vege- 
table is  popular  in  England  and  on  the  Continent,  and 
is  extensively  grown  there,  it  is  infrequent  in  Ameri- 
can home  gardens  ;  it  is  also  but  little  grown  as  a 
market-garden  crop.  The  edible  part  of  the  plant  con- 
sists of  the  little  "sprouts"  or  diminutive  heads  which 
form  along  the  stalk  in  the  axils  of  the  lvs.  These 
small  heads  may  be  boiled  like  cabbage  or  cooked  in 
cream  the  same  as  cauliflower.  This  is  considered  by 
many  to  be  one  of  the  most  delicately  flavored  vege- 
tables of  the  whole  cabbage  family.  The  requirements 
of  the  crop  and  its  general  treatment  differ  but  little 
from  those  of  cabbages  and  cauliflowers.  Any  soil 
which  will  produce  good  crops  of  these  vegetables  is 
well  adapted  to  the  growing  of  Brussels  Sprouts  — a 
good,  rich,  well-drained  soil  being  the  best. 


For  early  fall 
(in  the  North),  in  a 
sufficiently  \v;inu  tin- 
as  the  first  true  lr:i' 
should  be  traiispluu 
tected  place,  being  s 
plants  will  be  ready  1 


seeds  should  be  sown  in  April 
mid  hotbed,  or  if  the  weather  is 
.l»ii  ground  will  sufiice.  As  soon 
s  have  developed,  the  seedlings 
id  to  a  coldframe  or  some  pro- 
t  2-3  in.  apart  each  way.  These 
'  transfer  to  the  field  or  garden  in 
June.  June-set  plants  should  be  ready  for  use  in 
September. 

Forfleld-culture,  the  plants  should  be  set  in  rows  about 
3  ft.  apart  and  18  in.  to  2  ft.  asunder  in  the  rows.  Ordi- 
narily good  cultivation  should  be  given  during  the  grow- 
ing season.  As  soon  as  the  sprouts  become  large  enough, 
so  that  they  crowd  at  all,  the  leaves  should  be  cut  or 
broken  off  as  close  to  the  stalk  as  possible,  in  order  to 
give  the  sprouts  more  room  to  develop.  A  tuft  or  ro- 
sette of  leaves  only  should  be  left  at  the  top  of  the 
stalk.  These  early-set  plants  will  continue  to  develop 
sprouts  for  some  weeks. 

The  crop  for  late  fall  and  winter  use  requires  the 
same  general  treatment,  up  to  the  time  of  severe  freez- 
ing, as  the  earlier  crop   does,  except   that  the   seeds 


e.  The  plants  will  be  ready  for 
.  These  plants  will  make  much  of 
cool  fall  days,  and  by  the  time  of 
•  will  be  in  condition  for  storing, 
sually  less  troubled  by  aphis,  and 
re  the  climate  is  not  too  severe  the 


273.  Brussels  Sprout: 


plants  may  be  left  in  the  field  undisturbed,  and  the 
sprouts  gathered  from  them  during  the  winter  as  they 
are  desired.  This  method  is  followed  by  some  of  the 
Long  Island  growers.  But  where  the  climate  is  too  rigor- 
ous, the  plants  may  be  dug,  with  considerable  soil  re- 
maining on  the  roots,  and  packed  as  closely  together  as 
they  will  stand  in  some  sheltered  place,  as  in  a  vacant 
coldframe  or  some  similar  place  where  they  can  be  suffi- 
ciently well  protected,  to  prevent  repeated"  freezing  and 
thawing.  The  essentials  for  good  storage  are  the  same  as 
for  cabbages.  Frosts  improve  the  quality  of  the  sprouts. 
They  are  hardier  than  cabbages. 

In  marketing,  the  sprouts  are  cut  from  the  stalk  and 
shipped  in  crates.  They  are  usually  sold  by  the  quart. 
To  bring  the  best  prices,  much  care  must  be  taken  in 
preparing  the  sprouts.  All  discolored  leaves  should  be 
removed,  and  it  is  also  well  to  have  them  as  uniform  in 
size  as  possible. 

Although  a  dozen  or  more  sorts  are  catalogued  by  the 
seedsiiiiii.  thtrc  is  but  little  difference  between  those  of 
the  s:iin.-  tv|,i-  .ir  r..rm,they  being  little  more  than  dif- 
ferent ~tr:iinsMf  til.'  same  thing.  There  are  two  forms,— 
the  tall  and  the  dwarf.  The  former  grows  to  a  height  of 
2%  ft.  or  more,  and  the  sprouts  are  smaller  and  less 
closely  packed  along  the  stalk  than  the  dwarf  ones  are. 
The  latter  seldom  exceed  18  or  20  in.  in  height. 

For  the  botany  of  Brussels  Sprouts,  see  Cabbage. 
H.  P.  Gotn^D. 

BEYANTHUS  (Greek,  bryon,  moss,  and  anthos, 
flower:  growing  among  mosses).  Syn,  Pliyllddoce, 
EricHcea.  Low  evfrirrepn  shrubs:  lvs.  small,  linear, 
alternate,  crnmliMl  :  lis.  in  terminal  umbels  or  short  ra- 
cemes, nodditi^'.  en  vIriMler  |.edieels  ;  corolla  urceolate 
or  rotate-canip:innI:ite.  e  Id..  .1;  stamens  8  or  10:  fr.  a 
many-seeded  capsule.    Eiu-ht  species   in  arctic  regions 


of  N.  Eu. 
southwaif 


BRYAXTHUS 

and  N.  Asia,  in  N.  Amer.  in  tlie  Roeliy  Mts. 
ti)  (':ilif..ruia.  Heath-like  prostrate  shrubs, 
y.  wifli  iLiiid-orae,  delicate  fls.,  but  rarely  cul- 
ii.  y  ilinvc  best  in  peaty  and  sandy  soil,  and 
i.  mi.uij  -.iufcssfuUy  in  localities  where  the 
t  ami  ei'ul,  but  B,  erectus  is  less  particular. 
seeds,  sown   in   spring  in  peaty   soil  or   cut 


BRYOPHYLLUM 

monoecious,  fascicled :  fr.  about  the  size  of  a  cherry, 
spherical,  green,  with  pretty  white  markings.  Asia, 
Afr.,  Austral.    F.S.12:1202. 

Var.  erythrocirpa,  Naud.  (B.  erythrocdrpa,  Naud.). 
Has  red  fr.  with  white  marks.  I. H. 12:431.  F.S.21:2237. 
Gn.  «,  p.  193. -A  warmhouse  plant,  rarely  grown  in  pots 
and  trained  to  rafters.    Prop,  by  seeds.  ^^   ji_ 


f^<^:p4Wr 


274.   Sprouting  leaf  of  Bryophyllu 

sphagnum  and  kept  moist  and  shady,  by  cuttings  in 
August  under  glass,  and  by  layers. 

empetriidrmis,  Gray.  Five  to  8  in. :  Ivs.  %-H  in.  long, 
finely  serrate;  fis.  campanulate,  6  or  more  on  slender, 
glandular  pedicels,  in  short  racemes:  corolla  rosy  pur- 
ple, about  K  in.  broad.  Brit.  Columbia  to  Calif.  B.M. 
317G  (as  Menziesia  empetriformis ) . 

erectus,  Lindl.  (B.  empetrifdrmis  x  Bodothdmnus 
Chamachtns).  Six  to  10  in.  high :  Irs.  slightly  serrate: 
fls.  2-10,  rosy  pink,  rotate-campanulate,  about  H  in. 
broad.   F.S.  7:659.  P.P.G.  1:  19.-Of  garden  origin. 

B.  BrHveri.  Oray.  Allied  to  B.  empetriformis.  Fls.  larger; 
stamens  exstTt.'il.  Siirra  Nevada.— iJ.  glandulitldrus.  Gray. 
I  -  ui.^.iit,  ..v., I,  iiipliur-yellow.  Sitka  to  Brit.  C'olurab.— 
'■    '-  '  I  iiall,  rosy,  3-10,  in  slender  peduncled 

I  I  ■  iiring'slsl.— B.  (axiVdKo,  Gray.   Fls. 

-     :     lliKhMts.ofX.E.  Amer., Greenland. 

""■    '"    ^    ^     '   ^    '  1'  Alfred  Rehder. 

BBYONIA  (Greek,  lo  sprout,  referring  to  the  annual 
growth  from  the  tuber).  Cucitrbitdctw.  A  genus  of 
7  species  of  perennial  cucurbits,  natives  of  Europe  and 
W.  Asia.  They  are  herbaceous  perennial  climbers,  with 
the  staminate  fls.  in  racemes,  while  Bryonopsis  is  an 
annual  plant,  with  the  staminate  fls.  in  fascicles.  All  spe- 
cies of  Bryonia  are  dioecious  excepts,  a Z6a.  Bryonopsis 
is  monoecious.  See  Cogniaux,  in  DC.  Mon.  Phan.  2:469. 
A.    Fls.  dioecious  :  stigmas  rough  :   fruits  red. 

didica,  Jacq.  Bryony.  Height  6-12  ft.:  root  long, 
fleshy,  branching,  white,  a  finger's  thickness:  Ivs.  ovate 
or  roundish  in  outline,  5-lobed,  margin  wavy-toothed, 
rough  with  callous  points,  paler  beneath  :  pistillate  fls. 
greenish  white,  corymbose,  short-peduncled.  Common 
in  Eng.  and  in  central  and  S.  Eu.  Rarer  in  W.  Asia  and 
N.  Afr.  Not  sold  in  Amer,,  but  a  common  sight  along 
English  highways.  It  grows  rapidly  over  hedges  and 
fences. 
AA.    Fls.  monoecious  ;    stigmas  smooth  :   fruits  black. 

Alba,  Linn.  Height  6-12  ft. ;  roots  thick,  tuberculate, 
yellowish  outside,  white  within:  Ivs.  long-petioled;  pis- 
tillate fls.  in  long-peduncled  racemose  corymbs.  Eu.. 
Caucasus,  Persia. 

B.  lacinidsa,  Lijin.=Bryonopsis  laciniosa.  -^   jj 

BKY0N6PSIS  (Greek,  Bri/ony-like).  Cucurbitdcea. 
A  genus  of  two  species  of  annual  climbers.  Consult 
Bryonia  for  generic  differences. 

lacinidsa,  Naud.  (Bryonia  laciniosa,  Linn.).  Lvs. 
deeply  5-lobed,  rough,  light  green  above,  paler  beneath; 
segments    oblong-lanceolate,    acuminate,   serrate :    fls. 


275.  Flowers  of  Bryophyllum  (X%). 


BRYOPHYLLUM 


Ih 


i  that 


tive  plant  1  1  and  mterestmg     It  is  only 

necessary  t  on  moist  sand  or  moss,  and 

at  the  in  1  ]  1  nts  will  appear  after  a  time 

(see  Fig.  '  4)  It  is  even  possible  to  pin  leaves  on  the 
wall,  and  without  water  new  plants  will  come  Useful 
in  botanical    ieraonstrations 

calyclnum    balisl      Fig   '  j     Height   --1   ft      stem 
reddish,  witl    rai  e  1    ol  1  i  g    wh  ti  h     pot       Ivs    oppo- 


276.  Flowers  of 

Buckwheat. 

Natural 


site,  fleshy,  simple  or  temate,  ovate,  crenate,  obscurely 
veined  above:  fls.  pendulous,  in  terminal-compound 
panicles :  caU'x  and  corolla  cylindrical,  reddish  green, 
spotted  white  :  calyx  114  in.  long;  corolla  2K  in.  long, 


BRYOPHYLLUM 

with  4  slightly  curving  tips  (Pis:.  275).  ilex.  B.M.  U09. 
LBC.  877.  — It  is  said  that  the  Ivs.  are  sour  in  the  morn- 
ing, ta.steless  at  noon,  and  somewhat  bitter  towards 
evening.  This  change  has  been  attributed  to  the  absorp- 
tion of  o.f  ygen  at  night  and  its  disengagement  in  daylight. 
W.  M. 


BUDDLEIA 


187 


BUCKEYE.     Consult  ^scuhis. 
BUCKTHORN.  Bhnmiiiis.-punii- 


arlv  R.  rnfhar 


281.   Applet 


expandine  flower-bud. 


BUCKWHEAT  { Fiuiopf/nim  esciile)ifiim.  Moench). 
Pol!/i/n,i(he<r.  A  tender  annual  grain  phmt.  Hour  being 
made  of  the  large  3-cornered  fruit.  It  i^  iiimli  i;n.\vii  in 
the  northern  U.  S.,  usually  being  sown  aliMiit  ili.-  tiiM  "I 
July.  It  is  also  a  favorite  for  bee  fora-..  I  in,  kw  li.  :Lt  i^ 
native  to  central  Siberia  and  Man.liuna.  an.l  i-  im.w 
widely  cult.,  although  it  is  a  grain  of  MCuiidiiiv  impor- 
tance. The  flower-cluster  is  shown  in  Fig.  27G.  The 
Tartarian  Buckwheat  {F.  TaUiricum,  Geertn.)  is  occa- 
sionally seen.  It  has  smaller  and  yellowish  fls.,  and  a 
smaller,  roughish,  wavy-angled  fruit. 

BUS.  The  undeveloped  or  embryo  state  of  a  branch. 
As  commonly  known  to  the  horticulturist,  the  bud  is  a 
more  or  less  dormant  organ  ;  that  is,  the  horticulturist 
does  not  recognize  the  bud  until  it  h  i  attained  sufheient 
size  to  be  obvious  or  to  sug.,e  t  onie  practice  in  the 
treatment  of  the  plant.  In  thi  tate  the  bud  usuallj 
represents  a  resting  stage  of  the  plant  The  bud  cover 
ing  protects  the  growing  point  in  the  cold  or  drv  season 
The  bud  is  a  shortened  axis  or  ver\  condensed  brm  li 


£ht. 


The  dormant  or  resting  bud  (as  the  winter  bud  of  all 
trees  1  is  covered  with  protective  scales  which  are  modi- 
fied leaves  ;  and  the  core  of  it  is  the  nascent  or  embryo 
branch  or  flower-cluster,  with  rudimentarv  leaves.  Since 
the  bud  is  an  embryo  branch,  it  follows  that  disbudding 
is  a  most  efftcient  means  of  pruning.  A  bulb  is  a  form 
of  bud;  and  a  dense  rosette  of  leaves  (as  in  the  common 


house-leek)  is  intermediate  in  structure  between  a  bulb 
and  a  normal  branch.  A  cabbage  head  is  essentially  a 
gigantic  bud. 

Horticulturists  speak  of  buds  as  leaf -buds  and  flower- 
buds,  according  as  they  give  rise  to  barren,  leafy  branches 
or  to  flower  hrHni-h,-,<  it'.ir  flower-clusters  are  modified 
branches).  Trur  ll..\v,r  l.ii.N  m-  fruit-buds  are  those 
which  produ'f  iail\  il-iwt-r^.  a~  tliu^e  of  the  apricot 
(Fig.  116)  aii.l  Ml.  p.  a.  lu  Mi\.  .1  ilowi-r-buds  or  fruit- 
buds  are  those  wliiili  contain  l.otli  (lowers  and  leaves,  as 
those  of  the  apple  [  Fig.  281 1  and  pear.  On  dormant 
plants,  leaf-buds  and  flower-buds  are  distinguished  bv 
position,  size  and  shape.  The  position  of  the  flower-bud 
varies  with  the  kind  of  plant,  but  is  commonly  termi- 
nal, either  on  a  branch  of  common  lent'Hi  or  on  a  very 
abbreviated  branch  or  spur.  The  tlow.r  liu.l  is  com- 
monly larger  and  thicker  than  tli.-  l.af  lunl.  hi-cause  it 
contains  the  embryo  flower.  Illustrations  of  flower- 
buds  and  leaf-buds  are  showu  in  Figs.  277-2S0.  With 
Fig.  279  compare  Fig.  298,  showing  a  section  of  cabbage 
head.  The  reader  is  referred  to  The  Pruning-Book  for 
detailed  discussion  of  the  subject. 

Of  all  tin-  hu.ls  whii-h  form,  vi-rv  many  do  not  grow, 
bein-- -!,-,, !,.i  ,.:;!  m  i  li.'  -tul'-I-  1  ■  ^r  .-xistence.  These 
buiN  '  I  I  .1  i,  i:  :  for  several  years, 
eai-h  -,....  Ill,  :  .  II  ,i,  .1 ,  i-ii  i  .  :r  rhances  of  grow- 
ing cvi  n  II    la'.MiMii] liiaMi-  '"■-■ur.    It  is  a  common 

opinion  that  these  (iormam  buds  lier-ome  covered  by  the 
thickening  bark,  and  grow  when  large  limbs  are  re- 
moved ;  but  this  is  an  error.  The  shoots  which  arise 
from  a  wound  on  an  old  limb  are  from  true  adventitious 
buds,  or  those  which  are  newly  formed  for  the  occasion 
in  tin-  i-ainliium.  Buds  are  normally  formed  in  close 
|.ro\iniit\  to  leaves,  usually  in  their  axils;  but  adventi- 
iMu~  limls  form  under  stress  of  circumstances,  without 
r.-f.-r,-i,.-o  to  leaves.  l,  h,  g. 

BUDDING.    See  Graft,,.,,-. 

BUDDLEIA  (after  Adam  Buddie,  an  English  bota- 
nist). Syu.,  Biiddlea.  L,u/atuctcea!.  Shrubs  or  trees, 
with  usuall}'  quadrangular  branches :  ivs.  opposite,  short- 
petioled,  deciduous  or  semi-persistent,  usually  tomen- 
tose  when  unfolding,  entire  or  serrate  : 
fls  in  racemes  panicles  or  clusters  •  co 
roUa  tubular  or  campanulate  4  lobed 
stamens  included  4  fr  a  2  celled  cap 
sule  with  numerous  minute  seeds  About 
70  specie  m  tropical  and  temperate  i  egions 
f  -Vmeii  1    \  la  in  1   s    \trica    of  which 


ultivucl  Oi 
tieelv  in  uniii 
the  hardie  t 
^\  Inch  ma^  1 
uorth  but  il 
gj^bosa  1,11 1 
will  stand  miii\ 
killed  to  the  „i 


idui     pecii 


flcwering 


279  Sections  of  pear  buds 
fruit  bud  on  the  left,  lea 
bud  on  the  right. 


iO   Buds  of 

The  mid-^ 
die  bud  is 
a  leaf-bud 


young  shoots,  which  will  flower  mostly  the 

same  season,  especially  i?.  Japonica,  I/hid- 

leyana  and  intermedia.   The  handsomest 

in  flower  are  B.  ColviUei,  variabilis,  gln- 

bosa  and  Lindleyana.    They  grow  best  in 

a  light,  well-drained  soil,  in  a  sunny  position.    Prop. 

readily  by  seeds  sown  in  spring  in  gentle  bottom  heat, 


large  side 
buds  arc 
fruit  buds. 


188  BUDDLEIA 

by  greenwood-cuttings  under  glass,  or  by  hardwood  cut- 
tings taken  off  in  fall  and  kept  during  the  winter  in  a 
frost-proof  room. 

A.  Fh.  in  punU-les. 

B.  Corolla  small,  with  long,  narrow  tube,  }{-%  in.  long. 

a.  Color  violet  or  lilac. 

Jap6mca,  Hemsl.  {B.  ciirvifldra,  Hort.,  not  Hook.  & 
Am.).  Three  to  6  ft.,  with  quadrangular,  winged 
branches  :  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  remotely 
denticulate,  slightly  tomentose  or  nearly  glabrous  be- 
neath, 3-6  in.  long  :  fls.  in  dense,  terminal,  pendulous 
racemes,  4-8  in.  long ;  corolla  slightly  curved,  lilac 
outside,  with  grayish  tomentum.  Japan.  I.  H.  17:25. 
B.  H.  1870,  p.  337,  and  1878,  p.  330. 

Lindley4na,  Fort.  Three  to  6  ft. :  Ivs,  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  remotely  denticulate,  pale  green 
beneath,  and  slightly  pubescent  or  glabrous,  2-4  in.  long: 
racemes  dense,  erect,  3-5  in.  long ;  corolla  purplish 
violet,  slightly  curved,  pubescent  outside.  China.  B.R. 
32:4.    F.S.2:112.    P.M.  14:5. 

intermfidia,  Carr.  (B.  Jap6nicay,LindleyAna).  Hy- 
brid of  garden  origin,  similar  in  habit  to  B,  Japonica. 
Lv3.  ovate-oblong,  dark  green  above,  4-5  in.  long  :  fls. 
violet,  in  slender,  arching  or  pendulous  racemes,  10-20 
in.  long.  R.H.  1873:  151.  Var.  mslgnis,  Hort.  {B.  in- 
slgnis,  Carr. ),  has  the  upright  habit  of  B.Lindleyana. 
Branches  distinctly  winged  :  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  of- 
ten in  3's  :  racemes  erect,  rather  dense,  4-6  in.  long, 
usually  panicled  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  with  rosy 
violet  fls.   B.H.  1878:330. 

variibilis,  Hemsl.  Three  to  8  ft. :  Ivs.  nearly  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, whitish-tomentose  beneath,  4-10  in.  long  :  fls.  in 
dense,  terminal,  erect  panicles,  4-6  in.  long  ;  corolla 
lilac,  with  orange-yellow  mouth,  glabrous  outside. 
China.  B.M.  7609.  R.H.  1898:  132.  G.C.  UI,  24:  139.- 
A  newly  introduced,  very  handsome  species,  with  showy 
and  fragrant  fls. 

cc.   Color  yellow. 

MadagascariinBis,  Lam.  Shrub,  6-12  ft.,  with  densely 
tomentose  branchlets  :  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  rounded  or 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  acuminate,  entire,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  above,  whitish  or  yellowish  tomen- 
tose beneath  :  fls.  tomentose  outside,  in  large  terminal 
panicles,  appearing  during  the  winter.  Madagascar. 
B.R.15:1259.  B.  M. 2824. -Hardy  only  in  subtropical 
regions. 

xl  tube,  limb  over 


C6lTiIlei,  Hook.  &  Thoms.  Shrub,  occasionally  tree, 
to  30  ft. :  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  serrate, 
pubescent,  and  pale  or  grayish  green  beneath,  5-7  in. 
long  :  panicles  broad,  pendulous,  12-18  In.  long  ;  corolla 
purple  or  crimson,  with  white  mouth.  B.  M.  7449.  R.H. 
1893:520.  I.  H.  41: 10.  F.  8.14:1487.  J.  H.  Ill,  31:  85.- 
The  most  beautiful  of  all  Buddleias,  and  a  very  desirable 
shrub  for  warmer  temperate  regions  ;  only  older  plants 
flowenfreely. 

AA.  Fls.  in  globular  heads. 

globdsa,  Lam.  Three  to  10  ft.,  with  the  branches  and 
Ivs.  beneath  yellowish-tomentose  :  Ivs.  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  crenate,  rugose  above,  3-7  in. 
long :  fls.  orange-yellow,  in  dense,  long-peduncled, 
axillary  heads  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  fragrant. 
Chile.  B.  M.  174.— A  graceful  and  very  distinct  shrub, 
standing  some  degrees  of  frost. 

JlAineriainn.Uun.  Eight  to  1'2  ft,;  fls.  in  globular  clusters, 

r.r„,i,::;t..ri,,i,;,>!  1., ,,,!.•■-■-      V.,-,      T-  >  i .! .  ■  r   -  /:     .1  sW(lOT.  Lour. 

'|-,,, ,,..,,  1 -,  t,       iK    ,,1,.,,.    ,,,:,,,,,,   ,).     ,    >   '.•■■i"l,'d  spikes,  fra- 
:■'  :  -     ■  I,    \|    .  ,  /,  ,|  --H.  gloliosa.— 


BUFFALO     BERRY 

BUEL.  JESSE.  American  agriculturist  and  editor, 
was  born  at  Coventry,  Conn.,  Jan.  4,  1778,  and  died  at 
Danburv,  Conn.,  Oct.  6,  1839.  He  lived  at  Albany  from 
1813  until  1821,  when  he  retired  to  his  farm  near  by.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders,  in  1834,  of  The  Cultivator,  a 
monthly,  "to  improve  the  soil  and  the  mind,"  the  sub- 
scription price  of  which  was  fifty  cents  a  year.  In  1866, 
The  Cultivator  was  merged  with  The  Country  Gentle- 
man, a  weekly  founded  in  1853,  and  The  Cultivator  and 
Country  neiitleiiian  is,  therefore,  the  oldest  surviving 
American  iiKrii-uIttiral  paper. 

BUFFALO  BEEEY.  Pig.  282.  Shephirdia  arglntea, 
Nutt.  [Lcpiinjiiripa  arghitea,  Greene).  Elceagnclcece .  The 


^^>■ 


:-^y 


deuso  panicles;  br.-mchfs  and  Ivs.  tuin 
9:  938.— if.  salicifdlia.  Jacq.=  Chili-iiit 
f&lia,  Hort.=  B.  Lindleyana.— 3.  sabu 
arboreus. 


282.   Buffalo  berry  (X  ?;,!. 

Buffalo  Berry  has  been  long  before  the  public,  but  it  is 
only  within  the  last  few  years  that  it  has  attained  any 
prominence  as  a  fruit  plant.  In  Hovey's  Magazine  of 
Horticulture  for  1841,  page  251,  it  is  mentioned  as  fre- 
quently cultivated,  indicating  that  it  found  its  way  into 
our  gardens  earlier  tli;iii  tin-  lihi.  klu-rry.  Its  position  to- 
day bears  evidence  fli;it  iHi  ^iii  h  |.l;irf  was  awaiting  it 
as  stood  ready  for  th.  liLi.  ki„  ii\ ,  ,,r  that  if  there  were, 
it  has  lamentably  failv.l  iti  ;ittriiii.ting  to  fill  it.  The 
plant  did  not  find  its  jdace  as  a  cultivated  shrub  until 
the  settlement  of  the  West  created  a  demand  for  hardy 
and  drought-resisting  fruits.  The  plant  belongs  to  the 
Oleaster  family,  and  now  bears  the  name  of  Lepargyrtea 
argentea  (Nutt.),  though  more  commonly  known  as 
Shepherdia  argentea.  It  occurs  commonly  throughout 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region  and  the  dry  plains  to  the 
eastward,  from  Saskatchewan  to  Colorado,  and  even 
New  Mexico.     Its  fruit  is  frequently  used  for  .ielly,  and 


far  less  promising  than  most  of  our  other  garden  fruits. 
Apparently  its  chief  value  lies  in  its  adaptability  to 
regions  where  more  desirable  bush-fruits  can  not  be 
grown.  Where  the  currant  thrives,  there  is  little  need 
for  the  Buffalo  Berry,  except  as  a  novelty  or  for  orna- 
ment. It  possesses  ornamental  qualities  of  value,  and 
may  well  be  planted  for  that  purpose.  It  is  often  recom- 
mended as  a  hedge  plant  for  the  Northwest.  There  are 
two  forms,  one  bearing  bright  red  and  the  other  yellow 
fruit.  The  plant  propagates  readily,  either  by  seeds  or 
cuttings,  and  also  by  the  suckfrs  whii-b  sometimes 
spring  up  about  the  base  of  tin-  |il;iiif<.  It  is  dioecious, 
and  both  starainate  and  pistilhit.-  ]il:iiii~  itni^t  be  grown 
together,  or  no  fruit  will  restili.  lli,  ^i  nny  be  distin- 
guished by  the  buds  in  winter,  th(.se  nf  the  pistillate 


BUFFALO     BERRY 

plant  being  more  slender,  less  numerous,  and  arranged 
in  less  compact  clusters,  those  of  the  staminate  plants 
being  rounded,  and  borne  in  dense  clusters. 

Fkkd  W.  Card. 
BUGBANE  is  Cimicifiiga. 

BUIST,  BOBEBT.  Florist,  seedsman,  and  author,  was 
born  at  Cupar  Fyfe,  near  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  Nov.  14, 
180.5,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  July  13,  1880.  He  was 
trained  at  the  Edinburgh  Botanic  Gardens,  came  to 
America  in  August,  1828,  and  was  employed  for  a  time 
by  Henry  Pratt.  In  1830  he  became  the  partner  of  Hib- 
bert,  who  had  established  the  first  notable  florist's  busi- 
ness in  Philadelphia.  He  became  noted  for  his  suc- 
cesses with  roses,  which  were  at  that  time  second  m 
popular  favor  to  the  camellia  with  the  Philadelpluans. 
The  great  improvement  of  the  verbena  was  largely  due 
to  him,  and  was  imnicdintely  followed  by  the  introduc- 
tion into  America  i.f  :<  .'i-tin'.-!-  .i^iss  of  bedding  plants. 
He  introduced P" I/'  "  '  '  '  """  to  the  trade,  and 
his  sale  of  the  do>i 1. 1.    .    ■  li.  have  been  the  first 

transactionofthckii      ,  -i        i   d  hy  ocean  telegraph. 

He  was  the  authni  ..i  I  Im  An.,  liran  Plower-Garden 
Directory,  in  1832,  Tlic  Knsc  Jhmual,  18«,  and  The 
Family  Kitchen-Gardener  (copyrighted.  1847),  all  of 
which  were  frequently  reissued,  and  enjoyed  a  consid- 
erable sale  for  many  years.  An  excellent  account  of  his 
life  may  be  found  in  The  Gardener's  Monthly  22:372 
(1888).  The  frontispiece  of  the  bound  volume  for  the 
year  is  his  portrait.  W.  M. 

'  BULB,  BULBS.  A  bulb  is  a  thickened,  fleshy,  and 
usually  subterranean  bud,  generally  emitting  roots  from 
its  under  side.  The  function  of  the  bulb  is  to  carry 
the  plant  over  an  unpropitious  season,  as  over  winter 
or  a  dry  period.  True  Bulbs  are  either  tunicated, 
formed  in  rings  or  layers,  like  those  of  hyacinths  and 
onions  (Fig.  283),  or  scaly,  like  those  of  liliums  (Fig. 
284);  but  as  popularly  understood  and  in  commercial 
parlance,  the  term  Bulbs  applies  to  a  large  class  of 
flowering  and  ornamental   bulbous  like   plants  in  their 


189 


which  are  solid,  as  crocus  and  gladiolus  ( Fig.  285) ; 
tubers  which  are  succulent  and  have  the  buds  or  eyes 
near  the  surface,  as  the  dahlia  and  potato  (Fig.  286); 
rhizomes,  fleshy,  creeping  underground  stems  like  cer- 


]/      f^   y  -^       »^^  pardal.num 


■\ 


dormant  condition,  during  which  period  they  are  col- 
lected, dug,  stored,  shipped,  sold  and  planted,  like  so 
many  potatoes.  This  class  includes,  in  addition  to  the 
true  bulbs,  many  that  are  botanically  known  as  conns. 


286.  Potato— Example  of  ; 


tain  iris,  ginger,  and  many  wild  plants  (Fig.  287  ;  also, 
Fig.  53,  p.  37) ;  pips,  the  flowering  crowns  of  lily-of-the- 
valley  ;  and  certain  other  dormant  fasciculated  fleshy 
roots  like  those  of  peonies,  ranunculus,  etc.  A  variety 
of  bulbs  is  shown  in  Fig.  288.  The  true  or  feeding  roots 
grow  generally  from  the  base  of  the  bulb,  the  stems, 
flowers  and  foliage  from  the  crown  of  the  bulb,  or  the 
eyes.  There  is  an  exception  to  this  in  certain  lilies, 
which  throw  out  roots  above  the  bulb  also  (Fig.  289). 
The  bulb  is  a  storehouse  for  the  plant,  wherein  is  formed, 
after  flowering,  new  stems,  leaves  and  flowers.  In  fact, 
the  bulb  contains  a  new  plant,  which  is  protected  and  sus- 
tained within  the  bulb  by  the  reserve  food  and  energy 
collected  therein  during  one  season  for  the  plant's  suc- 
cessor. After  the  flowering  period,  the  plant  above  the 
bulb  and  the  roots  beneath  it  ripen  off  and  die  away. 
The  bulb  is  then  in  a  .l..riii:iiit  .-..ii.lition.  It  is  during 
this  state  of  i-cst,  la^iin  •  .iti.i"' itii:iicly  from  three  to 
six  months,  tli;it   Imlii     i  ■  :  '  -I'  the  ground  and 

transported  ciisily  mnl  i  i  :  i  "Utinentto  conti- 
nent, if  required ;  afi.  ,  ' '.  I  ;!.  I  I  i|.i. lit  roots,  stems, 
foliage   and   flowers   di  '  ,  i    ;.  'i         much  luxuriance 

and  perfection— conditK    I  :i^.iiial  — as  if  the 

bulb  had  remained  in  ji-     !      :  ir.inraent. 

Bulbous  flowering  id.mi-  n.mi.-:  ■jvc  very  popular 
with  flower-loving  people,  i  lii-i-i-  is  a  particular  charm 
and  interest  in  growing  them.  As  a  rule,  they  produce 
flowers  of  remarkable  beauty,  unsurpassed  by  any  other 
class  of  plants,  and  many  of  them  are  deliciously  fra- 
gi-ant.  They  comprise  an  endless  variety  in  habit,  form, 
size  and  color,  are  adaptable  for  many  purposes,  and 
many  of  them  flower  equally  well  under  either  garden 
or  house  culture.  Soon  after  their  beauty  fades  they 
hide  away,  or  may  be  removed  ;  and  in  the  interval, 
their  places  may  be  occupied  by  other  seasonable  flow- 
ering plants.  >;ot  the  least  among  the  merits  of  bulbs 
is  their  ease  of  culture,  and  the  great  certainty  and 
perfection  with  which  their  flowers  are  produced,  under 
suitable  conditions. 

Among  bulbous  plants  ai-e  many  that  are  sufficiently 
hardy  to  withstand  the  severity  of  our  northern  winters. 
The  kinds  that  are  suitable  are  nearly  all  dormant  in 
the  fall,  which  is  the  pi-fiiev  time  for  idanting  them,  and 
cheywill  flower  theconnuL'  s,,i^..n.  In  March  or  earlier, 
spring  is  ushered  in  wiiti  ili'  M<M.niingof  snowdrops, 
chlonodoxas,  anemoms.  -riii:,^.  nci,  us,  winter  aconites, 
bulbocodiums,  etc.,  fcdl.iw.  ,1  in  Ain  il  with  brilliant  hya- 
cinths, tulips,  narcissus  and  hosts  of  others.  In  April 
appear  the  unapproachalde  late  tulips,  poet's  daffodils, 
dicentras,etc.,  followed  in  succession  until  frost,  notably 
with  peonies,  irises,  hemerocallis,  lilies,  montbretias, 
tritomas,  etc.  All  these  are  useful  for  gardens,  lawns, 
and  parks. 

Gardeners  usually  think  of  bulbs  as  divided  into  two 
classes,  — hardy  and  tender,  or  those  which  stand  freez- 
ing and  those  which  do  not.  There  is  a  class  from  South 
Africa  known  as  Cape  bulbs,  which  usually  bloom  in 
the  fall.  There  are  now  so  many  improved  hybrids  and 
breeds  that  are  crowding  out  the  types,  that  the  term 


190 

"Cape  bulb"  has  lost  its  sign 
the  present  article,  bulbs  an- 
ing  general  heads  :    ^•"■■''   -• 
(ling  ;    hardy  bulbs 
tiower  border  or  lawn  ; 
tender  bulbs  for  spring 


287.   Example  of  a  rhizome 

in  the  house  and  greenhouse  ;  keeping  dormant  bulbs, 
tubers,  etc. ;  hints  on  buying  and  selecting  bulbs  ; 
catalogue  of  bulbs. 

Hardy  SpRiNa-FLOWERiNG  Bulbs  for  Design  Bed- 
ding.—The  only  bulbs  adapted  for  geometrical  beds  are 
Dutch  hyacinths  and  tulips.  It  is  not  best  to  use  both 
in  the  same  bed  for  really  fine  effects.  While  there  are 
hundreds  of  varieties  in  both  hyacinths  and  tulips  with 
colors,  gradations  and  variegations  innumerable,  yet  for 
this  style  of  bedding  only  solid,  bright,  contrasting 
colors  should  be  used.  This  limits  the  selection  in  hya- 
cinths to  dark  crimson,  rose-red.  pink,  purple,  blue, 
lavender,  white  and  yellow  (the  latter  is  seldom  satis- 
factory), and  in  tulips  to  dnrk  blood-rMl,  scarlet,  rose, 
blush-pink.  y.ll..\v,  wlnt.-.  an.l  :i  l.liii-h  cKiret,  which 
last  is  si-M..ni  ii~.  .1.  In  .-ra.  11  Hi/  ili.'  l.iili.s  for  this  Style 
of  bediiiiiL'.  it  IS  iiii|.M,iiLiit  iM  -.1,-1  km. Is  that  bloom 
at  the  SHiiM-  liiiii-  an.l  aiv  ..f  iiinf..ini  li.iirht.  The  bulb 
catalogues  give  this  information;  or,  deal  with  a  reliable 
firm  and  leave  the  selection  to  them.  In  planting  bulbs 
in  "design  beds,"  it  pays  for  the  extra  trouble  to  first 
the  soil  to 


BULBS 

are  cut  freely  in  bud  or  when  just  approaching  their 
prime,  which  is  the  best  possible  time  for  the  benefit  of 
the  bulb,  for  the  efforts  of  any  bulb  to  form  seeds  weak- 
ens the  bulb.     A  hyacinth   bulb   that   matures  seed  is 
virtually  destroyed.    Then,  again,  in  an  herbaceous  bor- 
der the  bulbs  are  not  disturbed.     The  foliage  remains 
uninjured  until  ripe,  thus  fulfilling  its  duty  of  re- 
charging the  bulb  with  new  energy  for  the  next 
season's  display. 

Bold  clumps  of  the  taller  bulbous  plants  are 
very  effective  on  the  lawn,  where  beds  of  one  kind 
should  be  isolated,  and  be  given  a  position  not  too 
prominent  nor  too  near.  The  object  desired  is  a 
mass  of  one  color,  which  at  a  little  distance  is 
more  striking  on  account  of  the  contrast  with  the 
surrounding  green  grass  and  trees.  Among  the 
best  hardy  bulbous  plants  for  this  purpose  are  : 
hemerocailis,  such  lilies  as  candidum.  tigrinum, 
speciosum  and  auratiim:  also  di.^ciitra.  crown  im- 
perials, moutbri  tia-.  tiit..iHas,  pci.nies,  Koempferi 
and    Germanica  iri^.s.  ,  tr. 

Bulbs  planted  rml.t  in  th.'  s...l  ..n  tl..-  lawn  make 
a  very  pleasing  pi.-turu  when  in  bloom  in  the  early 
spring.  Make  patches  here  and  there  of  golden, 
white  and  purple  crocus,  the  little  chionodoxas, 
snowdrops.  Scilla  amcena,  winter  aconite,  snow- 
flakes,  bulbocodium  and  triteleia.  These  grow,  increase, 
bloom  and  ripen  the  foliage  before  it  is  necessary  to 
use  the  lawn  mower,  so  that  the  surface  of  the  lawn  in 
summer  is  not  marred.  The  bulbs  may  be  dibbled  in 
when  the  ground  is  moist  and  soft  during  the  fall  rains, 
but  it  is  better  to  cut  and  turn  back  the  sod  here  and 
there,  plant  the  bulbs  under  it,  then  press  the  sod  back 
again. 

For  parks,  groves  and  wild  outlying  grounds  beyond 
the  closely  clipped  lawn,  a  very  happy  style  of  "natural- 
izing" bulbous  and  other  plants  is  coming  much  into 
vogue.  Such  bulbs  should  be  used  as  can  be  planted  in 
quantity,  twenty-five  to  a  hundred  or  more  of  a  kind  in 
a  patch,  and  only  those  should  be  used  which  are  hardy, 
and  will  flower  and  thrive  and  increase  under  neglect. 
Fortunately,  there  are  many  bulbous  plants  that  suc- 
ceed even  "better  in  such  rough  places  than  in  the  prim 


bulb  or  displace  it.  Hu 
vised,  being  all  of  an  .x . 
often,  whi-u  ].lani.  .1  ^^  ii' 

early  si.riii^'  mal,.  ■  ■  - 
of  blouniin:;.  I;.-;.).  -.  > 
trowel  or  dibl.lf,  tlicic  i 
occasionally,  where  it  n 
touching  bottom. 

Hardy  Bulbs  in  the 
Flower  Border,  or  Lawn.- 
favorite  place  for  most  hardy 
planted  in  little  colonies  here  ai 
plants  and  shrubs  ;  and  it  is 
thrive   and   give   the  most   pi. 

proaches,  the  sombre  winter  browns  and  dull  greens  of 
the  deciduous  and  evergreen  plants  are  suddenly  trans- 
formed into  an  unrivaled  setting,  studded  with  bril- 
liantly colored  and  fragrant  flowers,  the  contrasts  being 
exceedingly  effective  and  cheery;  and  besides,  from  the 
border  one  does  not  hesitate  to  cut  a  few  flowers  for  the 
house  for  fear  of  spoiling  the  "effect,  as  would  be  the 
case  in  formal  bedding.  Furthermore,  bulbs  seem  to  do 
better  and  last  longer  in  a  border  because  the  flowers 


s  Garden,  Mr, 
The  mixed  border  i.,  .. 
bulbs.  They  should  be 
III  there  among  the  hardy 
here  that  bulbs  seem  to 
spring   ap 


^-^ 


288.  Various  types  of  bulbs  and  tubers. 
1.  Tuberose.    2.  Colocasia  Antiquorum  ( Caiadmm  esculrmtu 
3.  Easter  Lily.    4,  Jonquil.    5.  Gladiolus.    6.  Lilium 
pardaUnum.    7.  Hyacinth.    8.  Ldy-ot-the- Valley. 


and  heating)   should  b( 
the  ground  ib:i-].ly.    It  i 

too  near  theii-  lia-.-.     11 


liberally  applied  and  dug  into 
nist  be  where  the  long,  feeding 
V .  t  not  touch  the  bulbs,  nor  be 
i-  is  easUy  accomplished  by  re- 

tbe  top  soil  first,  as  described 
under  "Design  Beddiu^',"  above.   If  it  is  impracticable  to 


BULBS 


191 


do  this,  then  it  is  not  advisable  to  use  manure  at  all,  for 
the  bulbs  are  liable  to  come  in  contact  with  it  and 
become  diseased.  Bone  meal  alone  is  then  the  safest 
fertilizer  to  use,  and  it  should  be  applied  lavishly.  Most 
bulbs  like  rich  food  if  properly  applied.  Although  the 
embrvo  flowers  were  formed  within  the  bulb  the  season 


before,  yet  their  size,  luxuriance  and  brilliancy  this 
season  depend  largely  upon  the  nutrition  the  roots 
receive.  Liberal  applications  of  manure  water,  when 
the  bulbs  are  in  bud,  often  produce  excellent  results. 

The  proper  depth  to  plant  bulbs  varies  according  to 
the  kinds.  It  is  a  common  fault  to  plant  them  too  near 
the  surface.  Some  kinds,  notably  the  Californian  Hum- 
boldtii  and  Washiiisrtonianum  lilies,  do  best  when  10  to 
12  inches  deep  :  hyai-inths,  tulips,  narcissus,  and  simi- 
lar large  bulbs  fn.iii  4  tu  i;  inches  deep  ;  smaller  bulbs 
somewhat  .shall. .wtr.  Ihirdy  bulbs  root  during  the  fall 
and  early  winter,  and  it'  planted  too  near  the  surface  the 
freezing,  thawing  tmd  heaving  of  the  upper  crust  of 
soil  in  mild  winters  often  causes  the  bulbs  to  break 
from  their  roots,  and,  in  consequence,  only  inferior 
flowers  are  produced.  When  good,  cold  weather  has  set 
in  and  a  light  crust  has  been  frozen  on  the  soil,  then 
cover  the  bed  with  leaves,  straw,  marsh  hay  or  reeds  to 
a  depth  of  from  4  to  6  inches.  This  protects  not  only 
from  severe  freezing,  but  from  equally  injurious  unsea- 
sonable thaws.  Do  not  put  the  covering  on  too  early, 
for  it  might  warm  the  soil  so  that  the  bulbs  would  com- 
mence to  grow  and  afterward  be  injured  from  freezing. 
Gradually  remove  the  covering  in  the  spring. 

The  general  run  of  bulljous  plants  thrive  in  a  loamy 
soil,  inclining  to  sand.  This  soil  attracts  moisture, 
allows  free  drainage,  and  admits  air.  If  the  soil  is  cold 
and  stiff,  a  liberal  admixture  of  leaf -mold  and  sand,  with 
the  addition  of  manure  applied  as  above  described,  will 
be  beneficial.  The  texture  of  the  soil  should  be  such 
that  stagnant  water  will  not  remain  around  the  bulbs, 
as  it  tends  to  rot  them,  particularly  when  dormant.  An 
excess  of  humus  is,   therefore,  to  be  guarded  against 


libs.    ^Y^ 


the 


exposures.  sli:uU'  and  sim.  A  .sluull  woudnl  valluv  ur 
ravine,  with  a  brook  flowing  through  it  into  an  open, 
moist  meadow,  affords  conditions  suitable  for  growing 
to  perfection  the  greatest  variety  of  bulbous  and  other 


plants,  many  of  which  cannot  be  enjoyed  in  the  average 
monotonous  garden. 

The  sooner  bulbs  can  be  put  in  the  ground  after  they 
are  ripe  the  better  for  the  bulbs  ;  for,  no  matter  how 
long  they  will  keep,  they  do  not  improve  when  out 
of  the  ground,  but  tend  to  dry  out  and  lose  vitality. 
There  are,  however,  many  reasons  why  bulbs  cannot  be 
planted  as  soon  as  ripe  ;  and  when  they  are  to  be  kept 
for  certain  purposes,  they  should  be  stored  as  advised 
below.  Hardy  spring-flowering  bulbs  should  be  planted 
in  the  open  ground  in  the  fall,  not  earlier  than  six  weeks 
before  regular  frosty  and  freezing  nights  are  expected. 
Plant  as  much  later  as  necessary,  providing  the  bulbs 
are  keeping  sound,  but  it  is  not  advisable  to  plant  them 
earlier.  Cool  weather  is  necessary  to  deter  top  growth, 
which  is  very  liable  to  start  after  four  to  six  weeks  of 
root  development ;  and  young,  succulent  top  growth  is 
apt  to  be  injured  by  the  succeeding  freezing.  In  Maine, 
Ontario.  Wisccmvm,  and  ether  northern  parts  (about  45 
degre.  -  II  ■I'll  1  nir  i  i  ^n  li  li.trdy  bulbs  as  hyacinths, 
tulip-  |ii.iiited  In  September.   In 

New  .1.  I  !■'.  etc.  (about40  degrees), 

plant  Lt,   mil.  ..         .i     In  the  latitude  of  Rich- 

mond, ij.Hii-.v  m.  ^1  I, ...11-  .  t.-.,  the  middle  of  Novem- 
ber is  early  eiioii^Hi  In  ih.  1  ititude  of  Raleigh,  Nash- 
ville, and  soutli.  .1..  ii..t  pi  ml  until  middle  of  December; 
anil  for  the  latt.  i  ^i .  ti..n  I.  i  tin-  selection  of  bulbs  run 
to  late-floweniig  i  an.  ti.  s,  s,i,  b  .is  lUz.n-re.  Darwin  and 


ips,  late    : 
so  likelv 


such  as  Ron 
White  narci 
usually  thr.. 
gins.  "South 
bulbs  arc   n.. 


But  the 


.  i-ional 
111  this 
.'  bulbs, 
1^.  Paper 


1  fidiage 
he  bulb 
isted  by 


can  supph  ;  ami  this  sn-i,  n  i 

the  time  the  flower-spik.  -     i.       . 

many  half-hardy  and  t.  i  i       '     i  ,ire  more  easily 

grown  and  flowered  ill  til     --       i  m  the  North. 

The  treatment  of  Imb  ii'.  i  il.  .  nin^  is  important 
when  the  bulbs  are  to  be  u-.i-.l  again.  f<ir  it  must  never 
be  forgotten  that  the  flowers  and  resources  for  the  next 
season  are  garnered  within  the  bulb  after  blooming, 
through  the  aeeney  of  the  roots  and  foliage.  Imper- 
fectly developed  an. I  iiiatiired  fnliaire  this  v.  ar  means 
poor  flowers  or  11..111  .n  -ill  n.  \t  \.  u- .  s.,  it  is  best  to 
leave  the  bulbs  a  I.. n.    until  tb.    1.  i\ .  s  b  n  ,•  ,li,  ,1  down. 

is  sometimes  u. .  .  ss  II X  I,,  1,  ,ii,A  .  bnlbsl,,!.,!,  rijie.  In 
such  cases,  thr  bull  -  -li. 'III. I  b.  .  ii.inlh  t  dx.  n  up  with 
a  spade.  Distuib  tb.  1  ..t-  ,,  hiij.  1-  i...-sib]i  ,  and  do 
not  cut  or  crnsb  tb.  I.  i\ .  -  II.  .  1  in  tb.  pi  mts  in  a 
shallow  trench  111  s,,inc  Ji.Ul  sh.i.h  ..nt  ..I  tin  w  a\  place 
until  ripe. 

StraniEE-  AND  Autumn-flowering  Garden  Bulbs 
FOR  Spring  Planting.— This  class  (Tender)  includes 
some  of  our  showiest  garden  flowers,  which  are  almost 

indisp,  iis.ibl.      Tl nil,   .  I  n -t  p., ssihle  culture. 

Plant.  . I  111  tl  .  .  I   •   ..111  frost  is  over, 

in  a  sllnll^  p  1.1^   soil,  they  will 

flowiT  \,iib  .1.  is..n.    Atterflow- 

ering  and  iipLijui.,  .  L  ih.  i  ..  i.,  ,  ii.._.  should  betaken 
up  and  stored  for  the  winter  as  a.lvised  below,  under 
"Keeping  Dormant  Bulbs,"  until  wanted  the  next  spring. 
Among  the  more  important  species  of  this  class  of  bulbs 
are  the  undermenti.med  (tliose  niarki-d  F  must  be  kept 
in  a  semi-dorin  iiii  .  i.iii  .11  111  .  .  Mtiame  or  green- 
house): Aea].  '  '  iF),  amorpho- 
phallus,anom.ifl            I                           '       nbi-rous  begonia. 

-Ii.li..fu's.  i.'.ilt'<.nia,Hvn'iiitliiis  .  ,,1.1  m-  ,  l^.n^singaul- 
.b-  ...iii!li.',!,-alum'(F),  pancr'a'tinin.  ii.l.n.lii  (calla), 
s.  Iii,..sulis  iF),  sprekelia,  tigndi.i.  tub.  i..-.  H.itsonia, 
i,  phNiautbes. 

Bulbs  for  Plo\veeinq  in  the  House  and  Green- 
house.—There  is  no  class  of  plants  that  gives  more 
satisfaction  for  this  purpose,  with  so  little  skill,  than 


192 


BULBS 


the  various  bulbs.  Perhaps  the  most  important  class  of 
all  bulbs  for  winter-flowering  and  forcing  are  certain 
hardy  and  half-hardy  kinds.  They  are  the  most  easily 
managed  of  all,  and  need  occupy  no  space  in  the  window 
or  greenhouse,  excepting  when  in  bud  and  bloom.  Un- 
der suitable  treatment,  they  flower  with  great  certainty, 
and  their  flowering  period  may  be  hastened  (forced)  or 
retarded  at  pleasure,  so  as  to  "  bring  them  in  "  for  certain 
occasions,  or  to  give  a  continuous  succession  of  bloom. 
There  is  a  great  variety  of  kinds  of  bulbs  to  select  from 
for  this  purpose  (see  list  of  species  at  end  of  this  arti- 
cle), yet  the  great  demand,  at  this  writing,  has  centered 
on  the  following  leaders.  (■spe<ially  for  forcing  pur- 
poses :  A  Ilium  Neapolitu  »  h  iu  ,  A . lie rmetii  gra ndiflorum. 
Anemone  fuhjeus,  convallaria  i  Lily-of-the-Valley),  Free- 
sia  refracta  alba,  gladiolus  "The  Bride,"  early  single- 
flowering  Dutch  Hyacinths  and  "Romans,'"  Campemelle 
Jonquil,  Lilium  candidiim.  L.  ffarrisii  and  L.  longi- 
florum..  Several  narcissuses  are  in  demand,  notably 
among  the  large  trumpet  varieties :  Emperor,  Em- 
press, Golden  Spur,  Horsfieldi,  Maximus  and  Trumpet 
major  ;  among  the  medium  and  small  trumpets  :  Sir 
Watkins,  Barrii  conspicuus  and  Poeticus  omatus;  of  the 
doubles  are  Von  Sion  and  Orange  Pha!nix  ;  of  the  Poly- 
anthus narcissus  :  Paper  White  grandiflora  (Totus 
albus),and  Double  Roman  (Constantinople).  Of  other 
species  of  bulbs,  Ornithogahim  Arabiciim .  Spiraa  aslil- 
boides  floribunda  (Aruncus),  and  single  and  double 
tulips  of  the  early  varieties  are  in  demand.  The  prin- 
ciples of  culture  for  hardy  bulbs  for  winter  flowering 
are  the  same,  whether  only  a  few  are  grown  in  pots  for 
the  window  garden,  or  whether  thev  are  to  be  forced  by 
the  th..u<ai..l  l.y  tlu-  n..ri>t.  The 'first  essential  is  to 
secure  til.- sin. iiL-'.-t  Lull.-.  Hcniember  that  the  flowers 
were  f..riiH.l  wiiliin  ili.-  hulLs  the  previous  season.    If 


The 
secrt 
green 


:iiiii"t  make  them  produce  more;  but 
iliM  lopsuch  flowers  larger  and  better. 
ni|..irtant  essential— we  might  say  the 
s  ill  flowering  bulbs  in  the  house  or 
trfict  root  development  before  the  tops 
begin  to  grow.  To  aid  the  uninitiated  in  this  important 
matter,  we  will  illustrate:  When  hardy  bulbs  are  planted 
in  the  open  ground  in  the  northern  states  in  the  fall,  the 
weather  above  111.  Ill  is  ,■..,.!  i.r  .-..I.!,  tin-  ^'r..uii.l  beneath 
them  is  wanii.r.  -jwl  il..'  ...i  .in  i..ii^  nr.  .■..nu.iiial  for 
root  action  but  . I.  I.  rr.  ill  i..  t..|.  L'^..^^  ili-  'I'lii-  r.'-ults  in 
the  perfect  di-\<  l..|.ni.  nt  ,.t  -u.  1,  n,.,..  i-  ,,-  ih,.  bulbs 
contain.  On  the  uilji-r  hand.  \,  I  .  .  I,  ...Ml-,  tulips, 
narcissus,'  and  most  other  hara\  -;  ■  _  i'  .  i.-  Imlbs 
are  planted  in  fall  in  our  extn m.  .  .  s.they 

usually  prove  disappointing,   I. .  ..   aiher   is 

warm,  causing  the  flowers  and  f.  Ih-l  i  I  ■  „'iii  lu  grow 
before  the  roots;  and  as  soon  as  such  sustenance  as  the 
bulb  could  supply  has  been  exhausted,  the  plant  stops 
growing  and  dwindles.  When  we  grow  bulbs  under  arti- 
ficial conditions,  we  must  make  them  produce  roots  first. 
Failure  to  do  this  is  responsible  for  nine-tenths  of  the 
disappointments. 

When  hardy  bulbs  are  to  be  grown  in  pots  for  winter 
blooming  in  the  house  or  conservatory,  the  bulbs  should 
be  potted  as  soon  as  they  are  procurable,  between  Au- 
gust and  November.  Some  writers  recommend  that 
bulbs  be  planted  in  successional  lots  to  give  later  and 
continuous  flowers,  but  we  think  such  advice  is  at  fault, 
as  the  bulbs  tend  to  dry  out  and  lose  vitaUty  when  kept 
dry  too  long.  It  is  no  trouble  to  retard  the  "flowering  of 
hardy  bulbs  in  winter,  as  hereafter  described,  without 
keeping  them  out  of  the  ground. 

The  soil  should  be  rich  loam.  Fresh  manure  cannot 
be  used.  Of  thoroughly  rotted  manure,  some  may  be 
pulverized  and  workedinto  the  soil,  but  it  is  safer  to 
use  pure  bone  meal,  one  part  to  fifty  of  soil.  If  the  soil 
is  stiff  and  heavy,  mix  it  with  sand  and  leaf -mold  or 
peat.  The  size  of  pots  depends  upon  the  kinds  of  bulbs. 
A  .5-inch  pot  is  best  for  a  first-sized  hyacinth,  or  large- 
bulbing  narcissus,  particularly  the  Polyanthus  type. 
Tulips,  small  narcissus,  and  bulbs  of  a  similar  size, 
while  they  can  go  individually  into  a  4-inch  pot,  are  bet- 
ter when  put  three  or  more  of  one  variety  together  in  a 
larger  pot,  as  the  soil  retains  a  more  even  temperature 
and  for  this  reason  some  prefer  earthen 


BULBS 

bulb-pans,  which  come  in  various  sizes,  from  8  to  18 
inches  in  diameter.  In  potting,  place  a  little  broken 
pottery  or  lumps  of  charcoal  in  the  bottom  for  drainage, 
then  fill  the  pot  with  soil  and  shake  it  down,  but  do  not 
pack  it.  Neither  must  the  bulb  be  pressed  or  screwed 
into  the  soil,  else  the  soU  will  be  packed  under  it  so 
that  when  the  roots  start  they  often  raise  the  bulb  out 
of  the  pot.  Plant  the  bulb  just  deep  enough  that  its  top 
will  not  show.  Large  and 
soft  bulbs,  which  are  lia- 
ble to  rot,  may  be  set  in 
a  cushion  of  sand,  and 
the  bulb  not  covered  with 
soil  until  it  has  taken 
and  become  estab- 
lished (Fig.  290). 

When  planting  mixed 
bulbs  in  the  same  pot, 
[lan  or  box,  care  should 
be  used  in  selecting  dif- 
ferent varieties  that  will 
flower  at  the  same  time, 
on  of  An  early-flowering  Due 
t  decay,  van  Thol  and  a  double 
Tournesol  tulip  would 
flower  a  month  apart  under  the  same  treatment.  Some 
varieties  of  hyacinths,  of  narcissus,  and  of  most  species 
of  bulbs  vary  greatly  in  time  of  blooming,  which,  of 
course,  would  spoil  the  effect. 

When  fiorists  force  bulbs  in  quantity  for  cut-flowers, 
they  seldom  use  pots,  but  shallow  boxes,  or  flats,  of  a 
size  to  economize  bench  room.  Usually  these  boxes  are 
cut  down  from  soap  boxes  to  a  depth  of  3  or  4  inches. 
The  bulbs  are  planted  closely  in  these,  from  an  inch  to 
2  inches  apart,  according  to  the  kind.  The  tops  of  the 
bulbs  (excepting  lilies)  are  kept  about  even  with  the 
top  of  the  soil.  Do  not  water  them  unless  the  soil  is 
very  dry,  for  bulbs  in  a  dormant  condition  resent  an 
excess  of  moisture.  Afterthe  bulbs  are  potted,  or  boxed, 
as  described,  they  should  be  placed  in  a  coldtranie  or 
cold-pit  to  root.  This  is  the  most  important  detail  in 
flowering  bulbs  under  artificial  conditions.  Cover  the 
pots,  boxes  or  pans  with  4  inches  of  sand,  ashes,  rotted 
leaves,  tanbark  or  similar  substance,  and  do  not  put  the 
sashes  on  until  freezing  weather,  and  even  then  remove 
the  sash  on  pleasant  days.  When  no  coldframes  or  pita 
are  available,  the  pots  may  be  covered  as  advised  in  a 
cool  cellar.  It  is  preferable,  however,  to  sink  them  in 
the  open  ground.  The  writer  never  had  finer  flowers  on 
hardy  bulbs  than  when  treated  as  follows:  A  trench  a 
foot  deep  is  dug  in  the  garden  where  water  will  not  set- 
tle on  it,  and  it  is  protected  from  the  north  and  west 
cold.  Three  inches  of  coal  ashes  is  first  placed  in  the 
trench,  to  allow  drainage  and  keep  the  worms  out.  The 
pots  are  then  placed  on  the  ashes,  the  earth  is  filled  in 
about  the  pots,  filling  the  trench  rounding  over.  No 
further  attention  is  required,  as  everything  is  congenial 
to  perfect  root  development,  while  the  weather  is  cool 
enough  to  check  top  growth.  When  the  weather  gets 
cold  enough  to  freeze  a  crust  on  the  soil,  an  additional 
covering  of  about  4  inches  of  rough  stable  manure, 
leaves  or  straw,  is  put  over.  Some  early  bulbs,  such  as 
Roman  hyacinths.  Paper  White  narcissus.  Due  van 
Thol  tulips,  etc.,  wiU  root  sufllciently  in  five  or  six 
weeks  to  be  taken  up  for  first  flowers,  which  should  be 
out  by  Christmas  or  earlier,  but  it  is  safer  to  allow  all 
bulbs  not  less  than  eight  weeks  for  rooting.  Every  two 
weeks  after  the  flrst  removal  of  pots,  or  as  needed,  fur- 
ther relays  of  rooted  bulbs  may  be  taken  out  for  a  con- 
tinuous display  of  bloom.  When  the  pots  of  hardy  bulbs 
have  been  taken  up,  place  them  in  a  cool  greenhouse  or 
cool,  light  store  room,  with  temperature  not  over  50°. 
This  temperature  will  allow  the  flower  stems  and  foliage 
to  grow,  and  at  the  same  time  prevent  the  opening  of 
the  flowers  until  the  stems  have  attained  their  proper 
height,  after  which  the  pots  may  be  taken  to  a  sunny, 
warm  window,  or  wherever  they  are  wanted  to  flower. 
Bulbs  treated  in  this  manner  will  produce  perfect  spikes 
of  flowers.  A  good  rule  to  keep  in  mind  in  flowering 
hardy  bulbs  is:  Temperature,  40°  for  roots,  50°  for  foli- 
age and  stems.  60°  for  best  flowers,  70°  for  quick  de- 
velopment, 80°  to  rush  bloom  with  loss  of  substance 
and  risk  of  "going  blind"  (producing  no  flowers). 


BULBS 

The  exceptions  to  the  above  advice  are  liliums  and 
lilv-of-the-valley.  Lilium  Harrisii  and  Lilium  longi- 
li.'r  ',,  l.iiil.-  |.;irticularly,  in  addition  to  tlirowing  out 
}.■     -      I  l.ase  of  the  bulbs,  usually  form  roots 

1 1  II  HI  just  above  the  bulb,  and  the  plants 

;li:  I  I,  \  I  I  -  ■.<  1 1 \  1'  much  strength  from  these  top  roots. 
b"  ill  i.oiiiiii;  lily  bulbs,  it  is  best  to  put  them  do-vrn  so 
deep  that  there  will  be  sufficient  soil  above  the  bulbs  to 
entice  and  sustain  the  stem  roots.  In  other  respects 
treat  the  bulbs  after  pottrag  as  just  advised.  Wlnter- 
fiowering  lily-of-the-valley  forms  no  new  roots.  The 
thick,  fleshy,  fibrous  old  roots  should  be  trimmed  at  the 
bottom,  leaving  them  from  2  to  3  inches  long.  This  al- 
lows them  to  absorb  the  abundant  moisture  with  which 
tlii-y  should  be  supplied  while  the  flowers  and  foliage 
;tii  ■]  \.  1.  ]  ijiu.  They  flower  just  as  well  in  sand  or 
i:i  in;,'  that  retains  an  even  moisture  and 

I'  !  ,   ^   they  do  in   soil,  but   lily-of-the-valley 

i  I  il  .  .  i,i._  ii  t  lie  house  or  greenhouse  requires  freez- 
ing li,  i>-iv  .1  ,  ;iii  lie  successfully  brought  into  flower. 
\\'itliout  trr. v.iiiu'.  iiiuny  \>i\>s  will ''come  blind,"  or  pro- 
du.i-  iiKiIfnniir.l  ^|iik.  ■;.'  So  if  i^  just  as  Well  for  ama- 
teurs to  jiiant  tlnir  pips  ;iii  in<li  or  two  apart  in  pots  or 
bulb-pans,  and  pliniijo  flii-m  in  the  garden,  as  recom- 
mended for  other  hardy  btilbs.  Florist^s  generally  freeze 
their  pips  in  refrigerators,  or  have  them  placed,  just  as 
they  arrive  from  Germany,  2,500  pips  in  a  case,  in  cold 
storage,  in  a  temperature  of  from  28  to  30°. 

After  being  forced  or  flow,  rod  in  tin-  irreenhouse  or 
window,  hardy  bulbs  are  of  linlo  ^  ulno,  for  most  bulbs 
suitable  for  the  purpose  havo  aitain.d  tlnir  maximum 
size.  ami.  in  consoquonco.  aro  r,  .olv  to  Kr.  ak  up.    Plor- 


and  flower. 

Half-hardy  bulbs  for  winter-flowering  and  forcing 
should  be  treated  the  same  as  hardy  bulbs,  excepting 
that  after  potting  they  should  be  placed  for  rooting 
where  they  will  not  freeze.  Yet  they  can  go  pretty  close 
to  it  and  be  all  the  better  for  it.  In  northern  states,  a 
coldframe  or  pit  or  cold  greenhouse  to  root  them  in  is, 
therefore,  almost  indispensable.  For  tender  winter-  and 
summer-flowering  greenhouse  bulbs,  the  culture  varies 
with  almost  every  species,  and  as  no  general  instruc- 
tions would  suit  all  kinds,  the  reader  may  refer  to  their 
individual  cultures  given  under  their  respective  head- 
ings in  this  Cyclopedia.  (See  list  of  species  at  the  end 
of  this  article. ) 

The  flowering  of  bulbs  in  glasses,  bowls,  unique  pots, 
«tc.,  is  always  interesting.  Among  the  most  successful 
and  interesting  are  hyacinth  bulbs  in  glasses  of  water. 
Use  early-flowering  single  varieties  only.  The  seedsmen 
and  dealers  in  bulbs  supply  special  hyacinth  glasses 
for  the  purpose.  They  come  in  various  shapes,  colors 
and  decorations,  and  vary  in  price  from  20  cts.  to  $1.50 
each.  These  are  simjily  filled  with  fresh,  pure  water. 
A  lump  of  charcoal  thrown  in  .-ilisorhs  impurities,  but  it 
is  not  absolutely  mr,  ssary.  Tho  bulb  rests  in  a  cup- 
shaped  receptacle  on  toji  of  tin-  trlass.  In  filling,  the 
water  should  not  quiti-  t..iicli  the  bottom  of  the  bulb. 
Put  in  a  cool,  dark,  airy  place  until  the  roots  have 
reached  the  bottom  of  the  glass,  which  should  be  in 
about  sis  weeks.  Do  not  place  them  in  a  close,  warm 
closet.  They  must  have  fresh  air.  As  the  water  evapo- 
rates, fill  the  glasses,  and  change  the  water  entirely  when 
needed  to  keep  it  sweet  and  clear.  After  rooting,  place 
the  glasses  in  a  light  storeroom  where  the  temperature 
averages  about  50°,  until  the  stems  and  foliage  have 
developed  ;  then  remove  to  a  warm,  sunny  window  for 
flowers  to  open.  There  are  other  kimN  that  do  .(pially 
well  when  rooted  in  water,  providing  tin  iaiL-o-t  In  alihy 
bulbs  are  chosen.  Among  them  are  spi-.k.  Ha  j.Iaioliaaii 
lUy),  Trumpet  narcissus  Horsfleldi  and  Colditi  Spur, 
polyanthus  narcissus  Grand  Monarque  and  Gloriosa, 
large  bulbs  of  Roman  hyacinths,  early  single  tulips, 
and  Mammoth  Yellow  crocus,  etc.  We  have  flowered 
hyacinths  on  a  piece  of  virgin  cork  floating  in  an  aqua- 
rium, a  hole  being  cut  through  the  cork  for  the  roots  to 
reach  the  water.  The  so-called  "Chinese  Sacred  Lily," 
a  variety  of  Polyanthus  narcissus,  grows  and  flowers 

13 


BULBS 


193 


luxuriantly  in  bowls  of  water,  provided  they  are  not 
placed  in  a  dry,  furnace-heated  room,  which  will  cause 
the  buds  to  blast  before  opening.  SuflScient  pebbles  or 
shells  should  surround  the  bulbs  to  prevent  them  from 
toppling  over. 

Crocus,  Roman  hyacinths  and  lily-of-the-valley  pips 
are  very  pretty  when  nicely  flowered  in  columnar,  hedge- 
hog- or  beehive-shaped  hollow  pots  with  holes  for  the 
reception  of  the  bulbs.  A  bulb  is  placed  in  front  of  each 
hole  from  the  inside,  with  the  crown  of  the  bulb  looking 
outward.  The  pot  is  then  filled  with  soil  through  the 
large  opening  in  the  bottom,  moss  being  pressed  in  last 
to  hold  the  contents  in  place,  after  which  the  pots  are 
put  outside  for  the  bulbs  to  root,  as  explained  for  other 
hardy  bulbs  for  the  house. 

Keepino  Dormant  Bulbs,  Ttjeers,  Etc.  — Bulbs  and 
tubers  of  the  various  species,  as  well  as  their  varieties, 
vary  greatly  in  size.  Some,  like  oxalis,  snowdrops, 
chionodoxas,  etc.,  often  do  not  exceed  half  an  inch  in 
diameter,  while  other  bull's,  s,,.-b  ns  thoso  of  Cnladium 
escutentiim,  certain  am  ,-.  ,  inio,.  ,i,  ,,ii:nii  great 
size,  frequently  weiL'in  ;  ■    ■  li.    Such 

solid    bulbs   as   thos,-   ■       :  ,    ,        i  ,  n  n-cissus, 

etc.,  will  remain  out. .f  tin    -i 1  -o|n!  an.l  phimp,  in 

a  suitable  place,  for  three  or  four  months.  The  larger 
the  bulb  the  longer  it  will  keep,  as  a  rule.  Large  cri- 
num  bulbs  have  been  kept  for  fifteen  months.  Still,  it 
is  always  better  to  plant  the  bulbs  as  soon  as  possible, 
for,  although  they  keep,  they  do  not  improve,  and  their 
tendencv  is  always  towards  drying  out  and  loss  of  vi- 
tality. 

Never  keep  btilbs  packed  up  air-tight.  They  are  apt 
to  generate  heat  or  sweat,  mold  or  rot,  or  to  .start. 
When  solid  bulbs  are  to  be  kept  doniiant  for  any  length 
of  time,  they  should  be  stored  away  from  bright  light  in 
baskets,  shallow  boxes  or  slatted"  trays,  in  a  room  or 
cellar  where  there  is  a  circulation  of  fresh  air  and  the 
temperature  is  as  cool  as  possible.  Forty  degrees  is  the 
desideratum  for  all  excepting  tender  bulbs.  Scale-like 
bulbs,  as  liliums,  soon  dry  out  and  shrivel  if  exposed 
to  the  air  for  any  length  of  time  ;  therefore,  they  are 
best  kept  in  open  boxes  packed  with  some  substance 
that  will  retain  a  slight  and  even  moisture,  such  as 
sphagnum  moss,  rotted  leaf-mold,  cocoanut  fiber  refuse, 
or  moist  sand,  but  they  must  be  kept  cold  to  check  any 
efl'orts  to  start.  Fleshy  roots,  like  those  of  peonies, 
certain  irises,  astilbes,  etc.,  should  be  treated  like  the 
lily  bulbs.  "WTien  a  cold-storage  room,  with  an  average 
temperature  of  30°  to  40°,  is  available,  it  is  the  safest 
place  to  carry  over  hardy  bulbs  and  roots  for  spring 
planting. 

Lily-of-the-valley  pips  are  carried  in  rooms  of  about 
28°  to  30°.  The  pips  and  packing  freeze  solid  ;  and  here 
they  are  kept  for  months  until  wanted  for  forcing. 
When  they  are  removed  from  this  arctic  chamber,  they 
must  be  thawed  out  gradually  aud  as  soon  as  possible, 
by  plunging  in  cold  water,  before  they  are  subjected  to 
any  heat ;  otherwise,  they  are  liki-ly  tn  rot.  For  this 
reason,  "cold-storage pips  "  catinot  lu-  ^m*,-!^  -bippedany 
distance  in  warm  weather,  this  Ml  1    ,    i  ,   oause  of 

the  country  florists' disappoint II     i  t 

Tender  dormant  bulbs,  as  li  i  is.  ama- 

ryllis,  pancratiums,  tigridias,  in'  i  -.  •  •  must  be 
kept  in  a  warm,  dry  atmosphere,  not  below  30°.  The 
cause  of  tuberoses  not  flowering  is  often  that  the 
bulbs  have  been  kept  below  40°,  which  destroys  the 
flower  germ,  although  the  foliage  grows  just  as  vigor- 
ously. Tenili  1  iuImi-  -n  li  as  dahlias,  cannas,  etc., 
shoiild  be  stoi     '  ,1   m  a  warm,  dry  cellar  or 

under  the  gr,  * 

Hdjts  on  r.i  ,  .  ,  ,  .1.  -I  1.1,. 'TING  BrLBS.— As  already 
said,  bulbs  can  .1.  ,,  lop  only  the  flowers  which  were 
f.>rine.l  ^\■itlli[l  ili.  in  before  they  were  ripened.  A  bulb 
may  }»■  po.ir  b.  .aiise  not  full   grown  or  too  young,  or 

iiial  c.iTi.liti.ins,  ..r  licrause  itmay  not  have  been  matured 
when  dug  ;  or  it  may  be  injured  from  heating,  sweating, 
rotting  or  moldines's  in  storage  or  transit,  caused  by 
improper  curing  or  packing,  or  it  may  be  dried  out  from 
having  been  out  of  the  ground  too  long.  In  the  major- 
ity of  cases  in  which  poor  bulbs  are  planted,  however, 
it  is  the  buyer's  fault  in  procuring  cheap  bulbs,  which 
in   many  cases   are   second   grades,   lacking   age    and 


5 ppoip5;  usually 


194  BULBS 


proper  size.    The  commoner  varie 
propagate   the  fastest,   and   it   i 
salable  varieties   and   inferior  sirdimL-    :,i,,i    miiiugs 
from  the  named  bulbs  that  go  to  II  ruixed 

colors"  and  "mixed  varieties."    '11  :    i    in  ^t  re- 

sults, it  is  advisable  to  expend  a  L'i\  ■  n  niMiiiit  .,r  money 
for  the  first  size  named  varieties,  r.-itlier  tlian  for  a 
larger  quantity  of  cheaper  seconds  and  mixtures,  unless, 
of  course,  the  bulbs  are  wanted  for  large  permanent 
plantings,  as  in  promiscuous  borders  for  naturalizing, 
etc.,  where  best  fl.jwir.s  the  fir-^t  season  are  of  secondary 
consideration. 

The  best  namr.l  liyariiitl,~-"top  roots,"  as  they  are 
called  in  Hollaii.l-ir,|uir.  Iroin  four  to  six  vea'rs  to 
attain  full  size  ami  t'ive  best  tluwor*.  Sn.-li  l.^'ill.s,  ac- 
cording to  the  variety,  should  di.,,-  ..  ti-."  m  t..  24 
centimeters  (8  to  10  in.)  in  circun  :  I         ,    nat- 

urally cost  more  to  grow  than  tin  _  ,,ri.l  or 

"bedding  "grade  of  bulbs,  measuriii,-  1 1  ■  m  I  -  '.  L'li  cen- 
timeters (6  to  8  in.).  There  is  athird  size,  r;inj,'ing  from 
16  to  18  centimeters  (4  to  6  in.),  that  goes  in  mixtures, 
and  a  fourth  size  (12  to  14  centimeters)  that  goes  out  as 
"Dutch  Romans,"  "Pan  Hyacinths,"  "Miniatures,"  etc. 
Some  growers  even  scale  their  sizes  a  centimeter  or  two 
less  than  mentioned,  to  enable  them  to  quote  lower 
prices.  Crocus,  narcissus,  tulips  and  many  other  bulbs 
are  also  sorted  into  sizes,  enabling  the  grower  to  catch 
all  classes  of  buyers. 

A  first-size  crocus  bulb  should  measure  10  centimeters 
(4  in.)  in  circumference,  and  such  bulbs  produce  from 
6  to  12  flowers  each.  A  small,  cheap  bulb  produces  only 
two  or  three  flowers.  A  narcissus  bulb  of  maximum 
size  will  produce  from  3  to  5  flowers  (sometimes  more), 
and  an  inferior  size  usually  but  a  single  flower.  A 
White  Roman  hyacinth  bulb  14-  to  16-centimeter  size 
(5-6  in.  circumference)  will  produce  3  and  often  4  spikes 
of  firsts  and  several  seconds,  while  an  11-  to  12-cciiii 
meter  size  will  average  only  one  first  grade  spike  ;ir,.l  , 
couple  of  seconds,  or  perhaps  nothing  but  seconds.     I 

best  lily-of-the-valley  pips  bear  from  12  to  16  bells  

spike,  usually  all  firsts.  Cheaper  inferior  grades  of  pips 
have  seldom  more  than  7  to  10  bells.  If  the  florist  or 
planter  wants  the  best  bulbs,  he  must  pay  more  money 
for  them,  but  they  are  cheapest  in  the  end,  for  second- 
grade  stock  takes  up  just  as  much  room  and  requires  as 
much  care,  fire,  and  other  expenses.  It  is  the  grade  of 
flowers  called  firsts  that  sell  and  pay  a  profibi  The  supply 
of  seconds  is  often  so  abundant  that  the  market  price 
for  them  does  not  pay  the  cost  of  the  bulbs. 

C.\T\i.,H.\  i;  .,F  BrLBS.— To  aid  in  the  selection  of  bulbs 
t'"'  pHii.  iil.ir  purposes,  we  append  a  list  of  the  leading 
-I'M  -  tii.,1  I,,,  procurable  while  dormant  (between  the 
iii..iiili~  ~|M  ,  iii.il)  from  seedsmen  and  bulb  dealers,  and 
u  c  allix  a  sih'ii  to  each  to  indicate  the  purpose  for  which 
the  species  —  or  certain  varieties  in  it— are  adapted.  Some 


eful  for  more  tha 


and  such 


of  bulbs  is  to  be  made  for  winter-flowering 
<■.  make  a  note  of  those  to  which  an  aste- 
llixcd,  then  turn  to  their  respective  headings 
"pc  ilia,  where  will  be  found  full  descriptions 
t  h  s  as  well  as  species  — and  cultural  Instruc- 
1 1  \\  i  1 1  enable  any  one  to  make  an  intelligent 

'     '  '  ring  bulbs  for  greenhouse  or  wiiidnir.  select 

•  in,l  fn/l-flnwering  bulbs  for  pots  for  greenhouse 

■  ■I'ffn',: ,  s,  i.rt  from  species  marked  +. 

''  '  '  "    '  I    rtbibulbsforgardensjavms, etc., select 

■  r  ,;,,,(  i>'i!  fhiwering  hardy  bulbs  for  gardens, 
'•'■'  '•■  :"  .w. .■!,■,«  marked  II. 

•     '  '        •''""■ering  (not  hardy)  bulbs  for  spring 
'      •'  rt  from  species  marked  ^. 

• 'lis,  select  from  species  iruirked'i. 
I  "■hi:  B.B,  half-hardy ;  t, tender. 


HAEDISESS. 


Abobrallg 

Achimenes  t 

Agapanthus  1 8 

Albueat 

AUium»t 

Alstroemeria  t  § 

Amaryllis't 

Amorphophallus  §  . 


...Oct,  to  April 
...Oct.  to  April 
...Oct.  to  April 
...Oct.to.-^pril 
...Ang.  to  Dec. 
...Sept.toKov. 
)  April 
>  April 


BlooniiTKi  ;.... 

Boussineaultia' 
Bowieaft 

Brodi»a  *  j 

Bulbocodium  X. 
Caladium  t  § . . . 
Calochortus  *  J. 


Cooperia  ^  . 
Corydalis  II. 
Crinum  t  § . 
Crocus  *  t . . 


CypeUai., 
Cyrtanthus 
Dahlias  §.. 

Dicentrat 


■T Oct.ti.  Ai.ril 

•  T Oct.toAiuil 

•H Oct.  f.i  .March 

•  H Oct.toAprU 

.H Aug.  to  Oct. 

•  H.H Oct.toAprU 

•  H Aug.  to  Nov. 

•  T Sept.  to  Dec. 

■  T n,t  t,.:\i:,rcii 


Fritillaria*t 

Galanthus  *  J 

Galtonia? 

Geissorhizat 

Gesnera  *  t 

Gladiolus? 

Gloriosallt 

Gloxinia  t 

Griffiuiat 

Ha>mnnthust  ... 

Helleborus: 

Hemerocallis  II . . . 

Honieria  g 

Hyacinth*} 

Hymenocallis  g  t. 
Imantophylliim  t 
Iris.  Bulbous  *  t  . 
Iris,  Rh 

Ismenegt 

Ixia* 

IxioUrion  J  . . 
Jonquils  *  t . . , 
Lachenalia  *. . 
Leueojum  t  i.- 

Lilium  *  II 

Lycoris?  t 

MiUag 

Montbretia  I . , 
Muscaria  t . . . , 
NiBgelia*t... 


Nerinet 

Ornithogalum  *  § 

Oxalis,  Winter-flowering  *  t. . 
Oxalis,  for  borders  i 

Pancratium  f  § 

Phaedranassa  * 

Polygonatum  H 

Puschkiniat 

Ranunculus  * 

Richardia  *  +  ? 

RigideUa? 

Sanguinaria  X 

SchizostyUs  *  ? 


..■\ug.  toiVov. 
.Oct.  to  Apiil 
.Oct.toAprU 
.Aug.  to  Nov. 
.Oct.  to  April 
.Oct.toAprU 

.Aug.  to  Nov. 
.Aug.  to  Oct. 
.Aug.  to  Oct. 


J  April 
)  April 


.Oct.  t 


GENERA,  ETC.  HARDINESS.  DORMANT. 

Spirea  (.\.still.el  * H (>t.  to  April 

Sprekelia*t!> T Sept.  to  April 

Steniliergia     h Aug.  to  Oct. 

Tepophylea  • H.H Aug.  to  Oct 

TiKri.liai T ct.toApn 

Trillium    II '  ''■'  '"  -^l-"'; ' 

Triteleia  I n.H  '  M   tn  .\,ir,l 

Trit...iia* H.H \iii;  l"N"V 

Tritoma  ! H (i.t   t..  .\|.nl 

Tropwuhim.  Tuberous *1 H.H Vnj;  1..  I '.•.•, 

Tuberoses  'i T X..^   tn  >la.v 

Tulip*: H \UK  t..N..v 

Tydiea*! T i  ''t  t..  .\i.ii 

Urceolinat T (i.im  April 

Vallotat T (i,t.t...s.pril 

Watsonia *i H.H iSept.  to  Dec. 

Zephyrauthes  *  ? H.H Aug.  to  April 

Peter  Henderson  &  Co. 

BULBtNE  (Greek.  ^""">',  n  l.iill.i.    LiUdceo'.    Half- 
hardy  African  plants.  <•  ■'  >  '  '1  -! "s.  allied  to  Antheri- 

eura.'lnit  practicalh   u!  -  ...untry.    Some  of 

the  species  are  bulli'  i:    .        :    i     ,       ■    the  general  treat- 


BULBINfiLLA.    See  Chrysobactron. 

BULBOCbDIUM  (Greek,  woolly  bulb).  Lili<tce<e.  A 
halt  dozen  low.  crocus-like  bulbous  plants  of  the  Medi- 
terraueau  region  and  eastward,  some  spring-flowering 
and  others  autumn-tloweriug.  The  spring-flowering  spe- 
cies, B.  venium.  is  the  only  one  in  our  gardens.  It 
is  hardy,  and  demands  the  "same  soil  and  location  as 
crocuses. 

y6mum,  Linn.    Fig.  291.    Blooms  in  earliest  spring, 
before  the  Ivs.  appear,  the  fls.  resting  nearly  on  the 
ground :  fls.  rosT  ptxrple,  white-spotted  on  the  interior, 
1-3  from  each  bulb:  Ivs. 
broad  and  channelled. 
B.M.  153  (cf.Fig.  291). 
F.S.    11  :  1149.- Bulbs 
should  be  taken  up  and 
divided    every  2   or   3 
years.  Plant  m  the  fall. 
Usually  blooms  in  ad- 
vance of  the  crocus. 
L.  H.  B. 
BULBOPHtLLUM 
((4reek,       bu/b-hnf). 
OnJtiddce(e,  tribe  IiJpi- 
dendrecf.  Many  species 
of  trop.  orchids,  mostly 
of  the  Old  World,  more 
odd    than    nrnanicntal 


plants  «,tl,  ,  .t,.ut. 
creepin^'iliiioiiii  ,^iii  ill 
pseudobulbs  lii-aring 
one  or  two  stiff  Ivs. :  lip 
jointed,  moving  when 
touched,  sometimes 
hairy:  fls.  in  lacemes 
or  spikes,  or  solitary. 
Reipiire  warm  temper- 


0(  MiW 


riff. 


1  blocks  or  trunks  of  tc  in- 
le  of  the  largest  of  on  In  U 
:rees,  and  its  fls.  emittni.,'  tin 
see  G.C.  II.   11:  41,   and   1 


They  thrive  or 
Reichb.  f.,is  or 
twining  about  1 
ceivable  odor  ; 
B.M.  6567. 

L6bbii,  Lindl.  Leaf  solitary,  broadly  lance-elliptic  : 
scape  1-fld.,  arising  from  the  side  of  the  pseudobulb, 
shorter  than  the  If.:  fls.  large  and  spreading  (2  in. 
across ) ;  sepals  lanceolate  and  acuminate,  yellow,  more  or 
less  marked  with  purple ;  petals  smaller, streaked  purple ; 
lip  cordate-ovate,  yellow  and  orange-dotted,  not  bearded. 
Java.  B.M.  4.532.  — Flowers  in  early  summer.  Once  cata- 
logued by  Pitcher  &  Manda. 

BULL,  EPHEAIM  W.  The  introducer  of  the  Concord 
grape  Lived  a  long,  quiet,  and  useful  life  in  Concord, 


The  flrst  tiiiit 
exact  origin  is 
house  in  which 
boys  brought 
scattered  them 
from  which  Mr 
He  planted  set 
fruited  in  184!i 
It  soon  becaii 
America,  as  it 
ness  to  ran-v  t 
in  the  lainl.    It 


E  195 

95.  in  his  ninetieth  year. 
rt-atcst  fvent  in  the  early 

tilt-  introduction,  early 
III.'  iioi-iliern  fox-grape. 
-  ..I.taiiicd  in  1849.  Its 
I).  Mr.  Bull  bought  the 

death.  That  year  some 
some  wild  grapes,  and 
.  A  seedling  appeared 
bunch  of  fruits  In  1843. 
I.  and  a  resulting  plant 
as  named  the  Concord, 
grape   in   all 


hardi- 


of  the  In.il   is  ,xrr 

II. '.1 

.      .1  '.           i  ill  ihi  latter 

usually  .l.niK.lnl    ill. 

.r..  .■ 

III'.  III. 

1       The  Concord 

istheoniMi,...!  inii 

,..rl; 

1        III  .m  grape,  and 

the  reallv  sm --in 

iiic  of  the  coun- 

try  dat.-s  from  il-  i 

1  ;   in:.!  \.i  this  grape  is 

apureiiativfox  .-r: 

;i|.... 

and  evil 

li'iitly  only  twice  removed 

from  tin-  wiM  VII,,.. 

Ephrain,  \V.  Bull 

\va> 

1  loved  of  his  neighbors  and  hon- 

ored  l.v  fv.rv  .■..an 

Irvii 

i.an  who 

.  grows  or  eats  a  grape. 

He  made  verv  littl.- 

mo 

n.-y  froii 

1  his  variety,  and  died  in 

extreme  poverty. 

The 

..riiriiia 

I  vine  is  still  preserved. 

It  is  a  sprout  from 

till- 

olil  root 

L.  H.  B. 

BULLACE.     A  s, 

nail 

^yil.l  or 

half-domesticated  plum, 
iiliivai.il  European  sorts 

{Pruiiii..<l..,„<.<t',r„ 

an. 

llh.'Ull 

.1  -1....  I  /'.  spiiwsa).  This 
../,/,.,,  but  it  is  so  closely 

plumisuMiallvr.f.' 

b.M.lassirted  with  them. 

The  Bullace  w.ml.i 

tli.'i 

n  Ink..  ll 

11'  botanical  name  of  the 

Damsons,  P.dnm.s 

tii'fi 

.  var.  /' 

.nnnsceim  (see  Bot.  Gaz. 

27:481).    This  ].liii 

ralllrr 

.■oramon  in  parts  of  Eu- 

rope,  but  is  very  s.-l 

d.iin 

SOCH  ill 

America. 

F.  A.  Waugh. 

BUMfiLIA  (ancient 

Greek 

name    for   an   ash-tree). 

Sapotdcece.    Small 

tree 

s  or  shr 

ubs,  usually  spiny,  with 

rather  small,  entire,  d 

M-ldllOU 

s  or  persistent  Ivs.    and 

small  white  fls    m 

1^  ill 

11       Ii 

tiis:  fr.  an  oblong  black 
s    N.  America  to  BrazU. 

drupe.    About  _ 

None  of  them  i 

ti.'ultural    value,   but  as 

they  grow  natui  .,i 

,l,v,rocky  or  sandy  SOU, 

they  may  be  use.  1  - 

..In. 

.1111.  -  .\ 

ith  advantage  for  plant- 

ing  in  similar  situa 

tlou 

s.    Prop 

.  by  seeds. 

lanuginosa,  Pers. 

Tr 

ee,  sometimes  50  ft. :  Ivs.  oblong- 

obovate  or  cuneate-obovate,  ron 

inded  and  often  apiculate 

at  the  apex    dark 

f;; 

?i  h'"'i  !l 

ii^tioii^  above,  tomentose 
.11.11-   It  biigth,  1-2J^  in. 

1..1U'        .  lu-T.  1-    in  . 

i.   .  I        1   iiiler  hairy:  fr. 

ii.iitli  to  '^  Illinois  w.-T  i.i  l.\i-  —  lliis  species  and  B. 
Ijjeioldei,  Pers.,  are  the  hardiest.  They  have  proved 
hardy  in  very  sheltered  positions  even  in  Massachu- 
setts ;  besides  the.se,  B.  angiisti folia,  Nutt.,  and  B. 
lenax,  Willd.,  are  the  most  common  species  in  the  S. 
states.  B.  Pdlmeri,  Rose,  from  Mex.,  is  illustrated  in 
(J  F   7:196.  Alfred  Rehder. 


BUPHANE 


tti-oi/er.  alluding  to  poi- 
iM  iw.  Two  or  three  South 
known  in  this  country. 
my  red  fls.  in  an  umbel. 
ual  and  narrow,  spread- 
.  s.  long  and  sword-like. 


sonous  propeili.  i  ./ 

African   bulb-     i 

They  are  laru. 

Perianth  tulml  n         _       i 

ing:    stamens   o.  t\-.  utd 

thick.    See  Baker,  Amai }  llidc». 

dlBticha,  Herb.  {B.  toxicdria.  Herb.,  Bamdnthus 
toxicdrius,  Thnjib.).  Bulb,  6-9  in.  in  diam. :  Ivs.  sev- 
eral, distichous,  1-2  ft.  long  :  peduncle  or  scape  stout 
(6-12  in.  high)  and  solid,  compressed,  glaucous,  bearing 
a  dense  umbel.  B.M.  1217. -Sparingly  offered  in  this 
country.  Lvs.  said  to  be  very  poisonous  to  cattle  in 
S.  Afr.";  bulb  furnishes  arrow  poison  for  the  natives. 

Another  species  is  B.  cilidri.i,  Herb.,  with  fewer, 
shorter  lvs.,  and  shorter  peduncle,  bearing  50-100  fls. 
Not  known  to  be  in  the  Amer.  trade.  L  H  B 


196 


BUPHTHALMUM 


BUPHTHALMDM  (Greek  for  ox-eye).  CompisUa. 
A  few  Eluropean  and  W.  Asian  perennial  herbs,  some- 
times grown  in  tlie  hardy  border.  Heads  large,  with 
long  yellow  rays  :  Ivs.  alternate,  entire  or  dentate  : 
panpus  short,  "often  connate  into  a  corona :  akenes 
glabrous.    Showy  plants  of  easy  culture. 

fipecioslssimum,  Ard.  Lvs.  cordate  and  clasping,  the 
upper  ones  oval  and  acuminate  :  heads  solitary  on  the 
ends  of  the  stems  :  2-5  ft.,  flowering  in  July  and  later. 

salicifdlium,  Linn.  {B.  grandifldrum,  Linn.).  Lvs. 
oblong-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  somewhat  pubescent  and 
slightly  serrate  :  fls.  solitary  and  terminal,  large  :  lower 
than  the  last. 

specidsum,  Schreb.  (B.  cordifdlium,  WnMst.  A:  Kit.). 
Lvs.  very  large,  cordate,  coarse-serrate  :  tN.  v.i  y  hirtri- 
and  showy,  on  an  upward-thickened  pediuu'lt-  :  ;!-4  ft.. 
blooming  in  June  and  later.  B.  M.  3466,  as  TeUltia  sjie- 
cidsa.  L.  JJ.  B. 

BTTFLEOBUM  (Greek,  ox  and  rib  :  of  no  obvious  ap- 
plication). UmbellUera.  Weedy  plants  of  the  Old  World, 
of  which  one  (B.  rotundi folium,  Linn.),  i.s  naturalized 
in  the  Eastern  states,  and  another  [B.  falcafum,  Linn.), 
is  cult,  in  Japan  for  greens  (A.G.  13:9). 

BURBtSGEA  (after  F.  W.  Burbidge,  who  discovered 
it  in  Borneo).  Seitamindcece.  A  monotypic  genus  allied 
to  Hedychium,  but  with  no  lateral  perianth  segments  and 
the  lip  reduced  to  a  small  blade.  The  showy  orange- 
scarlet  fls.  rival  cannas  in  brilliancy.  For  culture,  see 
Alpinia  and  Hedychium. 

nitida,  Hook.  f.  Tender  herbaceous  perennial :  height 
2-3  ft. :  rootstock  creeping,  matted  :  stems  tufted,  slen- 
der :  leaf -blades  glossy,  4-6  in.  long,  eared  at  junction 
with  the  sheath  :  panicle  terminal,  4-6  in.  long,  many- 
fld. ;  inner  perianth  tube  1-1 V^  in.  long  ;  outer  segments 
lK-2  in.  long,  orange-scarlet,  the  dorsal  one  shorter 
and  more  roundish  than  the  2  lateral  ones.  B.  51*.  6403. 
Sold  by  Siebrecht  &  Son. 

BTTRCHfLLIA  (W.  Burchell.  botanical  traveler). 
Rubiaii'ir.  One  species  from  S.  Afr.,  an  evergreen 
shnib,  with  opposite  short-petioled  lvs.  and  dense  ter- 
minal clusters  of  sessile  scarlet  fls.;  corolla  tubular, 
bell  shaped  ;  stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  tube  :  fr.  a  2- 
celled,  many  seeded  berry.  B.  Cap6nsi8,  R.  Br.,  is  in 
the  Amer.  trade,  being  cult,  for  its  rich,  dark  foliage 
and  brilliant  fls.  It  is  very  variable,  and  has  received 
several  names.  3-10  ft.  Prop,  by  cuttings.  Grown  un- 
der glass.    B.M.2339.    R.H.  1886:420.    J. H.  III.  34:  81. 

BURDOCK.    See  Arctium. 

BURLINOTONIA.    See  Sodriguezia. 

BURNET  (Poleritim  Sangiiisdrba,  Linn.).  A  hardy 
rosaceous  perennial,  the  piquant  lvs.  of  which  are  some- 
times used  in  flavoring  soups  and  salads.  The  dried 
roots  are  occasionally  used  as  a  family  remedy.  Burnet 
Is  little  known  in  this  country  as  a  condimental  herb. 
It  is  worthy  a  place  in  the  hardy  border  for  the  orna- 
mental character  of  its  odd-pinnate  lvs.  and  its  little 
heads  of  fls.  with  drooping  stamens.  The  leaflets  are 
very  dark  green,  ovate  and  notched.  Stems  1-2  ft.  high, 
bearing  oblong  or  globular  moncecious  heads.  Of  easiest 
culture,  either  from  seeds  or  by  division  of  the  clumps. 
Native  of  Europe.  L,  jj.  B. 

BURNING-BUSH.     See  Euonymus. 

BURRlfiLIA.    See  Baeria. 

BURSARIA  {Bursa,  a  pouch,  alluding  to  the  shape 
of  the  polls).  PittosporAcem.  Two  species  of  shrubs 
with  white  tls.  in  clusters  ;  sepals,  petals  and  stamens 
each  5  :  fr.  a  2-loculed  capsule,  in  shape  like  that  of  the 
Shepherd's  Purse. 

spindsa,  Cav.  An  elegant  spiny  shrub  or  small  tree, 
with  drooping  branches  and  pretty  white  fls.,  produced 
in  summer  :  lvs.  small,  oblong-cuneate,  alternate  and 
nearly  sessile  :  fls.  small,  lateral  or  terminal,  mostly 
terminal.  Australia,  Tasmania.  B.M.  1767.— Cult,  in 
S.  California. 


BUXUS 

BURS£RA  (Joachim  Burser,  a  disciple  of  Caspar 
Bauhin).  Burserdcece.  Generally  tall  trees,  with  sim- 
ple or  pinnately  compound  lvs. :  fls.  small,  in  clusters, 
4-5  parted,  with  twice  as  many  stamens  as  petals  or 
sepals,  and  a  3-parted  ovary  containing  0  ovules  :  fr.  a 
3parted  drupe  with  usually  only  1  seed.  About  40  spe- 
cies of  trees  in  tropical  America.  For  B.  servidta,  see 
Protitim. 

Simarubra,  Sarg.  {B.  gummtfera,  Jacq.).  Lvs.  odd- 
pinnate,  with  3-5  pairs  of  Ifts. ;  Ifts.  ovate,  acute,  mem- 
branous, smooth  on  both  sides,  entire,  the  netted  veins 
prominent  on  the  under  side  :  fls.  in  a  very  knotty  ra- 
ceme, 4-6  parted  :  fr.  adrupe,  with  a  3-valved  succulent 
rind  und  3-5  nuts.  A  tall  tree  with  a  straight  trunk  and 
s|in;iiling  head,  found  in  Florida,  Mexico,  and  Central 
Ann  rii'a  and  the  West  Indies.  — It  yields  a  sweet,  aro- 
matic balsam,  which  is  used  in  tropical  America  as  a 
medicine  for  internal  and  external  application  ;  dried, 
it  is  known  in  the  trade  as  Chibou,  or  Cachibou  resin, 
or  Gomart  resin.  It  is  a  hardy  greenhouse  plant,  and 
thrives  in  a  compost  of  loam  and  peat.  Prop,  by  cut- 
tings under  glass,  with  bottom  heat. 

G.  T.  Hastings. 

BUSH-FRUITS.  A  term  used  to  designate  those 
small  fruits  which  grow  on  woody  bushes.  It  includes 
all  small-fruits- as  that  term  is  used  in  America— ex- 
cept strawberries  and  cranberries.  Bush-fruits  is  an 
English  term,  but  it  has  been  adopted  lately  in  this 
country,  notably  in  Card's  book  on  "Bush-Fruits."  The 
common  bush-fruits  are  currants,  gooseberries,  rasp- 
berries, blackberries,  and  dewberries. 

BtJlEA  (Earl  of  Bute).  Legumindsee.  Three  or  four 
species  of  trees  or  woody  vines  of  India  and  China,  with 
deep  scarlet.  ]i:ipilionafeous  fls.  in  racemes  and  pinnate 
lvs.  In  tln>  ( ilcl  Wiirld  rarely  grown  in  stoves.  In  this 
country,  ■■nc  is  .-nit.  in  S.  Calif. 

fronddsa,  Knxl.;;,  A  leafy  tree,  yielding  gum  or  lac  : 
Ifts.  3,  roundish,  pubescent  beneath,  the  lateral  ones 
unsymmetrical  :  fls.  2  in.  long,  orange-crimson,  very 
showy  ;  stamens  9  together  and  1  free.  India.  — Reaches 
a  height  of  50  ft. 

BUTOMUS  (Greek,  bous,  ox,  and  temno,  to  cut;  the 
leaves  too  sharp  for  the  mouths  of  cattle).  Alismhcece. 
Hardy  perennial  aquatic  of  easy  culture  on  margins  of 
ponds.  Prop,  by  division.  All  the  species  are  referred 
by  DC,  in  Mon.  Phan.,  vol.  3,  to  B.  umbellafus,  or  to 
the  Australian  Butomopsis,  which  is  also  a  monotypic 

umbelUtus,  Linn.  Flowering  Rush.  Rhizome  thick: 
lvs.  2-3  ft.  long,  iris-like,  sheathing  at  the  base,  3-cor- 
nered  :  fls.  rose-colored,  25-30  in  an  umbel,  on  a  long 
scape  ;  sepals  3  ;  petals  3.    Summer.    Eu.,  Asia. 

BUTTERCUP.     Species  of  Biniunciihts. 

BUTTERFLY  WEED.     Asciepias  tuberosa. 

BUTTERNUT.     See  Juglans. 

BUTTON-BUSH  i%  Cephalanthus. 

BUTTONWOOD.     Consult  Platanus. 

BUTTERWOET.    See  Pinguicula. 

BUXUS  (ancient  Latin  name).  Eiiphorbidcece.  Box 
Tree.  Evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees  :  lvs.  opposite, 
short-petioled,  entire,  almost  glabrous,  coriaceous  and 
rather  small :  fls.  moncecious,  in  axillary  or  terminal 
clusters,  consisting  usually  of  one  terminal  pistillate 
flower,  with  6  sepals,  and  several  lateral  staminate  fls. 
with  4  sepals  and  4  stamens  :  fr.  an  obovate  or  nearly 
globular  3-pointed  capsule,  separating  into  3  valves, 
each  containing  2  shining  black  seeds.  About  20  species 
in  the  mountains  of  Cent,  and  E.  Asia,  N.  Afr.,  and  S. 
Eur.,  also  in  W.  India  and  C.  Amer.  Ornamental  ever- 
green shrubs  of  dense  but  rather  slow  growth,  with 
shining,  small  foliage  and  inconspicuous  fls.  and  fr. 
The  common  Box  Tree  and  B.  mieropliyila  may  be 
grown  in  sheltered  positions  even  north,  while  B.  Wal- 
lichiana  and  B.  Balearica,  two  very  distinct  and  hand- 


BUXUS 

some  species,  grow  in  the  warmer  temperate  regions 
only.  B.  sempen'irens  stands  pruning  very  well,  and 
"m  the  old  formal  gardens  of  Europe  was  formerly  much 
used  for  hedges,  and  sometimes  trimmed  into  the  most 
t:intastii-al  shapes  ;  the  dwarf  variety  is  still  often 
pliuitfil  for  bordering  flower  beds.  The  very  hard  and 
ciose-grained  wood  is  in  great  demand  for  engraving 
and  finer  turnery  work.  The  Box  Tree  thrives  in  almost 
any  well-drained  soil,  and  best  in  a  partially  shaded 
position.    Prop,  by  cuttings  from  mature  wood  early  in 


-^ 


BUXUS 


197 


^ 


fall,  kept  during  the  winter  in  the  cool  greenhouse  or 
under  handlights  in  the  open  ;  in  more  temperate  re- 
gions they  may  be  inserted  in  a  shady  place  in  the  open 
air  ;  4-6  in.  is  the  best  size  for  outdoor  cuttings.  Layers 
will  also  make  good  plants.  The  dwarf  variety  is  usu- 
ally propagated  by  division.  In  planting  borders,  it  is 
essential  to  insert  the  divided  plants  deeply  and  as  firmly 
as  possible,  and  to  give  plenty  of  water  the  first  time. 


Seeds  are  sown  soon  after  maturity,  lout  it  takes  a  long 
time  to  raise  plants  of  good  size  from  them. 

semp6rvirens,  Linn.  Comsion  Box  Tree.  Fig.  292. 
Shrub  or  small  tree,  to  '-'.'.  It.:  In"niclns  quadrangular, 
sparingly  pubescent:  1\>.  m\ -il  ,.M,,iiir  or  oval,  rarely 
roundish  oval  or  lanceoljii-'.  ii-ii.tll>  ohtuse,  M-IM  in. 
long:  fls.  in  axillary  ilust.  r^  :  ^laminate  fls.  sessile, 
with  a  gland  half  as  loiin  :i~  ih.  calyx  in  the  center.  S. 
Eur.,   N.  Afr.,  Orient,  China.     \civ    variable  in  size, 

color  and  shape  of  the  Ivs. :   s..i f  tin-  most  cultivated 

forms  are  the  following  :  \'ai-.  angustiiolia.  Loud.  ( var. 
lonqifdlia,  Hort. ;  var.  siilinfulia ,  Hort.).  Lvs.  narrow, 
oblong-lanceolate,  usually  slirubby.  Var.  arbor6Bcens, 
Linn.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree  :  lvs.  usually  oval.  Var. 
argfinteo-marginita,  Hort.  Lvs.  edged  white.  Var. 
atirea,  Hort.  Lvs.  yellow.  Var.  ailreo-marginita,  Hort, 
Lvs.  edged  yellow.  Var.  Buffrutiodsa,  Linn.  (var.  nitia, 
Hort.).  Dwarf  :  lvs.  small,  oval  or  obovate  :  flowering 
clusters  usually  only  terminal. 

Jap6nica,  Muell.  Arg.  {B.  oheorddia,  Hort.  B.  F6r- 
tunei,  Hort-).  Shrub,  6  ft.:  lvs.  cuneate,  obovate  or 
roundish  obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
K-IK  in.  long,  with  usually  pubescent  petioles  ;  clus- 
ters axillary  ;  staminate  fls.  sessile,  with  a  central  gland 
as  l.>m,'  as  the  calyx.  China,  Japan.  — Nearly  as  hardy  as 
llir  foniirr.    There  are  also  some  variegated  forms. 

microphylla,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (B.  Jap6nica,  var.  micro- 
phfilhi,  iMuell.  Arg.).  Dwarf,  often  prostrate  shrub, 
quite  glabrous  :  lvs.  obovate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  K-1 
in.  long  :  clusters  mostly  terminal  ;  staminate  fls.  ses- 
sile, with  a  central  gland,  like  the  former.    Japan. 

BaleArica,  Willd.  Shrub,  6-15  ft.:  lvs.  elliptic  or 
oblong,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  1-2  in.  long,  light 
green  :  clusters  axillary  ;  staminate  fls.  pedicelled.  S. 
Spain,  Balear.  — Handsome  shrub,  but  less  hardy  than 
the  former. 

B.  CalUdrnica,  Lk.  =  Simmondsia  CaUfornica.— B.  Fdrtunri, 
Hort.  =  B.  Japonica.— £.  Hdrlandi,  Hance.  Branches  pubes- 
cent :  lvs.  narrow  obovate,  emarginate,  %-l%  in.  long.  China. 
—B.  longifdlia,  Boiss.  Lvs.  narrow-elliptic  or  lanceolate,  1-1% 
in.  long.  Orient,  China.— B.  longUblia,  Hort.  =  B,  sempervi- 
reiis,  var.  angustifolia.— B.  Wallichiana.  Baill.  Branches  pu- 
bescent :  lvs.  linear-elliptic,  1-2K  in.  long.  Himalayas. 

Alfeed  Eehder. 


CABBAGE      Biusiica  oleiiicea,  Lmn  ,  is  a  crucifer 
ous  pUnt  which  fjrows  wild  on  the  bea  cliffs  of  i 
and  southern  Europe      Fies    293  and  294    from 


,  Cabbage  i 


chHs  of  the  English  Channt 


show  the  common  form  as  it  grows  on  the  chalk  cliffs  of 
the  English  Channel.  It  is  a  perennial  plant,  or  per- 
haps sometimes  a  biennial,  with  a  very  tough  and  woody 
root,  a  diffuse  habit,  and  large,  thick.  deep-Iohed  leares 
in  various  shades  of  green  and  rf-Mi^li,  :hmI  Tn'tv  <>r 
less  glaucous.  The  leaves  of  tin-  liiimi  \mi.  |.i  .h;ii,K 
eaten  by  the  barbarous  or  half-i-i\  I ; 
history  begins,  the  plant  had  hi  •  ■■  .    i     ;  i     , 

vated  grounds  and  had  begun  to  ]ir'Miii,  ,  il^  n^.  i.i-riti  ^ 
or  heads  of  leaves.  It  appears  to  have  biin  in  general 
use  before  the  Aryan  migrations  to  the  westward.  There 
were  several  distinct  types  or  races  of  the  Cabbage  in 
cultivation  in  Pliny's  time. 

From  til lijii.il  -''h1.  I, ;u  ,.  sprung  all  the  forms 

ofCalil'   _        I        '    ■  ]:    ,    ..  1-  S|ir,,uts  and  Kales. 

Fortlu-iii  :     I    :-  iIm-  10 nirlLsh  language 

has  no -,  i..  I  ,,    i I,.    ;  I .  ,,   li  iiiriu.l,.  themall  under 

the  term  c'/i-k.  ui.a  il.c  i..  i;,.uii .  treat  thura  under  A'oA?. 
These  various  tribes  may  be  c-lassifled  as  follows  (cf. 
De  CandoUe,  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  5, 1-I.S  ;  Prodr. 
1.213): 

Var.  ac6phala,  DC.  The  various  headless  Cabbages. 
It  comprises  the  Kales,  in  many  types  and  varieties,  as 
the  tall  or  tree  Kales,  Curled  or  Scotch  Kales,  and  Col- 
lards.  The  Georgia  CoUards,  grown  in  the  south  and 
"to  northern  markets,  is  shown  in  Fig.  295.  Its 
i  may  be  found  wild  on  the  cliffs  of  the  south- 
coast  of  England  to-day.  A  Curled  Kale  is 
shown  in  Fig.  290.  The  thick,  tender  leaves  of  the  Kales 
are  used  as  "greens."   See  CoUards  and  Kale. 

Var.  gemmifeTa,  Hort.  The  bud-bearing  Cabbage,  or 
Brussels  Sprouts  (see  Fig.  273).  In  this  group,  the  main 
stem  or  axis  is  tall  and  erect,  and  the  axillary  buds  are 
developed  into  little  heads. 

Var.  capitita,  DC    Tin-  luad  bearing,  or  true  Cab- 
bages.   In  this  tiil.r.  til.'  main  axis  is  short  and  thick, 
'Iv  |.;ukfd  into  a  gigantic  bud  or 
Thi-  varieties  of  Cabbage    are 
ions.    A  serviceable  classification 


this 
and  the  leaves  ar.-  .|.ii-.-l 
head   (Figs.    L':i7.    L'!iM . 
very  numerous  and  varioi 
of  them  might  follow  thi: 


I  oblate  or  flattened  (Fig.  299),  including 
Lvs.  blistered  or  puckered.    The  Savoy  Cabbages,  Fig. 


300 


olerdcea,  var.  bulldta,  DC). 


be  further  di- 


Var.  botrjtis,  DC.  Cauliflower  and  Broccoli,  in  which 
the  head  is  formed  of  the  condensed  and  thickened 
flower-cluster.    See  Cauliflower. 

The  Chinese  Cabbage  is  a  wholly  different  species 
from  the  common  Cabbages  (see  Srassica).  It  does  not 
form  a  eomi'aft  and  rounded  head,  but  a  more  or  less 
o,„.n  and  -oit  ma--  o|  Laves,  after  the  manner  of  Cos 
L.ttm-r.  It  i-ot  i.,->  .ulture,  but  must  be  grown  in  the 
rool  si.a-on,  tor  it  run,  .piickly  to  seed  in  hot  and  dry 
wratlur.  L    H.  B. 

Culture  of  Cabbaue.  —  The  Cabbage  is  agross  feeder. 
It  endures  much  abuse.  We  may  cover  its  leaves  with 
dust,  dose  it  with  all  sorts  of  substances,  mutilate  its 
leaves  or  roots  as  we  choose,  plant  it  in  heavy  clay, 
black  muck  or  pure  sand,  and  it  will  do  fairly  well  in 
spite  of  all  conditions  if  we  but  supply  an  abundance  of 
easily  secured  food  and  the  right  quantity  of  water  to 
enable  the  ppant  to  take  it  in  and  make  it  available. 
Next  to  plenty  of  food,  its  great  requisite  is  a  proper 
supply  of  water,  and,  though  its  native  home  seems  to 
be  near  the  ocean,  it  is  by  no  means  an  aquatic,  and  suf- 
fers as  much  from  an  over-supply  of  water  as  from  any 
untoward  condition.  Cabbages  cannot  endure  hot  sun- 
shine and  dry  air,  and  do  best  at  all  stages  of  growth  in 
a  cool,  moist  atmosphere,  and  while  young  plants  do 
fairly  well  in  a  higher  one,  provided  there  is  plenty  of 
light  and  air,  the  older  ones  cannot  be  made  to  form  per- 
fect heads  in  such  weather  as  prevails  in  most  parts  of 
the  United  States  during  the  sunmier  months.  They  are 
quite  hardy,  and  will  endure  a  too  low  temperature  bet- 
ter than  one  which  is  to...  lii-h.  their  hardiness  in  this  re- 


cooler 

seed-s 
plants 
bages  can  be   grown  without   protection 


\ 


order 


294.    Wild  Cabbage  plant  in  seed. 

wherever  a  minimum  temperature  of  about  1.5°  above 
zero  is  the  coldest  that  may  be  expected,  and  at  the 
north  well-grown  and  hardened  plants  for  early  crop 
may  be  set  out  as  soon  as  danger  of  a  temperature  below 
about  20°  above  zero  is  passed.    The  earliest  maturing 


CAF 


s,  when  grown  without  check,  will  come  into 
heading  condition  in  about  ninety  days  from  the  seed, 
and  the  time  necessary  for  the  different  sorts  to  perfect 
heads  varies  from  that  to  some  200  days  for  the  latest. 
In  about  sixty  days  from  the  seed  the  plant  will  be  as 
large  as  can  be  piofltablj  transplanted,  so  that  when 
plants  can  be  safely  set  out  of  door' 
seed  should  be  sown  early  in  Fcbru 
ing  to  be  determined  b\  the  locnl 
We  thmk  the  best  plan  i^  to  so^^ 
about  i  inches  deep  and  of  en 
filled  with  lather  he1^  y  but  ^  i ' 
the  seed  in  drills  about  _  in  I 
ten  seeds  to  the  inch  1 1 
light  and  air,  and  the  gre  it  i 


followed  h^  stime  u(  (  es 
the  open  ground  m  Sept 
frames  m  late  October  or 
through  the  winter  m  i  do 
tioii  Such  plants  liting% 
nuil  if  ill  goe^\\ell    will 


CABBAGE  199 

small  roller,  or.  best  of  all,  the  foot ;  this  firming  of  the 
soil  is  often  quite  essential  to  success.  It  is  sometimes 
the  case  that,  in  spite  of  all  our  efforts,  the  seed-bed  be- 
comes so  dry  that  seed  will  not  germinate.  In  such  cases 
one  can  often  get  a  good  stand  by  watering  the  ground 
before  planting  filling  the  drills  two  or  three  times  with 


till 


,ht  1 


thin  spring  pi  lutmg  For  the  litti  i  ^  i  i  1  i  (  it 
the  north,  and  for  those  parts  of  the  south  whtiu  no  pn 
tection  IS  necessary  seed  is  sown  m  beds  out  of  dooi 
For  this  purpose,  select  a  well  drimed  1  vel  spot  of 
rich  f liable  soil  as  near  the  field  where  the  crop  is  to 
be  grown  as  pi  i  ticable  and  get  it  into  the  best  possible 
condition  as  t  tilth  and  moisture  by  repeated  cultiva 
tion  In  the  latitu  le  of  Ivew  York  the  latter  part  of 
Mu     r  the  hi  t  of  June  is  considered  the  best  time  fo- 


s    Mug         i   tir  the   gen  ral   crop    1  ut 

hue  -Melds  are 

fft  n     It    nel  there  ficm  sred  sown  as  1 

ite  as  tl  e  mid 

die     f   luh    and  nian>   of  the  most  sucr 

e  sfnl  Kicweis 

wi     h    ni  ke  sever il  so^^lng       ne     s  ca 

il.   as  May  10 

ai  I     1        1  tno  later   si  as  tibe  s  u     t 

1    .     llait      1 

thi    1      t  condition  f  r  transpl  mtii        t 

th        n  1  tion  of  the  field  and  w  eatl 

t              111 

se    1    h    lid  be  sown  m  dulls    ahciit      t 

1      t      t  tl 

7 at      f     Irut  fifty  to  the  foot   or   it  tl 

k  1    th     tl  nt 

shoull  Ic  thinned   to   about   one  fourth 

mch  ai  ait    as 

water  and  when  it  has  settled  away  sow  the  seed  and 
cover  with  dry  earth  well  pressed  down  In  most  eases 
an  attempt  to  wet  the  bed  1  \  sjimklnv  either  before 
or  aftei  the  seed  is  j  1  mt  I  will  1  m  i  li  nm  than 
good  \s  soon  IS  til  f  iiiii^  111  I  _i  und  the 
surtic  e  should  be  c  n  liii[\  tin  Iwnli  i  1  nul  this 
should  be  repeated  It  1    i  It    u        i    in  tim       i  week 

un,til  the  plants  are  t  d  I  u  I    th    li  11 

A  full  stand  of  health^  ^  11  t  il  lishc  1  plants  is  of 
great  importance  an  1  d  es  mu  1  t  wiids  assuring  a 
profatal  le  cr  |  So  important  is  it  that  many  growers 
wait  t  r  1  in  !  w  th  r  1  t  i  s  tt  i  ^  regardless  of  the 
istake  in  doing 


far 


thi: 


be  bts 


ill  de 


lesirable 
t     are  set  at  the 

I  nserved  by 
1         inimedi- 

1       1  I  1  e  given 

1  1  1    uld  be 

1      1 1   tected 

I I  Just  how 
up  11  e  ich  planter's 


circumstances  and  the  help   he   has   at   his  command. 


which  IS  of  especial 
at  IS  that  the  roots 
v,s.  This  is  often 
t  the  transplanting 
i  s  fault.  A  Cabbage 
iiiis  to  suffer  much 
ft'  instead  of  folded 


295.    Georgia  Collards. 


soon  as  fairly  up.  Some  growers  sow  the  seed  and  leave 
the  plants  much  thicker,  but  we  think  it  pays  to  give 
them  plenty  of  room.  The  seed  should  be  lightly  cov- 
ered, and  the  soil  pressed  firmly  over  it  with  the  "hoe,  a 


There  is  one  point  in  trans 
importance  with  Cabbage 
are  not  doubled  back  uj" 
done  by  careless  nieii.  an 

machines  are  worthless  I 

plant  so  set  never  does  w 
more  than  if  the  root  had 

The  Cabbage  is  very  dependent  upon  a  proper  supply 

of  water,  and  sulf  ers  more  from  the  want  of  it  than  most 


actfii-    .      :  I   lit  cause  of  failure.    Men  seem  to 

think:!-.  ,'  ihr  plant  is  a  rank  feeder,  all  that  is 

neci-^-:ii\  i^  ;iii  .iiiiii.lant  supply  of  food,  and  set  them 
enrich,  black  soils,  made  up  chiefly  of  vegetable  mat- 
ter, but  so  open  that  they  quickly  dry  out  during  sum- 
mer droughts  and  the  plants  die  or  fail  to  do  well,  or 
on  lands  so  poorly  drained  that  in  a  wot  time  the  ground 
is  flooded  and  thr-  plants  drowned  out.  Not  only  should 
we  select  gronnil  wIhv..  th.-  natural  watrr  sii]iply  is 
good,  but  one  v.  In-n-  th,-  jihy^iral  .•iiii.liTi.in.  are  such 
that  we  can  conserve  the  s.mI  incisture  by  l'ni|iient  and 
thorough  cultivation,  be.th  betV.re  and  aftn-  netting  the 
plants.^ 
For  the  highest  possible  development,  the 


200  CABBAGE 

distribution  and  the  degree  to  which  the  plant-food  has 
become  immediately  available  is  of  equal  or  greater 
importance  than  the  quantity.  Land  can  be  put  into 
the  best  condition  for  raising  a  maximun  crop  by  a 
heavy  dressing  of  stable  manure,  thoroughly  vrorked  into 
a  well-drained,  loamy  soil,  and  repeating  the  process 
yearly  for  several  seasons.  A  much  heavier  dressing  of 
manure  can  be  profitably  applied  to  a  soil  which  has 
been  well  fertilized  in  previous  years  than  to  one  which 
has  received  little  or  none.  The  most  successful  grow- 
ers use  large  quantities  of  manure,  often  as  high  as  one 
hundred  tons  to  the  acre.  When  stable  manure  cannot 
be  readily  obtained,  it  may  be  supplemented  bv  com- 
mercial fertilizers,  so  made  up  as  to  contain'  about 
seven  parts  of  nitrogen  to  oifrht  of  available  phosphoric 
acid    and    about  six    of  potnOi.     If  vt  drpend  entirely 

upon  fertilizers,  we  shoul.l  n   .   <• '.'""' t..  :!,000pounds 

to  the  acre,  and  we  shoul.l  i  '  •  ,•  upon  all  ordi- 
nary soils  the  yield  au.!  i  i,,  -  ,,f  a  crop  of 
Cabbage  is  largely  depend.  1,1  ii^ iLl m-L.ant  of  avail- 
able and  evenly  distributeil  jilaiit-fnod  aud  the  degree 
to  which  the  soil  is  kept  always'  moist,  and  more  with 
conditions  which  can  only  be  secured  by  frequent  and 
thorough  cultivation. 

Diseases  and  Sojie  op  the  Most  Common  Insect 
Pests.  — Ci«6-TOo/.-This  is  the  effect  of  a  fungus  {Phis- 
midiophora  Brassicw),  which  develops  within  the  cells 
of  the  root,  causing  them  to  become  distorted  and  the 
plant  to  develop  imperfectly  or  die.  On  the  death  of 
the  plant,  the  spores  of  the  fungus  become  mixed  with 
the  soil,  where  they  lie  dormant  until  roots  of  some 
other  host-plant  come  in  contact  with  them,  and  the 
conditions  are  favorable  for  their  development.  They 
develop  within  several  of  our  common  weeds,  and  we 
believe  that  the  spores  are  to  be  found  in  most  of  our 
cultivated  fields,  and  need  only  favoijible  conditions  to 
develop.  We  have  found  that  the  disease  is  seldom 
troublesome  except  where  the  cultural  conditions,  par- 
ticularly as  to  moisture,  are  unfavorable  to  the  Cab- 
bage, and  that  the  best  preventive  is  careful  attention 
to  the  health  and  vigor  of  the  plant.  We  know  of  no 
practical  remedy  where  a  plant  or  field  is  badly  affected. 
Plea  Beetle.  — X  small,  quick-moving  black  insect 
(Phyllotreta  vittata),  which  sometimes  destrovs  the 
seedlings  before  thry  hare  formed  true  leaves.  "By  at- 
tending to  thfiii  pmiri.'lv.  r.-r  l,:ir.    nl-v,-,-.  succeeded  in 

protecting-   .!■•    ;J      •.    i,      ,1.;   .i     .      „  ith   tobacco 

dust,  US..1  i  ,    ,  ,sary,  which 

may  be  t\\  i.  ■    j  s  \  ^ ' .         ;.   ,.    :    ;-.  ;,,i,  upon  using 

thetobac ,r,  ^....u  :,-  ih.   iir-^i   Kl,  tl.  .,  ui,p,..ar.     It  is  a 

great  deal  easi,-rt..  ki.p  them  off  than  to  dislodge  them 
after  they  are  once  there. 

Cabbage  Root  Marigot  ( Phorbia  Brassiete).  — This  is 
the  larva  of  a  fly  very  much  like  the  common  house  fly, 
'a  little  smaller,    They  appear    in  the   latitude 


Cabbage  head— Early  Flat  Dutch. 


of  Detroit  early  in  May,  and  the  female  deposits  her 
eggs  in  the  ground  at  or  close  to  the  plant,  usually  put- 
ting her  abdomen  into  the  opening  in  the  soil  formed 
by  the  movement  of  the  plant  by  the  wind.  The  eggs 
hatch  in  a  few  days,  and  the  maggots  feed  upon  the 
roots  and  soon  destroy  them.    An  effective  but  costly' 


preventive,  only  practicable  for  use  on  early  plants  of 
high  prospective  value,  is  to  surround  the  plants  with 
shields  formed  of  octagon  pieces  of  tarred  paper  about 
three  inches  across,  and  having  a  small  hole  in  the  cen- 
ter, from  which  there  is  a  slit  to  one  edge,  by  means  of 


Showing 


buds  m  the  axilb 


which  the  guard  can  be  slipped  around  the  plant  and 
pressed  down  on  the  ground,  so  that  the  fly  is  prevented 
from  laying  her  eggs  in  the  earth,  and,  laid  on  the  sur- 
face, they  will  perish  for  want  of  moisture.  We  have 
also  done  much  to  prevent  injury  by  scattering  among 
the  plants  bits  of  sticky  fly-paper,  by  means  of  which  a 
great  many  of  the  flies  are  caught  and  killed.  It  is 
important  that  the  paper  should  be  put  out  early,  so  as 
to  catch  as  many  as  possible  before  they  have  laid  their 
eggs.  In  the  seed-bed,  the  maggot  can  be  destroyed  by 
injecting  bisulfide  of  carbon  about  the  roots  from  a 
syringe,  or  pouring  it  into  a  hole  and  quickly  closing 
the  hole  (cf.  Slingerland,  BuU.  78,  Cornell  Exp.  Sta.). 

TJie  Green  Cabbage  Worm  (Pieris  Bapce).  —  Weha.ve 
succeeded  best  in  protecting  our  young  plants  from 
worms  by  spraying  with  Paris  green  and  water  in 
about  the  proportions  used  for  potato  bugs.  As  the  plants 
become  larger,  and  the  use  of  the  poison  objectionable, 
we  dust  the  plants  with  pyrethrum  powder,  which,  if 
pure,  will  be  very  effective. 

Hauvestino,  Storing  and  Marketing.— Nearly  all 
(.f  a  will-grown  crop  of  Cabbage  of  a  good  stock  will 
MKiture  at  about  the  same  time,  and,  while  the  earlier 
sorts  remain  in  prime  condition  but  a  few  days,  the 
later  oues  remain  so  for  two  or  three  weeks,  and  can  be 
stored  so  as  to  be  salable  for  several  months.  Often  the 
maturing  of  the  crop  can  be  delayed  to  advantage  by 
partially  pulling  the  plants  and  pressing  them  over  to 
the  north.  The  southern  crop  is  usually  marketed  from 
the  field  as  soon  as  it  is  fit,  being  sent  forward  in  open 
crates  containing  from  two  to  ten  dozen  heads.  The 
early  faU  market  is  usually  supplied  by  local  growers, 
who  deliver  direct  to  retailers.  The  late  fall  crop  is 
often  shipped  long  distances  in  open  or  well  ventilated 
ears.  At  the  north  they  may  be  stored  till  spring.  We 
have  tried  more  than  a  score  of -highly  praised  methods 
of  storing,  and  found  that  each,  under  certain  condi- 
tions, had  advantages,  but  we  have  fouud  that  generally 
the  best  and  most  certainly  successful  plan,  at  least  for 
the  latitude  of  Detroit,  is  to  store  in  trenches,  as  fol- 
lows :  Plow  and  replow  several  times  a  strip  of  well- 
drained  sandy  land,  where  there  is  no  danger  from  sur- 
face water,  and  open  a  trench  some  10  inches  deep  and 
about  20  inches  wide.  Then  pull  the  Cabbages,  remove 
a  few  of  the  outer  leaves,  stand  them  on  their  heads  for 


CABBAGE 

a  few  hours,  that  any  water  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  may 
escape,  and  set  them  in  the  trench,  heads  up  and  as  com- 
pactly as  possible,  throwing  a  little  earth  over  the  roots 
as  we  do  so.  We  have  found  it  profitable  to  build  a  roof 
of  four  rough  boards  over  them,  but  this  is  not  essen- 
tial and  they  may  be  slightly  covered  with  corn-stalks 
or  other  coarse  litter,  or  even  the  refuse  leaves  of  the 


CABBAGE  201 

and  of  good  quality.  Owing  to  the  hardiness  and  com- 
pact habit  of  the  plants,  they  are  the  best  sorts  for  forc- 
ing under  glass  and  early  spring  planting  at  the  north, 
and  for  winter  culture  at  the  south. 

Winnigstadt  is  in  .some  resj.>-.  i     mi;.  !,  !i;  .   ■.]„•  above, 
but  is  larger  in  plant  and  ht;ii(,  ii  r.  and  a 

much  better  keeper.    ThehemN:         '  Mal.with 

the  leaves  convi.lute  rather  than  -■   .  i  lii-i  iiu  at  tlie  top, 

'I'll'- iy]te  is  very  sure  heading  and 
111   L."""l  lii-ads  under  circumstances 

U '.  , /  '    s- rZ-^'rl-   Fl'il   I'-trh   [Fig. 

■yjlj.AII-JI.''      .1         1-,,    ,i,,-M  .,,r,,,i-  „,rts,  be- 


Jersey  Wake 


Cabbage 


Cabbage  maj  be  used  As  soon  is  tli  i  i  liii^ii  f 
frost,  cover  with  eirth  to  protect  tli  in  ti  ni  it  ui  1  tin 
rain      If  the  boards  are  used    the\      h   ul  1  I  \    ltd 

with  earth  in  the  same  way   and  m  I    ili  ih     i.   % 

ering  should  be  increased  as  the  wt  ith  i  _i  «  liler, 
and  if  it  should  be  very  cold  a  co\ering  of  stiiw  or 
coarse  manure  is  desirable  The  aim  is  to  protect  the 
heads  from  rain,  but  to  keep  them  moist  and  at  an  even 
temperature— one  of  about  32°  is  best  and  one  some 
what  lower  is  less  objectionable  than  one  much  higher. 
The  cost  of  growing  an  acre  of  general  crop  or  late 
Cabbage  on  good  ground,  not  including  ground  rent,  is 
about  as  follows  :  Fertilizer,  $20  to  $40  ;  preparation  of 
the  ground,  $10  ;  growing  and  setting  about  8,000  plants, 
$13  ;  cultivating  and  hoeing,  $10  ;  harvesting  and  mar- 
keting, $10.  The  yield  should  be  about  7,500  heads, 
making  the  cost  of  growing  about  one  cent  a  head. 

'Varieties.  — The  Cabbage  has  been  made  more  valu- 
able to  man  by  the  development  of  a  tendency  to  form 
more  and  larger  leaves,  and  thickening  them  with  thick- 
walled  cells  deposited  both  in  the  blade  and  the  ribs. 
There  has  also  been  a  shortening  of  the  stem,  particu- 
larly at  the  top,  until  the  upper  leaves  are  en. wiled  and 
folded  over  each  other  and  form  a  bud  nr  leail.  ilie  inner 
portion  of  which  becomes  blanched,  tend,  i-  and  sweet, 
and,  through  the  loss  of  much  of  tin-  naturalh  stnmg 
taste,  well-flavc.red.  The  thicker  the  leave,  and  the  iinirc 
solid  the  head,  tin-  sweeter,  mure  tender  and  better  tla- 
vored  the  Cal.l.a-e.  If  the  l.'a\-es  are  1,iiil'  ami  narrow. 
with  large  inidril.  and  little  Idade  at  tlie  l.ase, 
the  upper  part  nf  the  head  may  l.e  solid:  Imt 
the  lower  part,  being  made  up  eliiell\  -it  ttie 
thickened  midribs,  'will  be  npen  ami  eearse. 
If  the  leaves  are  broad  and  iirejniriiniiately 
too  short,  they  will  not  laji  u  •  \]  e\  i  r  i  a,ii 
other,  and  the  head  will  li  —  ;  ani  ,\in 
open  at  the  center.    Many  'a  -        in 

developed,   differing  in  "sea-  i!\. 

shape  of  head,  etc.,  and  ailain  i  ii  imii  n  nt 
cultural  or  market  conditiuu.s.  .Man,  ,,1  il,,iu, 
though  differing  in  some  poiut,  are  essentially 
identical,  and,  as  the  list  is  an  ever-increasing 
and  constantly  changing  one,  we  would  refer 
our  readers  to  the  various  seedsmen's  cata- 
logues for  descriptions,  only  speaking  of  a 
few  representative  sorts  of  the  different  types, 
between  which  there  are  many  intermediate 

Jersey  Wakefield  (Fig.  299),  Express,  New 
York. — These    are    small-growing,   early-ma- 
turing and  small-headed  sorts.    Under  favor- 
able conditions  they   become   fit   for  use   in 
from  90  to  110  days  from  seed,  and  continue  in 
edible  condition  but   a   comparatively   short 
time.    The  plants  are  compact  and  erect-growing,  with 
very  thick,  smooth  and  smooth-edged  leaves,  and  are 
very  hardy.    The  hearts  are  small,  as  compared  with  the 
later  sorts,  more  or  less  conical  in  shape,  quite  solid, 


coming  fit  l',,r 'I  1     '       lin,  '    !      intiuuing 

in  condition  1,1  w  i.]ie.    The 

plants  are  lara,  ,  -ini  aihiiL'.  ',,,  ill  laiL'i  .  In-iiad.  smooth, 
lliiek  li-a\as,  aild  form  a  mure  or  less  flattened,  oval  head 
id  - 1,1  id  ^i.'.e  ;  solid,  and  of  good  quality.  They  are  best 
aihi|iiid  111  early  fall  use. 

/,,//,  Fhit  Duteh,  Stone  Masoiij  Late  Drumhead. — 
Strdiig-nrnwing.  spreading  plants,  forming  very  large, 
solid  heads  in  from  120  to  180  days,  and  remaining  a  long 
time  in  usable  condition.  They  are  th-a  best  type  for 
general  crop,  will  give  the  largest  yield,  and  keep  well 
through  the  winter. 

Hotlander,  Liixemliiirg.  —  A  type  of  Danish' origin, 
which  has  become  quite  popular  of  late  years,  particu- 
larly for  shipping  long  distances.  The  plants  are  strong- 
growing  and  the  hardii-st  of  all.  enduring  with  but  little 
injury  fr.ist  or  dnm-ht  wliirh  w.mld  i-uin  ether  sorts. 
They  , ■lime  t,,  maturiiy  sli.xvlv,  and  f.,nn  a  n ,iii|,aratively 

small  lint   very   hard  riaind   head  nf  :; i  i|nalitr,  which 

keeps  well  and  whi.li,  lieeause  et'  its  slia]i,'  and  solidity, 
can  be  handled  in  shipping  better  than  most  sorts. 

Savoy  (Fig.  300).  — A  class  of  Cabbage  in  which  the 
leaves  of  both  the  plant  and  head  are  crumpled  or  sa- 
voyed  instead  of  smooth,  as  in  the  preceding.  There  are 
varieties  of  all  the  types  found  in  smooth-leaved  sorts, 
thoui;li  geiierallv  tln-y  are  l.-ss  certain  ti>  form  good 
heads,  and  the  Inaels  an-  smaller.    As  a  .dass  they  are 

grown  in  Eurepe.  where  tiny  are  esti-ennil  tn  be  much 
more  tender  and  delicate  in  flavor  than  the  smooth- 
leaved  sorts. 

Sed  Cabbage.— A  class  of  which  there  are  many  varie- 
ties, and  in  which  the  leaves  of  the  plant  are  dark  pur- 
ple and  those  of  the  head  bright  red.     The  heads  are 


300.  Savoy  Cabbage. 


202  CABBAGE 

seed  that  this  or  any  other  vegetable  can  be  improved, 
or  even  its  present  good  qualities  maintained.  It  would 
seera  to  be  an  easy  matter  to  save  and  use  only  the  seed 
of  a  few  of  the  most  perfect  Cabbn^.  -.  Iwr  tli.'  |.l:iiit  is 
capable  of  enormous  seed  product  i<ni,    \\  ■    h,i\>    luown 

a    single    plant    to    yield   35  oum-.^      I    - 1.  i  iMMi.;h, 

if  every  seed  grew,  to  fiiniish  the  phmi^  Inr  r»o  acres; 
but  it  is  not  quite  -..  ^.i-  :i-  ilii-  showing  would  make 
it— first,  because  il  !.>iied  is  an  exceptional 

one,  and,  second  I  \  -   \  ery  seldom   that  an 

isolated  plant  vie  I,  I  ,,  ,i.,...i  .  ,  il.  The  flower  of  the 
Cabbage  is  sexuallj  ].,  ti'  .  ;  .  I  iliinl;  tliere  is  no  dis- 
covered reason  why  iuiU\  :  i  nit-  ;,n>  self-impo- 
tent, but  we  have  never  -i,  ■  :  iritting  more 
than  a  very  few  seeds  fne  I  i  il.uit.  either  in 
the  open  air  or  when  en.l..  ■  i  ,  ;  :  i  tij,'ht  struc- 
ture of  glass  and  cL.tlj,  in   \\lil.  li   n   tiuliil.,  r  .,f  i.ees   were 

confined.  Again,  we  iiaxe  r-|M:it,,My  i-..l:iir,l  il,,.  ]„■-.! 
plant  of  an  hundn-d.  ^.itinu-  the  i  .-i  in  ;t  tj..ek,  ami  t)ie 
few  seeds  ebtaii.ed  lV.,i,,il,ri-<.lair,l  |,ni.iu 1  plants 

:••'■■  '■■■■''  ,    !    ,,   I        '■    ,   ,-t  one  of  our 


they  will  produce  and  give  plants  of  the  desired  type. 
In  spite  of  those  facts,  we  believe  that  the  general  rule 
h  ^ive  the  best  results  with  other  plants 
il  1'    fir  ilie  Cabbage,  and  that  in  this, 
- 1  n.uld  first  form  a  distinct  and 
llaiit  we  wish  to  produce,  and 

1  I  ipiie  which  comes  nearest  to  that 

.em  iljat  the  necessity  of  a  distinct  and 
d  of  exactly  what  we  want  to  produce 
'ident,  but  some  seed-growers  have  a 
very  vague  idea  of  the  exact  type  wanted.  Some  years 
ago  we  visited  the  originator  of  one  of  our  best  varieties, 
for  the  purpose  c.f  learning  what  he  considered  the  type 
OL  the  V  irietj  He  was  an  intelligent  man,  a  good  culti 
vator  and  hid  been  growing  this  strain  for  over  twenty 
years  He  took  ns  iiit  i  tii  Id  i  t  i  li  in  1  ini  Calluses 
as  we  ever  saw    In  i  1         i      t    i    i  iii    n       \\ 

asked  him  to  si  I     i  I  i  i  I  i 

fully  noted  its     \  '    r 

part  of  the  fir  1  1  i  I, 

picked  nut     n     ^    I   I    I  i  i 

terof  til  1     th 


andpracti 
are  equall 
as  with  el 

oe  wli 

thenrais.    -.  .  . 
ideal.    It«..ul,l 
well  defined  id 
would  be  self-. 

were  td    n 

Il         ihii 

should  1     tl  , 

1    nut 

sort      Thud    in  1    i 

1    r   nil    lute 

lietween  the  fli  t  t 

1     uh  like  the 

first     This  man  11     1  i 

Ml  for  twent> 

years  and  w  is  1 1  i   i 

11  un  of  supe 

rior  qu  dit\    1   i    i  ,   1 1 

im.       ind 

m   hi 

s,  lection  and 

breeding  h  il  1     1     1 

1   h  to  the 

selling 

quahtv  cf  thf 

1  qual 


CACALIA 

plants  will  go  through  the  winter  and  seed  better  than 
those  which  are  fully  ripe  when  put  away  for  the  win- 
ter. The  plants  are  usually  wintered  in  the  manner 
described  for  storing  for  market  use,  except  that  the 
trench  is  usually  narrower.  The  plants  are  set  out  for 
seed-bearing  as  early  as  possible  in  the  spring.  It  is 
usually  necessary  to  carefully  open  the  head  by  two 
cross-cuts  with  a  knife  in  order  to  let  the  tender  seed- 
stalk  break  through.  The  plants  are  given  double  or 
treble  the  space  which  they  required  the  first  year.  It 
is  generally  true  that  the  more  developed  and  better  the 
stock,  the  smaller  the  yield  of  seed.      \y.  w.  Tracy. 

CAB6MB  A  (aboriginal  name).  Nymphm&cece.  Haifa 
ilozen  aquatics  of  'the  western  hemisphere,  with  small 
flowers  li'avint;  ]iersisteiit  sepals  and  petals,  each  3  or  4, 
and  stamens  few  ;  eai|H  Is  I'-.'i,  free  and  distinct,  and 
snl.ni.-r^ed  Ivs.  lim-ly  .li^seeted  and  mostly  opposite. 

Caroliniana,  llray  (  r.  nqiidtica,  DC,  not  Aubl.  C. 
viriclildliu,  Hort.).  Floating  Ivs.  green,  oblong-linear  : 
fls.  white,  with  2  yellow  spots  at  base  of  each  petal ; 
stamens  6.  N.  Car.,  S.  and  W.  A.G.  15:157.— (7.  rosce- 
fdlta,  Hort.,  is  a  form  with  reddish  Ivs.    A.G.  15:157. 

The  true  C.  aqudtica,  Aubl.,  of  trop.  Amer.,  with 
yellow  fls.  and  nearly  orbicular  floating  Ivs.,  is  shown 
in  B.M.  7090. 


Cabomba  CaroHni 
of  aquatics.  It  is  oi 
the  aquarium.  It  is 
District  of  Columbia 
tained  in  quantities  i 


L.  H.  B. 

is  very  largely  used  by  growers 

f  the  inili-pensable  plants  for 

«ii   iMiui  Ix    in  North  Carolina, 
Mill  .  Li  ml,  «  here  it  can  be  ob- 


per 


ithe 


vlieie  It,  is  eoiumonly  called  Fish 
Gra-^,  w  I  i.iii.iii  iirass,etc.  It  is  tied  in  bunches  with 
a  im  ■  I  '    '  J.  -which  acts  as  a  weight,  thus  re- 

tain; i  -  !■    IN  a  natural  position  in  water.    In  a 

mod.  i:in  I.  nip,  r,itiire  it  soon  emits  roots  and  grows 
freely.  It  is  a  siilimerged  plant,  except  in  midsummer, 
when  the  flowers  are  borne  above  the  water,  accompa- 
nied by  a  few  floating  leaves.  It  is  one  of  the  best 
plants  for  domestic  fish.  It  also  grows  in  New  Jersey, 
where  it  is  quite  hardv  C  rosafolia  is  tender  does  not 
retain  its  delightful  carmine  coloring  under  confinement, 
and  1    not  so  often  met    except  m  Florida 

William  Thicker 

CACALIA  (ancient  Greek  name)  Comp6sitce  Peren 
111  I  li  il  uf  which  9  or  10  are  native  to  the  U  S 
lilt      ill   hermaphrodite    with  white  or  flesh  colored 

1   II  IS      II  h  of  the  5  lobes  with  a  midnerve     akenes 


heads 

breeder  1  1    I   i     \     mi    t  i  breed  from  black   red 

big  or  little  i(  ws    ie„  iidless  of  anj  thing  but  tli 

ity  of  then   milk      Ha\  ing  formed  a  carefuIU 

ered   ideal    we   should   select   from   10   to   100  of  the 

plants  which  come  nearest  to  it    and  from  these  make  0 

an  extra  selection  of  about  one  tenth  of  the  lest     ^       "* 

would  set  the  whole  lot  m  a  nearlj   square  II     I     a\  iiti 

the  extra  selections  m  the  center    We  woul  1      n      n   1 

plant  seed  from  each  extra  select  plant  b\    it     ll       n  I 

haMne    li\  m  r\  <  ir<  fill  e\  iinin  itn  ii     i  nitiii      I      In    I 


planting  th  it  th  i  [  will  I  pi  t  i  ommg  to  maturity 
at  the  time  ot  stoiin„  toi  wiutei  lixtures  and  inferior 
plants  cin  be  detected  and  thionn  out  then  as  well  as 
when  the  plants  are  fully  matured    and  the  younger 


^^- 


CACALIA 

glabrous  :  Ivs.  petioled.  None  of  the  species  are  known 
to  be  in  the  Amer.  trade,  but  some  of  the  native  kinds 
may  be  e^qiected  to  appear  in  commerce.  For  an  account 
of  the  N.  Amer.  species,  see  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  2, 

pp.  .'igi-e. 


CACALIA  of  the  florists     See  i 


CACTUS 


203 


lateral  members  upon  it ;  and  most  probably  these 
lateral  members  represent  leaves.  The  Cactus  forms  are 
not  always  leafless  or  compact,  for  the  species  of  Peres- 
kia  are  climbing,  woody  forms,  with  well- developed 
petiolate  leaves  (Fig.  309);  and  even  the  well-known 
pricklv  pears  (Opuntia)  are  more  or  less  expanded  and 
have  \eiy  evident  ephemeral  lea^es 

The  flowers  aie  usually  conspuuous  m  many  cases 
remark  ihlj  laige  and  luiUianth  lolored  The  sepals 
and  pet  lis  iic  numeious  iri<m„fd  in  several  imbrica 
ting  seiifb  ,  tliH  stinuns  ire  mdehnite  m  number  and 
inserted  it  the  b  ise  ot  tht  corolla     the  stjle  is  promi 


sith  spreading, 


>iig    perennial     1-2   ft     high 

..  lit  n]\  clabrous     Ivs  nearlj 

I     III      1   ]  11  ted    the  lobes 


CACALI6PSIS 

low  floret         111.1  I 

Narddsmu:  (  i 
loose  woiilh  but 
all  radit  U  lou^ 
dentate  or  cut  1 
at  the  summit  i  t 
woods,  Cilif  t  I 
border  plant 


CACAO,  COCOA     See  Tluohioma 

CACTUS  CACTI  Thi  peculiar  forms  included  under 
this  niiii  11  niul  tin  familj  Cactdcur  The}  are 
especialh  li  ii  i  ii  ii  t  the  warm  and  dry  regions  of 
Ameru  1  tli  u  li  |  1  i\  I  i  lug  greatest  in  Mexico,  although 
extending  lioiii  the  plans  of  North  America  and  east 
ward  southwaid  thiough  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico  to 
southern  South  Ameiica  Aside  from  ceitain  Afiican 
species  of  Rlnpsalis  this  gieat  family  contiiniug  about 
1,000  known  i  i.  s  i  ibsolutch  itstiKtcd  to  \mei 
ica     Th  I  I       Mi   |.  ,1  ill/  ,n  f,  ,  I      I,     1,1  1,    ,] 

has  Ion     i  tin    u_li   ul  rl      M     lir  ii    n    m 

region  ii   i        it   ii  un  I   i    tli     n  mi       t 

"Indiin  li  II        1      I    h  plu      t  (    1  ti  in  tlin  I  niti  .1 

States  IS  in  tin  Mi  xir  m  border  states  lejiiesenting 
the  northern  edge  ot  the  still  more  extensive  Mexican 
display 

The  peculiar  habit  of  the  famih  seems  to  be  the  re 
sultof  prr.  mini  Ir  n -bt  <  n  liti  n  to  which  the>  have 
become  r  iiiiil  il]  1  ,t  I  111  t  t  '  1  ]iioblera  pre 
sented  1  \     u   h       n  h  i    i      i     tli       t    i  t  water  and 

the  refill  111   n        n     I  \     ii     uli     i  «  iter  stoi  age 

the  pluit  I  h  1  liii  t  n  ti  ilh  u  nlent  Loss 
ot  watei  1  \  ti  1  I  11  ti  n  IS  iidn  td  t  i  minimum  by 
heavy  1 1  1  I  un  I  «  II  md  cuticle  and  other  anitomi 
cal  devi  I  ut  |    ih    i      still  moie  by  leducing  the  sur 

face  ex p  m  t  ih  1  U  m  comjiarison  ■nitb  its  miss 
(Figs  301  n.  mi)  i  1  til  ill  tint  I  111,  1  u 
have  been  abandoned  entn  l\  ii  I  tn  ii  |  uli  n  w  ik 
has  been  assumed  1)%  the  ii|  ili  i  I  li  u  I  tli  i  ni 
The  stem  Itself  is  flit  or  1  innin  n  i^l  lulu  tli  lit 
form  representing  the  le  ist  e\i  in  t  suii  i  c  m  i  lu 
portion  to  the  mass  The  1  itei  alh  de%  eluped  le  i\  es  md 
branches  common  to  ordinary  stems  are  genenlly  re 
placed  by  various  ephemeral  or  abortive  structures  the 
most  notable  of  which  are  the  bristles  and  remukahh 
varied  spines  The  real  natuie  of  C  actus  spines  is  i  dis 
puted  question  and  not  a  \eiy  impoitant  one  ^  hen 
rudiment iry  leaves  appear  a  in  Opuntia  t\u\  ire 
found  subtending  the  cushion  or  irex  in  connection 
with  which  the  spines  are  de^  eloped  This  iiea  is 
clearh    an   aborted    branch     and   the   spmes  repiesent 


lobes  (Fig    M5)      The 

smooth  or  bnstlj  or  spmj  flesh\  fiuit,  often  edible 
(figs    304,306) 

The  largest  forms  i  y               t  *     i               t^i   '   i^i 

columnar  and  flutfil  i      i         i                                      ^ 

iscending  branchi  ht 

of  50  or  00  feet     Th  lis 

developed  in  the  di  un  I      i       I    il      i    i  I     i    i     I  i  i 

the  eastern  slopes  of  Lower  California,  these  Cactus 
trees  occur  m  extensive  forests,  forming  the  so  called 
"cardon  forests  " 

In  Bentham  and  Hooker  s  Genera  Plantarum,  13  gen 
era  of  Cactacece  are  recognized,  while  m  Engler  and 
Prantl's  Pflanzenfamilien,  recently  published  Schu 
mann  recognizes  20  genera  Of  these  20  genera  15  are 
included  in  tiade  catalogues,  and  fave  of  them  are  rep 
resented  in  the  United  States  Generic  and  specific 
lines  among  the  Cactacem  are  ver^  indistinct  and  the 
greatest  diversity  of  opinion  in  leference  to  them  ex 
ists  Thi  erroup  seems  to  be  a  ver>  modern  one  geolog 
11  ill\  II  I  1  111!  Willy  plastic,  responding  readily  to 
\  II  so  that  forms  that  have  been  de 

s  ii'  I     J lecies  will  undoubtedly  prove  to  be 

but  1  I  1  1  f  I  li  s  .if  a  single  species  The  confusion 
has  be.  n  fnitbei  intensified  by  the  description  of  nu 
merous  garden  forms  As  a  result  many  catalogue 
names  aie  very  uncertain,  being  applied  differently  in 


different  garden  collections.    In  addition  to  forms  which 
appear  normal,   various   so-called  "mons' 
apt  to  arise,  both  in  na 


and  in  cultivation.   These 


abnormal  forms  are  of  two  general  types  :  one,  in  which 
the  body  takes  the  form  of  a  fan  or  contorted  ridge,  is 
designated  by  the  varietal  name  cristatus  and  its  gender 
equivalents  ;  the  other,  in  which  there  is  an  irregular 
bunching  of  branches,  is  designated  in  the  same  way 
as  var.  monsirosus. 

A  brief  synopsis  of  the  15  genera  announced  in  trade 
catalogues  is  as  follows  ; 


short:   fls. 


Us  of  tubercles  or 


ith 


1.  Helocactus.  Nearly  globular,  strongly  ribbed  and 
spiny,  easily  recognized  by  the  distinct  flower-bearing 
crown.  About  30  species,  found  chiefly  in  W.  India  and 
Brazil. 

2.  Mamillaria.  Fig.  302.  Globular  to  short  cylindri- 
cal, not  ribbed,  but  with  prominent  tubercles  bearing 
terminal  clusters  of  spines,  and  fls.  usually  in  zones. 
The  largest  genus,  nearly  300  species  being  recognized, 
ranging  from  northern  U.  S.  into  S.  Amer. 

3.  Pelecyphora.  Fig.  303.  Like  the  last,  but  the 
spirally  arranged  tubercles  are  flattened,  and  bear  two 
rows  of  flat,  overlapping,  horny  scales  instead  of  spines. 
A  single  Mexican  species. 

4  Anhalonium  Ijow  flat  topped  form'.,  the  tubercles 
spineless  and  lesemlihng  tliu  k   imbricate  scales    About 


CACTUS 

BB.    Stems  short:  fls.  terminal,  on  tubercles  which 
are  often  confluent  into  ribs. 

5.  Echinocactus.  Globular  to  short  cylindrical, 
strongly  ribbed  forms.  The  second  genus  in  the  num- 
ber of  its  species,  200  being  recognized,  ranging  from 
the  U.  S.  to  Chile  and  Brazil. 

6.  MalacocarpuB.  Closely  resembling  the  last,  and 
often  iiii'luded  under  it.  Distinguished  by  the  woolly 
tuft  at  the  very  apex  of  the  stem.  About  8  species  are 
recognized,  restricted  to  Brazil  and  Uraguay. 

BBB.    atems  mostly  elongated,  erect  or  climbing, 
branching,  ribbed  or  angled. 

7.  Cereus.  Fig.  304.  From  almost  globular  to  stout 
columnar,  or  slender,  climbing,  creeping  or  deflexed.  A 
genus  of  about  100  species,  extending  from  the  U.  S. 
into  South  America. 

8.  PilocereuB.  Distinguished  from  the  large,  colum- 
nar forms  of  Cereus  by  the  development  of  abundant 
white  hairs  instead  of  "rigid  spines.  About  45  species 
are  recognized,  ranging  from  Mexico  to  Brazil. 

9.  Echinopsis.  Like  columnar  species  of  Cereus,  but 
very  short  (sometimes  globose)  and  many-ribbed,  with 
remarkably  elongated  calyx  tubes.  About  10  species, 
restricted  to  southern  S.  Amer. 

10.  Echinocereus.  Like  cylindrical  species  of  Cereus, 
but  small,  and  with  weak  spines  and  short  calyx  tubes. 
About  30  species,  found  in  both  N.  and  S.  Amer. 


305.  Flower  of  Phyllocactus. 

5  species,  all  Mexican,  one  of  which  is  found  in  the  U. 
S.  The  proper  name  of  this  genus  is  Ariocarpns.  By 
many  it  is  considered  as  belonging  to  Echinocactus. 


306.  Fruit  of  Phyllocactus  angulieer. 

BBBB.    Stems  flattened  or  winged,  jointed. 

11.  Phyllocactus.  Figs.  305,  306.  Mostly  epiphytic, 
the  joints  flat,  becoming  thin  and  leaf-like  upon  cylin- 
drical stems.  About  12  species  are  recognized  in  Cent. 
and  S.  Amer. 

12.  Epiphyllum.  An  epiphyte,  with  numerous  hang- 
ing, many-jointed  stems.  A  single  S.  American  species, 
the  other  species  usually  referred  to  this  genus  belong- 
ing to  Phyllocactus. 

AA.    Calyx  tube  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary  :  stems 
branching  and  jointed. 

13.  Bhipsalis.  Small,  epiphytic  forms,  with  joints 
ribbed,  cvlindrical  or  flat,  with  or  without  bristles.  A 
genus  of  ".50  species,  chiefly  developed  in  Cent,  and  S. 
America. 

14.  Opuntia,  Figs.  307, 308.  Branching,  jointed  forms, 
the  joints  flat  or  cylindrical,  usually  bristly  and  spiny. 
A  large  genus  of  150  species,  ranging  from  central  N. 
Amer.  to  Chile.  The  cylindrical  forms  belong  to  the 
iii'ire  desert   regions,   while  the  flat-jointed  forms,  or 

prickly  pears,"  as  a  rule  occupy  conditions  not  so  ex- 
tremely dry. 

15.  Pereskia,  Pig.  309.  Climbing,  woody  forms,  with 
perfectly  developed  Ivs.  About  15  species  are  known, 
ranging  from  Mexico  to  Argentine.  The  name  is  ordi- 
narily written  Pereskia. 

The  completest  monograph  of  Cacti,  with  descriptions 
of  species,  is  Schumannn's  Gesammtbeschreibung  der 
Kakteen,  Berlin,  1899.  jqhn  M.  Coulter. 


CACTUS 

Culture  of  Cacti.  — To  enable  one  to 
hope  to  be  fairly  successful  in  the  culti- 
vation of  a  collection  of  Cacti,  it  maj-  be 
well  to  observe  the  following  sugges- 
tions :  Always  endeavor  to  secure  plants 
in  May  or  early  June,  as  at  that  time 
any  wounds  caused  by  packing  or  m 
transportation  become  quickly  healed, 
and  a  perfect  callus  is  formed,  which 
generally  prevents  further  decay.  Again, 
always  be  sure  that  the  plant  is  in  per- 
fect condition  before  it  is  potted.  Plants 
collected  from  their  native  habitats  are 
usually  received  without  roots  ;  or,  if 
they  have  roots,  they  will  be  found,  m 
most  cases,  to  be  so  injured  that,  for 
the  safety  of  the  plant,  they  would  better 
be  taken  off  close  to  the  plant  with  a 
sharp  knife.  This  done,  proceed  to  closely  examine 
the  plant,  and  be  sure  that  every  part  of  it  is  per- 
fectly free  from  all  signs  of  sickness  or  rot.  Plants 
which  have  been  on  the  road  only  a  few  days  may  arrive 
with  a  certain  percentage  dead.  Such  plants  undoubt 
edly  looked  good  while  being  packed,  but  a  careful 
examination  would  have  shown  them  to  be  unfit  for 
sale.  If,  on  examination,  any  sign  of  sickness  yr  deca> 
should  be  found,  let  the  bad  parts  be  at  once  taken  out 
until  healthy  tissue  is  ref.ched,  after  which  place  the 
plants  in  full  exposure  to  sun  and  wind,  allowing  them 
to  so  remain  until  every  atom  of  the  treated  part  has 
become  covered  with  a  dry  and  perfect  callus.  It  may 
sometimes  be  found  necessary  to  use  a  hot  iron  where 
decay  is  doing  very  rapid  work.  When  the  plant  re- 
ceived is  very  large  and  old,  or  the  bottom  has  become 
hard,  dry  and  woody,  or  the  roots  injured,  then  at 
cut  off  the  woody  bottom  up  to  living  tissue  ;  and  plant 
only  after  the  wound  has  been  dried  thoroughly.  Treated 
thus,  the  plant  will  produce,  in  most  cases,  an  abundant 
supply  of  new  roots  in  a  very  short  time,  and  thus  give 
a  virtually  young  plant  ;  but  if  any  old,  woody  part  is 
left  on,  the  chances  will  be  against  the  forming  of  new 
roots.  Never  take  the  hard  trunk  of  a  plant  for  propa- 
gating purposes,  but  choose  the  active,  growing  part, 
in  which  the  cells  are  full  of  life. 

In  preparing  soil  for  Cacti,  it  will  be  found  advisa- 
ble to  use  one-half  good,  fibrous  loam  and  one-half  very 
old  lime  rubbish,  secured  from  some  old,  torn  down 
brick  building,  taking  care  to  sift  from  it  the  fine,  dusty 
particles  to  ensure  material  of  perfect  drainage.  To 
this  may  be  added  good,  clean  sand.  In  potting  Cacti, 
it  is  generally  supposed  that  a  ]>ot  as  large  as  the  body 
of  the  plant  is  sufficient ;  but  it  is  better  to  select  pots 
of  a  rather  larger  size  for  during  the  season  of  growth 
the  plant  must  be  supplied  with  water  and  when  pots 
are  too  small  this  cannot  be  done  In  such  case  the 
plant  has  to  depend  upon 
its  own  resources  In  the 
process  of  potting  fill  the 
pot  one  third  with  rough 
lumps  of  ccke  or  other 
uch  materi  il  on  the  top 
t   whi  h   pi  1  p    1    lihfral 


ui  then 
o  place 
the  cuttings  or  plants 
Take  care  to  plant  very 
litlle  below  the  surface 
1  lire  thit  the    soil   is 

I  II  h  dry  and  carefully 
I  t  un  from  w  itering  for 
me  time  but  if  the 
neither  is  verv  warm  and 
bright  aven  light  sMing 
ing  ma^  be  „iven  once  each 
day  If  pot  are  plunged 
m  open  ground  this  light 
daily  s\  ringing  will  be 
sufficient  until  the  plant 
shows  signs  of  growth 


It  is  a  mistake  to  repot  Cacti  very  often,  unless  the 
roots  have  become  infested  with  mealy  bug  or  other 
pest.  Should  this  occur,  the  plant  must  be  turned  out 
of  the  pot,  roots  thoroughly  washed,  and  planted  in  a 
new  pot  and  in  new  soil.  The  condition  of  the  soil  in 
each  pot  should  be  constantly  and  carefully  examined, 
and  if  the  slightest  sign  of  imperfect  drainage  is  mani- 
fest, the  case  should  receive  prompt  attention. 

In  the  summer  season,  some  persons  turn  their  plants 
out  of  pots  into  the  open  borders.  They  may  do  well 
during  the  season,  but,  as  there  is  more  or  less  danger 
of  bruising  or  injuring  them  in  taking  them  up  from 
open  ground  and  repotting,  the  practice  is  unwise. 
Avoid  inflicting  any  injury  on  the  plants  in  the  late  fall 
or  winter.  It  will  be  found  a  much  safer  practice  to 
plunge  the  plants,  in  their  pots,  in  late  spring  or  as 
soon  as  the  cold  spring  rains  are  over.  Any  warm,  well- 
drained  bed  or  border  may  be  selected  for  this  purpose, 
where  they  may  receive  sunlight  and  perfect  venti- 
lation. 

For  winter  protection,  select  a  naturally  damp  house, 
—  one  with  floor  sunken  two  feet  or  more.  It  should  not 
be  made  wet  by  constant  syringing  or  by  a  leaky  roof, 
but  by  keeping  the  floor  of  the  house  damp,  thus  ren- 
dering it  unnecessary  to  be  constantly  watering  the 
plants.  Let  the  temperature  of  the  house  be  kept  as 
close  as  possible  to  50°,  promptly  ventilating  when  the 
heat  begins  to  increase.  Avoid  all  severe  changes.  Use 
as  mild  a  fire  heat  as  possible  to  be  safe  from  cold. 

Cacti  may  be  propagated  from  seed,  by  division  of 
by  cuttings  or  offsets.  The  most 
tivi-  and  permanently  successful 
■  1,  I'hnits  grown  in  this  way  will 
ill  iwo  ur  three  years,  with  a  fine 
1^  whirli  will  be  a  permanent  source 
-iii^'  ^..•.llings  is  better  than  import- 

lli.  ii.iii  "I  I  .M  ti.  There  would  be 
r  r.ill,.,-iiMii^  ,,(  Cacti  if  persons 
Iiil;    |. hints    from   seed.     The   most 


large  clumps. 


method  is  fi 
furnish  the 
stock  of  tliri 
of  satisfactii 
ing  the  plan 
to  secure   a 


ZOb  CACTUS 

desirable  Cacti  to  be  raised  from  seed  are  Pelecyphora, 
Mamillaria,  Cereus,  Echlnopsis  and  Echinocactus.  When 
raised  from  seed,  any  of  these  may  be  successfully 
grown  as  v,  indow  plants,  with  little  danger  of  loss. 

Perhajps  the  mc.st  easih  giown  of  the  Cactus  family 
are  Opuntias,  hut  tin  sc    ire  not  to  be  recommended  for 


window  culture,  on  account  of  their  full  equipment  of 
barbed  spines.  Cereus  flaf/fllifiirmis,  Rhipsalis,  and 
Epiphyllums  on  their  own  roots,  flourish  well  and  are 
exceedingly  attractive.  But  the  best  of  all  are  the  Phyl- 
locacti  ;  these  are  without  spines,  grow  vigorously,  and 
produce  an  abundance  of  blooms  if  thej*  are  given  a 
sunny  window  and  tin-  iK-c.-^nry  nmomit  of  water. 
Cactuses  generally  :irr  sulij.Tt  t,.  in^.-.-t^  .iiid  fii!ii.'ous 
troubles.  One  of  tli.  mo-t  .■..pimon  |,.vi,  ,,  :,  .,.:,l,-  in- 
sect. The  safes 
clean  them  off  w 
only  moderate 


rs  of 


The  mealy  bug  may  be  easily 
disposed  of  by  dissolving  5  grams  castile  soap  in  hot 
water,  and  adding  IK  quarts  of  alcohol ;  then  add  100 
grams  of  fusel  oil  ;  apply  with  a  very  fine  spray. 

James  Gurney. 

CABIA  (Arabic  name,  Kadi).  Legumindsm,  tribe 
Sophdrete.  About  3  species  of  small  evergreen  trees  of 
Arabia  and  Africa,  remarkable  for  their  regular  mallow- 
like lis. :  Ivs.  pinnate  :  fls.  axillary,  mostly  solitary, 
drooping  ;  stamens  10,  free. 

ptirpiirea,  Forsk.  (C.  fdWa,  L'Her. ).  Lfts.  20^0  pairs, 
very  narrow  :  Hs.  bell-shaped,  pedunculate,  rose-red, 
pretty  ;  not  spiny.    Arabia.— Cult,  in  S.  Calif. 

C.  EUisiAna,  Baker,  has  few  large  Ifts.  and  rose-colored  fls. 
Madag.  B.M.  6685.— C.  piMscens,  Bojer.  Lfts.  8-10  pairs, 
broad-oblong.   Madag. 

CaiSALPlNIA  (Andreas  Cassalpinus,  1519-1603,  Ital- 
ian botanist).  Leguminbsa'.  Brasiletto.  Shrubs  or 
trees,  with  bipinnate  Ivs.  and  racemes  or  panicles  of 
red  or  yellow  lis.,  with  obovate  more  or  less  clawed  pet- 
als, 10  stamens,  and  a  very  long  style.  The  fls.  are  not 
papilionaceous.  The  species,  all  tropical,  are  nearly  50. 
The  genus  yields  tanning  materials  and  dye  stuffs ;  and 
most  of  the  species  are  very  showy  in  flower  and  arc 
favorites  in  tropical  and  semi-tropical  countries.  They 
are  grown  rarely  in  warm  glass  houses.  The  botanical 
status  is  confused.  L.  H   B 


C.ESALPINIA 

some  hours  before  sowing.  A  sandy  soil  should  be 
chosen  for  the  seed-bed,  and  lightly  shaded.  After  the 
plants  show  the  first  true  leaf,  they  should  be  potted 
off  into  small  pots  of  onlin;iry  Kar.l.-n  soil,  not  too  rich, 
made  Hl'IiI  I'\  iIi.  ii.I^lin-iM.f  -  himI  ii"  -r  :i  >  I,,  v  .■\  nature. 
The  l.l:,lif-  -I..        .  !         .;  i"         '  '■■      hnti-d  into 

larijcr    |...t-   ,■!     'h.    '    -     ■    i.. i    ■    .  i .  .  ■  ii.mse  cul- 

size  in  pots.  The  dwarf  species  are  elegant  subjects  for 
subtropical  gardening  during  the  summer  months  in 
temperate  climates,  provided  a  sunny  location  is  given 
them,  as  they  revel  in  rather  dry,  very  warm  soil,  and 
do  not  require  artificial  watering  after  being  established. 
A  rocky,  sunny  situation  may  be  given  C.  pulcherrima 
and  its  variety  fUira,  where  they  will  bloom  during 
many  weeks  of  summer,  until  frost  checks  them,  if 
stroiiir  plants  about  a  foot  high  are  selected  in  early 
sinnni.r.  Ian-  sli.,ukl  be  taken  to  gradually  harden 
«<1T  ]ilaiii~  in  tin-  111. use,  so  that  they  mav  not  be  chilled 
whin  iraiiv|ilaiit.-.l  outdoors.  While  they  will  do  well 
ill  a  |iipor  si.il,  all  application  of  nirniin-i-  nr-  rbi-niical  fer- 
tilizer may  be  given  them  to  ::■' ' ■  ;-in>;  them 

to  make  a  more  vigorous  gri.\>'       .        _  i  n.-r  and 

larger  lieaiis  of  flowers.    In  tin    i      ;  ■    '     :-"  in  sub- 

tropical climates,  these  shriil'-  ..i  i  Hi-  .ir.>  always 
admired  and  are  commonly  planted  fur  ornament.  The 
Royal  Poinciana  (C.  h'egia,  but  properly  Poineiann 
liegia,  which  see),  and  also  the  Dwarf  Poinciana,  or 
Flower -fence  (C.  pulcher-rima),  will  thrive  in  close 
proximity  to  the  sea,  and  are  valuable  for  planting  in 
exposed  coast  situations.  e.  N.  Reasoner. 

A.    Stamens  long-exserted :   fls.  vev}/  shoicy :   frees, 
unarmed  or  nearly  so. 

Gilliesii,  Wall.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  with  very  many 
small,  elliptic  pinnules  :  fls.  light  yellow,  with  brilliant 
red  stamens  protruding  3-5  in.,  in  terminal  racemes  ; 
sepals  hairy-fringed.  S.  Amer.  B.M.  4006,  as  Poinci- 
ana GilUesii,  Book.  P.S.  1:61.  R.H.  1893,  400.  G.C. 
in.  15:73.— Endures  mild  winters.  A  very  showy  and 
worthy  plant. 

pulohAnima,  Swtz.  Barbadoes  Pride.  Barbadoes 
Flower-fence.  Dwarf  Poinciana.  Shrub,  with  deli- 
cate, evergreen,  mimosa-like  Ivs.,  few  scattered  prickles, 
and  very  gaudy  red  and  yellow  crisped  fls.  on  the  ends 
of  the  new  growth  :  stamens  and  style  red,  and  long- 
exserted.  Generally  distributed  in  the  tropics.  B.  M. 
995.  — One  of  the  most  popular  shrubs  in  warm  climates, 
as  S.  Fla.  and  S.  Calif.  There  is  a  var.  fUva,  with  yel- 
low fls. 


Lfts.  small,  H-l  in.  long,  very  obtuse. 
c.  Shrub,  unarmed. 
randegee.  Shrub,  2^  ft.,  with  slender 
branches  clothed  with  white,  deciduous  bark  ;  Ivs.  de- 
compound ;  pinnee  2-4,  each  with  4-6  oblong  and  retuse 
lfts.  :  fls.  yellow,  showy  ;  pod  glandular,  1-2-seeded. 
Lower  Calif.— A  rapid -growing  species,  recently  dis- 
covered and  introduced  to  the  trade. 

cc.    Shrubs  or  trees,  prickly. 

D.   Pod  smooth:  shrubs. 

sepi&ria,  Roxbg.     Pinnules  about  10  pairs,   oblong, 

rounded  on  both  ends  :   fls.  yellow.    India.  — Furnishes 

dye  wood  ;  also  used  as  a  hedge  plant. 

Jap6nica,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Loose,  spreading  shrub,  armed 
with  stout,  recurved  prickles  :  pinnules  7-9  pairs,  ob- 
long, very  obtuse  :  fls.  in  large,  panicle-like  clusters, 
canary-yellow,  the  stamens  bright  red.  Japan.  Gn. 
40:837.  J.H.III,  34:  .531.  — Endures  the  winters  in  some 
parts  of  England.  The  hardiest  species  of  the  genus, 
probably  hardy  as  far  north  as  Washington.  D.C. 
DD.  Pod  prickly  :  tree. 
eclun4ta,  Lam.  Tree,  with  prickly  branches,  blunt, 
elliptic,  shining,  alternate  lfts.,  yellow  fls.,  and  spiny 
pods;  stamens  shorter  than  the  petals.  Brazil. —  Yields 
dye  wood. 


C^SALPINIA 

BB.    L(ts  IS  in.long,  acute  or  miicronulate: 
pod  prickly. 

Mlnax,  Hance.  Diffuse  shrub,  thorny:  pinnse  10,  with 
12-20  ovate-lanceolate  glabrous  Ifts.,  1-lK  in.  long  :  ra- 
cemes panicled,  many-fld.,  with  very  large  bracts  :  fls. 
white  and  purple:  pods  7-seeded  (seeds  large  and  black), 
spiny.    China. 

B6nduc,  Rosbg.  Climbing  shrub,  with  prickly,  pubes- 
cent Ivs.,  oblong-ovate  mucronate  Ifts.,  1^-3  in.  long, 
vellow  fls.,  and  a  few  large  yellow  seeds  in  a  short, 
prickly  pod.    Tropics  ;  S.  Fla. 

C.  hijiiga,  Swtz.  (Acacia  Bancrottiana,  Bert.).  Spiny  shrub, 
with  ultimate  Ifts.  in  2  pairs  :  fls.  paniculate.  Jamaica.— C 
Rigia,  Dietr,=Poinciana  Regia. 

L.  H.  B.  and  Alfred  Rehder. 

CAHOUN.     Consult  ^«a?eff   Cohunc. 

CAJANUS  (aborifiinal  nam.).  /;,  ,/«,»,«,«.,■.  Tropical 
shrub  with  piuual.-.   :'.-f..li"lati.  Ivs..    •  ,ll..w  p.apiliona- 

the  following  : 

tndicus,  Spreng.  A  shrub  with  yellow  and  maroon 
(is.,  blooming  all  through  the  year,  and  bearing  a  con- 
tinuous crop  of  highly  nutritious  peas.  Lfts.  elliptic- 
oblong.  Plant  more  or  less  hairy.  Grows  from  4-10  ft. 
high,  very  diffuse  and  spreading.  Much  cult,  in  the 
tropics  for  the  seeds  or  pulse.  It  varies  greatly  in 
stature  and  in  character  of  seeds  :  C.  flcivus.  DC,  has 
yellow  fls.  and  2-:.i-seeded  pods  which  are  not  .spotted  ; 
C.  Iitcolor,  DC,  has  red-striped  fls.,  and  +-.".  s,-r,l..,l  pods 
which  are  spotted:  see  B.M.6440  and  K.ll.  If-.  I:  I:i0. 
Usually  treated  as  an  annual.  Probably  nativ  i.i  t  hi- 
nese  territory.  Known  under  many  lo'-al  nanns,  as 
Pigeon  Pea  Congo  Pea   Dhal    Toor  and  others, 

CALABASH  GOURD     See  Lajenana 


CALADIUM  (  irigin    f  n  n       h     ur 
bi  e  us    perenni  il  t  1 

petuled  l\s    with       1     j    I        1  1 

casia  in  floral  chdi  i  t  i         \ 
Trop  Amer     Two  of  the  sj 
and  many  named  horticultu 
Eugler  m  DC  Monog  Phni 
In  Caladium    propagati  i 
the  t  il  ers  at  the    1  eginnin,,     t    tl 
nhi  hi     ibout  the  fii  t  of  March      Tl 
to  thini  lb  a  mixture  of  hbr  us  lo  i 
an  1  well  rotted  c  w  ci    si  eej    m« 
with  a  spi  inkling    f      i  1     11    1     Tl 
potted   at  first   in  11    ] 

accommodate  then  lit      I 

thev  require  it     Bi  t  I     I 
roots  till  active  gi      tl 
develop  thej   re  1 1  i 
atmosphere    such 
necessary  for  then   1 
be  shaded  from  Ir  ^1  t  II  \ 

m  the  fall   water  shoul  lie  I 

at  no  time  must  the  tubers  1  1 1 
dr\  Caladiums  should  be  k  j  t 
pots  in  which  they  have  be  i 
m  some  convenient  place  in  a  temper  i 
50°  or  more  than  60° 


)    A>'>ideie    Her 

rge   rhizcmes    or 

\     marked     1  ng 

>iiters  from  C  olo 

I  I  ecies  in 

I     ^arlable, 

1  e  trade 

F  S  13 

1  1  n  ot 


iture  n  t  less  than 
E  J  CA^NIN& 
PiNCYi,EA\ED  CALADinib  —  As  soou  as  the  plants 
begin  to  lose  their  leaves  in  the  fall  water  should 
gradually  be  withheld  until  the  leaves  are  all  gone 
The  pots  should  then  be  removed  to  a  position  under  a 
bench  and  laid  on  their  sides  or  taken  from  the  soil 
and  placed  m  sand  During  the  resting  period  they 
should  not  be  subjected  to  a  lower  temperature  thin  C0° 
F  and  kept  neither  too  wet  nor  too  dry  Al  out  the  I  e 
ginning  of  March  the  tubers  should  he  started  f  ji  the 
earliest  hatch  to  be  grown  in  pots.  Arrange  the  tubers 
in  their  sizes.  an<l  keep  each  size  by  itself.  The  largest 
sized  tubn-s  will  start  quickest,  and  it  is  desirable  to  be- 
gin with  ili.sc  t(ir  pot  plants.  Start  them  in  chopped 
m.is-  in  lMi\es.  rhe  tubersmay  be  arranged  pretty  close 
togithir  in  the  bus,  and  merely  covered  over  with  the 


CALADIUM  207 


moss  to  the  depth  of  about  an  inch.  The  new  roots  are 
made  from  the  top  part  of  the  tuber,  so  it  is  important 
that  this  part  should  be  covered  to  encourage  the  roots. 
For  starting,  a  heat  varying  between  70°  and  85°  will 
suffice.  As  soon  as  a  healthy  lot  of  roots  make  their 
appearance,  the  plants  sh"iili|  Im-  iH.tt.-d,  nsii,L'  as  small 
sized  pots  as  possible.  'I'h.  -,,il  imi  iin-  i.i  1 1 1-  should 
be  principally  leaf -mold,         i      :         !  In  short 

time  they  will  need  an.,  ,.nhl  on 

this  occasion  be  a  littli-  sin,nj,i'  ;  l:  i , .  ,i  jim-itioh  near 
the  glass,  and  shade  from  strung  sunshine.  New  forms 
are  raised  from  seed,  this  operation  being  an  exceed- 
ingly easy  one  with  the  Caladium,  as  they  cross-fertilize 
very  readily.  The  flowers,  unlike  those  of  the  Anthu- 
rium,  are  moncecious,  the  females  ripening  first.  To 
pollinate  them,  part  of  the  spathe  must  be  cut  away. 
(seedlings  at  first  have  the  foliage  green,  and  it  is  not 
until  the  fifth  or  sixth  leaf  has  been  developed  that 
they  show  their  gaudy  colorings.  Propagation  of  the 
kinds  is  effected  by  dividing  the  old  tubers,  the  cut  sur- 
faces of  which  should  be  well  dusted  with  powdered 
charcoal  to  prevent  decay.  As  bedding  plants,  the  fancy- 
leaved  Caladiums  are  gradually  getting  more  popular. 
To  have  them  at  their  best  for  this  purpose,  the  ground 
should  be  worked  for  some  time  previous  to  planting 
out,  with  a  goodly  quantity  of  bone  meal  incorporated 
with  the  soil.  The  tubers  are  best  put  out  in  a  dormant 
state,  as  then  they  make  very  rapid  progress,  and  eventu- 
ally make  finer  plants  than  when  they  are  first  started 
in  the  greenhouse,  as  by  this  system  they  are  too  apt  to 
sustain  a  check  in  the  hardening-off  process,  and  lose 
their  leaves.  The  fine,  highly  colored  kinds  are  not  so 
well  suited  for  outdoor  work  as  those  having  green  pre- 
dominating in  the  foliage,  but  some  of  the  kinds,  such 
as  Dr.  Lindley  and  Rosini,  do  remarkably  well.  Fre- 
quent watering  with  manure  water  is  absolutely  neces- 
sar\  to  the  development  of  the  foliage  both  outdoors 
•"Id  '1  G  W  Olher 

«ieties   mo  t  of  which 


The   following  specie 


/  41     lubi 

cuni         I  1         igit 

tTt   I  s    I         I     -Kku, 

1     s        I  \j                      I    Stan 

geanun       1  s                            1     tlnipe 

(ft  t  im          tran  pueu      1  Ti    uhetskoyi    ob      \  ellozi 

inum  9    \  erschaffeltii  ii  i   ndissimum  55,  Wagneti, 
31     Tf  illiu   18    Wightii  44 

It  -nill  1  e    een  tbit  ni  st  f  the  lultnated  Caladiums 

are  c   1    1  1        1  t     1      t  til                i   \  t     ,     I      i 

tin       Oil  I      1     I          L,  list 


A     h!it    I  ot  at  all  peltate   obliquely  elliptical  oiate 

1.  Schdmburgkii,  Schott.  Petiole  slender,  4  times 
longer  than  the  blade,  sheathed  J^  its  length  ;  blade 
obliquely  elliptical-ovate ;  midrib  and  4-5  acutely  ascend- 
ing primary  nerves  silvery,  pale,  or  red;  sparsely  spot- 
ted above,  paler  beneath.  French  Guiana  to  Para.  —  Runs 
into  the  following  forms : 


208  CALADIUM 

(1)    reins  red. 

2.  Var.  marmdreum,  Engl.  Blade  dull  green,  with 
brownish  red  nerves,  bordered  with  yellow. 

3.  Var.  erytlirium,  Engl.  (<7.  6>7^»^^tei•),Lem.  C.cor- 
dAtum,HoTt.).    Midribs  and  nerves  red.    I. H.  8:297. 

4.  Var.  piotum,  Engl.  With  white  or  red  spots  between 
the  red  veins.    S  Amer. 

(2)    I'eins  silvery  or  green. 

5.  Var.  argyronetirum,  Engl.  (C.  argyroneitrnn,  C. 
Koch.  C.  Schdllerij'Liem.).  Midrib  and  veins  silvery. 
I.H.  8:297. 

6.  Var.  subrotiindum,  Encrl.  (C.subrotiindum,  Lem.). 
Leaf -blade  rouml.il  at  th.-  Iia^p.  or  shortly  cordate,  with 
white  or  red  spui^.     I'i:i/.il. 


narmoratum,  .Ma 


l,',;-isi„  Jiceslii,  Bull.  C. 
thripeih'sliim.  Lcni.  I.  I'lticilc-  i-yliiiilrii-al,  12-16  in.  long, 
twice  as  Imij;  as  tljc  bladi-,  variegated;  blade  dark  green, 
with  irregular  gray,  yellowish  green  and  snow-white 
spots,  glaucous-green  beneath,  sagittate-oblong-ovate, 
the  upper  lobe  semi-ovate,  slightly  cuspidate,  the  basal 
ones  unequal,  %  or  ^  as  long  as  the  upper,  connate 
%-%  their  length.    Equador.    I.H.  5.  p.  .19. 


310.  Caladium  bicolor.  var.  Chantini.    (No.  17.) 
BB.    Leaf  ovate-triangular,  or  ovate-sagittate. 

8.  bicolOT, Vent.  {Arum  bicolor, Ait.).  Fig.  310.  Peti- 
ole smooth,  3-7  tiim  -  a-  l"ii-  as  the  blade,  pruinose  to- 
ward the  apex  ;  I  Int.  i\  ai.  -asrittate,  or  ovate-triangu- 
lar,variegated  ali".  •  .  lIui  ■.m.  luneath;  upper  lobe  semi- 
ovate,  narrowiii;,-  ^ia.|iiall>  i^  a  .'uspidate  point,  the  basal 
ones  ii  to  but  littli  -Ihii.  a-  than  the  upper,  oblong-ovate, 
obtuse,  connati-  1  .'i-'  tli, n-  l.tigth.  S.  Amer.  Intro- 
duced into  cult,  ill  177;.  K .  .M .  820.  —  Very  common  in 
cult.,  furnishin:;  inaux  .ii  ilir  fancy-leaved  Caladiums. 
The  marked  varieties  are  as  t'uUows: 

(1|  Leaf-blade  and  veins  of  one  color. 

9.  Var.  Vellozitoam,  Engl.  ( C.  VelloziAnum,  Schott. 
C.  Piirdieiniim,  Schott.  C.  pitslllum,  C.  Koch.  C. 
Sprucednum,  Schott.  C.  firmulnm,  Schott).  Leaf- 
blade  dark  green  above  ;  basal  lobes  connate  past  the 
middle.    Brazil,  Peru.    R.B.  10: 169. 

(2)  Leaf-blade  more  or  less  variegated. 
(a)    With  a  colored  disc. 
(b)  Vise  transparent. 

10.  Var.  transpirens,  Engl.  {C.  transpdrens,  Hort.). 
Blade  with  a  pale  green,  nearly  transparent  disc  ;  mid- 
rib and  primary  veins  red-purple. 


CALADIUM 

11.  Var.  rubicundum,  Engl.  ( C.  bicolor,  Kunth).  Peti- 
ole green,  or  variegated  green  and  violet;  blade  green, 
with  a  red,  transparent,  central  disc,  and  a  very  narrow 
red  line  between  the  disc  and  the  margin. 

(bb)  Disc  ,'j,„,j,ic. 

(C)    Purple   ,l,sr. 

12.  Var.  Baraquinii,  En^'l.  (C  Hu,;i.,,ni,ii.  Hort.). 
Petiole  violet;  blade  with  a  ]mrplc-n(l  .lisc;  beautiful 
green  between  the  disc  and  margin ;  nerves  and  midrib 
red-violet.    Para.    I.H.  7:  257.    F.S.  13:1378. 

13.  Var.  K6tteleri,  Engl.  ( 6'.  KMeleri.  Hort.).  Peti- 
ole crimson,  variegated  toward  the  base  ;  blade  with 
purple  disc,  midrib  and  primary  veins,  sparsely  marked 
between  the  veins  with  many  small,  rosy  spots. 

(cc)  Sed  disc. 
U.  Var.  8pI6ndens,  Engl.  ( C.  rbseum,  Hort.  C.  spUn- 
dens,  Hort.).  Petiole  green  below,  red  above  ;  blade 
with  a  red  disc  at  the  middle  ;  midvein  and  primary 
veins  red-purple  ;  green  between  the  nerves  and  along 
the  margin.    L.  4. 

15.  Var.  L^opoldi,  Engl.  (V.  Leopoldi,  Hort.  C. 
Gcerdtii,  G.  Koch.  C.  Bogieri,  Ch.  &  hem.).  Petiole 
violet  beneath,  red-purple  above  ;  blade  with  a  broad, 
reddish  disc  ;  margin  green,  red  spotted  ;  midrib  and 
primary  veins  dark  red-purple.    Para,  1864. 

16.  Var.  albomactiljltain,  Engl.  (C  Alfred  Bleu). 
Petiole  green  ;  blade  green,  with  red  disc,  midrib  and 
primary  veins,  and  marked  clear  to  the  margin  with 
many  large,  white  spots  between  the  nerves. 

(ccc)  Sose  disc. 

17.  Var.  ChAntini,  Engl.  (C.  Chantini,  Lem.  C.  Con- 
nartii,  Kort.  V.amaentim,  Hort.  C.  MartersteigiAnum, 
Hort.  C.punctatissimiim.  Hort.  C.  Haage&num,  Hort.). 
Fig.  310.  Petiole  more  or  less  violet ;  blade  broadly 
red-purple  along  the  midrib  and  primary  nerves,  rosy 
nt  the  center,  and  with  very  numerous,  unequal  spots 
between  the  nerves  clear  to  the  marginal  vein.  1.  H. 
5:185.  P.  S.  13:1350, 1351.  B.  M.  5255.  B.  L.  PI.  19 
(1891).    Para,  1858.    A.F.8:129. 

(cccc)  Light  green  disc. 

18.  Var.Honliaii,  Engl.  (C.jffo«iM(M,  Lem.  C.Moore- 
d««m,Hort. ).  Petiole  green,  the  sheath  and  a  little  of 
the  base  violet-variegated  ;  basal  lobes  of  the  blade 
somewhat  introrse,  rounded,  connate  % ;  blade  obscurely 
green  toward  the  margin,  the  midrib  and  primary  veins 
slightly  reddish,  and  with  a  pale  disc  marked  with  many 
irregular  white  spots. 

(aa)    Without  a  colored  disc. 

(b)  Margins  colored  throughout. 

(c)  Bed  margin. 

19.  Var.  maTginilttun,  Engl.  {C.  tnargindtum,  C. 
Koch).  Blade  dark  green,  with  a  red  line  on  the  outer 
"^'•e"'-  (cc)    Vellou- margin. 

20.  Var.  Krameriinum,  Engl.  (C  KrameriAnum, 
Hort.).    Veins  purple  ;  yellow  margin. 

21.  Var.  StangeAnum,  Engl.  (f.  StangeAnum.  C. 
Koch).  Blade  reddish;  green  along  the  narrow  mar- 
gin, yellowish  toward  the  margin. 

(ccc)   Solid  white  margin. 

22.  Var. Ferrierii,  Engl.  (C.  PerneVi,  Lem.).  Petiole 
violet-black  ;  blade  dull  green,  with  many  red-purple 
spots,  and  white  along  the  margin.    Brazil,  1861. 

(cccc)  Spotted  margin. 

23.  Var.  Eckhartii,  Engl.  ((7.  .fi/cfc/iflW/i,  Hort.).  Peti- 
ole violet-blotched  at  the  base,  green  above  the  middle; 
blade  green,  with  few  rosy  spots  along  the  margin,  and 
small  white  ones  in  tin-  niidillc. 

24.  Var.  HSndersoni,  t;iii:i.  i  r.  //.„./,  ,sr,«i.  Hort.). 
Petiole  variegated  \i..l,t  ami  :.'n  ■  ,|.  r, ddish  toward  the 
apex  ;  blade  mostly  Lnaa-u.  rtMldish  next  the  lower  parts 
of  the  nerves  ;  midrib  and  primary  veins  red-purple 
spotted  ;  small  red  spots  along  the  margin. 

25.  Var.  Sieboldii,  Engl.  (C.  Sieboldii.  Hort.).  Peti- 
ole violet  and  green,  reddish  toward  the  apes  ;  basal 
lobes  of  the  leaf  somewhat  introrse,  connate  Vi  their 


CALADIUM 

length,  dark  green  ;  midrib  and  primary'  veins  beauti- 
fully red-purple  spotted,  and  a  very  narrow  white  bor- 
der, marked  with  small,  purple-red  spots.    A. P.  8: 127. 
(CCCCC)  Purple  margin. 

■Iti.  V'ar.  Houbyinum,  Engl.  {C.  Houhij&num,  Hort.). 
Petiole  dirtv  green  on  the  lower  surface,  bright  red 
above  ;  blade  bright  green,  with  large  pale  spots,  and 
small  red-purple  ones  between  the  midrib  and  primary 
veins  ;  a  red-purple  spot  above  the  insertion  of  the  peti- 
ole, and  a  pale  purple  line  around  the  margin. 

■li.  Var.  pellilcidum,  Engl.  (C.  peUucidum,  DC). 
Petiole  reddish,  variegated  with  violet ;  blade  broadly 
reddish  purple  spotted  along  the  midrib  and  primary 
veins,  and  more  or  less  marked  with  transparent,  red- 
dish purple  spots  between  the  primary  veins  ;  a  contin- 
uous purple  line  along  the  outer  margin. 

(bb|   Onhi  the  margin  of  the  basal  sinus  colored. 

28.  Var.  Devosianum,  Engl.  (O.  Devosidniim,  Lem. 
C.  Wdllixl.  Hort.  C.  ononis.  Hort.).  Petiole  green; 
blade  bright  i;rie\i,  with  Mnall,  irregular  white  spots  be- 
tween the  niidrili  and  primary  veins,  and  a  narrow 
crimson  IjortU-r  at  the  sinus.    Para.    I.H.  0;  !^'2'2. 

■zy.  Var.  haematostigmatum,  Engl.  i''.  l,,i  iinii,>si!ii- 
mal„m,  Kth.  C.  peltiieidKm.  DC.],  r. ,/,,..  „/,.,•.  }|..rt.l. 
Petiole  violet  ;  blade  dark  green,  with  a  iMiriiU-  Im.-  on 
the  basal  sinus,  and  sparsely  marked  with  blood  red 
spots.    Para. 

:m.  Var.  poecile,  Engl.  {C.poec'ile,  Schott.  U.pallidi- 
nh-vium,  Hort.).  Petiole  reddish  brown,  or  closely 
streaked-variegated  ;  blade  dark  green  ;  midrib  and 
primary  veins  paler,  often  whitish  ;  a  red-purple  spot 
where  the  petiole  joins  the  blade,  narrowly  purple-mar- 
gined in  the  sinus.    Brazil. 

31.  Var.  regile,  Encrl.  (''.  reqiHe.  Lem.  C.  Wdgneri, 
Hort.  C.  Sii mm m. '„.■<.■.  Mu].  <\  s.nilfttefdlium,  Sieb.). 
Blade  bright  u'r.-ni.  ].iir|.|.  iii:ir:.'in.-.l  at  the  sinus,  every- 
where mark,  d  witli  ^Tiiail,  .oiitltiont  white  spots.  West 
Indies,  1710.    I.H. '.i:  .tic. 

(bbb)  Xo  colored  disc  or  colored  margin. 
(c)   Variegated  green  blade. 

32.  Var.  Brongnidrtii,  Engl.  {C.  Brongnidrtii.Ijem.). 
Very  large  ;  petiole  variegated  violet  and  green,  red- 
dish toward  the  apex  ;  blade  green,  except  along  the 
nerves  below,  where  it  is  colored  reddish,  paler  green 
between  the  primary  nerves,  deep  green  toward  the 
mririiin  :  v.  ins  and  nerves  red-purple.  Brazil-Para, 
l,s:,s.    K.s.  i:;:  i:;is,i349.   I.H.5,p.58. 

:(:;.   \'ar.  mirabile.  Engl.  (C  rniraftiJe,  Lem.).    Petiole 
griM'ii  ;  hladi-  Lriirht  green,  densely  covered  with  large 
and  small   irregular  pale  green  spots  between  the  pri- 
mary nerves  and  midvein.    Para.    I. H.  10:354. 
(cc)  Blue-green  blade. 

34.  Var.  pictum,  Kunth  (C.  plctum,  DC).  Petiole 
greenish,  variegated  beneath  ;  basal  lobes  connate  1-5 
their  length  ;  blade  thin,  blue-green,  marked  with 
large,  irregular,  usually  confluent,  pale  yellowish  semi- 
transparent  spots.    L.  43. 

(ccc)   Colorless  blade. 

35.  Var.  DucMrtrei,  Engl. (C.X>Hcftrfrtrei, Hort.).  The 
long  petiole  green  above,  variegated  below  the  middle 
with  violet-black  ;  blade  colorless,  except  the  midrib  and 
all  the  veins,  or  here  and  there  pale  rosy  or  red  spotted, 
or  even  more  or  less  dirty  green.   A.F.  8: 129. 

(cccc)  Solid  green  blade. 
(d)  JJarlc  green. 

36.  Var.  argyrbspilum,  Engl.  (C  argyrdspilum, 
Lem.).  Petiole  grayish  red,  sparsely  and  finely 
streaked  ;  blade  a  most  beautiful  green,  with  a  crimson 
spot  at  the  middle,  and  with  many  small  white  spots 
between  the  primary  veins.    Para.    F.S.  13:  1346,1347. 

37.  Var.  Curwidlii,  Engl.  (C.  Curwddlii,  Hort.). 
Petiole  greenish,  slightly  violet-blotched  toward  the 
base  ;  blade  reddish  purple  along  the  midrib  and  pri- 
mary veins,  marked  between  the  veins  with  large  white 
spots,  otherwise  dark  green. 

14 


CALADIUM 


209 


38.  Var.  Kdchii,  Engl.  (C.  Kdchii,  Hort.).  Leaf- 
blade  more  rounded,  dark  green,  with  small  white  spots 
midway  between  the  midrib  and  margin.    Para,  1862. 

39.  Var.  macrophyllimi,  Engl.  (C.  macrnphijUum, 
Lem.  C.  griseo-arginteum,  Hort.).  Petiole  green; 
blade  dark  green,  marked  everywhere  with  many  small, 
scarcely  confluent  white  or  slightly  rosy  spots.  Para, 
1862.    I.H.9:316. 

40.  Var.  Neilmannii,  Engl.  {C.  Neiimannii,  Lem.). 
Petiole  green  ;  blade  very  beautiful  dark  green,  with 
scarcely  paler  veins,  marked  between  the  primary  veins 
with  large  and  small  white-margined,  reddish  purple 
spots.    F.S.  13:1352,  1353.    B.M.  5199. 

(dd)  Light  green. 
(e)  Not  spotted. 

41.  Var.  rub^Uum,  Engl.  (  C.  ruhfllum,  Hort.  C.  Beich- 
enbachiAnum,  Stangl.).  BUade  green,  with  reddish 
purple  midrib  and  primary  veins. 

42.  Var.  rubrovdnium,  Engl.  (''.  nihrnrhiinni.  Hort. 
Crubronirvium.  Hort.).  Petiol,-  van.  -air, I  -r.-en  and 
violet;  blade  small,  oblong-ovniil.  th.  Iia-r.l  lol,,  k  some- 
what introrse,  obtuse,  connate  almost  to  tli.-  middle, 
pale  caulescent  or  red-green  along  the  midrib  and  pri- 
mary veins  ;  veins  pale  red  or  scarlet.    Para,  1862. 

(ee)  Spotted. 
(f)    With  white  spots. 

43.  Var.  Lauche&nuin,  Engl.  (C.  Lauchednum,  C. 
Koch).  Blade  bright  green,  with  white  spots  at  the 
middle. 

(ffl    With  purple  and  white  spots. 

44.  Var.  Wightii,  Engl.  {C.  Wlghtii,  Hort.).  Petiole 
pale  green  ;  blade  very  beautiful  green,  marked  be- 
tween the  primary  veins  with  large,  red-purple  and 
small  white  spots.    French  Guiana. 


311.  Caladii 


picturatum,  var.  Belleymei.     (No.  49.) 


(fff )    With  red  or  crimson  spots. 

45.  Var.  Enkeinum,  Engl.  (C.  UnkeHnnm,  C  Koch). 
Blade  bright  green,  marked  with  large  and  small  red 
spots. 

46.  Var.  Llndeni,  Engl.  (C.  lAndeni,  Hort.).  Blade 
bright  green,  with  confluent  small  red  spots. 

47.  Var.  VerschaH^ltii,  Engl.  (C.  Verschaffmn, 
Lem.).  Petiole  pale  green  ;  blade  very  beautiful  green, 
with  few  irregular  crimson  spots.  I. H. 5:185.  B.M.  5263. 
L.46. 

BBB.  Blade  lanceolate-sagittate. 

48.  picturatum,  C.  Koch.  Petioles  usually  green, 
variegated  below,  elongated  ;  blade  lanceolate-sagittate, 
cuspidate  and  submucronate  at  the  apex,  the  upper  lobe 
nearly  triangular,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  basal  lobes 
over  half  as  long,  lanceolate  subacute,  connate  1-6-Ji 
their  length,  separated  by  a  triangular  sinus  ;  primary 


210 


CALADIUM 


lateral  veins  4-7,  erect-spreading  or  spreading.  Brazil.  — 
Variable,  furnishing  many  of  the  faney-leaved  Caladi- 
ums. 

(1)   Transparent  white  blade. 

49.  Var.  Belleymei,  Engl.  (Ci^eiiei^mu,  Hort.).    Fig. 

311.    Petiole  greenish  above,  variegated  violet  beneath; 

blade  slenderly  hastate-sagittate,  white,  translucent  ex- 


cept the  green  veins  and  nerves,  with  small  green  spots 

along  the  margin  ;  basal   lobes  1-5,  or  rarely  H  or  M 

connate.    Para.    I.H.7:252.    A. P.  8:127. 

(2)  Pale  green  blade. 

(a)   With  transparent  blotches. 

50.  Var.  hastAtum,  Engl.  (C.  hastdfiim,  Lem.|.  Peti- 
ole long,  stout,  white,  violet-spotted  ;  blade  hastate- 
sagittate,  slightly  contracted  above  the  lobes  ;  dull,  pale 
green,  very  irregularly  marked  with  transparent  blotches ; 
basal  lobe  %  connate,  crimson  margined  in  the  sinus. 
Para. 

(aa)   Opaque. 

51.  Var.  albostriitulum,  Engl.  Blade  greenish  white 
along  the  midrib  and  veins,  white-striped  and  dotted 
between  the  nerves. 

52.  Var.  Osyinum,  C.  Koch.  Blade  white  along  the 
midrib  and  primary  veins,  with  purple  spots  between 
the  veins. 

53.  Var.  porphyToneilTOn,  Engl.  (C.  porphyroneitron, 
O.Koch.  (7.  (■«;)/■«  i(»i,  Hort.  AlocAsia  porphyroneura, 
Lera.).  Petiole  pale  reddish,  variegated  with  dull  vio- 
let ;  blade  broadly  hastate-sagittate,  dull,  pale  green, 
slightly  reddish  on  the  veins,  opaque  basal  lobes  1-6-^ 
connate.    Peru  and  Brazil.    I.H.  8:  297. 

(3)  Dark  green  blade. 

54.  Var.  Megans,  Engl.  Petiole  rosy,  greenish  below, 
variegated  ;  blade  narrowly  hastate-sagittate,  slightly 
contracted  above  the  lobes,  dark  green  above,  broadly 
red  or  purple  next  the  midrib  and  primary  lateral  veins; 
basal  lobes  1-5  connate. 

55.  Var.  Lemaireanum,  Engl.  ( 0.  Lemairednum,  Barr. 
C.  pictiirntnm  ,i ll,i nrrriiim.  C.  Koch.  C.  picturAtum 
viridis.^iiiiKHi.i'.  Ki>,-lii.  Blade  shaped  like  preceding, 
dark  greeu  ;  midrili  und  primary  veins  pale  green  or 
white.    S.Amer.,18Ul.    I.H.  9:311. 

56.  Var.  TroubStskoyi,  Engl.  ( C.  TroubUskoyi,  Chan- 
tin.  C.  AppuniAnum,  Hort.).  Petiole  red,  variegated; 
blade  very  narrowly  hastate-sagittate,  slightly  con- 
tracted above  the  lobes,  dark  green  above,  broadly 
marked  with  pale  red  along  the  midrib  and  primary 
veins,  and  with  scattered,  transparent,  small  white  or 
rose  spots.    F.S.  13:  1379. 


CALA.MOVILFA 
BBBB.  Blade  oblong-ovnte,  or  oblong:  plant  small. 
57.  Hlimboldtti,  Schott  (C  argyrites,  Lem.|.  Fig. 
312.  Petiole  slender,  variegated,  2-3  times  longer  than 
the  blade  ;  sheath  slender,  narrow;  blade  oblong-ovate, 
or  oblong,  green  along  the  margin,  midrib  and  primary 
veins,  with  many  large  and  small  transparent  spots  be- 
tween ;  shortly  and  very  acutely  acuminate,  the  apical 
lobe  oblong-ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  or  ovate- 
triangular,  obtuse  basal  ones  ;  basal  lobes  ^  connate, 
separated  by  an  obtuse  triangular  sinus,  the  3^  primary 
veins  of  the  apical  lobe  uniting  in  a  collective  nerve  re- 
mote from  the  margin.  Brazil.  I.H.5:18d.  F.S. 13:1345. 
Gng.3:279.    A.F.10:197.    L.  22. 


Jared  G.  Smith. 

CALAMAGB6STIS  (Greek  for  reed  grass}.  Gra- 
in in., i.  Heed  Bent-grass.  A  genus  of  perennial  grasses 
with  rniiiniig  rootstocks.  Very  similar  to  Agrostis,  but 
spikclcfs  usually  larger.  Can  be  distinguished  from  it 
by  the  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  fl. -glume, 
and  the  flowering  axis  continued  beyond  the  palet. 
Spikelets  1-flowered  (rarely  an  aborted  or  second  flower 
present).  Glumes  3,  the  first  two  nearly  equal  and 
empty,  the  third,  or  fl. -glume,  awned  on  the  back,  usu- 
ally below  the  middle.  Species  about  120,  very  widely 
distributed  over  the  world  in  the  temperate  aiid  arctic 
zones  and  on  the  high  mountains  of  the  tropics.  For 
V.  brei-ii)ilis,  see  Calamovilfa. 

Canadensis,  Beauv.  Blue-joint  Grass.  Very  com- 
mon in  the  northern  and  northwestern  states,  usually 
growing  in  moist  meadows  and  swales.  Under  such 
conditions  it  yields  a  large  amount  of  indifferent  hay, 
which  is  used  in  some  places.  It  is  not  used  for  horti- 
cultural purposes.  This  species  grows  3-5  ft.,  and  has 
flat,  glaucous-blue  Ivs. :  panicle  oblong,  becoming  open  • 
upper  glume  weak-awned  near  the  middle. 

Btricta,  Beauv.  (C.  negUcta,  Gtertn.).  Pony  Grass. 
A  rather  slender,  erect  perennial,  with  narrow  leaves 
and  a  contracted,  densely-flowered  panicle,  3-C  in.  long: 
fl. -glume  about  %  as  long  as  the  second  empty  glume, 
and  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  basal  hairs  ;  awn 
bent,  exceeding  the  glume.  Northern  U.S. -A  varie- 
gated form  has  been  brought  into  cultivation  for  orna- 
mental purposes.  „    „    t- 

^     ^  P.  B.  Kennedy. 

CALAMlNTHA  (Old  Greek  name,  meaning  beautiful 
mini].  Lithii'ilit .  Various  species  of  herbs  or  very  small 
shrubs.  2  or  :i  id  them  occasionally  grown  in  borders  for 
their  lis.  and  aroTiiMtii'  fi-;iL'v:»ncc.  Calyx  2-lipped,  ob- 
long or  tubular:  '-im 
erally  exceeding  tin 
larged  ;  stamens  1:1 
whorls,  which  are  ii^i 
spike.    Plants  mostly 


,'ht  tube,  and  gen- 
>at  commonly  en- 
npper  lip  :  fls.  in 
a  long  interrupted 
gions,  and  of  easy 
jlture.  The  cult,  kinds  are  perennial,  more  or  less 
hairy,  mint-like  herbs,  1-3  ft.  high. 

grandiil6ra,  Mcench.  Lvs.  ovate,  serrated  :  stems  de- 
cumbent, branching  from  the  base  :  fls.  in  axillary 
whorls,  quite  large,  \%  in.  long,  with  a  straight  tube  ; 
upper  lip  flattened,  purple  ;  June-July  ;  h.  9-12  in 
Europe  ;  this  and  C.  iilp)tia.  Lam.,  which  is  smaller  in 
all  its  parts,  are  thf  twn  hi«t  sppcies  for  garden  use. 
C.  officinAlis,  Mcen.'li ,  th.-  .oniini.ti  Calamint  of  Eu.,  is 
sometimes  seen  in  tjar.l.  ii<,  iLinuan  old  domestic  medi- 
cinal plant.  It  has  l.m:.'.  as.,  inliiig  branches,  ovate 
crenate-serrate  Its.,  and  luw-dd.  cymes  :  1-3  ft. 

J.  B.  Keller. 
CALAMOViLFA  (Calamos,  reed,  and  Vilfa,  a  kind  of 
grass).  Oramlnece.  A  genus  recently  separated  from 
Calamagrostis.  Distinguished  from  it  only  in  that  the 
flowering  axis  is  not  produced  beyond  the  flower.  Tall 
grasses,  with  stout,  horizontal  lvs.  and  paniculate  in- 
florescence. Spikelets  1-fiowered,  with  a  ring  of  hairs 
at  the  base  of  fl.-iflume.  Three  known  species,  natives 
of  till-  t.ni|ii'ratc  and  sul)trn]ntal  rt-gions  of  N.  America, 
brevipilis.  Hark.  u'alaiHa.ir.ixlin  brevipllis.  Gray). 
PiKiLi;  f.iNT-.KAss.  (  „l„,s  iianl.  iviry,  2-4  ft.  high: 
Ivs.  tlat.  with  an  .ipen.  puridish  panicle.  — A  rare  grass. 


ndy  swamps  and  pine  liar- 


P.  B.  Kennedy. 


apparently  limited  to 
rens  of  New  Jersey, 
mental  grass. 

CALAMPfiLIS  is  Eccrtmocarpns. 

CALAMUS  (Greek  fgrrecd).  Palmacere,  tribe  Lepi- 
iloriirpd-.  Slender,  cespitose  or  climbing  palms,  with 
pinnatisect  Ivs. ;  Ifts.  with  reduplicate  sides,  acuminate, 
entire, with  parallel  nerves  :  fr.  of  many  carpels,  clothed 
with  reflexed,  shining,  closely  imbricated  appressed 
scales  :  spathes  tubular,  persistent,  flowering  annually. 
Species  about  150.    Tropical  Asia. 

clliiris,  Blume.  Stem  slender,  climbing  by  means  of 
long,  axillary,  leafle.ss  branches,  ("Vi-nd  wit'i  hooked 
spines:  Ivs.  1  ft.  long,  6  in.  wid.-;  Ifi^.  ninii.r.uis,  hairy; 
petiole  2  in.  long,  with  few  liciki.!  spin.^.  Malaya. 
F.R.1:607.  G.  C.  111.  21:  8C.-IiitnMlu.-...l  i, if,,  cultiva- 
tion in  1869. 

0.  Andrednum.  Hort.,  P.  &  lI.=?-0.  calicArpus.  Griff.= 
Djemonoropscalicarpus,  Mart.— C'.iemsiartws, Griff. =D«mon- 
orops  Lewisianus,  Mart.  Jaked  G.  Smith. 

Calamus  is  an  easily  grown  group  of  palms,  very 
state.     Some  of  the  spe- 


cies have  steni.s  sevi 
them  to  uufuld  the 
trees.  The  leaves  ! 
the  plant  in  climbii 
cesses  arranged  on 
the  leaf.  Where  a 
plants  should  be  se 
they  are    capable  t 

the  main  stem  ascei 
age.     ■■    ■ 


iidred  feet  long,  which  enable 
PS  at  the  tops  of  the  tallest 


CALANTHE  211 

discolor,  Schrad.  ( T.  neqiinx.  Hort.).  One  to  2  ft.: 
Ivs.  fleshy  and  obonate,  purple  beneath  :  fls.  bright 
rose,  with  yellow  stamens.    Chile.    B.M.  3357. 

caulfescens,  HBK.,  var.  M^nziesii,  Gray  (C.  spe.cibsa, 
Lindl.).  Three  to  12  in.  high,  with  green  herbage,  gla- 
brous, or  nearly  so:  Ivs.  linear, or  spatulate-oblanceolate: 
fls.  rose-red  or  purple,  rather  large  and  long-ped uncled 
(petals  }^  in.  long).  Calif.,  N.  B.  R.  1598. -Variable. 
There  is  a  white-fld.  var.  advertised. 

J.  B.  Keller  and  L.  H.  B. 

CALANTHE  (Greek  for  beautiful  flower).  OrchidA- 
ee(e,  tribe  f'dndem.  A  genus  of  sub-epiphytal  or  terres- 
trial orchids  found  in  the  eastern  hemisphere,  and  spar- 
ingly in  the  western  hemisphere.  Scapes  erect,  many- 
flowered  :  Ivs.  broad,  plaited  :  fls.  white  or  rose-colored, 
rarely  yellow  :  pseudobulbs  angulate,  with  greyish 
green  sheaths  in  the  Vestitre  section,  but  absent  in  the 
Veratrifoliae  section.  Many  species  are  known  to  orchid 
fanciers. 

vestlta,  Lindl.  ( C.  oeu  Wn ,  Hort. ) .  Lvs.  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, nearly  2  ft.  long,  from  greyish  green  pseudo- 
bulbs  :  fls.  nearly  3  in.  across,  numerous,  in  racemes; 
petals  and  sepals  whitish,  all  more  or  less  overlapping, 
the  former  oval-oblong,  the  latter  obovate-oblong;  label- 
lum  flat,  large,  three-lobed,  the  midlobe  cleft  ;  a  vellow 
or  crimson  blotch  in  front  of  the  short  column ;; 
scapes  from  2-3  ft.  high,  hairy.  Blooms  in  winter. 
Malaya.     B.M.  4671.     F.  E.9:.325.     A.  F.  6:655.     F.  S. 


by  C.  Scipionum.  Young  plants  thrive  best  in  a  root- 
ing medium  containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  leaf- 
mold.  Older  plants  need  soil  of  a  more  lasting  nature; 
a  quantity  of  ground  bone  and  charcoal  in  the  soil  may 
be  used  to  advantage.  Old,  well-fumished  plants  need 
enormous  quantities  of  water.  All  of  them  require  stove 
temperature.  G.  •\;V'.  Oliver. 

CALAMUS  c.r  SWEET  FLAG.    See  A 

CALANCHOE.     See  Kal  tm  hoe. 

CALANDRlNIA      (.J.    L     Calandrini, 
Genevan  botanist  of  last  century 
itihiedeetp.    Fleshy,  spreading,  or  nearly 
trailing  plants,  with  mostly  alter- 
nate lvs.  and  red  fls.  of  short  dura- 
tion.   Petals  3-7;   stamens  3-5-12. 
A  number  of  species  in  N.  and  S. 
America  and  Austral.    Sometimes 
cult,  in  borders  and  rockeries,  oi 
used  for  edgings  in  sunny  places.  Prop,  from  seed 
usually  treated  as  annuals  (which  some  of  them  are). 

vimbellita,  DC.  Four  to  6  in.:  lvs.  linear  and  hairy: 
fls.  in  a  corymb,  or  umbel-like  terminal  cluster,  bright 
crimson.  Peru.  R.H.  1853:  5.- This  species  is  hardy  in 
many  parts  of  the  U.  S,,  in  our  northern  climate,  it 
should  bo  planted  in  a  well-sheltered  position,  or  pro- 
vided with  ample  protection  in  winter ;  sometimes  it  acts 
like  the  biennials,  but,  as  seeds  are  produced  very  freely, 
young  seedlings  spring  up  constantly  between  the  old 
plants,  and  one  does  not  miss  the  few  which  may  decay 
during  the  second  year  ;  the  plant  forms  a  very  neat, 
slightly  spreading  tuft;  flowers  are  produced  in  many- 
flowered  umbels,  terminal,  numerous,  and  large,  glow- 
ing crimson-magenta,  saucer  shaped,  very  showy.  June 
to  November.  Full  exposure  to  sun,  and  light  sandy 
soil,  are  needed  to  bring  out  the  rare  beauty  of  these 
plants.  The  flowers  close  up  when  evening  comes,  like 
the  annual  portulacas,  but  they  reopen  on  the  follow- 
ing day.  In  the  sunny,  sloping  part  of  a  rockery,  even 
when  quite  dry,  or  among  other  low  plants  in  a  bed  or 
border,  they  are  highly  satisfactory.  This  is  the  only 
species  which  we  have  found  to  be  tolerably  hardy  with 
us  in  the  north  as  a  perennial  ;  it  may  also  be  treated 
like  the  annuals,  as  it  flowers  the  first  summer  just  as 
freely  as  afterwards.    Can  be  prop,  by  cuttings. 


■b^ 


and       8:  816. -A 


which  the    following 


the 


ipor 


tant :  Var  gigantda,  Hoit 
Larger  in  all  parts  fls  white, 
with  led  eye  \ar  nivalis, 
Hort.  Fls  pure  white  Vai 
Turuen,  Hort  (C  Tminti 
Keichb  f  )  Fls  more  numer 
ous,  labellum  with  a  crimson 
blotch  ;  blooms  later  in  the 
season  than  the  next.  Var. 
ri»bro-ocul4ta,  Hort.  Label- 
lum with  a  crimson  -  purple 
blotch.  October -February. 
Var.  Idteo-ooulilta,  Hort.  Yel-  ,  " 

low-blotched.    Var.  Begnieri,  ^ 

Hort.    (C.  Kegnieri,    Reichb.  I    [ 

f.    C.  Stevensidna,  Regnier).  ' 

Pseudobulbs  more  elongated, with  a  depression  above  the 
middle, labellum  rose-colored, with  a  purple  blotch  in  front 
of  column,  less  deeply  lobed  than  m  the  tj  pe  A  F.  6 :  655. 
veratrifdlia,  R.  Br.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  about  2 
ft.  long,  from  a  creeping  rhizome  :  fls.  white,  in  dense 


212  CALAXTHE 

corymbose  racemes ;  petals  obovate-spatulate,  sepals 
obovate-oblong  ;  labellum  4-parted,  tbe  anterior  lobes 
usually  broader  than  the  posterior  or  basal  lobes. 
Blooms  from  May  to  July.    Malaya.    B.M.  2615. 

VMtcliii,  Lindl.  Fig.  313.  A  hybrid  between  C.  rosea 
and  C.  vesfita :  fls.  rose-colored  ;  labellum  with  white 
spot  near  the  base.  Winter-flowering.  There  is  also  a 
white  variety.  This  hybrid  was  raised  by  Veitch,  in 
1856.  B.  M.  5375.  Forms  of  this  are  var.  b^lla,  Hort., 
with  pink  fls.;  var.  Sandhurstiina,  Hort.,  with  crimson 
fls.;  var.  Sudani,  Hort.,  with  deep  rose  fls.  C.  Eyer- 
■manii,  Hort.  (G.F.  4:  17),  is  a  hybrid  of  C.  Veitchii  and 
C.  vestita.  Var.  sup^rba,  Hort.,  has  richer  color. 

Masdca,  Lindl.  Scape  2  ft.  long,  with  large,  many- 
ribbed,  dark  Ivs.:  fls.  1  in.  across,  the  segments  over- 
lapping ;  deep  violet,  fading  to  lilac,  the  lip  deep  violet- 
purple.  Summer  and  autumn.  N.India.  B.M. 4541. 
Var.  grrE^ndifldra,  Hort.,  is  of  greater  size  throughout. 

C.  discolor.  Lindl..  and  C.  Japdnica,  Blume,  both  of  Japan, 
have  been  offered  by  dealers  in  Japanese  plants :  but  they  are 
unknown  to  general  cultivation.  Oakes  Ames. 

CALATH£A  (Greek  for  basket,  the  application  not 
agreed  upon).  Scitaminicece.  Perennial  foliage  plants 
■which  are  commonly  cult,  as  Marantas.  From  Maranta 
the  genus  differs  chiefly  in  technical  characters.  In 
Maranta  the  fruit  is  1-seeded,  in  Calathea  usually  3- 
seeded;  in  the  former  the  fl. -clusters  are  branched  and 
few-fld.,  in  Calathea  usually  capitate  or  cone-like.  Of 
Calatheas  there  are  70  or  80  species,  mostly  of  trop. 
Amer.,  but  a  few  of  trop.  Afr.  The  Ivs.,  forwhich  the 
plant  is  grown,  are  variously  marked  with  shades  of 
green,  red,  brown,  yellow,  and  white.  The  Ivs.  spring 
from  the  very  base  of  the  short  stem,  just  above  the  rhi- 
zome. Sepals  3,  free  and  equal :  corolla  tubular,  with  3 
spreading  lobes  :  stamens  3,  petal-like,  2  sterile  and  1 
bearing  anantheronitsside  (compare  Canna).    L.H.B 

Calatheas  are  among  the  handsomest  of  ornamental 
leaved  stove  plants.  They  may  be  jiropagated  by  divi 
sion  of  the  crowns,  or  in  those  species  which  make  sec- 
ondary growths,  by  cuttings  taken  just  below  the  node 
and  inserted  in  sharp  silver  saud  in  thumb-pots  and 
plunged  in  a  propagating  box  with  bottom  heat.  About 
the  beginning  of  April,  or  just  before  active  growth 
commences,  is  the  best  time  for  propagating  and  also 
for  repotting.  The  soil  best  suited  to  them  is  one-third 
good,  fibrous  loam  in  small  lumps,  one-third  fibrous  peat 
or  chopped  fern-root,  and  oiin-tliird  leaf-mold  and  clean 
silver  sand,  to  which  iii;i\'  In-  n-ldi-d  a  few  nodules  of 
charcoal  to  keep  the  miNiur.-  >».  ct.  In  repotting,  the 
old  soil  should  be  shaki-u  iri.in  tlir  r.iMis.  and  the  plants 
potted  loosely  in  the  new  mixture,  using  clean,  well- 
drained  pots,  or  for  the  creeping  and  shallow-rooting 
species,  pans  are  preferable.  All  matured  leaves  should 
be  removed  at  this  time,  and  after  repotting  they  should 
be  placed  in  a  close,  warm,  moist  atmosphere  and  kept 
shaded,  to  induce  active  root  growth.  As  the  leaves  de- 
velop they  require  an  abundant  supply  of  water  at  the 
roots,  frequent  spraying  with  aflne  syringe,  and  to  bo  well 
shaded  from  direct  sunlight.  These  conditions  should 
be  reduced  on  the  approach  of  winter,  but  at  no  season 
must  the  plants  be  allowed  to  become  dry.  The  tempera- 
ture during  winter  should  not  fall  below  60°.  Strong- 
growing  species,  as  0.  zebrina,  do  best  planted  out  in  a 
palm  house  under  the  shade  of  palm  trees,  while  the 
low-growing  or  creeping  species  are  excellent  subjects 
for  Inside  rockeries,  where  a  warm,  humid  atmosphere 
can  be  maintained.         q^^^  by  Edward  J.  Canning. 

There  are  many  species  of  Calathea  in  fancy  collec- 
tions, but  the  following  list  Includes  those  which  are 
known  to  be  in  the  Amer.  trade.  Since  the  plants  are 
often  named  and  described  before  the  flowers  are 
known,  it  is  not  always  possible  to  determine  the  proper 
genus.  Consult  Maranta,  Phnjnium,  and  Stromanthe. 
For  horticultural  purposes,  botanical  characters  cannot 
oe  used  in  classification  of  the  species  ;  the  following 
scheme,  therefore,  is  based  on  evident  leaf  characters. 

Index  :  C.  albo-lineata,  3;  Bachemiana,  9;  Chimbora- 
censis,  10;  crotalifera,  20;  eximia,  21;  fasciata,  4;  La- 
geriana,  7;  Lagrelliana,  19;  Lietzei,  11;  Lindeniana,  12; 
majestica,  3;  Makoyana,  13;  Marcelli,  25;  medio-picta, 
22;  mieans,23;  nitens,  14;  olivaris.l'S;  ornata,  3;  Prin- 


ea-lineata,6;  rosea 
,8;  Vandenheckii, 
Wagneri,  6  ;  War- 


CALATHEA 

ceps,  15;  pulchellii,  ■_':  nqnlis,;'.-.  n 
picta,  6;  smaragcliim.  :.:  tuln^iiatl 
24;  Veitchiana.  li;  :  it -no:-,  j:. 
scewiczii,  17;  Wim,   -i      I-;   .-  i 

1.  zebrina,  Lindl.  {Mardnta  zehr'ina,  Sims).  Large, 
free-growing  plant :  Ivs.  2-3  ft.  long,  purple  beneath, 
satiny  green  above,  with  alternating  bars  of  deep  and 
pale  green  :  fls.  dull  purple,  on  a  very  short  scape. 
Braz.  B.M.  1926.  L.B.C.  5:494.  R.H.  1865:90.  S.H. 
1:164.  L.  1.  —  The  commonest  species,  occurring  in 
nearly  all  collections  of  warm  greenhouse  plants. 

2.  pulchilla,  Kcern.  Weaker  grower  than  C.  zebrina, 
the  Ivs.  lighter  colored,  with  two  series  (large  and 
small )  of  broad  green  bars.  Braz.  —  By  some  considered 
to  be  a  form  of  C.  zebrina. 

3.  om&ta,  Kcern.  (Mnrdnta  retj&lis,  Hort.).  Dwarf: 
Ivs.  oblong-acuminate,  the  stalks  1  ft.  long  and  blades 
usually  shorter,  red  beneath,  green  above  and  marked 
with  two  bars  between  each  of  the  transverse  veins. 
Colombia.  — The  transverse  markings  are  usually  bright 
red,  and  this  fonn  is  taken  as  tin-  fvpe  of  the  species 
(I.H.  2:74.  L.  201.  In  var.  albo-line4ta,  Hort.  ( Ca?a- 
thea  and  Murnntu  ulho-liiiei'itu .  Hurt.  I,  the  lines  are 
white  (F.y.  4:4i:i.  L.  .'i.".).  Var.  majestica,  Hort.  (Jf. 
majestica ,  Lindl. ) .  attaius  a  height  of  4-5  ft.  It  has  red- 
striped  Ivs.    I.H.  41:  1. 

4.  fasciita,  Regel  &  Kcern.  Dwarf:  Ivs.  long-cordate, 
the  blade  10-12  in.  long,  pale  green  and  purple-tinged 
below,  green  above,  with  white  bands  running  off  to  the 
margin.    Braz.    Gn.  2,  p.  3.    L.  23. 

5.  smaragdlna,  Lind.  &  Andr6.  Two  ft.:  Ivs.  wide- 
spreading,  oblong-lanceolate  and  acuminate,  silvery 
green  below,  dark  green  above,  with  prominent  bands 
of  different  shades  of  green,  the  midrib  prominent. 
S.  Amer.    I.H.  17:  16. 

AA.    Irrs.   varioiislji  marked   and    blotched,  often   mar- 
gined, or  only  the  midrib  colored. 
B.    Markinf/s  red,  parallel  with  the  margin. 

6.  rtsea-picta,  Kegel  (C.  rdsea-lineita,  Hort.!  M. 
Wagneri.  HoTt.}.  Dwarf:  Irs.  nearly  orbicular,  purple 
beneath,  the  upper  ~id<  darl^-  :rrrfii.  the  midrib  red,  and 
an  Irregular  red  z.nn  ■  .m.  tim.-^  twj  zones)  two-thirds 
of  the  distance  fi-cm  lii'  m-.lnii  towards  the  margin. 
Amazon     F.S.  IC:  l',7.' -i..    i  .u.  J.  \<.  3 

BB.    Markini/x   m  slia 

7.  Lageriina,  Hort.    Lv 
the  prominent  veins  rich  bronze. 

8.  tubispitlia,  Hook.  f.  Two  feet  or  less  high  :  Ivs. 
obovate-elliptic,  short-acuminate  or  cuspidate,  thin, 
greenish  bene.ath,  lively  green  above,  and  ra;u-ki-d  mid- 
way between  the  rib  and  the  margin  with  lit'liter  srreen 
and  squarish  patches  of  brown.    W.  Afr.    B.M.  5,")42. 

EBB.    Mar/cings  in  shades  of  yellow  and  green. 

9.  Bachemi&na,  Morr.  Lvs.  unequilateral,  cordate  at 
the  base,  long,  smooth,  finely  striate,  with  parallel 
greenish  or  whitish  markings  along  the  primary  nerves, 
purplish  beneatn.   Brazil. 

10.  ChimboTbcinsis,  Lind.  Dwarf  :  lvs.  oblong-ovate, 
8-12  in.  long,  acuminate,  green  above  and  below,  with  a 
very  dark  green  white-margined  band  running  length- 
wise the  blade  midway  between  the  rib  and  each  mar- 
gin.   Neighborhood  of  Mt.  Chimborazo.    I.H.  17:6. 

11.  Lietzei,  Morr.  Lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  truncate  or 
shallow-cordate  at  base,  undulate,  purple  beneath,  deep 
green  and  shining  above,  with  feather-like  blotches  of 
deeper  green.    Brazil. 

12.  Lindeniana,  Wallis  ( C.  Lindeni,  Wallis  &  Andr6). 
Lvs.  elliptic-oblong,  .short-acuminate  (12  in.  or  less 
long),  deep  gieen  above  with  an  olive-green  zone  either 
side  of  the  midrib,  and  beyond  which  is  a  darker  zone 
of  green,  the  under  side  counterfeiting  the  upper  side, 
but  with  purplish  zones.  Peru.  I.H.  18:82.  — By  some 
considered  to  be  a  form  of  C.  rosea-picta. 

13.  Makoy4na,  Morr.  (Mardnta  olivdris,  Hort.). 
One  to  4  ft.  :  lvs.  broad-oblong,  obtuse  or  somewhat 
short-pointed,  the  stalks  red,  the  leaf  olive-green  or 
cream-colored  above   but  marked   against   the   midrib 


brown  or  bronze. 
large,   dark  red  beneath. 


with  outspreading,  dark  green  blotches  of  oblong,  oval 
or  pyriform  shape,  the  under  surface  similarly  marked, 
but  in  red.  Brazil.  F.S.  20;  2048-9.  6.0.1872:1589. 
Gn.  4,  p.  87. 

14.  nltens,  Hort.  Dwarf  :  Ivs.  oblong,  glossy  green, 
on  each  side  of  the  rib  marked  with  oblong,  pointed 
greenish  bars,  which  alternate  with   dark  green  lines. 

15.  priuceps,  Kegel.  Leaf  elongated  or  elliptical-lan- 
ceolate, 7-10  in.  long,  3-S}4  in.  broad,  light  green  above, 
with  broad  black-green,  flaming,  broken  band  along  the 
middle  nerve,  violet-purple  below.   Amazon. 


314.  Calathea  Veitchiana. 

16.  Veitchiina,  Veitch.  Fig.  314.  Very  handsome,  3-4 
ft. :  Ivs.  large,  ovate-elliptic,  obtuse  or  nearly  so,  rather 
thin,  glossy,  purplish  below,  dark,  rich  green  above  and 
marked  with  one  or  two  rows  of  light  yellow-green 
irregular  blotches  running  the  length  of  the  blade  {often 
shading  into  white).  Tropical  Africa.  B.M.  5535.  G.C. 
1870:924.  Gn.  2,  p.  545.  F.  S.  16:1655-8.- Common  ; 
one  of  the  handsomest  and  most  serviceable  species. 
The  darker  parts  of  the  blade  are  often  bronze-brown. 

17.  Warscewiczii,  Kcern.  Rather  large  :  Ivs.  2  ft. 
long,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  purple  beneath, 
dark,  velvetv  green  above,  but  the  midrib  broadly  feath- 
ered with  yellow-green.  Trop.  Amer.  F.S.  9:939-940. 
Gn.  17:238.    L.  17. -One  of  the  best. 

18.  Wiotiina,  Makoy  {C.Widti,  Hort.).  Lvs.  bright 
green,  with  two  rows  of  olive-green  blotches.    Brazil. 

EBBB.  Markings  white  or  very  nearly  so. 

19.  Legrelliina,  Kegel.  Leaf  elliptical,  pointed,  5-6  in. 
long,  2-3Hin.  broad,  above  shining  green,  with  broad, 
white,  flaming,  broken  middle  band  along  the  middle 
nerve  and  numerous  broken  white  linear  small  bands  be- 
tween the  side  nerves :  lower  surface  whitish  green  and 
marked  with  red  and  green.    Equador.  — Neat  species. 

20.  crotaIi!era,Wats.  Rattlesnake  Plant.  Lvs. oval, 
abruptly  acute  at  each  end,  2  ft.  or  less  long  and  half  as 
broad,  yellowish  green,  with  a  white-margined  midrib; 
petiole  2-3  ft.  long,  curved,  sheathing:  peduncles  1  or  2 


CALCEOLARIA 


21.  eximia.,K<ETn.  {PhrSnium  eximium,  Koch}.  Peti- 
ole grooved,  greenish,  closely  covered  with  soft  hair  and 
naked  only  on  the  somewhat  thickened  end.  Leaf  sur- 
face somewhat  loncr-oHiyiticnl.  pointed,  in  full-:rrown  lvs. 
8-10  in.  long  and  4-.->  in.  lii-..:i.l.liu-litlvsl>ininff  blue  frrci-n. 
and  marked  with  Iirn;u!  w  liit-'  rn.^N  IminN  :  tht-  under  side 

brownish  purple  ("I' ir.    S.  Amer.    lU.i'.si;. 

22.  m^dio-picta,  Makoy.  Lvs.  oval -lanceolate  and 
tapering  to  both  ends,  dark  green,  with  the  rib  feathered 
with  white  from  base  to  summit.    Brazil. 

23.  micans,  Koern.  Very  small :  Ivv  _>_t  ,,,  i..n<j,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, somewhat  acuuiin;(ic  _  r,  ,  I  ,1,1  -liining 
above,  the  rib  in  a  feathered  white  -  r.  i  1^.49. 

24.  Vandenhiokei,  Kegel.    Lvs.  ,,  ,   ,.   ^; Kining, 

red-purple  beneath,  the  upper  surl:i,,e  m.aki  il  witli  two 
concentric  zones  of  white,  and  the  rib  margined  with 
white.   Brazil? 

25.  virgin&lis,  Lind.  Lvs.  soft-hairy  below,  broad- 
oval,  rather  blunt.  7-9  in.  long.  4— (i  in.  broad,  upper  sur- 
face light  green,  ami  bel,,w.  in  the  e..mmun  f,irm.  whitish 
green  and  lighter  z.me-  ^h.iw  n.  a-  .,ii  tli,,  n|,|i,,i'  surface, 

—  or  in  another  f.Tni.  wlii,-li  lia-  lieen  ,li-tnl,nir,|  in  gar- 
dens .as  T.  (M:n-anta )  ,l/„r,,//,,uml.TM.Ieslia.le,l  alight 
vielet  and  without  y..i„~.     Itrazil.    A.F.  7:«U. 

-(',('■'■, '■/,',  1. 11', 1  :,ii,l  An,lr,'  ■|;(ll:  lvs.  oblong,  red  beneath, 
„-r.,,i,al,.,v.-,uitl.lIi.,Ti.,|x.,.i:!,,n,niiiu.nt.  Equador.  I. H. 18:77. 

—  ('  H<n'i'iunn.\Kri;.\  !,\>  ,,\;ii  lanceolate,  green,  with  bands 
nf  whit,-  I'.ra/il  -  r,  l-\,x.-n,<,i.'r.  Hort.  Dwarf:  lvs.  broad- 
'i\ate...t,l..n:,'  i.urT,li-li  l,rii-;,il;.  L'reen  above  and  with  blotches 
ef  li^'ht.T  I',, lor  aii'l  traiiv\,,v-f  narrow  bars  of  red.  Brazil. 
1. 11.  41:1114.  .IS   Maianta   Fa^'  u,:i<,,r.— C.  hieroglyphica.  Liud. 

t '>\,i I e.  short-pointed,  purplish  be- 


neath, green  above  and  mark 
of  silvery  white.  Colombia.  Til  J^f):2~:^  —  t\  ilhistris.  Hort. 
(Maranta  illustris,  Lind.).  bwacf;  I\s  l,r<.;id. ovate  or  some- 
what obovate,  purple  beneath,  green  abi.\e.  wit  ii  oblique  bars  of 
lighter  green  :ind  tin  encireliug  /.one  of  sliuded  white.  Equador. 
I.H.  14;  515.—  V.  leopardina.  Regcl.  Medium  to  large  :  )vs.  ob- 
long, olive-green,  with  blotches  of  deep  green.  Brazil.—  C.  Mas- 
sOHfffdna.  Hort. =Maranta  Mass.'ingeana.—  C.pardina,  Planch. 
&  Lind.=  C.  villosa.-  C.  rutiUrha.  Hook.  f.  Browii-hairy :  lvs. 
long-oblonj;  or  linear-oblong.  l>right  green  above,  and  bltlish 
greenan.l  vielet-tini;.-,!  beneath:  lis. yellow.  Kr.aziK  B.M. 7560. 
-O.  ,•;,;/.■,<./. -..^■  .-..1,1  .v,,/,,,e/eJ„.  11  .o't  =  .Mara.ita  splendida.- C. 
villosa.  I. in, 11,  l.;UL''-:  K^  Iii-L'(i  in.  long,  oblong-ovate,  pale 
green,  with  d.ark  brown  ;int,'ular  blotelies:  tls.  yellow.  S.  Amer. 
F.S.  11:1101-2.  as  C.  parJina;  also.  L.  32.-6'.  vitlala,  Kcern. 
Lvs.  ovate-jicuminate,  less  than  1  ft.  long,  light  green,  with 
many  transverse  bars  of  yellow-white.  Brazil.  L.  38. 

L.  H.  B. 

CALCEOLABIA  (Latin  calceolus,  a  slipper,  alluding 
to  the  saccate  fl.).  Scrophularidcem.  Many  species  of 
herbs  and  shrubs,  chiefly  natives  of  S.  Amer.,  but  some 
in  Mexico  and  New  Zealand.  Corolla  2-parted  nearly  to 
the  base,  the  lower  part  or  lip  deflexed  and  inflated-slip- 
per-like, the  upper  lip  smaller  and  ascending,  but  usu- 
ally saccate  ;  stamens  2  or  rarely  3,  and  no  rudiments 
(A,  Fig.  315) :  fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule:  lvs.  usually 
hairy  and  rugose,  mostly  opposite.  Calceolarias  are 
grown  for  the  variously  colored  and  usually  spotted 
lady  "s-slipper-like  fls.  The  colors  are  often  very  rich  and 
intense.  The  genus  falls  into  two  horticultural  sections, 
theherbaceous  kinds,  and  the  shrubby  kinds.  Theformer 
are  the  only  ones  generally  known  in  this  country.  They 
are  grown  from  seeds.  They  are  often  known  as  the 
hybrid  Calceolarias  (C.  hybrida,  Hort.),  since  the  com- 
mon varieties  are  evidently  the  products  of  inter-crossing 
and  plant-breeding.  l    H.  B. 

Of  the  hybrid  section,  seeds  are  best  sown  at  the  end 
of  June  or  beginning  of  July,  in  pans.  Care  should  be 
taken  to  have  the  pans  thoroughly  clean.  Good  drainage 
is  essential.  A  good  soil  is  one  composed  of  equal  parts 
of  sand,  leaf-mold  and  sod  soil.  This  should  be  finely 
sifted.  After  filling  the  pans,  thoroughly  dampen,  and 
allow  to  drain  before  sowing.  It  is  unnecessary  to  cover 
the  seeds  with  soil,  but  a  close-fitting  pane  of  glass  should 
be  placed  over  the  pan  until  the  little  plants  are  well 
started,  when  the  glass  should  be  gradually  removed.  In 
the  early  stages,  watering  is  best  done  by  immersion,  but 
it  is  not  advisable  to  keep  the  pans  standing  in  water. 


CALCEOLARIA 


Prick 

will  suit 
pots.    ']'! 


iinc  til. 


hnncUf,  into  pons  i 


1  lows 


rature  i 

it 'I-  on,  provide 

iH  rature  of  50° 
.  and  when  the 

iiuniure  may  be 
.  ily  is  the  only 

rail  be  kept  in 

-Its  thoroughly 

rM..nsiv,-iy    in 
;   plant,  liut'the 


able  for  their  i-ulturc,  ki-. 

possible    cliM  iiii;    iIm'  w  an 

anight  I.  ',     ,  i  i 

to  55°.   \\ 

flower  s|.ik.  -  M,  L  i'l  i"  -I 
■  frequeull>  u.,..i  ,w;li  a. I 
really  troublu-sunie  iii-sLci 
check  by  the  free  distrih 
the  benches  where  the  phi 
■established,  evaporate  tol 

The  shrubby  Calceolai 
Europe,  especially  Britai 
heat  of  an  American  suramei 
Propagation  is  effected 
taken  there  the  end  of  August,  struck,  and  wintered  o\ 
jn  cold  frames  protected  from  frost 

Wm  Scott  of  Tarrjtown 

The  hril  I     nu     t,  ii  1  n  f  rms  c  f  Cal  i    1  in  i       uir 
often  111  1  t     I    1    I  1     1     I  I     il      I    II   «. 


oft?    Ill 

race  C     i    i  I        I 

35   54)     life   Jli     C    cit 

impress  most  distinctly  < 


erprove 
iefly  by 


CALCEOLARIA 

nied  (the  pptinlps  winged  at  top),  undulate  and  dentate, 
'■'.iiH.iitnf^  ..).w,.,,r''lv  lot. fit.  rugose  and  pubescent,  paler 
i-M.-  .11.  ,.i  ..ii  |..ir|.i.-i.  I...  ardsthetip;  stein-lvs.shorter- 
.  i  I,,       I  ,  .         .      ile  above  :   fls.  in  a  forking 

.     '    I  ,1  Monger  oblong-obovate,  f  ur- 

i..\...i  .1  .1.  iiai..  liaii'_  iii_',  yellow,  with  orange-brown 
dots.  Chile.  B.M.  .'IL'.M.- From  this  species  we  seem  to 
have  derived  the  spots  of  Calceolaria  fls. 

corymbdsa,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  One-2  ft.,  the  stem  4-angled : 
radical  1  vs.  ovate  and  sometimes  cordate,  obtuse  or  nearly 
so,  doubly  crenate,  rugose  and  hairy,  whitish  beneath ; 
stem-lvs.  smaller  and  narrower,  somewhat  clasping,  op- 
posite :  fls.  small  (about  half  as  large  as  in  C.  crenati- 
ftora)t  in  a  broad,  somewhat  loose  corymb,  the  slipper 
somewhat  short-oblong,  clear  yellow  outside  and  marked 
with  red  lines  inside.    Chile.  "B.M.  2418. 

amplezicaiilis,  HBK.  A  ft.  or  two  high:  Ivs.  cordate- 
ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  pubescent, 
woolly  beneath  and  deep-rugose  above,  clasping  :  fls. 
small,  in  an  upright  corjTnb,  pale  yellow  and  spotless, 
the  slipper  hoof-shapec;  Equador,  etc.  B.M.  4300. 
cc.  Fls.  purple. 

purpiirea  Grab  Stems  erect,  pubescent,  1-2  ft. :  radi- 
cal h  s  spatulate  and  acutish,  with  a  strong  midrib, 
sparseh  hairy  rugose  dentate;  stem-lvs.  broad-cordate 
and  cKspmg  less  toothed  fls.  in  loose  corymbs,  small, 
purplish  or  leddish  violet,  the  slipper  somewhat  fur- 
rowed Peru  B  M  2775  —  Supposed  to  have  entered 
largely  into  purple  fld  varieties. 

arachnoidea  Grab  Stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  terete, 
branchy  woollj  with  appressed  hairs  :  Ivs.  oblong  or 
Imgulate  narrowing  into  long  winged  petioles,  clasping, 
obscurely  toothed  rugose,  woolly  on  both  sides  :  pe- 
duncles in  piirs  forking  fls.  small,  dull  purple,  the  slip- 
per ni  irh  gl  but  ir  and  furrowed.    Chile.    B.M.  2874. 


I      / 
scabiossfoha 


mpoiind 


essentially  so. 
ft.,  the  stem  terete,  hf 
with  clasping  petioles,  cut  iie; 


or  t    mpleteh  to  the  midrib  : 

late  to  broad  oval    acuminate,  ciliate,  .1.       .  .  i  y 

small    in  small  hair\  corvmbs,  pale  y.  '  i  .         \  \"T 

neaily    <  rbi<  ular  in  outline.    Peru.     i'..M,_'l".       hi  .  s- 
I  ti  ll\|ureform  this  is  sold  by  seedsmen  as  an  annual 
1,   1  1     1  lni„  plant 

pmnita  I  mn  Often  reaches  3  ft.  or  more  :  Ivs.  pin- 
II  itifi  I  1  (  jmpletely  compound,  the  divisions  short  and 
marly  entire  obtuse  or  nearly  so:  fls.  small,  sulfur- 
yellow     Peru     B  M   41  —The  first  known  garden  spe- 


still  sold  1 


AA     Shntbby  Calceolarias. 
integnfdlia   Murr    ( C.  rugdsa,  Ruiz  and  Pav.    C. 
1 1       /  /(  f    1  ers  )     Two  ft.  or  less  high,  branchy 
I II  1  1  u  li\      h      glabrous,  oval-lanceolate,  crisped 
an  1    1  lit  iti    the  short  petioles  winged  :  fls.  in  ter- 
minal clu  ters    small    yellow.    Chile.    B.M.  2523.- 
\  ariable      Probably    the  chief  source  of  shrubby 
Calceolarias 
thyrsifldra,    Grab.     More   shrubby :    Ivs.    linear  and 
clustered,  toothed,  sessile,  not  hairy  :    fls.  small,   yel- 
low, in  a  close,  terminal  cluster.    Chile.    B.M.  2915. 
C.  dlba,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Shrubby :  Ivs.  linear,  toothed  above : 


41,-. 


315    Calceolaria  arachnoideo  crenatiflora 

A.  Herbaceous  Calceolaria.'!,  parents  of  the  florists' 
varieties  of  this  cotmtry. 

B.  Lvs.  simple. 

c.  Fls.  essentially  yellow. 

crenatiflbra,  Cav.  (C.  phidula,  Sweet).    One-2  ft.,  ilie 

stem  soft-hairy,  terete:  radical  lvs.  ovate  and  long  peti- 


\:<:-MM.-C.  Heiiiici,  Hook.  f.    Shnibby, 
i-like,  small-toothed  :  fls.  panicled,  clear 
urge.    Equador.    B.M.  5772.— C.  hyssopi- 
■  :    lvs.  crowded,  small,  lanceolate  and 
tern  linear  and  entire,  margins  revolute: 
any-tid.  corymbs,  pale  sulfur-yellow,  the 
mate.    Equador.    B.M.  5548.— 
C.  lub&la.  Cav.    Herbaceous  :  lvs.  triangular-ovate,  palmately 
5-7-lobed,  dentate :  fls.  iu  terminal  clusters,  clear,  pale  yellow. 


CALCEOLARIA 

and  spotted  on  the  up-evirved  slipper.  Peru,  Bolivia.  B.M. 
6330.— 6',  Pavbnii,  Benth.  Herbaceous  ;  Ivs.  large  and  wrinkled, 
ovate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  the  radical  ones  winged,  all 
jagged  and  toothed  :  fls.  large,  clear  yellow,  the  lip  up-curved. 


CALIFORNIA 


215 


Meyer.    Shrubby : 


era.    B.SI.  452,1.- C.   Fis, 
ovate-cordate,  nearly  or  quite 

larly  crenate,  margins  reflexetl     il-    in: tMi-.i    \:ii>inu'to 

red,  the  slipper  up-curved.    PrV'i     I'"'     '    •      '  -      .a, 

Smith.  Herbaceous,  stemless     I  I  at 

top:   scapes  many,  (ew-fid.,  tin  "I'r 

side  of  the  slipper  dotted  with  r.  i      '  ■  1    M     '-"  >      '     Sni- 

clairii.  Hook.  Herbaceous.  !i:ilt  h,ir.l,\  ]■.  •  .il'loiii^nvate, 
stalked,  crenate-dent,ate,  hairy  iN  -mill,  lil.ir  cr  llesh-col- 
ored,  spotted  within,  the  twi>  lip--  m  ,irl>  ,<iii;il,  not  saccate. 
New  Zeal.  B.M.  6,W7.-r.'.  /,„.//.-,  i'...  |.|.  ,V  Kndl.  Herba- 
ceous, half-hardy,  6  in.  high:  Ivs.  (.v:,i,  .r  ..i  l.i.ular.  small 
(Kin.  long) ,  nearly  or  quite  sessile  :  tls.  .\rll.,^\ .  -|Ntit,  ,1  \\  ithiii. 
Chile.  B.M.  6231.-0.  violacea,  Cav.  SImuIiI.^  K^  Mn:ill. 
ovate-cordate,  deep-toothed,  stalked:  iK  ,\i!i,,\\  -;ihnnii, 
spotted  within  and  without,  the  two  Up-  n.,i  ^:,.;:,t.'  (  hil,.. 
B.M.  492!(.  1,.  H.  P.. 

CALENDULA  (Latin,  calendm  or  calends:  flowering 
throughout  the  months ) .  Compdsitce.  Herbs  of  temper- 
ate regions,  of  20  or  more  species.  Annuals  or  peren- 
nials, with  alternate  sunple  Ivs.,  mostly  large  heads 
with  yellow  or  orange  rays,  glabrous  incurved  akenes, 
plane  naked  receptacle,  pappus  none,  and  involucre 
broad,  with  scales  m  one  or  two  series. 

officinalis,  Linn.  Pot  Marigold.  Fig.  316.  Annual: 
1-2  ft.  high,  more  or  less  hairy  :  Ivs.  oblong  and  more 
or  less  clasping,  entire,  thickish  :  heads  solitary,  on 
stout  stalks,  large  with  flat,  spreading  rays,  showy, 
closing  at  night.  S.  Eu.  B.M.  3204. -One  of  the  most 
universal  garden  fls.,  running  into  many  vars.,  distin- 
guished by  size,  color,  and  degree  of  doubling.  The 
color  varies  from  white-vellow  to  deep  orange.  This  is 
the  Marygold  of  Shakespeare's  time.  The  fl. -heads  are 
sometimes  tised  in  cookery,  to  flavor  soups  and  stews. 
The  Calendula  is  of  the  easiest  culture  in  any  warm, 
loose  soil.  The  seeds  are  usually  sown  where  the  plants 
are  to  stand,  but  they  may  be  sown  indoors  or  in  a 
frame  and  the  plants  transplanted.  The  akenes  are 
large  and  germinate  quickly.  The  plant  blooms  the 
whole  season,  particularly  if  the  fls.  are  picked.  It  is  a 
hardy  annual,  and  in  the  southern  states  will  bloom 
most  of  the  year. 

BuSfruticdsa,  Vahl.  More  diffuse,  annual  :  Ivs.  ses- 
sile, lanceolate,  somewhat  dentate  :  heads  bright  yel- 
low, not  doubled,  very  numerous,  on  long  peduncles. 
W.  Mediterranean  region.  — Seeds  are  sold  by  American 
dealers. 

C.  PAngei,  Hort.,  and  C.  pluvialis.  Linn.,  will  be  found  under 


L.  H. 


CALICO  BUSH  is  a  .To ;»» 


CALIFORNIA,  HORTICULTURE  IN.  California  oc- 
cupies the  mountain  slopes  and  plain-like  valleys  of  a 
vast  area,  much  of  which  is  peculiarly  well-fitted  to 
horticultural  uses.  New  York,  Ohio,  Maine,  New  Jersey, 
Vermont,  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  Connecticut, 
Delaware,  and  Rhode  Island,  united,  have  a  less  area 
than  California.  The  range  of  products  grown  suc- 
cessfully in  California  is  nearly  or  quite  as  great  as 
that  of  all  the  rest  of  the  United  States  ;  the  humid  sea- 
level  islands  of  Florida  are  adapted  to  some  plants, 
such  as  Cassava,  which  do  but  poorly  in  California,  but 
on  the  sheltered  uplands  of  California  many  species 
which  entirely  fail  in  Florida  are  perfectly  at  home. 
Here,  as  every  tourist  can  see  in  a  single  summer,  one 
finds,  and  often  on  an  enormous  scale,  the  vines,  wal- 
nuts and  prunes  of  France  ;  the  olives,  oranges,  lemons, 
chestnuts,  figs  and  pomegranates  of  Italy  and  Spain  ; 
the  Acacias,  Eucalypts,  Casuarinas,  and  salt-bushes  of 
Australia;  the  melons  of  Turkestan;  the  cotton  and  to- 
bacco of  the  south  ;  the  hemp,  flax,  rye,  Russian  mul- 
berries, and  other  products  of  the  more  extreme  north, 
the  cereals  of  the  great  west,  the  bulbs  of  Holland,  the 
costly  seed-crops  of  European  gardens,  and,  in  brief, 
examples  of  the  greater  part  of  the  useful  horticultural 
productions  of  the  temperate  zones. 

While  the  American  pioneers  of  Kentucky  were  fight- 
ing Indians,  and  struggling  to  obtain  the  right  to  navi- 
gate the  Mississippi,  the  Spanish  pioneers  of  California 


were  planting  pear,  orange  and  olive  trees,  date  palms, 
and  European  grapes,  about  the  early  Missions.  After 
the  American  conquest,  and  the  gold  discovery  of  1848, 
horticulture  gained  a  foothold  in  the  mountain  lands 
below  the  Sierra  peaks.  Every  village  and  town  had  its 
gardens  and  its  brginninirs  of  orchards.  Soon  the 
thoughts  of  mill  tiirtii-.l  f"  the  broad,  fertile,  untilled 
valleys,  and  in  a  tVw  \ .  ar-  the  wheat  fanner  became  the 
typical  Calitornuiii.  Lastly,  the  state  entered  upon  a 
magnificent  ami  still  <-..iitiiiiiing  period  of  horticultural 
development,  which  well  deserves  to  be  written  down  in 
history  as  one  of  the  most  important  facts  of  modern 
material  progress. 

Not    so    long   ago    almost    160,000    square    miles    of 
California  were  considered  "nearly  all  waste."    Now, 


one  finds  that  forests,  pastures,  farms,  gardens,  so  sug- 
gestively occupy  the  land  that,  although  there  is  room 
for  many  more,  it  is  difficult  to  call  anything  worthless 
except  the  great  heights  that  shelter  and  water  the  val- 
leys below.  Even  the  deserts  have  underlying  streams, 
and  blossom  with  tree  and  vine  as  men  sink  artesian 
wells  there.  The  miracles  of  Italy,  ancient  Palestine, 
modern  India,  are  being  repeated  over  large  districts  of 
California. 

The  great  vallevs  and  nearly  level  lands  of  Califor- 
nia, the  true  cereal  belts,  subject  to  frosts,  comprise 
about  40,000,000  acres  of  land:  the  foothill  fruit-belts. 


216 


CALIFORNIA 


of  Coast  Range  and  Sierra,  hardly  as  yet  one-tenth  oc- 
cupied, comprise  fully  25,000,000  acres;  in  timber  and 
fine  grazing  lands,  capable  of  perpetual  renewals,  are 
12,000,000  acres;  high  mountains  cover  some  13.000,000 
acres;  arid  lands,  often  yielding  enormously  under  irri- 
gation, or  slowly  conquered  by  neutralizing  their  super- 
abundant alkali,  occupy  about  10,000,000  acres.  Over 
these  great  areas  every  wind  current,  every  mountain 
spur,  every  alteration  in  slope  or  altitude,  helps  to  make 
a  local  climate.  The  complicated  geological  develop- 
ment of  California  has  produced  soils  almost  as  varied 
as  its  local  climates.  StUl,  the  state  can  be  conveniently 
divided  into  five  characteristic  climate-zones:  in  the 
high  Sierras  the  mean  annual  temperature  is  from  30° 
to  44°;  in  the  lower  Sierras  it  is  from  44°  to  52°;  near 
the  Pacific  ocean  it  is  from  52°  to  67°;  in  the  central 
valleys  of  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  it  is  from  60°  to 
68°,  and  in  the  southern  counties  from  68°  to  72°.  But 
every  part  of  California  shows  very  sharp  horticultural 
contrasts  upon  farms  not  a  mile  apart.  Local  climate  is 
the  key-note  of  California  life.  Placer  county,  for  in- 
stance, extends  from  the  center  of  the  Sacramento  val- 
ley east  to  the  summit  of  the  Sierras.  It  has  upland 
Canadian  valleys,  pines  and  snow-blockades  at  one  end; 
groves  of  oranges  and  lemons  in  the  Sierra  foothills,  and 
rich  alfalfa  fields  along  the  "  bottoms  "  of  the  Sacramento 
valley  rivers.    See  Fig.  317. 

Statistics  are  apt  to  be  dull  reading,  but  the  horticul- 
ture of  California  can  be  shown  only  by  some  of  its  re- 
sults in  recent  years.  Let  us  glance  at  a  few  of  the 
records.  Take  the  well-known  industry  of  raisin-mak- 
ing. In  1873,  120,000  pounds  were  produced  in  Califor- 
nia. By  1894  this  crop  had  grown  to  103,000,000  pounds. 
The  interstate  shipments  of  fresh  fruits,  beginning  late 
in  the  seventies,  rose  by  1894  to  nearly  180,000,000 
pounds.    The  interstate  shipments  of  dried  fruits  rose 


between  1884  and  1897,  from  abi 
150,000,000  pounds.  During  the 
years,  the  product  of  beet-sucra: 
2,000,000  to  over  70,000.000  pumi- 
years  a  noted  California  pr."liirf 
1898,  from  850,000  boxes  t"  t.il" 
some  other  separate  indu-tii.-,  i 
crop  was  over  30,000,000  i^iuim] 
over  97,000,000  pounds,  the  drie 


1.000,000  pounds  to 
e  period  of  only  13 
■rr-ased  from  about 
<  transes,  for  many 
.  t.itween  1884  and 
Ihx.s.  Turning  to 
II.  til.-  dried  apricot 
ir  [.rune  crop  was 
•ach  crop  was  over 


NEVADA 


ARIZONA 


CALLIANDRA 

made  by  me  for  the  Popular  Science  Monthly,  I  esti- 
mated as  follows: 

Kind  Acreaiie 

Citrus  and  semi-tropic 9.5.000 

Deciduous  f niits 200.000 

Nut-beariiif  trees 2.1,000 

Grapes 191,933 

Small  fruits 5.081 

Totril 317,014 

At  the  usual  distances  of  planting,  this  would  give 
48,000,000  fruit  trees  and  about  240,000,000  grape-vines. 
Since  1893  nearly  six  years  have  passed,  and  yet  the 
acreage  has  not  greatly  gained.  Some  vineyards  and 
worn-out  orchards  have  been  destroyed.  The  area  in 
small  fruits  has  nearly  doubled.  The  citrus  and  semi- 
tropic  fruits  have  somewhat  increased  in  area.  There 
have  been  seasons  of  he.tvy  frosts  and  of  light  rainfall. 
The  industry  hns  }„.,.v.  ]>-<  irenerally  profitable  during 
recent  yenr-      \  ...li  ii  t  i;,i.    ..f  lesser  horticultural  occu- 

Araongtlii  iiltiiral  industries  of  the  last 

decade  or  s..  m.  il,.  ,  A^m-ivi-  growth  of  tree,  flower  and 
vegetable  seeds,  ..f  iut-tl..wcrs,  of  vegetables  and  of  dec- 
orative plants.  California  has  always  had  important 
nurseries  and  large  market-gardens,  but  there  is  now  a 


Fig.  317.  Horticultural  reeions  of  California. 


27,000,000  pounds.  The  wine-production  of  the  state  in 
1897  was  34,500,000  gallons.  The  pack  of  canned  fruit 
in  1898  was  2,000,000  cases.  In  1893,  in  a  very  careful 
tabulation  of  the  area  planted  to  fruit-trees  and  vines. 


Charles  H.  Shinn. 
CALIFOENIA  POPPY  is  Jischscholtzia. 

CALIFORNIA    YELLOW    BELLS     is    Emmenanthe 

petidulifloni. 

CALtMERIS  (Greek,  beautiful  arrangement).  Com- 
p<Ssit(e.  A  few  Asian  herbs,  often  united  with  Aster,  but 
horticulturally  distinct,  and  differing  from  that  genus 
in  the  hemispherical  involucre  of  few,  nearly  equal, 
scarious-margined  bracts,  and  broad,  convex  receptacle. 
Akene  flat  and  hairy.  Hardy  perennials  of  low  growth, 
suited  to  the  border  in  front  of  stronger  plants.  C.  Ta- 
tarica  is  described  in  the  genus  Heteropappus. 

inclsa,  UC.  (Aster  inclstis,  Fisch. ).  One  to  2  ft.,  erect, 
corymbose  at  the  summit :  Ivs.  lanceolate,  remotely  in- 
cise-dentate  :  scales  of  involucre  red-margined  :  fis. 
large,  purple-rayed  or  almost  white,  and  yellow-centered. 
—  Of  easy  culture  in  any  good  soil,  making  a  display 
throughout  July  and  Aug.    The  commonest  species. 

AlUica,  Nees  {Aster  Altiicus,  Willd.|.  Lower,  pu- 
bescent or  hispid  :  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate  and  entire  : 
scales  of  involucre  pubescent  and  white-margined  :  rays 
narrow,  blue.  l,  jj.  g. 

CALlPHBUaiA.    See  CalUphruria. 

CALLA  (ancient  name,  of  obscure  meaning).  Ardidea. 
A  monotypic  genus,  containing  a  native  bog-plant  with 
a  white  spathe.  Herbs,  with  creeping  rhizomes  and  2- 
ranked  Ivs.  Differs  from  Oroutium  in  the  parallel  sec- 
ondary and  terti;^r^  \>  in-  f  Hi  i-af -blade.  See  Sich- 
iiriJ'Kt'inT  V.  .Kihi.'i  I'l.  Jilliottiana,  and 

lUDHi.    The  Calla  ni  ;:  i     i  la  Lily,  is  Richardia. 

palustris,  Linn.    Ii-       -      I.       mr  bearing  many  dis- 

licli-.'i-   Iv -.Miir  \.-:i\  ■■      1 1-,'  2  Ivs.  and  the  pe- 

iliiiM  I  ,     ,,  ,      ,  -li.athed  :  blade  cor- 

li.i'.         i        '    '      !  ..    .    ■■        I. late, white.    Eu., 

N.  _^.;  I,  iiiMJ   I.    :n  .  _\n,.  r.     I;   .M ,  l,^:;l.— An  interesting 
liltl.   i..-ieuiii.il  |.iaiii.  u.-.  Uil  1.11  ..uidoor  ponds. 

Jared  G.  Smith. 

CALLIANDEA  (Greek,  beautiful  stamens).  Legu- 
Hiuidsff.  Tropical  American  shrubs,  distinguished  from 
Acacia  by  the  presence  of  a  thickened  margin  on  the 
pod.  Lvs.  bipinnate;  Ifts.  numerous:  fls.  usually  borne 
in  globose  heads  ;  corolla  small,  obscured  by  the  nu- 
merous, long,  silky,  purple  or  white  stamens.  Cult,  in 
S.  Calif.,  and  prop',  by  cuttings. 


CALLIANDBA 

Lamberti4na  Benth  [Acdcia  Lambeitidna  D  Don). 
Unarmed  branches  terete  Ivs  puberulous  villous  : 
pmniB  2-3  yoked  Ifts  9-12  yoked  oval  oblong  obtuse 
at  both  ends  petiole  not  glandular  peduncles  3-5, 
racemose  heads  roundish  stamens  20-25  exserted. 
Mexico     B  R  721 


CALLIRHOE 


217 


l/vs.  tomentose  beneath. 

Shrub,  3-6  ft.,  with  scurfy,  downy 


313.    Calla  palustiis. 

tetragona,  Benth.  {Aedeia  tetrdgona,  Willd.).  Un- 
armed, glabrous:  branches  tetragonal :  pinniB  5-6-yoked : 
Ifts.  16-29-yoked,  linear,  acute,  the  outer  larger  :  heads 
pedunculate,  axillary;  lis.  white  :  pod  linear-obtuse, 
thickened  at  the  margin. 

Fortoric6usis,  Benth.  (Acicia  Portm-icinsis,  ViiWA.). 
Unarmed  shrub,  10  ft.  high:  pinnffi  5-yoked:  Ifts.  15-25- 
yoked,  linear,  obtuse  ;  petioles  not  glandular:  branch- 
lets  pubescent:  heads  globose,  pedunculate,  axillary: 
calyx  ciliate  on  the  margin  :  filaments  long,  white  :  sta- 
mens 20-25:  pod  straight,  linear,  tapering  at  the  base. 
West  Indies. 

CALLICAEPA  (Greek,  hettutn  and  fruit).  VertienA- 
ce(B.  Shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  with  routrh,  stellate  hairs: 
Ivs.  opposite,  usually  dentute  and  di-i-iduous  :  lis.  small, 
perfect,  in  axillary  cymes  ;  corolla  with  short  tube,  4- 
lobed  ;  stamens  4:  fr.  a  small,  berry-like  drupe,  red, 
lilac  or  violet,  with  2-4  seeds.  About  30  species  in  trop. 
and  subtrop.  regions  of  Asia.  Australia,  N.  and  C.  Amer. 
Some  species  are  cult,  chiefly  for  their  decorative  fr., 
profusely  produced  in  fall  ;  the  hardiest  are  C  pur- 
purea and  C.  Japonica,  and  they  may  1»-  iri'"W"  '-ven 
north  in  sheltered  positions,  it  soincwliat  inoi,  ,tr,l  .lur- 
ing the  winter.  If  killed  to  the  ki-"uii'I.  ytnr^  -li.n.ts 
spring  up  vigorously,  and  will  prodme  /Is.  aii.l  tr.  m  the 
same  season.  If  grown  in  the  greeuhuuse,  they  require 
a  sandy  compost  of  loam  and  peat,  and  plenty  of  light 
and  air.  Prop,  readily  by  greenwood  cuttings  in  spring 
or  summer  under  glass,  also  by  hardwood  cuttings,  layers 
and  seeds. 


Americ&na,  Linn, 
tomentum  :  Ivs.  cuneate,  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate, 
tusely  serrate,  3-6  in.  long:  cymes  short-stalked ;  corolla 
bluish,  glabrous:  fr.  violet.  July-Aug.  Virg.  to  Texas 
and  W.  India.  — One  of  the  handsomest  in  fr.,  but  more 
tender  than  the  Japanese  species.  There  is  a  var.  with 
white  fr. 

AA.    Lv.'i.  glabrous  beneathf  hiti  glandular :  corolla 
glandular  outside. 

Jap6nica,  Thunb.  Shrub,  3-5  ft. :  Ivs.  cuneate,  ellip- 
tic or  ovate -lanceolate,  acuminate,  crenately  serrate, 
2^-5  in.  long:  cjTues  peduncled,  manv-fld. ;  fls.pinkor 
whitish:  fr.  violet.   August.   Japan.    P.F.G.2,p.  105. 

purpilrea,  Juss.  (C.  grdcilis,  Sieb.  &  Zucc).  Shrub, 
1-i  ft. :  Ivs.  cuneate,  elliptic  or  obovate,  coarsely  serrate 
above  the  middle,  entire  toward  the  base,  15^-3  in.  long: 
cymes  peduncled,  few  or  many-fld. ;  fls.  pink:  fr.  lilac- 
violet.  August.  Japan,  China.  Gn.  23:  392. -Closely  al- 
lied to  the  former,  but  smaller  in  every  part. 

C.  cdna,  Linn.  Shrub  :  Ivs.  broadly  elliptic,  shining  above 
and  whitish-tomentose  beue.ttli :  fr.  deep  pui-ple.  E.  India, 
China.  Philippine  Isl.—  C.  dichntouia,  C.  Kot-h  ^  C.  purpurea.— 
C.  laiidta,  Schan.,  not  Liim.^C  peihmculiita.— r.  Mimurazdhi, 
Sieb.=C.  Japonifa  —  C.  iniillix,  Sieli.  &  Zucc.  Shrub,  to  4  ft.: 
Ivs.  oblong-laneculate.  r.iumlfd  at  the  base,  tomentose  beneath: 
fls.  ami  fr.  pink  -I,,,,.,  -i  ,  '  i;„,-uld!a,  Ti.KT.  Shrub:  Ivs. 
obloiiff-ovat,-.  !M  I         ■  :  iMunded  at  the  base,  green  and 

slightly  lonitTiti.  ,,  V  sleuder-pediincled.    E.Ind., 

Austr.     Sieli  J    ■  i  '  -Crubelta.  Und\.     Shrub  or 

small  tree,  t<i  1'h  n  ] :  -  ,  .-t  ,l,itr  nhlong,  tomentose  beneath: 
fr.  purple.  Himal,  China.  B.  R.ll:883.  F.  S.  13: 1359  (as  C. 
purpurea).  ALFRED  Rehder. 

CALLI6PSIS.    Consult   Coreopsis. 


referring 
ilso  Cali- 
m     New 


CALLIPHKtTEIA  (Greek,  b.autlful  ,„ 
to  the  spathe  inclosing  the  flowii>  i.  \V 
phuria.  Amari/lliddcew.  Ten<lrr  laii 
Granada,  dislnnguished  from  Eu(li;iris  l.v  tin-  stamens, 
the  filaments  being  petalid,  with  three  huge  linear  teeth 
on  top,  the  middle  one  bearing  the  anther.  The  fls.  ap- 
pear with  the  Ivs.  Prop,  by  offsets.  J.  G.  Baker.  Ama- 
ryllide.-e,  p.  112. 

Hartwegiina,  Herb.  Bulb  ovid,  1  in.  thick,  stolonifer- 
ous,  with  brown  membranous  tunics:  Ivs.  bright  green, 
firmer  and  more  closely  veined  than  in  Eucharis,  with 
an  oblong-acute  blade  4-5  in.  long,  2  in.  broad,  narrowed 
into  a  petiole,  which  is  flat  above,  and  round  beneath  : 
scape  slender,  1  ft.  long  :  fls.  6-8,  in  an  umbel,  white  ; 
perianth  1  in.  long  and  wide.  Andes  of  Bogota.  B.M.6259. 
Int.  in  1889  by  Reasoner,  who  has  never  flowered  it. 

C.  subedentdta.  Baker  =  Eucharis  subedeutata. 

CALLIPEdEA  is  included  in  Brodiaa. 

C&.hIjtTTE3,IS  (GTee\s.,beautiful  fern).  Polypodidcete. 
A  genus  of  ferns  allied  to  Asplenium,  with  elongate  sori 
formed  on  both  sides  of  the  veins,  and  the  veins  uniting 
to  form  meshes  or  areolfe.  Some  fifteen  species  are  known 
from  the  warmer  parts  of  both  hemispheres.  The  follow- 
ing is  the  only  one  in  cultivation.  Culture  of  tropical 
Aspleniums. 

prolifera, Bory  {Asplenium  decussdtumyS^vz.].  Lvs. 
2-4  ft.  long  besides  the  stalks,  which  are  1-2  ft.  long,  with 
numerous  pinnee  6-12  in.  long,  1-2  in.  wide,  with  deeply 
crenate  margins  and  frequently  with  bulblets  in  the  axils ; 
veins  pinnate,  with  the  branches  of  contiguous  veins 
uniting.    Polynesia  and  Malaya.      l.  ji.  Underwood. 

CALLtBHOE  (Greek  mythological  name).  Malvdcece. 
Poppy -Mallow.  Seven  native  species  of  hardy,  showy 
herbs  of  the  easiest  culture  and  deserving  a  much  greater 
popularity.  The  two  kinds  mentioned  are  chiefly  prop, 
by  seedsj  but  the  perennial  species  may  also  be  prop. 
by  cuttings.  The  name  is  also  written  Callirrlioe. 
A.  Annual:  involucre  absent. 

ped4ta,  Gray.  Fig.  319.  Height  1-3  ft. :  stem  erect, 
leafy:  radical,  and  lower  lvs.  round-cordate,  palmately  or 
pedatciv  .'j-T-lobed  or  -parted,  the  lobes  coarsely  toothed 
orini-isiii.  upper  H-.'i-cleft  or -parted,  usually  into  narrow 
divisii.iis  :  Hs.  red-purple,  cherry  red,  varying  to  lilac. 
Common  in  Texas.    R.H.  1857,  p.  430. 


AA.  Perennial:  involucre  present. 
involucr&ta,  Gray.    Height  9-12  in.,  plant  hir.sute 


Thuja 


*."^-\ 


or  -cleft,  the  divisions  mostly  wedge-shaped,  incised,  the 
lobes  oblong  to  lanceolate  :  fls.  crimson-purple,  cherry 
red  or  paler.  All  summer.  Minn,  to  Tex.  G.W.F.  26. 
R.H.  1862:171,  as  U.  verticUlata. 

Var.  lineariloba,  Gray.  Less  hirsute  than  the  type  : 
stems  ascending :  Ivs.  smaller,  1-2  in.  across,  the  upper 
or  all  dissected  into  linear  lobes.— An  excellent  trailer, 
especially  for  rockeries.  Thrives  even  in  very  dry  soils, 
the  root  penetrating  to  a  great  depth.  A  sunny  position 
is  preferable.  j   g   ^^^^^^  ^^^  ^  jl 

CALLISTfiMMA,  CALLlSTEPHUS.  See  Aster,  China. 

CALLISTfiMON  (Greek,  fca??©.?,  beauty  ;  stemon,  a 
stamen  ;  in  most  of  the  species  the  stamens  are  a  beau- 
tiful scarlet  color).  Myrtdcece.  Bottle-brush.  Au- 
stralian shrubs  :  Ivs.  evergreen,  short :  fls.  in  dense, 
cylindrical  spikes,  at  first  terminal,  but  the  axis  grow- 
ing out  into  leafy  shoots  ;  anthers  versatile,  with  par- 
allel cells  opening  longitudinally  :  fr.  persisting  several 
years.  Prop,  by  ripened  cuttings  in  sand  under  a  hand- 
glass, which  flower  when  small ;  or  by  seeds,  but  the 
seedlings  are  slow  in  reaching  the  flowering  state. 
Rapid  growers  ;  very  ornamental ;  greenhouse  in  the 
north  ;  hardy  in  California,  thriving  in  any  soil  and 
without  irrigation. 

A.    Lvs.  flat,  penniveineil. 

specidsus,  DC.  Lvs.  thick,  narrow-lanceolate,  pubes- 
cent when  young  :  spikes  dense,  large  :  fls.  scarlet,  the 
calyx  and  corolla  pubescent ;  stamens  obscurely  or  very 
shortly  5-adelphous.  March-April.  West  Australia. 
B.M.  1761,  as  Meirosideros  speciosa.    Height  10  ft. 

lanceoiatus.  Sweet.  Pig.  320.  Height  6-10  ft. :  lvs. 
crowded,  thick,  lanceolate,  punctate,  reddish  when 
young:  spikeratherioose,  of  reddish  fls.  N.S.Wales.  6ft. 

rlgidus,  R.  Br.  Lvs.  linear  or  narrowly  linear-lanceo- 
late, rigid,  almost  pungent-pointed  :  spikes  dense  :  fls. 
red  ;  anthers  dark.    New  South  Wales.     -1  ft. 

AA.    Z-i'S.  channeled  above,   linear,  nerveless  or 
1-nerved. 

line&ria,  DC.  Height  4  to  6  ft. :  fls.  dark  or  pale  scar- 
let :  f  r.  more  globular  and  more  contracted  at  the  mouth 
than  in  C.  rigidns.   June.   N.  S.  Wales. 

J.  BnRTT  Davt. 

CALLlTEIS  (from  the  Greek  for  heantiful).  Conif- 
era,  tribe  Ctipresshiea.  About  15  trees  or  shrubs, 
growing  in  Africa  and  the  Australian  region,  allied  to 


CALLUNA 


The  small  cones  have  4-6  separating  woody 
scales  :  lvs.  small  and  scale-like,  persistent.  Of  very 
attractive  habit.  The  only  species  in  the  Amer.  trade  is 
robiista,  R.  Br.  Cypress  Pine.  Somewhat  resembles 
our  native  red  cedar,  but  is  conical  in  form  and  very 
dense.  It  is  a  fine  tree  for  tall  hedges  and  windbreaks. 
Yoiiu^  trees  planted  out  in  S.  Fla.  make  fine  specimens, 
lirauchini^  from  the  ground.  In  five  years  the  plants 
reach  10-12  ft.  high.  Little  known  in  this  country. 
Queensland.  l.  h.  B. 

CALLtTNA  (Greek,  to  sweep  ;  the  branches  are  some- 
times used  for  making  brooms).  UricAcea.  Heather. 
Low  evergreen  shrubs  with  imbricated,  scale-like  lvs. 
in  four  rows,  the  branchlets  therefore  quadrangular  : 
fls.  in  terminal  racemes  ,  corolla  campanulate,  4-lobed, 
shorter  than  the  4  parted  colored  calyx  ,  stamens  8  : 
fr.  capsular  One  species  in  W  and  N  Eu.,  also  in 
Asia  Minor  ;  in  E  N  Amer  m  some  localities  natural- 
ized.   For  culture,  see  JSrica 

vulgaris,  Sahsb  {EAca  lulrjitis,  Linn  )  From  K-3 
ft.:  lvs.  oblong  linear,  obtuse,  sagittate  at  the  base, 
glabrous  or  pubescent  fls  small  in  long  erect,  rather 
dense  racemes,  rosy  pink,  sometimes  white.  Aug.- 
Sept.- Cultivated  in  man\  \arieties  Var  41ba  (and 
\a.r.  alba  Hammond i)  with  white  fls  var  Alpdrti,  of 
more  vigorous  growth  w  ith  ros\  <  armine  fls  ;  var.  c4r- 
nea,  with  flesh  colored  Hs      \  ir  flbre-plfeno,  with  double 


rose-colored  fls.;  var.  p^gmsea,  forming  low,  moss-like 
tufts  ;  var.  tomentfisa,  the  branchlets  and  lvs.  with 
grayish  tomentum.     The  Heather  is  a  very  handsome 


CALLUNA 

small  shrub,  well  adapted  for  borders  of  evergreen 
shrubberies,  or  for  dry  slopes  and  sandy  banks  and 
preferring  sunny  positions  ;  it  is  also  found  growing 
well  in  swamps  and  in  partly  shaded  situations.  Cut 
branches  keep  their  life-like  appearance  for  many 
months.  Alfred  Eehder. 

CAL0CH6RTUS  (Greek  for  bea»tiful  and  grass). 
LiUActa.  tribe  Tulipett.  West  American  cormous 
plants,  the  occidental  representatives  of  Tulipa.  St. 
usually  branched,  and  from  a  coated  corm,  more  or  less 
leafy:  perianth  of  unequal  segments,  the  outer  ones  the 
smaller  and  more  or  less  sepal-like,  the  3  inner  ones 
large  and  showy  and  bearing  glands  and  hairs;  stigmas 
3,  sessile  and  recurved  ;  stamens  6  ;  fls.  showy,  shal- 
low-cupped on  the  inner  segments,  arching.  Nearly  all 
the  species  are  in  cult.  Monogr.  by  J.  G.  Baker,  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  14:302-310  (1875);  and  by  S.  Watson,  Proc. 
Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.  14:  262-208  ( 1879).  See  also 
Colochorti  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  by  George  Hansen, 
Erythea,  7:  13-15;  A.  Davidson,  Erythea,  2:  1-2,  27-30. 
L.  H.  B. 

Calochortuses  are  natives  of  western  North  America. 
One  or  two  extend  into  British  Ann  ricM.  :ind  a  few,  be- 
longing to  a  peculiar  gri>u|..  air  t..iniil  in  Mexico;  the 
remainder  are  natives  of  tin-  rniir.l  States,  from  Ne- 
braska to  the  Pacific  ocean.  Wliitt-  tin-  u^rneric  charac- 
teristics are  unmistakable,  the  species  and  even  varie- 
ties have  the  most  variable  tastes  as  to  soil,  exposure 
and  climate.  The  Colorado  desert  and  the  summits  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  heavy  clay  lands  of  Californian 
Talleys,  the  volcanic  soils  of  the  foothills  and  themead- 
ows  of  the  Northwest,  each  has  its  own  representa- 
tives of  this  beautiful  tribe.  The  character  of  the  genus 
can  be  treated  better  under  the  various  groups.  Nearly 
every  known  species  is  in  cultivation  to  some  extent. 
Some  are  rr.nlily  t:r..Hn,  others  present  considerable 
cultural  ilillirnliii  s  ;  hut  while  there  are  some  which 
will  prolial.lv  always  )„  .lilKcult  to  cultivate,  there  are 
many  speciis-anil  tin-  number  includes  the  very  best— 
which  can  he  successfully  grown  by  any  one  who  is 
willing  to  give  a  little  special  care  to  their  culture;  and 
there  are  a  few  which  possess  such  vigor  and  hardiness 
as  to  be  adapted  to  extensive  cultivation.  All  Calo- 
chortuses 111-4.  bnr.lv  ill  tli.'  s,-ns..  of  withstanding  ex- 
treme culii.  iiiii  iIm  \  will  II. >t  witiistand  alternate  thaw- 
ing and  Ir.  !  ..  anil  thus  we  have  the 
paradox  ..I  ...  .i-li  severe  eastern  or 
European  \'.  ini-i--  a.i.i  -1111.111.^  ihi-  loss  of  foliage  in 
mild  ones.  They  slmuld  1,.-  planted  in  the  fall,  and  it  is 
better  to  plant  late,  so  that  leaf  growth  is  delayed  until 
spring.  Diverse  as  are  their  natural  habitats,  one  soil 
will  answer  the  needs  of  all.  In  my  own  experience,  a 
light  loam,  made  lighter  with  sand  or  sawdust,  powdered 
charcoal,  or  spent  tan-bark,  is  best.  My  very  best  re- 
sults have  been  with  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  a  good 
light  loam  and  spent  tan-bark,  with  a  little  Ijroken  char- 
coal. Wallace,  one  of  the  most  successful  English 
growers,  recommends  making  a  bed  sloping  to  the 
south,  composed  of  leaf-mold  and  road  grit  in  equal 
parts,  with  a  smaller  proportion  of  sharp  sand.  The 
idea  is  a  light,  porous,  not  too  stimulating  soil,  with 
perfect  drainage.  Wallace  recommends  covering  the 
beds  with  reeds  to  throw  off  the  heavy  rains.  I  accotn- 
plish  the  same  end  by  such  thorough  drainage  that  the 
rains  pass  through  quickly.  It  is  better  to  lift  the 
bulbs  as  soon  as  they  ripen,  and  replant  in  the  fall. 
Water  sparingly  at  all  times.  Tli.  y  tak.-  «-.ll  to  pot  cul- 
ture with  similar  soils  and  trtatnunt.  While  not  to  be 
forced  rapidly,  they  considerably  antiripatr  their  out-of- 
door  season.  The  same  treatment  can  be  used  in  cold- 
frame  culture,  but  do  not  coddle  them  too  much.  Under 
suitable  conditions  they  are  really  very  hardy  and  tena- 
cious of  life,  but  excessive  moisture,  either  in  air  or 
ground,  is  not  to  their  liking  after  the  flowering  season 
arrives.  Theoretically,  all  Calochortuses  of  Section  A 
(Star  Tulips)  should  liave  shade,  and  all  Mariposas  ( AA) 
sunshine ;  but  I  find  that  the  light  shade  of  the  lath -house 
suits  all  alike,  giving  much  finer  bloom  in  the  Mariposas. 
The  flowering  season  extends  over  three  months,  accord- 
ing to  species.  Carl  Purdt. 

Index:  albus.  No.  1  ;  amoenus,  1,  6  ;  apiculatus,  8  ; 
atroviolaceus,  25  ;  aureus,  22  ;  Benthami,  4  ;  eseruleus. 


CALOCHORTUS 


5;  Catalinse,  28;  citrinus.  17.21: 

clavatns 

.  23:  concolor. 

21  ;  elegans,  0  ;   tlrxii..-.; -.  J.,  ;   1, 

1  ,  '..mnisoni. 

31  ;  Howellii.  M)  :   K.i,.,   .i    ;     ■'. 

I  .  '.■'.'■ 

'1  :   lilaci- 

nus,   10;    Lohl.n,    1,  :    : 

, 

'.  us,  21  ; 

Lyallii,  6;  ma.r...ai  |.i,- .    ,:  .    /.i;. 

nitidus,  13  ;  nudus.  1:;  ,    .\uualii 

.  -^:i  ,   1  1. 

.i-|....nsis,'l9| 

ooulatus,  21  ;  Palmeri,  27  ;    (.am 

1  ;  i.i.tus,  24; 

Plummer»,  18;  pulchelhis.  2;  I'l 

inh  i,  '.1; 

|.ur|.urascens, 

24  ;    roseus,  3,  24  ;  ruber.  2:1  ;   s 

aii^'uini'i 

is,  2i  ;   splen- 

dens,  25  ;    sulphureus,  24  ;    T.-lii 

iiiei",   7  ; 

nnmorusfll; 

venustus,  24  ;  Vesta,  24  ;  Weedii 

.  17. 

A.  Star  Tvi.ips.  —  Blossoms  or  fruit  more  or  less  nod- 
ding :  inner  periavfh  segments  strongly  arched. 

B.  Fls.    snbglobose,    in.rhlhin :    st.   usually    tall    and 

branching.     Glohf,  'I'ri.ij.s. -These  have  a  single 
long  and  narrow  shiniii-  I.  at  from  the  base,  and 
slender,  flexunus,  Iraty   st<-nis,  the  perfection  of 
grace  in  outline.    The  tiowers  are  exquisite  in  deli- 
cacy of  tints.    Woodland  plants. 
1.  41bus,  Dougl.  Fig.  321.  Strong,!  ft.  high:  fls.  globu- 
lar, pendent,  1  in.  across,  of  a  satiny  texture,  delicately 
fringed  with  hairs.    Calif.    B.R.  1661.    F.S.  11:  1171.- 
Chaste  and  deli. 


Var.  amoenus,  Hort.  Like  C.  albus,  but  rosy  colored. 
Cent.  Calif. 

2.  pulchfellus,  Dougl.  Similar,  but  fls.  flatter,  of  pure 
yellow,  the  edges  of  petals  witli  a  linr  el  stiff  hairs: 
very  handsome.    Northwe-st  Calif.    WM.  lii.'.J. 

BB.  Fls.  bell-shaped,  erect  irlii  11  ../..».  iimsthi  lined 
with  hairs,  the  pedicels  bccuiniini  ncurred;  stem 
mnstly  low.  and  fls.  often  more  or  less  umbellate. 
Star  Tllips  Proper.  —  Like  the  Globe  Tulip,  but 
smaller  as  a  rule,  and  the  fls.  dainty  open  cups. 
All  of  the  species  resemble  each  other,  and  were 
first  included  under  C.  elegans. 

3.  Maweinus,  Leichtl.  Plant  low  (4-10  in.),  usu- 
ally branched  :  fls.  white,  purplish  at  the  base,  filled 
with  silky  hairs,  the  gland  covered  by  a  broad  semi- 
circular scale  :  capsule  long-elliptic.  Calif.  N.  B.M. 
5976  as  C.  cZ^ffons. -Variable.  Var.  m&jor,  Hort.  Fig. 
322.  Twice  as  large  in  all  its  parts.  Var.  rdseuB,  Hort. 
Pis.  tinged  rose. 

4.  B6nthami,  Baker.  Resembles  C.  pulchellus ;  sts. 
low  :  Ivs.  narrow:  fls.  nearly  erect,  yellow,  the  segments 
%  in.  long  and  brown  at  the  base.  Sierra  Nevadas,  in 
Calif.    J.H.  111.  30:549. 


220 


CALOCHORTUS 


5.  cseriUens,  Wats.  Similar  to  C.  Maweamis,  but 
lined  and  dotted  with  blue  :  low,  2-5-fld.,  the  pedicels 
very  slender  :  perianth  ciliate  inside:  capsule  nearly  or 
quite  orbicular.    Calif.,  in  the  Sierras. 

6.  eiegans,  Pursh.  Similar  to  the  last:  petals  greenish 
white  and  purplish  at  base,  bearded,  little  or  not  at  all 
ciliate :  gland  covered  by  a  deeply  fringed  scale.  Ore- 
gon, Idaho. 

Var.  amdenus,  Hort.   Fls.  lilac,  large  and  showy.    G.C. 

III.  15:808. 
Var.  Lbbbii,   Baker    (C.    Ldbbii,    Hort.).     Dwarfer, 

alpine:  Hs.   straw-colored,  with  dark  eye;  anthers  less 

pointed.    Ore. 
Var.  nanus.  Wood   (C.  Lyallii,  Baker).    Subalpine, 

dwarf  :    petals  narrow  and   usually  more  acute,  more 

hairy  and  ciliate.    Mts.  Calif.,  N. 

BBB.  Fls.  bell-shaped:  like  bb,  but  lall  (1  ft.  ormore), 
and  stotitly  erect,  irith  xrrernl  fine,  erect  cups, 
similar  to  C.Maweit  „  :i  < .  i ;;  ant  Star  Tulips.— 
In  this  splendid  gri  Ml  I .  w.  Iia\  .■  tli.-  very  dainty, 
silky  fls.  and  hanil-.iiiii  ,  ijl.i~-y  ivs.  of  the  Star 
Tulip,  with  a  stout  -t.  i,  i,M,t  ,,i-  iwo  high,  and 

large    fls.     Unlike   tl tli.i-.    tlii-y  naturally 

grow  in  open  phii-,-.  an.l  Ikla.-  a  vigor  and 
health  which  are  a  lii::li  <■■ iniii..i,.lation. 

7.  Tfilmiei,  Hook.  &  Arn.  .^tMnt.  a  it.  liiirh.  generally 
branched:  petals  oft.-n  ni.n-.-  rliaii  an  mrli  I. .iilt.  tinged 
lilac,  with  purple  an<l  uliiti-  Ikiiin  :  L'laiitl  without  a 
scale  :  capsule  brnatl  .llii.ti.'.  aruti^li.  .Mt.  Slnivta,  N.— 
Remains  a  long  tinii'  in  lili.om. 

8.  apicuiatUS,  Baker.  Taller  and  stouter,  with  umbel- 
late straw-colored  fls.    N.  Idaho. 

9.  Piirdyi,  Eastw.    Fls.  silvery  white,  filled  with  blue 
hairs.    S.  Ore.    G.C.  III.  23:  395. -Very  handsome. 
BBBB.    Fls.  bell-shaped,  the  petals  }ntk><l  <<r  Intn-ii  only 

at  the  base:  low:  leaf  .^••l<l>n-ii.  .Mlamiw 
Tulips. -These  Calochortu--  a.,  n.tn.-;  ,.f 
wet  meadows.  C.  uin,-,,,,!^  am!  ex.  .-./  ltow 
well  in  all  soils  a-  ai:/  a^  .  :  lima  ,i.  and 
as  garden  plant-  1 1  '  i       in       l:.lialiit 

they  are  low,  11.  .,,,.  .,,;.,!  i  i  .  .  u].s 
are  open,  erect  ami  niim.  i-,,ii- ,  an  iia  h  .ir  no 
in  diameter. 

10.  Ulaclnus,  Kellogg  (C.  vmbellAtus,  Wood).  A 
handsome  species,  with  large,  clear  lilac  fls.,  hairy  only 
at  base  :  fls.  4-10,  on  long,  slender  scapes :  capsule  ellip- 
tic, obtuse.  Grows  naturallv  in  wet  meadows,  and  makes 
offsets  freely.  N.  Calif,  and  Ore.  B.M.  5804  as  C. 
unifldrus.    Perhaps  the  same  as  the  next. 

11.  unifldms,  Hook.  &  Am.  St.  very  short,  bearing 
bulbs  at  base,  1-2-fld. :  petals  lilac,  with  purple  claw  and 
hairy  on  the  lower  half.    Coast  ranges,  Calif. 

12.  nddus,  Wats.  Low,  delicate  :  leaf  solitary  :  fls. 
1-6,  umbellate,  small,  white  or  pale  lilac,  not  hairy,  den- 
ticulate.   Calif.,  in  the  Sierras. 

AA.  Mariposa  Tulips.— ii/osso»is  on  stout,  erect  pedi- 
cels, the  stems  stout  and  strict:  fls.  open-bell- 
shaped.  Excepting  in  B,  the  Mariposa  or  Butter- 
fly Tulips  have  sleuder,  grassy,  radical  Ivs., 
stifl',  erect  stems  bearing  cup-shaped  fls.,  and 
sparingly  leafy  and  with  an  erect  capsule.  Bulbs 
small. 

B.  Capsule  acute-angled  or  uinged  :  fls.  lilac  or  uhite. 
These  are  hardy  species,  growing  in  the  meadows 
from  Oregon  to  Montana,  where  they  endure 
much  cold.  They  form  a  connecting  link  between 
the  Giant  Star  Tulips  and  the  true  Mariposas. 
Their  Ivs.  are  like  those  of  the  Star  Tulips -long, 
broad  and  glossy.  Like  the  Star  Tulips,  too,  the 
seed-pod  is  handsome,  3-cornered  and  winged. 
The  stems  are  stiffly  erect:  the  fls.  cup-shaped. 
not  so  brilliant  as  the  true  Mariposas,  but  very 
delicate:  the  plants  are  hardy,  healthy  and  vig- 
orous, and  are  to  be  highly  recommended  for 
cold  climates. 

13.  nltidus,  Dougl.  Scape  erect,  but  not  stiff  :  leaf 
solitary,  glossy,  narrow:  fls.  1-3,  large  and  showy,  lilac, 
yellowish,  or  white,  with  a  deep  indigo  blotch  in  the  cen- 


CALOCHORTUS 

ter,  lined  with  yellow  hairs.    Meadows,  E.  Ore.  to  Mont. 
—  Very  beautiful  and  showy. 

14.  Greinei,  Wats.  St.  stout  and  branching,  1  ft.,  2-5- 
fld.  :  sepals  with  a  yellowish  hairy  spot ;  petals  lilac 
barred  with  yellow  below,  and  somewhat  purplish,  loose- 
hairy,  not  ciliate  :  capsule  beaked.    Calif,  and  Ore. 

15.  longebarbatns,  Wats.  Slender,  about  1  ft.  high, 
bulb-bearing  near  the  base,  with  1  or  2  narrow  radical 
Ivs.,  2-branched  and  usually  2-fld. :  fls.  erect  or  nearly 
so,  lilac  with  yellow  at  base,  scarcely  hairy  except  the 
long-bearded  gland.   Washington. 

16.  H6wellii,  Wats.  St.  erect,  1  ft.  or  more,  1-2-fld.: 
Ivs.  very  narrow:  sepals  ovate,  short-acuminate;  petals 
yellowish  white,  1  in.  long,  denticulate,  slightly  ciliate 
near  the  base,  brown-hairy  inside,  the  gland  yellow- 
hairy.    Ore. 

BB.    Capsule  obtuse-angled. 
C.    Color  yellow  or  orange   or  orange-red,  more  or  less 
marked   with  brown  and  purple  (except  in  forms 
of  C.  luteus)  :  in  cult,  forms  running   into   other 
colors. 

17.  We^dii,  Wood.  Radical  leaf  single,  glossy,  broad: 
St.  tall,  leafy,  bearing  large  orange-colored  fls.  dotted 
with  purple  :  petals  triangular,  square-topped  :  gland 
small,  hairv  :  bulb  heavily  coated  with  fiber.  Calif. 
B.M.  6200,  as  C.  citrinus.  G.C.  III.  16:  183.-Varies  to 
white. 

18.  Fliimmerae,  Greene.  Similar,  but  purple  and  very 
showv.  Calif.  G.C.  III.  16:  133.  J.H.  III.  29:  289.  Gn. 
47:99"9.-A  fine  species,  with  fl.  of  large  size  and  full 
outline,  lined  with  long,  silky  yellow  hairs.  It  is  the  C. 
Weedii,  var.  purpurascens,  of  Watson. 

19.  Oblspo^nsis,  Lemm.  Tall  and  slender,  branching, 
very  floriferous  :  petals  yellow,  verging  to  red  at  the 
tip  and  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  orange-brown 
sepals.   Calif.   G. P.  2: 161. -Odd  and  bizarre. 

20.  K6nnedyi,   Porter.     Bulb   small   and 
slender,  18  in.,  sometimes  branches:  Ivs. 
linear,  tufted  from  the  branching  of  the 
St.:  fls.  2-5  ;  sepals  broad  with  a  purple 
spot  ;  petals  red-orange  to  vermilion,  not 


ciliate  nor  prominently 
hairy,  purple-spotted  at 
the  center.  Desert  spe- 
cies of  S.  Calif.  B.M. 
7264.  -  Brilliant  and  desirable, 
but  difficult  to  grow. 

21.  liiteus,  Dougl.  St.  1-10-fld., 
bulb-bearing  near  the  base  :  Ivs. 
very  narrow  :  sepals  narrow-lan- 
ceolate, with  a  brown  spot ;  petals 
2  in.  or  less  long,  yellow  or  orange, 
brown-lined,  slightly  hairy  below 
the  middle,  the  gland  densely 
hairy.  Calif.  B.R.  1567.  — Varia- 
ble. Some  of  the  forms  are  sold 
as  C.  venustus. 

Var.  citrlnas,  Wats.  {Cvenits- 

tus,y&r.  citrlnas,  Baker).    Petals 

lemon  -  yellow,    with    a    central 

brown  spot. 

332  Var.  oculitus,  Wats.  (Cvenics- 

Calochortus  Maweanus.  tus,  var.  oculdtus,  Hort.).    Petals 

var.  major  (X  H)-       P*'^  "''  ^liit^"  'i'""  Of  yellowish, 

with  a  dark  spot. 
Var.  cdncolor,  Baker  ( C.  cincolor,  Hort.).    Petals  deep 
yellow,  marked   with    red    bands,  hairy   below.     Gn. 
48:  1043. 


--pi^^Z^ 


CALOCHORTUS 

22.  atireus,  Wats.  Very  low:  petals  yellow,  not  hairy, 
the  hairy  y:lan(i  purple-bordered.    S.  Utah. 

23.  clavitus,  Wats.  Petals  yellow  lined  with  brown, 
the  lower  part  bearing  club-shaped  (or  clavate)  hairs, 
the  gland  deep  and  circular;  anthers  purple.  Calif.— 
In  this  excellent  sort  we  have  the  largest-flowered  and 
stoutest-stemmed  of  all  Mariposas.  The  bulb  is  very 
large,  the  single  bare  leaf  1  or  2  ft.  long  :  the  st.  is 
heavy,  stout  and  zigzag.  The  fls.  are  shaped  like  a 
broad-based  bowl,  sometimes  5  or  G  in.  across.  The 
color  is  a  deep,  rich  yellow,  and  the  lower  half  is  cov- 
ered thickly  with  stiff  yellow  hairs,  each  tipped  with  a 
round  translucent  knob,  and  in  the  light  like  tiny  icicles. 
There  are  various  strains  :  El  Dorado,  the  largest,  not 
so  deep  yellow  ;  Ventura,  very  stout,  deep  yellow  ; 
Obispo,  like  the  last,  but  the  upper  half  of  the  back  of 
each  petal  is  olive  brown,  which  shows  through  the  deep 
yellow  of  the  inside,  giving  changeable  shades. 

CC.    Color  white  or  lilac:   sometimes  running  into 
yellows. 

24.  venttstus,  Benth.  Butterfly  Tulip.  Stout,  6-36 
in. :  petals  white  or  pale  lilac,  with  a  reddish  spot  at 
top,  a  brown-yellow  center,  and  brown  base  :  gland 
large  and  oblong,  usually  densely  hairy :  capsule  1-2  i^in. 
long.  Calif.  B.R.  1669.  P.S.  2:  104.  Gn.  46,  p.  395.- 
Very  variable.  'She  yellow  forms  (as  var.  sitlphiireus, 
Hort.)  are  often  treated  as  forms  of  C.  luteits.  To  this 
group  of  Calochortuses  is  properly  applied  the  Spanish 
name  Mariposa  (butterfly),  for  their  brilliantly  colored 
fls.,  with  eye-like  spots  on  each  petal  and  sepal,  and 
other  delicate  markings  with  dots,  lines  and  hairs,  which 
are  strongly  suggestive  of  the  wings  of  a  brilliantly 
colored  butterfly.  Botanists  have  variously  divided  this 
great  group  of  allied  forms  between  C.  luteus  and  C. 
venustiis.  Botanically  all  can  be  considered  as  either 
strains  of  one  variable  species  or  as  a  number  of  closely 
allied  species. 

Var.  pictus,  Wallace  (G.C.  III.  18,  p.  14).  Creamy 
white,  brilliantly  marked,  often  with  a  gold  blotch.  Gn. 
48,  p.  277. 

Var.  purpuriscens,  Wats.  Petals  deep  lilac  or  pur- 
plish, darker  at  center,  the  fl.  fully  3  in.  across.  Strong 
grower.    Gn.46:986. 

Var.  rdseus,  Hort.  (C.  roseus,  Hort.).  Creamy  white 
or  lilac,  with  an  eye  midway  and  a  rose-colored  blotch 
at  apex.    Gn.  46:986. 

Var.  sanguineus,  Hort.  Fls.  deep  red,  with  very  dark 
eye,  and  without  the  rose  blotch  at  the  apex.  Perhaps  a 
form  of  C.  luteus. 

Var.  V6sta,  Hort.  (C.  lY.s-^n,  Wallace).  Tall,  long- 
stemmed,  vigorous,  bearing  large  white  fls.  tinged  with 
lilac  and  beautifully  marked.  Produces  large  offsets, 
which  flower  in  2  years.    Gn.  46:  986. 

25.  splindens,  Dougl.  Strong  and  tall,  1-2  ft. :  fls.  2-3 
in.  aci-oss  ;  petals  large,  pale,  clear  lilac,  paler  below, 
with  a  darker  claw  and  scattered  long,  white  hairs  be- 
low the  middle.    S.  Calif.    B.R.  1676. 

Var.  atrovioUceus,  Hort.  Tall  and  slender:  fls.  1-lKin. 
across,  of  a  deep  purple  color,  with  a  dark  spot  on  the 
claw,  and  short  hairs  on  the  lower  third. 

Var.  rtber,  Hort.  As  large  as  the  type  but  deep,  red- 
dish purple,  with  a  dark  purple  spot  at  base  of  claw. 

26.  flexudsus,  Wats.  Related  to  C.  splendens,  but 
with  sts.  so  weak  as  to  almost  be  said  to  creep.  The 
fls.  are  large  and  very  brilliant,  a  dazzling  purple,  with  a 
darker  purple  eve,  and  yellow  hairs  below.  S.  Utah.— 
Int.  by  Purdy  in  1897. 

27.  P41meri,  Wats.  St.  1-2  ft.,  very  slender  and  flesu- 
ous,  1-7-fld.,  bulb-bearing  near  the  base  :  sepals  with 
long,  narrow,  recurved  tips,  spotted;  petals  1  in.  or  less 
long,  white  (or  yellowish  below),  with  a  brownish  claw 
and  bearing  scattered  hairs  about  the  gland  :  capsule 
very  narrow.  S.  Calif.-The  C.  Palmeri  of  dealers  is 
not  always  this  species. 

28.  Catalinse,  Wats.  Habit  of  C.  venustus :  st.  2  ft., 
branching  :  fls.  white  to  lilac,  or  deep  lilac,  very  large 
and  handsome,  a  large  round  black  spot  at  base  of  each 
petal.  — A  lovely  species  between  C.  splendens  and  C. 
venustus.   Remarkable  for  blooming  with  the  Star  Tulip 


CALOPHACA 


221 


section,  fully  a  month  before  other  Mariposas.    Native 
to  Santa  Catalina  Isl.,  off  S.  Calif.;  also  to  Calif,  coast. 

29.  NiittalUi,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Sego  Lilt.  St.  slender, 
bulb-bearing  at  base,  usually  with  only  1  cauline  leaf, 
1-5-fld. :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  often  dark-spotted  ; 
petals  1-2  in.  long,  white  tinged  with  greenish  yellow  or 
lilac,  with  a  purplish  spot  or  band  above  the  yellow 
base  and  hairy  about  the  gland  ; 
anthers  obtuse.  Dak.  to  Calif, 
and  N.  Mes.  — There  are  no  more 
exquisitely  beautiful  fls.  than 
these  Sego  Lilies  (the  Mormon 
name)  of  the  Great 
Basin.  Most  of  them 
are  plants  of  the  sage- 
brush deserts.  Thelvs. 
are  an  ashy  green,  the 
foliage  scant,  but  the 
great  fls.  are  wonder- 
ful in  timings.  There 
are  shades  in  blue, 
pink,  lilac,  and  yellow- 
ish; also  white. 

30.  telchtUnii,  Hook.  f.  Sle 
der  alpine  species  ( 5-6  i 
by  some  regarded  as  a  form  of 
C.Nuttallii:  fls.  smoky  white, 
banded  with  green  and  marked 
with  dark  brown.  SierraNevadas. 
B.M.  5862.    F.S.  20:2116. 

31.  Giinnisoni,  Wats.  Fig.  323. 
Much  like  C.  Nuttullii:  anthers 
acuminate  :  fls.  light  blue  or  al- 
most white,  delicate  yellowish 
green  below  the  middle,  purple- 
banded  at  the  base,  and  bearing  a 
band  of  green  hairs  across  each  Qunnisoni. 
petal.  Rocky  Mts.,  Wyo.  to  New  Natural  size. 
Mexico. 

32.  macrocirpus,  Dougl,  St.  stiff,  the  cauline  Ivs.  3-5: 
fls.  1  or  2;  sepals  acuminate,  sometimes  spotted;  petals 
2  in.  or  less,  acute,  lilac  with  a  greenish  midvein,  some- 
what hairy.  B.R.  1152.  N.  Calif,  to  Wash,  and  Idaho.— 
This  fine  species  forms  a  group  by  itself.  It  has  a  very 
large  bulb,  a  stout  almost  leafless  stem,  and  a  large 
flower  of  an  exquisite  pale  lavender,  banded  down  the 
back  with  green.    Petals  long,  narrow  and  pointed. 


Carl  Pubdy 
CALODfiNDKUM  (Greek,  beautiful  I, 
)iic  uf  tlii-  hands, imest  deciduous  truc^ 
(ttud    Hope.     rnlt.  in  northern  greciili' 


L.  H.  B, 


Prop,  by 


L  Africa, 


or  flesh-col, I1-.  .i   il  -.  :,i'c    -..,„,  i  im.  ~  ,  i 
deep.    A  m  ■'  I      -   : 

with  attract! 

features.    Calh'il  '■  w  iM  i  'In'^i  iin:  '   m. 
cuttings  of  half-ripened  wno.l  uihl.  i   ■• 

Capensis,  Thunb.  CapeChk-tm  i 
70  ft.:  branches  opposite,  or  in  .;'^:  Iv^,  simple,  decus- 
sate, ovate,  obtuse,  refuse  or  a.nr.',  paiall.  l-nt-rved,  4-5 
in.  long,  studded  with  oil  cysts,  whii-h  Ic.nk  like  translu- 
cent spots  when  held  to  the  li;;ht  :  panicles  terminal  ; 
peduncles  usually  trichotomous  :  caly.x  deciduous  :  pet- 
als 5,  linear-oblong,  IH  in.  long.  2  lines  wide,  sprinkled 
with  purple  glands  :  stamens  10.  5  alternate,  sterile, 
and  petaloid  :  seeds  2  in  each  cell,  larger  than  a  hazel- 
nut, black  and  shining.    G.C.  II,  19:  217. 


CALOPHACA 


A-iMs,  r.f 


itiful,  and   phaka, 

lentil).  I,.,iini,,„...^,, .  i),.,-nln.in-  sii rubs  or  herbs,  with 
alteniafc,  c.l. 1|. innate.   |,nl"-c.  iit.  ami  often  ghindular 

pubescent  and  iilaiiclnlar,  i-vlimlrical.  About  10  species 
from  S.  Russia'to  E.  India."  The  two  cultivated  species 
are  low,  prostrate  shrubs,  with  grayish  green  foliage, 
and  rather  large  yellow  fls.  in  erect  racemes,  followed 
by  decorative,  reddish  pods.  They  prefer  a  well-drained 
soil  and  sunny  position,  and  are  well  adapted  for  bor- 
ders of  shrubberies  and  sandy  or  rocky  slopes.  Prop, 
by  seeds,  sown  in  spring  ;  the  young  seedlings  should 
have  plenty  of  light  and  air,  as  they  are  very  liable  to 


222  CALOPHACA 

damp-off  if  kept  too  luoist  and  shady.  Sometimes  grafted 
high  on  Caragana  or  Laburnum,  forming  a  very  attrac- 
tive, small  standard  tree. 

Wolg&rica,  Fisch.  Two-.')  ft. :  pubescent  and  glandu- 
lar :  Ifts.  11-17,  roundish-ovate  or  oval,  'A-%in.  long  : 
racemes  long-peduncled,  with  4-7  fls. ;  corolla  over  % 
in.  long.  June-July.  S.  Russia,  Turkestan.  — <7.  {rrnndi- 
fldra,  Regel,  is  similar,  but  Ifts.  17-25 :  racemes  10-16- 
fld. ;  corolla  1  in.  long.    S.Russia.    Gt.  35:1231. 

Alfred  Rehder. 

CALOPHtLLUM  (Greek,  beautiful-leaved).  Gut- 
tiferHcece.  Tropical  trees,  with  shining,  leathery,  ever- 
green penninerved  Ivs.  and  panicled  fls.  The  following 
is  cult,  outdoors  in  S.  Pla.  and  S.  Calif.,  and  possibly  in 
northern  warrahouses.    Prop,  by  cuttings. 

Inophyllum,  Linn.  Branches  terete :  Ivs.  obovate, 
usually  marginate  :  fls.  white,  fragrant,  in  loose,  axil- 
lary racemes;  peduncles  1-fld.,  usually  opposite;  sepals 
4:  fr.  reddish,  as  large  as  a  walnut.  E.  Tropics.  — Int. 
by  Reasoner,  1893.  Also  in  S.  Calif.  A  tall  tree,  with 
beautiful  glossy  Ivs.  and  white  fls.  Oil  is  extracted  from 
the  seeds.    Has  medicinal  properties. 

CALOPOGON  (Greek,  beautiful  beard}.  OrchidAcete 
One  of  our  daintiest  native  orchids,  with  pink  fls.  an  in. 
across,  grass-like  Ivs.,  and  a  small  bulb.  The  Up  is  on 
the  upper  side  of  the  flower,  spreading,  distant  from 
the  column,  with  a  narrowed  base.  One  of  the  choicest 
hardy  bog  plants.  A  moist  and  shaded  position  and 
very  porous  soil  are  most  suitable  for  this  pretty  plant, 
though  I  have  seen  it  do  admirably  well  on  a  rockery 
only  slightly  shaded. at  midday,  but  here  the  plants  were 
watered  very  freely  every  day  during  hot  or  dry  weather. 
Prop,  by  offsets,  separated  from  the  old  tubers,  but  the 
old  established  plants  should  not  be  disturbed  very 
often.  Collected  clumps  of  all  our  native  orchids  are 
offered  at  very  reasonable  figures,  and  these  give  imme- 
diate satisfactory  results,  while  the  small  offsets  would 
not  be  strong  enough  to  flower  for  several  years,  and 
require  much  attention  during  the  first  year,  or  perhaps 

puloh611US,  R.  Br.  Height  12-18  in.:  scape  2-6-fld.: 
fls.  pink,  magenta,  or  purple  :  lip  bearded  with  white, 
yellow,  and  purple  club-shaped  hairs.  Bogs,  Newf.  to 
Pla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  G.W.  P.  14.  G.  P.  10:  505. 
J.  H.  III.  35:  45.  B.M.  116,  as  Limodorum  tuberosum.- 
Eleven  fls.  on  a  scape  is  the  average  number  in  Penn- 
sylvania  bogs.  j   g    ^^^^^^  ^^^,  ^   jj 

CALOTHAMNUS  (Greek,  beautiful  bush).  Myr- 
tAcew.  Australian  shrubs  somewhat  similar  to  Calliste- 
mon  but  more  graceful  in  habit :  Ivs.  long,  alternate  : 
fls.  showy,  usually  red,  in  lateral  clusters  :  stamens 
united  in  bundles  opposite  the  petals  ;  anthers  erect, 
attached  by  the  base,  oblong  or  linear ;  cells  parallel, 
turned  inwards,  opening  by  longitudinal  slits.  Orna- 
mental greenhouse  shrubs.  Hardy  out  of  doors  in  Cali- 
fornia.   For  cult.,  see  Callistenwn. 

quadrifidus,  R.Br.  Height  2-4  ft. :  Ivs.  narrow,  terete 
or  slightly  fiattened,  heath-like,  glandular-dotted:  fls. 
rich  crimson,  4-merous  ;  calyx  2-lobed  in  fruit  ;  stami- 
nal  bundles  nearlv  equal,  of  15  to  20  or  more  filaments. 
W.  Austral.    B.M".  1506.  j.  bj-ktt  Davy. 

CALPORNIA  (after  Calpumius,an  imitator  of  Virgil, 
because  these  plants  are  allied  to  Virgilia).  Legumi- 
nisa.  Trees  and  shrubs  from  tropical  and  southern 
Afr.  cult,  out  of  doors  in  S.  Calif.  Lvs.  odd-pinnate  ; 
racemes  long,  axillary  and  terminal  :  fls.  yellow. 

sylvdtica,  E.  Mey.  Shrub,  6-10  ft.  high  :  lvs.  2-6  in. 
long:  Ifts.  in  3-10  pairs,  membranous,  obovate-elliptical, 
retuse  or  obtuse  :  fls.  J^  in.  long  :  ovary  glabrous. 
Caffraria.-Also   rarely    cult,  north    as   a   greenhouse 

lasi6gyne,E.  Mey.  (C.  a H«a,  Benth.).  Ataliershrub, 
with  larger  lvs.  and  fls.,  more  coriaceous,  more  pubes- 
cent, and  exactly  elliptical  or  oblong  leaflets.  The  silky 
ovary  at  once  distinguishes  it.   Natal. 


CALTHA 

CALTHA  (Latin  name  of  the  Marigold).  Bnnuncu- 
lAceie.  A  genus  of  beautiful  marsh  plants,  about  10 
species,  of  temperate  and  frigid  regions.  Succulent, 
perennial  herbs,  glabrous,  with  a  fascicle  of  strong, 
fibrous  roots  :  lvs.  simple,  rather  rounded-cordate  at 
base  :  fls.  yellow,  white  or  pink  ;  sepals  large,  decid- 
uous, petal-like  ;  petals  none  ;  stamens  numerous,  car- 
pels sessile,  becoming  follicles,  with  two  rows  of 
seeds.  They  flourish  best  in  wet  places  near  running 
water.  Though  naturally  bog  plants,  they  succeed  ad- 
mirably well  in  an  ordinary  border  in  rather  rich  soil. 
They  should  be  introduced  more  liberally  into  the  flower 
garden,  where  they  flower  very  freely  year  after  year, 
and  generally  mature  a  second  quite  abundant  crop  of 
bloom  in  the  fall.  The  flowers  last  a  long  time  in  water, 
and  sell  readily  in  the  cut-flower  market.  Monogr.  by 
G.  Beck,  in  Kaiserlich-Konigliche  Zool.-Bot.  Gesell- 
schaft  (Vienna,  1886),  36:  347-363  ;  E.  Huth,  Monogr. 
in  Helios  9:  69-74. 

bifldra,  DC.  No  true  stem  ;  scape  slender,  usually 
2-fld. :  lvs.  as  in  C.  palustrisi :   sepals  6-9,  nearly  white 


leptas6pala,  DC.  Stout  scape,  8-12  in. :  lvs.  all  basal 
or  barely  one  on  stem  ;  nerves  at  base  nearly  parallel, 
otherwise  like  those  of  C.  biflora  :  sepals  7-10,  oblong, 
becoming  narrower,  white;  fls.  solitary:  follicles 
scarcely  stalked.  May-June.  Alaska  to  Wash,  and  Colo. 
Gn.  30:565. 

paliistrlB,  Linn.  Marsh  Marigold.  Stem  hollow,  1-2 
ft.,  branching,  several-fld. :  Ivs.  cordate  orrenifonn,  den- 


324.  Calycanthus  floridus. 


tate,  crenate  or  entire  :  fls.  bright  yellow,  1-2  in.  broad 
sepals  5  or  6,  rarely  7:  follicles  compressed,  %  in.  long. 
Apr.-June.  Wet  ground.  Carolina  to  Canada  and  west- 
ward. Gt.  47,  p.  630.  D.  115,  pi.  35.-Used  before  flow- 
ering in  the  spring  as  "Cowslip  greens."    Var. 


CALTHA 

Btrdsa-pleno,  Hort.  (var.  flore-pleno,  Hort.).  An  im- 
jirovemi-nt  on  the  above  :  fls.  larger,  of  greater  sub- 
stance, and  often  much  doubled.    Very  beautiful, 

K.  C,  Davis  and  J,  B,  Keller. 
CALTKOPS.    Trapa. 

CALYCANTHUS  (Kahjx  and  antJws,  flower;  the  calyx 
is  large  and  conspicuous),  CalycanthAceie.  Carolina 
Allspice,  Sweet-scented  Shrdb.  Deciduous  shrubs 
of  aromatic  fragrance  :  Ivs.  opposite,  petioled,  entire, 
usually  rough  above  :  fls,  terminal  or  axillary,  solitary, 
is  sepals  and  no  distinct  petals ; 
ike,  but  not  dehiscent,  like  the 
'rilyx  tube  and  containing  nu- 
mcr.Mi-' ;ik.  II.  -  -'\  -I.  ■-  ill  N.  America  and  E,  Asia. 
OriiiiiiM  nil!     I      ,  I  h.-r  large,  handsome  foliage 

and   iii.i-il-,    -    '       -  1-.;   they  are  almost  hardy 

nortli,  .  \r,  |ii  ( ',  ...  ..'.  ..'.i.'.N  and  C.pnecox.  They  grow 
in  almost  any  wt-U  drained  and  somewhat  rich  soil,  and 
succeed  as  well  in  shady  as  in  sunny  positions.  Prop,  by 
seeds  sown  in  spring;  also,  increased  by  layers  put  down 
in  summer,  and  by  suckers  or  division  of  older  plants. 
A.  Wiiiti-r-biids  ifiihout  scales,  very  small:  fls.  tiroii-n, 
in  summer. 
B,  Lrs.  densely  pubescent  beneath. 

fWridus,  Linn.  Fig.  32-1.  Three-6  ft.:  Ivs.  oval  or 
broad -ovate,  acuminate,  dark  green  above,  pale  or  grayish 
green  beneath,  lK-3  in.  long  :  fls.  dark  reddish  brown, 
fragrant,  about  2  in,  broad,  Va,  to  Fla,  B,M.  50.3. -This 
species  is  the  most  cultivated  for  its  very  fragrant  fls. 

BE.  Li-s.  glabrous  beneath  or  nearly  so;  fls.  slightly 
or  not  fragrant. 

!6rtilis,  Walt.  ( C  ^ei-ox,  Michx.  C.l(evig&tus,Wmd.). 
Three-6  ft. :  Ivs.  usually  elliptic  or  oblong,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, green  beneath,  2-5Hin,  long:  fls,  reddish  brown, 
l^^in,  broad,    AUeghanies.    B,R,6:481, 

glailcus,  Willd,  Fig.  325.  Four-6  ft. :  Ivs.  usually  ovate 
or  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  glaucous  beneath,  2-4Kin- 
long:  fls.  reddish  or  yellowish  brown,  1J4 in,  broad.  Va. 
to  Ga.  B.R.  5:  404.-Var.  oblongifdlius,  Nutt.,  with 
oblong-lanceolate  Ivs. 

occidentilis,  Hook.  &  Am.  (C,  macrophfilliis,  Sort.). 
To  12  ft. :  Ivs.  usually  rounded  at  the  base,  ovate  or  ob- 
long-ovate, green  beneath  and  sometimes  slightly  pubes- 
cent, 4-6  in.  long  :  fls.  light  brown,  3  in.  broad.  Calif. 
B.M.  4808.    F. 8.11:1113.    R.H.  1854:  341, 


CALYPTROGYNi 


223 


lar 

praecox,  Linn,  {Chimondnthus  frcigrans,'LmAl.).  Lvs. 
elliptic-ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  green  and 
glabrous  beneath,  3-5  in.  long:  fls.  very  fragrant,  1-lKin. 
broad,  outer  sepals  vellow,  inner  ones  striped  purplish 
brown.    China,  Japan.     B.M,  466,     B,R,  6:451.     L.B.C. 


7:617.   G.C.  III.  11 :  213.  -  Desirable  for  temperate  regions 
for  its  very  early,  sweet-scented  fls. 

The  newly  introduced  C.  nitens,  Oliv.,  from  China, 
allied  to  C.  prmcox,  has  the  lvs,  coriaceous,  long-acumi- 
nate, shining  and  smooth  above,        Alfred  Rehder, 


CALYC6T0ME  {Kalyx,  and  tome,  a  section  or  cut ; 
calyx  looks  as  if  cut  off).  Leguminbsm.  Low,  spiny, 
divaricate  shrubs :  lvs. 3-foliolate,  deciduous:  fls,  papilio- 
naceous, yellow,  fascicled  or  in  short  racemes  ;  calyx 
truncate,  obscurely  denticulate.  Four  species  in  the 
Mediterranean  region,  of  which  two  are  sometimes  culti- 
vated ;  not  hardy  north.  They  prefer  a  sunny  position 
and  well  drained  soil.    For  prop.,  see  Cytisus. 

villdsa,  Link.  Two-4  ft. :  branchlets  grayish  tomeu- 
tose:  leaflets  obovate,  densely  silky  beneath,  under  yiin. 
long  :  fls.  Hin.  long,  3  or  more,  fascicled  :  pod  villous. 
May,  June. -It  is  excellent  for  dense,  low  hedges. 

Bpinosa,  Link.  Closely  allied,  but  somewhat  larger 
in  every  part,  and  with  glabrous  branchlets  and  pods  : 
fls.  solitary  or  few,    B,R,  32:55,  Alfred  Rehder. 

CALYPSO  I  from  the  Greek  goddess,  whose  name  sig- 
nitifs  cimctalment ;  referring  to  its  rarity  and  beauty). 
Orrhidace't:.  One  of  our  rarest  and  most  prized  native 
orchids,  a  delicate  bog-plant,  3-4  in,  high,  with  a  small 
Viulb,  one  roundish  or  ovate,  striated  leaf,  and  one  pink 
flower  with  a  spotted  sac,  A  monotypie  genus.  For 
culture,  see  Calopogon;  but  more  difBcult  to  growthan 
that  plant. 

borealis,  Salisb.  Pig.  326.  Leaf  an  inch  wide  and 
long  :  scape  .3—1  in.  high,  with  about  3  sheaths  :  sepals 
and^  petals  similar,  ascendins.  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
pink:  lip  larger  than  tin.  l■.■^l  nf  tlir  tl.,  witli  brown 
spots  in  lines  ami  ]iiir|.li.  ini.l  yrll.nv  marking's,  woolly- 
hairy  within  :  cuIiiiiMi  fiital  likr.  civat...  li..ariiii.' tlie  lid- 
like anther  just  l.il.iw  tin-  ajirx.  :\Iaiiii.  to  Minn,  and  N. ; 
also   Eu.    Abundant   in  parts  of  Oregon  and  Washing- 


CALYPTKOGYNE  (Greek-made  name).  PalmAceir. 
tribe  Aricece.  Spineless  stoloniferous  palms,  with  short 
orlongcaudices,  ringed  below:  lvs.  terminal,  unequally 
pinnatisect :  segments  a  few  joined  together,  narrow  or 
broad,    falcate,  very   long-acuminate,   plicate  ;    margin 


224 


CALYPTROGYNE 


recurved  at  the  base  ;  nerves  numerous  :  petiole  very 
short:  sheath  short,  open;  spadices  simple  or  branched 
at  the  base,  long-pedunculate  ;  spathes  2,  narrow,  the 
lower  much  shorter  than  the  peduncle,  split  at  the  apex, 
the  upper  deciduous,  elongated,  split  its  entire  length  ; 
bracts  connate,  bordering  the  lower  lip  of  the  flower- 
bearing  cavity  ;  bractlets  minute  :  fr.  small,  oblong  or 
obovoid.    Species  8.    Trop.  Amer. 

Ghiesbrechtiina,  H.  Wendl.  (Geonoma  Ghiesbreghti- 
(tna,  Lindl.  &  H.  Wendl.).  Stem  short  or  almost  none  : 
petiole  5  ft.  long  :  Ivs.  elongate-oval ;  segments  in 
ote,  lancec 
uppermost 
on  each  side  very  wide.    Chiapas,  Mex. 

0.  spicigera,  H.  Wendl.  Stem  e\-ident ;  Ivs.  irregularly  pin- 
nate, H  ft.  or  less  long,  the  stalks  Hat  on  upper  side.  Guate- 
mala.—C  Siv&rtzii,  Hort.,  is  a  Geonoma. 

Calyptrogynes  are  handsome  pahns,  seldom  seen  out- 
side of  large  collection.'!.  Special  care  must  be  given  to 
the  soil  so  that  it  will  bp  swf^pt  and  porous,  especially 
after  the  plants  leave  tin-  -.-.•.I], an.  Well-drained  pots 
and  a  little  charcoal  mix-  M  wii'ii  tlit-  v,.ii.  and  the  plants 
kept  in  a  uniformly  nioi-i  -t:,i.  .  -.w,-  .Liiilitions  essential 
to  the  healthy  growth  ut   thr  plants. 

In  thi-  i.'ciiu-..  C.  (ihicxijni-li/iiiiia  is  the  most  widely 
know  ij  v|,,  111  ^,  aniither  garden  name  for  which  is 
GeiDinni.i  \  ,  rsrh.in,  Hi.  These  are  shade-loving  palms, 
haviiii,'  Iravfs  nt  cuniparatively  thin  texture,  and  con- 
sequently are  subject  to  attacks  of  red  spider  unless 
properly  cared  for  in  regard  to  moisture.  Calyptrogynes 
are  most  useful  in  a  small  state,  old  plants'in  general 
being  rather  leggy  and  poorly  furnished. 

Jaked  G.  Smith,  G.  W.  Oliver  and  W.  H.  Taplin. 

CALYSTfiGIA.    See  Convolvulus. 

CALYX.    The  outer  floral  envelope.    See  Floiiwr. 


CAMBIUM 

The  Camassias  are  bulbous  plants,  found  only  in  the 
temperate  regions  of  N.  Amer.,  and  closely  allied  to 
Scilla.  Bulb,  as  in  Scilla  ;  the  many  lance-shaped  Ivs. 
sheathing  at  base:  st.  erect,  many-fld.,  bracted  below 
each  flower,  and  flowering  in  long  succession  from  the 
bottom.  The  genus  has  not  been  carefully  studied,  and 
many  forms  are  confused  under  the  same  names. 
Monogr.  by  J.  G.  Baker,  Jour.  Linn.  Soo.  13:256;  S. 
Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.  14:240.  On 
questions  of  nomenclature,  consult  Coville,  Proc.  Biol. 
Soc.  Wash.  11:  61. 

Camassias  are  natives  of  rich  meadows,  very  wet  in 
winter  and  spring  but  dry  in  summer.  They  do  well  in 
any  good  loam,  avoiding  too  rank  manures.  They  are 
perfectly  hardy.  Bulbs  should  be  set  in  early  fall,  at  a 
depth  of  4-6  inches,  and  left  undisturbed .  As  cut-flowers, 
they  open  in  long  succession.  The  bulbs  produce  off- 
sets very  sparingly.  Seeds  grow  readily,  and  seedlings 
bloom  in  three  to  four  years. 


s  n. 


nany 


CAMASSIA(gMamos7»or  Camass  is  the  Indian  name). 
Lilidceiv.  Fls.  blue,  purple,  or  whitish,  with  6  spread- 
ing, 3-7-nerved  sepals,  and  G  filiform  stamens,  filiform 
style,  and  3-angled,  3-valved,  several-seeded  capsule. 


high,  robust :  fh. 
ISO  or  more). 
Cilsioldi,  Wats.  Bulb  very  large  (weighing  4-8  oz.): 
Ivs.  numerous,  broad,  glaucous,  somewhat  undulate  (15 
in.  long,  often  1}^  in.  wide):  St.  often  3  ft.  high  :  fls. 
30-100,  very  pale,  delicate  blue  ;  segments  spreading, 
crinkled  atthe  base,  faintly  3-5-nerved.  Ore.  G.F.  1:174. 
-One  of  the  best  of  the  genus.  Dift'ers  from  C.  escu- 
lenta  in  its  larger  bulb,  more  numerous  Ivs.  and  stouter 
and  more  clustered  habit.  Grows  on  drier  land.  Hardy 
in  New  Eng.,  and  grows  well  in  good  garden  soil. 


escul^nta,  Lindl.  Camass.  Fig.  327.  Not  very  stout, 
1-2  ft. :  Ivs.  %in.  or  less  broad  :  fls.  10-40,  dark  blue  or 
purple,  the  perianth  irregular  (5  segments  on  one  side 
and  1  on  the  other,  and  deflexed) ;  segments  3-5-nerved 
and  a  little  longer  than  the  stamens,  narrow  and  chan- 
neled at  the  base  :  pedicel  not  exceeding  the  fls.:  cap- 
sule ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse,  transversely  veined.  Calif, 
to  Utah  and  N.  B.R.  18:1486.  F.S.  3:275.  Gn.  46,  p.  339, 
983. -Bulb  cooked  and  eaten  by  the  Indians.  The  fls. 
vary  to  white. 

Leichtlinii,  Wats.  Stout,  often  3  ft.  high:  fls.  cream- 
colored,  ranging  to  white,  nearly  regular,  the  stamens 
and  style  ascending;  segments  broad  and  flattened  at  the 
base,  usually  5-7-nerved  :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  emar- 
ginate.  obliquely  veined.  Mts.,  Calif.,  N.  B.M.  6287, 
as  C.  esculenta,  var.  Leichtlinii,  Baker. -Purple-fld. 
Camassias  are  sometimes  referred  to  this  species,  but 
it  is  doubtful  if  they  belong  with  it. 

Hdwellii,  Wats.  Bulb  rather  small  :  Ivs.  few,  1  ft. 
long  and  less  than  %m.  wide  :  st.  often  2  ft.  high,  many- 
fld  ,  with  spreading  pedicels  twice  or  more  longer  than 
the  linear  bracts  :  fls.  pale  purple,  opening  in  the  after- 
noon, the  segments  Kin.  long,  3-5-nerved  :  capsule 
small,  broadly  triangular-ovate  and  very  obtuse.  Ore. 
-Int    1892  by  Pilkington  &  Co. 

FrAseri,  Torr.  Scape  12-18  in.  high  :  Ivs.  keeled  :  fls. 
light  blue,  smaller  than  in  C.  esculenta  ;  segments  3- 
nerved  :  pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  fls.  Penn., 
W    and  S.    B.M.  1574,  as  Scilla  esculenta. 

V.ir  angusta,  Torr.  (C.  angusta,  B-ort.).  Very  slen- 
der, and  Ivs.  narrower  ^%m.  wide):  fls.  smaller,  M  or 
Jiin.  long.    La.  and  Ark.  to  Tex. 

L.  H.  B.  and  Carl  Purdt. 

CAMBIUM  is  a  nascent  layer  of  tissue  between  the 
wood  and  bark  of  trees  and  shrubs.  From  it  is  developed 
secondary  wood  and  bast.  The  thickening  of  stems  and 
roots  is  mainly  due  to  activity  of  the  cambium.  It  is 
most  evident  in  June  and  July,  when  tissues  are  rapidly 
forming.  Woodsmen  take  advantage  of  this  to  peel  bark. 
Boys  also  take  advantage  of  the  readiness  with  which 
bark  and  wood  separate  at  the  cambium  to  make  whistles 
of  basswood  or  willow.  Trees  are  more  easily  bruised  at 
this  time  in  the  year  than  at  any  other.  The  cambium 
plays  an  important  part  in  the  healing  of  wounds  upon 
stems.  It  is  the  union  of  the  cambium  layers  of  cion  and 
stock  that  makes  grafting  possible.     \vr.  w.  Rowlee. 


CAMELLIA 

CAH£LLIA  (after  George  Joseph  Kamel  or  Camellus, 
a  Moravian  Jesuit,  who  traveled  in  Asia  in  the  seventeenth 
century).  Ternstroemi&cew.  Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs: 
Ivs.  alternate,  short-petioled,  serrate :  fls.  large,  axillary 
or  terminal,  usually  solitary,  white  or  red  ;  sepals  and 
petals  5  or  more:  stamens  numerous,  connate  at  the  base : 
fr.  a3-.^-<•elled.dehis- 
<  ent  capsule,  \\it4i 
large,  globular  or 
ovoid  seeds  About 
10  specie-,  in  trop  and 
^ubtrop  Asia,  di 
\  ided   into   the    sub- 


CAMELLIA 


225 


i'HC 


ilUa 


itiil  Then  tonsidertd 
I  \  some  to  bedistinit 
,'inira,  bv  sonu  all 
united    under    Tlu  i 

llu      -p.  111.,     of     1  II 


h-iS 


3ii     Cjmelli 
Abby  Wild 


camellia,    especialK     ( 
Japoiuca,    are     popul  ir 
decorative  shiubs,  with 
ver\  show}  fls    About  50 
years  a„'o  one  of  the  ni()..t 
apprei  lated    gr<  ( nhouse    323    Came 
shrubs,  and  se\(.ralhun        Japonica 
dred  varieties  were  eulti-  Lucida. 

vated.  Of  the  second 
subgenus,  C.  Thea  is 
cultivated  in  nearly  all  subtropical  coun- 
tries and  in  the  mountainous  regions  of 
the  tropics  for  its  leaves  which  yield  the 
well  known  tea  and  aie  in  article  of  great 
commercial  importince  There  is  a  mono 
grqih  of  this  genu-,  by  Seemann  m  Tians 
Lmn  Sue  X\1I  p  3il-i^2  lllusti  ited 
monci.jiHphs  of  the  horticultui  il  \  uieties 
art  Luiti^  Munogr  ot  the  genus  L  imi  llui 
(181')),  Biumann  BoUweiler  L  imellii  n 
sammlung  (1828),  Chandlei,  Camtllu,i 
(18J1)  Berl^se,  Monogr  du  genre  Camt  Hi  i 
a(18J'M,  Verschaffelt,  Nouvelle  Mono 
graphie  du  CameUia  (1848-bO)  the  last 
with  576  and  the  foregoing  with  300  colored 
plates 
A   Fh    6e6^tle,  eiect,   terminal  ana  an! 

lary,   lalyi  lobes  deeiditom      Catiid 

ha  piopei 
Japdmoa,  Lmn  Figs  J28-3J1  bhrub 
or  tree ,  sometimes  to  40  ft  ,  glabrous 
Ivs.  very  shining  and  dark  green  above, 
ovate  or'elliptic,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  2-t  in.  long: 
lis.  red  in  the  tvpe,  3-5  in.  across  ;  petals  5-7,  round- 
ish. China,  Japan.  B.M.  42.  S.Z.  82.  F.S.  20:  2121.- 
Var.  Alba,  Lodd.  Fls.  white.  L.B.C.  7:  636.  Gn.  54,  p. 
243.  Var.  SIba  plena,  Lodd.  Fls.  white,  double.  L.B.C. 
3:  '2i\'.t.  V;ir.  anemoniflora,  Curtis.  Fls.  red,  with  5  large 
nailer  and 


bluntly  pointed  at  the  apex,  crenate-serrate,  shining, 
dark  green  and  hairy  on  the  midrib  above,  l%-3  in.  long: 
fls.  lK-2  in.  across,  white  ;  petals  5  or  more,  obovate  or 
oblong.  China,  Japan.  Gn.  54:1189.  S.Z.  83  (except  the 
red  vars.).  — Var.  semipUna,  Hort.  Fls.  seniidouble, 
white.  B.R.  1:12  and  13:1091.  Var.  anemoniflora,  s,,ni. 
Fls.  large,  double,  outer  petals  white,  inn.  r  ,,ii.  -  murli 
smaller,  yellow.  B.M.5152.  Var.  oleifera,  IMmI.  i  ( '  .  ',  ^ 
era,  Lindl.).  Of  more  robust  habit,  with  Ix-.  mi. I  th,. 
single  white  fls.  larger  than  in  the  tvpe.  U.K.  11 : 1)42. 
L.B.C.  11:1065. 
AA.  Fls. pedicelled, nodding,  mostly  axdiai ii .  cu/i/j-- 

tttth  pusisl.tit     Th,a 
Thfia,  Lmk   u      i  .     iit     /         s  Lmn). 

Tea.  Shrub   ^   i  lance- 

olate or  obov  It  1  il.rous, 

sometimes  \m\>         i  i  i        i  mt,  1- 

IHin.  broad,  pet.iK  >  <  Inn.  li..li.i  -L^u.illx  two  varie- 
ties are  distinguished.  Var.  Bohea  (  Thea  Jiuhea,  Lmn.). 
Lvs.  elliptic,  dark  green,  to  3  m.  long:  branches  erect. 
M.  998  L.B  C  3-  226.  Var  viridis  [Thea  liridis, 
inn  )       Lvs     p.ile    green,    l.iii.  e.iLili      to    5    m     long: 

^Js     I'll.  1.1  1  k  t.  I  li    «    MI     m.l  _r.  .  n  t.  i .  t  .  .unmerce 
>  n..t  .    111.    ti.  Ill  .  .  II  tin   \  mill.       1  ut    ii.    ilip  result 


nl.k    i.ink     BR. 
V17       L  B  C    12: 
14     BM   2080 
Alfred  Rehder. 

Camellias  are 
ot  hard  to  grow, 
ither  the  well 
nown  C.  Japnn- 


]'..^l. 


ig  that  of  a  double 
For  the  numerous 
mentioned  mono- 
stration  Horticole, 
cations   contain   a 


Ani'moiR-.  L.B. 
other  garden  for 
graphs  ;  also,  Fk 
and  other  older 
large  number  of  varifii.-s  wirh  illustrations. 

retioulita,  Lindl.  Large  shnih.  glabrous  :  lvs.  dull 
green,  not  shining  above,  reticulate,  flat,  elliptic-oblong, 
acuminate,  serrate,  3-5  in.  long  :  fls.  5-7  in.  across,  pur- 
plish rose;  petals  15-20,  obovate,  looselv  arranged.  China. 
B.R.  13:1078.  B.M.  2784.  P.M.  3:101. -Var.  pidna, 
Hort.  Pis.  with  twice  as  manv  petals,  and  more  regularly 
arranged.    B.M.  4976.    F.S.  12:1279-80, 

Sasanqua,  Thunb.  Shrub  of  loose,  straggling  habit, 
with  the  branches  pubescent  when  young  :  lvs.  elliptic, 

15 


the 
common  C.  Sa  - 
<:a)igiia,  and  C. 
Thea,  the  Tea 
Plant.  They  re- 
quire a  coolhouse, 
not  too  dry  an 
itmosphere.     and 


,must  never  suffer 
from  dryness  at  the 
roots  ;  a  somewhat 
shady  position  is 
helpful,  and  good 
ventilation  is  essen 
tial.  A  night  tern 
perature  of  45°-50'^ 
P.  is  best  for  them 
while  at  rest ;  this 
is  also  the  time  of 
blooming,  but  it 
may  be  increased 
during  the  period 
of  growth ;  the  day 
temperature  should  be  from  60°-70°  P.  The  soil  for  es- 
tablished plants  should  be  made  mainly  of  well-rotted 
sods,  to  which  should  be  added  some  leaf-mold,  rotted 
cow-manure,  and  enough  sand  to  insure  good  drain- 
age ;  sod  and  leaf-mold  should  be  unsifted.  For  young 
plants,  the  Dutch  growers  use  a  rather  fine  soil  of 
peat,  leaf -mold  and  sand  ;   the  Japanese  gardeners  use 


ZZb  CAMELLIA 

a  heavier  soil,  apparently  containing  some  clay.  The 
pots  and  tuhs  shoiild  be  well  drained  with  potsherds  and 
charcoal,  the  drainage  being  protected  by  sphagnum  to 
insure  durability,  the  older  plants  not  requiring  frequent 
shifts.  Potting  should  be  done  just  before  new  growth 
starts,  when  the  flowering  is  about  over;  the  exact  time 
can  be  determined  by  noting  the  beginning  of  the  root 
growth,  which  generally  precedes  the  expanding  of  the 
leaf-buds.  The  soil  should  be  moist,  not  wet,  and  made 
firm.  Large  shifts  should  be  avoided;  in  many  cases,  by 
renewing  the  drainage  and  removing  the  surface  soil,  a 
larger  pot  will  be  found  imnecessary.  After  potting,  the 
temperature  may  be  increased,  and  the  plants  should  be 
kept  close  until  a  new  growth  is  established. 

When  the  weather  in  May  becomes  settled,  they  should 
be  placed  in  summer  quarters.  This  may  be  a  cool  green- 
house, well  shaded,  or,  preferably,  a  position  in  the  open 
air,  protected  from  sun  and  wind.  Lath  screens  maybe 
employed,  or  the  shade  of  trees  or  fences.  In  any  case 
there  must  be  plenty  of  light  and  air.  Great  care  must 
always  be  given  to  watering,  but  especially  at  this  time, 
while  they  are  making  and  ripening  their  growth  ;  the 
dropping  of  flower  buds  in  November  is  often  the  result 
of  careless  watering  in  summer.  Plenty  of  water  must 
be  given  to  the  roots,  never  in  driblets,  and  the  foliage 
should  be  syringed  night  and  morning  in  dry  weather. 
The  forcible  application  of  water  in  the  form  of  spray  not 
only  keeps  the  plant  in  good  condition,  but  checks  mealy- 
bug and  red-spider.  In  September  they  should  be  put  in 
the  cool  end  of  the  coolhouse,  or  they  can  be  stored  in  a 
pit  and  brought  in  later.  The  Camellia  is  nearly  hardy, 
but  should  not  be  exposed  to  ui-tiKil  fn.st.    LarC'i'  -pei-i- 

mens  can  be  planted  (mi)  in    ,  .     ill ,iiu  i    _  u 

den.    They  thrive  woml'  i  i  i  ' 

of  such  a  position,  and  L' I  \  ' 

mas  and  New  Year,  will  II  1 1      .1         ,_. 

too,  can  be  freely  cut,  .-^lli.  I  „io.\  il,  uii.u  1  ili.  ^,  .  .m.li- 
tions  is  so  much  improved. 

Propagation  is  now  effected  by  cuttings  and  grafts. 
Formerly  inarching  and  even  layering  were  employed. 
Cuttings  should  be  made,  November  to  January,  from 
wood  of  the  previous  season's  growth,  from  lK-2  or  214 
inches  long,  each  having  from  1-3  eyes;  in  single-eye 
cuttings  the  leaf  is  left  entire,  in  others  1  or  2  leaves  are 
removed.  Plant  firmly  in  sharp  sand,  keeping  them  cool, 
well  watered  and  carefully  shaded  for  the  first  few  weeks. 
Sometimes  they  will  be  'sufliciently  rooted  in  June  for 
potting  in  thumbs,  but  at  others  they  will  not  be  ready 
until  October.    Shift  on  the  youna-  plants  as  their  growth 


requires,  never 

surprisingly  good  growth  >>  ' 

buds  should  be  picked    hi: 
there  is  trouble  from   1 . 1  ■ ,  1 
eventually  form.    GraftiiiL'  1-    1  m 
bar  and  January,  using  the  inipr 
close  frame  is  not  necessarv,  but  i 
be  , 


< :  they  make 
■  'iiilished.  Flower 
'  k  ;  sometimes 
a  new  bud  will 
]i  \"M'iuber,  Decem- 
■  VHil  veneer  graft  ;  a 
I  often  used,  in  which 
case  great  care  must  be  given  to  watering  and  ventila- 
tion. If  rafHa  is  used  for  tying,  it  should  be  smeared 
with  grafting  wax  to  prevent "decav;  the  process  of  unit- 
ing is  lengthy.  Stock  can  be  obtained  from  seed  or  by 
cuttings  of  easily  rooted  varieties.  Mealy-bug  and  red- 
spider  can  be  avoided  by  proper  syringing  ;  thrips  and 
aphis  are  kept  down  by  tobacco  fumigation;  scale  must 
be  checked  by  washing  and  spraying ;  a  troublesome  leaf- 
eating  insect  is  only  removed  by  hand  picking. 

Consult  Practical  Camellia  Culture,  by  Robert  Halli- 
day,  Baltimore,  1880.  Illus.  The  onlv  other  American 
book  on  Camellias  is  an  American  edition  of  The  Abbe 
Berlese's  Monography  of  the  Genus  Camellia,  by  Gen. 
Dearborn;  Boston,  1838.  For  a  list  of  varieties,  see  also 
Nouvelle  Iconographie  des  Camellias,  Amb.  Verschaffelt 
Fils ;  Ghent,  1856-60.    Illus.  B.  M.  Watson. 

Camellias  are  general  favorites  with  most  people,  and, 
when  well-grown,  have  few  equals  among  hardwooded, 
cool,  greenhouse  plants.  They  may  be  propagated  by 
seeds,  cuttings,  layering,  grafting  or  inarching  ;  the 
two  latter  methods  are  best  for  the  double  forms,  as 
they  succeed  better  when  grafted  or  inarched  on  the 
single  forms  than  on  their  own  roots,  the  operation  be- 
ing performed  immediately  after  the  flowering  season, 
or  just  as  soon  as  new  growth  is  about  to  commence, 
and  the  method  known  as  "side-grafting"  is  best  if  this 
means  of  propagation  is  used.    The  single  species  are 


CAMPANULA 

best  propagated  by  seeds,  if  these  can  be  obtained  fresh. 
They  should  bs  sown  in  early  spring,  in  4-inch  pots, 
containing  a  mixture  of  peat,  leaf-mold  and  sand,  in 
equal  proportions.  The  pots  should  be  placed  in  a 
warm  temperature,  where  they  will  usually  germinate 
in  from  4  to  6  weeks.  If  ]>r.>]i;i;,'uted  by  cuttings,  the 
half-ripened  wood  >1imii|,i  i„  ,),-,„. n.  and  the  cuttings 
inserted   around   tin        :    <  ,    ;..  li    pots  containing  a 

sandy,  peaty  mixiu  i-  !  1  1  y  firm.  The  pots 
should  be  placed  in  n  -iai-i.  lii^c  position,  where  an 
even  temperature  ot  ul...ui  1.11  uau  be  maintained.  The 
pots  plunged  in  a  half-spent  hotbed  would  be  an  ideal 
place.  If  carefully  attended  to,  they  should  be  rooted 
in  about  two  months,  after  which  they  should  be  potted 
singly,  in  small  pots,  and  grown  on  as  rapidly  as  possi- 
ble. When  of  suitable  height,  stopping  should  be  at- 
tended to,  to  induce  a  bushy  habit.  As  the  plants  in- 
crease in  size,  a  slightly  heavier  soil  should  be  used 
when  potting,  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  loam,  leaf-mold 
and  fibrous  peat  being  most  suitable.  Camellias  re- 
quire at  all  seasons  a  good  supply  of  water  at  the  roots, 
and  during  the  flowering  season  they  should  have  an 
abundance.  If  allowed  to  become  dry,  the  flower  buds 
will  fall  oft.  They  also  require  to  be  shaded  from  direct 
sunlight  during  the  spring  and  summer  months.  A 
lean-to  greenhouse,  with  a  north  aspect,  is  an  ideal  one 
in  which  to  grow  Camellias.  In  such  a  house  they  might 
te  planted  out,  providing  an  abundance  of  air  could  be 
given  during  the  summer ;  they  make  much  larger 
plants  and  flower  more  freely  when  planted  out  than 
when  grown  in  pots  or  tubs.  The  flowering  season  is 
usually  from  tlie  l)egiminii;  of  February  to  the  middle 

"I'   \MiI    It  ~i  1.1    111     Ml 1  jn-enhouse  tempera- 

'    I       '  '1  I      I    n-mg  if  the  flowers 

'  I       '     '       '       >       I  tliey  should  be  kept 

-  '111^'  1  10  11  '  111  i_  iiM  III  \  _i  ,vtli,  and  also  to  keep 
tilt  111  till-  iioiii  tliii|is.  u  Kiowii  HI  pots  or  tubs,  they 
.should  be  placed  in  a  sheltered,  shaded  position  outside 
for  the  summer.  ^  \  ^ 

Edward  J.  Canning. 

CAMEL'S  THORN.    See  Alhagi. 

CAMPANULA  (Latin,  a  little  bell).    Campanuldcece. 
Beli.  FiAiwER.    A  genus  of  about  300  species,  confined 


to  the  norther 
most  popular  ganhn  | 
baceous  perennials.  1 
than  the  stem-lvs..  aih 
more  or  less  transitory. 
5-fid  :    corolla   5-lobed 


containing  some  of  the 
Mi-ially  of  hardy  her- 
>.  are  usually  larger 
different  shape,  and 
violet  or  white;  calyx 
stamens  5,  free  ;  fila- 


ments wide  at  the  base,  membranaceous  ;  stigmas  3  or 
5,  filiform  :  capsule  3-5-valved,  dehiscing  laterally  by 
3-5  valves  :  seeds  ovate,  complanate.  or  ovoiil.  .Ulied 
genera  of  garden  value  are  Adenopliom   fan  uina.  .Tasi- 

one,    Lightfootia,    Phyteuma,    Platy -;  nia, 

Symphyandra,  Trachelium,  and  WiiiiN  11  lali 


gene 


spec 


whicli  grows  in  the  grain  tielils  of  S.  Europe,  and  is 
cult,  for  its  violet  fls.  with  a  white  eye.  The  calyx-tube 
of  Specularia  is  much  longer,  proportionately,  than  in 
any  Campanula. 

Botanically,  Campanulas  are  divided  into  two  impor- 
tant groups,  based  on  the  presence  or  ab.^ence  of  calyx 
appendages.  The  subgenus  Medium  has  the  appen- 
dages, and  Eucodon  lacks  them.  In  straightening  out 
one's  garden  labels,  the  calyx  appendages  are  one  of 
the  first  things  to  be  looked  for,  and  they  are  often 
minute  and  disguised.  In  cultivation.  Campanulas  tend 
to  become  taller  and  more  robust,  less  hairy,  more 
branched,  and  more  floriferous.  A  very  few  have  white 
or  yellowish  fls.,  with  no  blue  or  violet  forms.  Any  blue 
or  violet-flowered  form  is  likely  to  have  white  varieties, 
and  double  and  semi-double  forms  are  common  in 
3  or  4  of  the  most  popular  species.  All  flowers  tend  to 
become  larger  and  more  numerous  on  a  stem.  In  culti- 
vation, the  3-celled  species  are  likely  to  have  5  stigmas 
instead  of  3,  and  5-celled  capsules,  often  along  with 
normally  constructed  fls.  on  the  same  plant.    The  height 


C\MP\NLLA 


CAMPANULA 


is  the  m 

below  C 

wrong 

De  Cau 

nigh  u  L 

dist  nc    on  of  h 

cult  ral   groups   of   t  a  i 

kind     and  rock  garden 

den  mon 


alls  C 
Of  he 
are  po 


the  s  heme 


ha  a  te      u         by 

uoth  ng  e  e  but  a 
the  two  mportant 
z  Border  or  tall 
f  k  nds  The  be  t  gar 
J  F  W  Meyer  n 
also   The  Gardi 


The  fo  low 

g  ar 

the  best 

ow  grow  ng 

1 

for     he 

0  k  ry      6 

( 

a  and 

i     i. 

s    a. 

C 

n     ds 

pro           n 

t    nake       a 

P<r- 

H- 

Maoy 

k    ds 

r  ck 

gar  en 

K 

LK    N 

the  wo    \  for    hi 
lish   lea  ers  offe 
Camp  nu  a 
part  >      eeau  e 
becau  e  ro  k  g 

ulas    h  w       r    a 
thei  u 

in  the  w  u 

each  k  nd  u  t 
spec  fled  they  a 
dim  may  be  tr 
as  a  tender  annu 
Campanulas  g 
end  year  but  C 
spring  an  1  et  o 
the  best  I  oom 
Campa  as  tha 
divided  every  yea  ^ 

eron    e  ommends     everal 
scrib  d     elow    as  they  can 
botan  c  garden 
The  genu     C 
conta  ns  manj 
tion   s  ve  y  ea 
can  be   g  own    u 
while  the  dwa  f  k  u 

many  of  them    u    he  f     nt 
Propao-a   on      donee    h  r 
The   gen         an  ea     v 

The 
the 
hou  e 
the  an 
bifol  A  n  1 

Of  the  b  enn  a        nany  w   1  tio      r    he  h    t 
the  seed     are  sown  ear  y   n  spr  ng    n  the  g 
and  the  p  ant     p   t  out  of  doors  when     he 
favora    e      On     of     he  mo  t  impo    ant        C 
(Canterbury  Bel  and 

varie  y   «  a   s  so  name  1  b  ca     e  th  ha 

broadened  o  t    nto  a    aucer    haped        on  fl  w  r 

which       V  ry    howy  and   n  eres    n  n  B 

are  gene       y  ra    e  1  f  om    e  wh    h  wi     n 

Apr      M  V  or   a  er    n  po       box  d       n        n        n 

be  t  an  ferreJ   noehrd  ■«  an 

besghypoed  nhw  n  n       ns 

planted    n  spr  ng  to  the      j  e    nanen    pi  no  good 

rich  so  where  they  w  11  make  a  grea  ow  f  hey 
have  obta  ned  the  r  ght  treatment  A  few  o  her  good 
biennials  are  C.  primulcefolia,  C.  Sibirica,  C.  spicata, 
and  C,  thyrsoides. 


c     C 


■•Jle 


ndag    at   }  e  b        of 

5    elled     s   g    as  5 

J  long  tl  e  st  gn  a  an    nch 


lo  g 

1  macrdstyla  Bo  ss  &  He  dr  Annual  1  2  ft  h  gh, 
I  ranched  from  the  bae  h  pdwthrgd  spread  ng, 
scattered  br  sties  b  an  he  stout  vs  scattered, 
small  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  ^essile,  bristly  on  both 
surfaces;  lower  ones  ovate-oblong,  acute  ;  upper  ovate- 
lanceolate,  recurved,  cordate,  eared  at  the  base  :  calyx 


228 


CAxMPANULA 


tube  hidden  by  the  bladdery  appendages,  small,  broader 
than  long  :  ils.  solitary,  on  stout  peduncles,  2-2K  in. 
broad  ;  corolla  very  broad  and  open,  pale  purple  with- 
out, dull  purple  within  marked  with  violet  and  hairy  to- 
ward the  bottom  ;  lobes  very  broad,  short  and  acute. 
Mt.  Taurus  in  Anatolia.  Gn.  15:178  and  12,  p.  209. 
B.M.  «:i94.- Easily  told  from  all  other  species  by  the 
very  long  e.xserted  style,  which  is  brown  and  spindle- 
shaped  before  spreading  open.  Self-sown  seeds  some- 
times wait  a  year  before  sprouting. 


DD.    Styh 


elif  lontj. 


bes 


2.  Medium,  Linn.  Canterbury  Bells.  Fig 
Biennial,  1-4  ft.  high  :  plant  pilose  :  st.  erect  :  Iv; 
sile,  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  i-n  iiat.  -.l.ntat.':  peti 
oles  not  marginal  :  raceme  lax,  ii 
ovate-acuminate,  the  appendages  li.ilf  ,i.  ]  .n-  as  the 
ample,  ovate,  obtuse  lobes  :  corolla  v.  rv  lai;,'.-.  bell- 
shaped,  inflated.  S.  Eu.  Much  less  cult,  than  var.  caly- 
c4nthema,  Hort.  Ccr  ahd  Saucer.  Hose  in  Hose.  Has 
the  calvx  colored  like  the  corolla.  A  fair  per  cent  come 
true  from  seed.  G.C.  III.  24:  fi.5.  R.H.  1S97,  p.  2.'i8.  R.H. 
1896:301.  Gng.  5:88.  Gti.  1^.  j.,  'J'!.-  F.S.  19.  p.  1.52.- 
Canterbury  Bells  are  iH-'il':'!'  '' !■  ■'  nn.l  most  popu- 
lar of  all  Campanulas.  '11,  i  I  I  it)iiioiiIy  treated 
as  hardy  biennials,  thr  ,  i  i  .  ^  ,ii  in  tin-  open 
border,  but  they  do  n<^f  ll,...  r  iIm  iu^:  \ ,  ar.  'riii-y  can 
also  be  treated  as  tender  annuals,  ih.  -'.  .  ,1  l„  jn^'  sown 
lndoor.s  in  early  spring  and  the  planfs  s,  t  .mt  .May  1- 
15.  They  will  then  flower  well  th.  \\r~\  -.  a^..ii, 'but 
always  better  the  second  year.  DouM,-  t'-.j-jti--  are  very 
popular  and  interesting,  1^  perfect  bells  lieing  formed 
one  within  another.  The  name  Medium  has  no  reference 
to  size  of  plant  or  flower,  but  was  the  name  of  an  old 
genus,  now  a  subgenus  of  Campanula. 

<a'.    Capsule  S-ceUed  ;  stigmas  S. 

Di>.    Corullii  with  a  curious  projection  at  the  base  of 

each  sinus. 

3.  alliariaefdlia,  Willd.  (C.  lamiifdlia,  Bieb.  C.  mac- 
rophjilla,  Sims).  Pig.  333.  Height  lJ^-2  ft.:  stem 
erect,  striate,  woolly,  branched  only  at  the  top:  root-lvs. 
large,  heart-shaped,  crenate,  tomentose  :  stem-lvs.  on 
petioles  which  gradually  shorten  upwards,  the  highest 

being  s       "       "        '  " 

short   stalks,  borne 

singlv  in  the  axils  of  the  floral 

1  C.  Sar- 

,,1,^     matica,    but    the 

:./        floral 

calyx    a   third   or 
a  fourth    shorter 
he    corolla,    with    mar- 
oUed  back,  and  appen- 
dages less  minute  than  in  C. 
Sarmatica  :      corolla    always 
white,  2  in.  long,  ciliated   at 
the  margin,  and  with  charac- 
,'^         V,        "      •  teristic    tooth-like    processes 

'p'        ^     '    -1^    }  at   the   base    of    each    sinus, 

~        '  '  which  are  especially  interest- 

ing in  the  bud.  Caucasus, 
Asia  Minor.  B.M.  912. -Int. 
into  England  about  1805  by 
Loddiges.  No  blue-fld.  form 
seems  to  be  known.    Prop,  by 

4.    SarmAtica,     Ker  -  Gawl. 
Height  1-2  ft. :    stem  simple, 
striate,    pubescent :    Ivs.   re- 
markable for  their  gray  color, 
333.  Campanula       1\         harsh,  leathery,  wrinkled,  to- 
.,•    -  -t.i--  W        mentose,  oblong-cordate,  cre- 

alUariaefoha.  X^^       ^^^^^  ^^J  lower  long-petioled, 

the  upper  sessile  :  calyx  with  minute  reflexed  appen- 
dages, and  a  short,  densely  hairy  tuft  :  fls.  about  6  on 
a  stem,  nodding;  corolla  about  1  In.  long,  and  IH  in. 
across,  marked  with  5  hairy  lines.  Caucasus,  subal- 
pine  portions.     B.M.  2019.     L. B.C.  6:  581. 

5.  GrdBsekii,  Heuff.  Has  the  habit  and  inflorescence 
of  C.  Trachelium,  but  the  calyx  is  appendaged.    Height 


larger 


CAMPANULA 

2Hft.,  branching  from  the  base,  angled,  pilose:  Ivs. 
the  lower  cordate  unequally  petioled,  doubly 
-serrate,  the  uppermost  ovate-acute,  narrowed 
into  a  petiole  :  calj-x  setose-ciliate,  lobes  lanceolate, 
spreading,  reflexed  at  the  apex,  appendages  lanceolate, 
a  third  shorter  than  the  lobes  ;  corolla  hispid,  2  or  3 
times  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes  :  fls.  large,  bell- 
shaped,  violet,  in  a  long  raceme.  Hungary.  Gt.  35,  p. 
477,  f.  55.— A  rare  plant. 

6.  mirAbilis,  Correvon.  Height  1  ft.  or  more.  "The 
leaves  forming  the  rosette  are  somewhat  thick  and 
fleshy,  the  lower  ones  .spreading  out  to  a  diameter  of 
about  9  or  12  inches,  the  succeeding  leaves  smaller  and 
arranged  in  an  overlapping  manner."  Upper  Ivs.  ovate- 
serrate  :  fls.  pale  blue,  hairy,  2  in.  across,  bell-shaped, 
sometimes  stronglv  angled  :  raceme  lax  or  dense.  Cau- 
casus. G.C.  III.  24:33.  Gt.  47  :192.  Gn.  54,  p.  454.- 
Int.  in  Europe  in  1896  by  Leicthlin.  Very  rare  and  in- 
teresting.    Probably  a  biennial  rock  plant.    Slow  from 


Fls.  rotate  or  wheel  shaped. 


ft. :  St.  erect,  simple  :  Ivs.  thin,  serrate,  somewhat  pi- 
lose, root-lvs.  ovate-acute,  subcordate,  petiolate  ;  stem- 
lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acimiinate  at  both  ends  :  calyx 
tube  long,  obconical,  the  teeth  linear-acuminate,  almost 
entire,  spreading  shorter  than  the  5-fld,  wheel-shaped 
corolla :  fls.  light  blue,  1  in.  broad,  in  long  spikes,  soli- 
tary or  in  3's  ;  corolla  shallow,  lobes  pUose  outside 
and  at  the  apex  ;  style  long,  strongly  declined  and  up- 
wardly curved  :  capsule  cylindrical,  grooved.  Shaded 
low  ground  western  N.  Y.  to  Iowa,  south  to  Ga.  and 
Ark.  Rarely  cult.  It  is  possible  that  Phyteuma  canes- 
cens  is  still  cult,  as  C.  Americana. 

CO.    Fls.   saucer-shaped  or   hroadly  bell-shaped,  i.  e., 
the  tube   shallower  and   the  limbs    more   widely 
spreading  than  the  bell-shaped. 
I).    Stem-h-s.   liiiriir-laiiceolatr,  crinillate. 

8.  persiciidlia,  Linn.  Fig.  334.  Height  2-3  ft. :  stem 
erect  :  Ivs.  glabrous,  rigid,  crenulate  ;  root-lvs.  lanceo- 
late-obovate  ;  stem-lvs.  linear-lanceolate  or  spatulate, 
often  3  in.  long  :  calyx  lobes  acuminate,  wide  at  the 
base,  entire,  half  as  long  as  tlu-  l.n.adly  bell-shaped 
corolla  :  fls.  blue  or  white,  pc  .Ii  .  ]].  I,  -  :  t  iry.  terminal 
and  axillary,  often  1^$  in,  I.  .  '  i  a-l  :  capsule 
ovoid,  3-grooved.  Eu.  B.M.  -  iiiacrantha  is  a 
large-fld.  form  with  fls.  all  a|,!  ;i.  (,:.ll,p.U8. 
(4i,  4«  V  ■«";  A.p.  r;,:is:!,  >  [:  ;  ,i.  \  ar  alba  grand- 
ifloia  !',!  .  i[  B.ackhousci  I ' ,  a,' the  popular  white- 
Ill  i  ,  -  i  ., mi-double  forms  in 
I,!,  I  ^  useful  for  cutting. 
Tip  II'.  ,.,,.,,,.;..,..,,.,  i.  1.  w.  Meyer's  favorite 
of  all  ( ■ainpaniilas.  This  si.e.ies  ..<Tasionally  runs  wild, 
especially  in  England.  The  Ivs.  are  very  characteristic, 
and,  once  seen,  are  never  forgotten.  Var.  coron&ta, 
Hort.,  is  a  semi-double  white  form.  F.S.  7:699.  The 
pictures  in  B.M.  and  F.S.  show  distinctly  saucer-shaped 
flowers. 

DD.    Stem-lvs.  wider  and  coarsely  toothed. 

9.  latiloba,  DC.  (C.  grdndis,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Height 
1-1}^  ft. :  glabrous  :  stem  erect,  simple,  terete  :  stem- 
lvs.  3-5  in.  long,  4-6  lines  wide,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at 
both  ends,  crenate-serrate  :  calyx  lobes  ovate-acute, 
broad,  entire,  erect,  one-half  shorter  than  the  broadly 
bell-shaped  corolla  :  fls.  blue,  with  a  whito  f.imi,  often 
2  in.  wide,  sessile,  solitary  or  somtwliat  <-ln^tirfd, 
sometimes  equaling  the  ovate-acutr,  .l.ntat.  l.ra.ts. 
Mt.  Olympus.  P.M.  10:31. -Fls.  liki-  c.  /..  ,■>,., iniia. 
Quickly  forms  a  dense  carpet.  Int.  into  Eug.  abmi  1842 
from  St.  Petersburgh. 

ccc.    Fls.  bell-shaped  or  tubular,  not  saucer-shaped. 
D.    Inflorescence  a  dense  roundish  head. 

10.  grlomerMa,  Linn.  One  of  the  most  variable  : 
DeCandoIle  makes  8  botanical  varieties.  Height  1-2  ft. : 
typically  pubescent  :  stem  erect,  simple,  terete  :  Ivs. 
serrulate,    lower    ones    rough,   with    very   short,    stiff 


CAMPANULA 

hairs,  VA-3  in.  long,  1-2  in.  wide,  with  a  cordate,  ovate- 
oblong  blade  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  upper  ones  ses- 
sile, ovate,  acute  :  fls.  in  dense  'heads  or  glomes,  15-20 
in  the  terminal  heads,  fewer  in  the  axillary  ones.  Eu., 
Armenia,  Persia,  Siberia. 
B.M.  2649  is  var.  specidsa, 
which  has  the  largest  fls. 
L.B.C.  6:505  is  var.  sparsi- 
fl6ra,  with  much  smaller 
clusters.  — This  is  one  of  the 
earliest  flowcriiiu'  and  easi- 


CAMPAN  ULA 


229 


:of  I 


Fls. 


j-pi- 


cally  dark  piiii 
recorded  \\liitc  ^arirties. 
Var.  Dahilrica,  H..rt.,  is 
probably  the  commonest 
form.  Terminal  clusters  3 
in.  or  more  thick  ;  a  very 
characteristic  inflorescence. 
The  fl.  has  a  longer  tube 
than  C.  IiHtifinra  and  thyr- 

DD.    Iiiflorfsifiir,-  a  xpike 


E.     Colo 


olhl 


■III,  ,<;<. 


persicifolia. 

(There  are  forms  with  more 
broadly  bell-shaped  flowers.) 


tit  hid. 
11.  lactifldra.Bieb.  Height 
2}-i-5  ft. :  stem  erect,  branch- 
ing :  Ivs.  sessile,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acutely  serrate  : 
i-alyx  lobes  very  broad, 
acute,  semilate,  one-half 
shorter  than  the  broadly 
111  II  sha]»ed  corolla:  fls.  in  a 
1. 1. .SI  ,.r  dense  panicle,  which 
iii.n  1h-  SJo  in.  long  and 
till!  k  ,  corolla  white  or  pale 
blue,  1  in.  long,  nearly  1\ 
in.  broad  :  capsule  ovoid, 
erect.  Caucasus,  Siberia 
B.M.  1973.  — Not  advertised 
in  Amer.  at  present.  C 
celtidifdlia,  Boiss.,  referred  to  the  above,  may  be  a 
strongly  marked  variety.  A  plant  once  cult,  at  Harvard 
Botanic  Gardens  has  very  characteristic,  perfectly  el 
liptical  Ivs.,  blue  fls.,  and  more  open  inflorescence. 

12.  thyraoldes,  Linn.  Biennial  :  height  1-1}4  ft 
stem  grooved  :  Ivs.  all  covered  with  long  hairs  at  the 
margin  ;  root-lvs.  sessile,  spatulate  or  obtusely  lanceo 
late,  2J-2  in.  long,  %  in.  wide,  in  adense  rosette,  lying  on 
the  ground  ;  upper  Ivs.  more  narrow  and  acute  :  fls 
40-50,  sulfur  or  creamy  yeUow,  in  a  dense  thyrse-like 
spike,  which  may  be  6  in.  long  and  2%  m.  broad  :  stjle 
exserted.  B.M. "1290.  L.B.C.  17: 1644. -Intermingled 
with  the  fls.  in  the  spike  are  Ivs.  which  are  longer  than 
the  fls..  which  is  not  true  of  C.  laetiflora.  Should  not 
be  confounded  with  C.  thyrsoidea,  Lapeyr.,  which  = 
C.  speciosa.  No  blue  or  purple  forms  are  known.  The 
picture  in  B.M.  shows  a  cha 


•istic  red-tipped  i 
FF.    Corolla  large,  long-tubed. 
Vid&lli,  H.  C.  Wats.    Perennial  :    height  1- 


stem  branching  from  the  base  :  some  branches  short 
sterile,  others  tall,  floriferous,  all  grooved,  clammy 
glossy  :  Ivs.  3-4  in.  long,  oblong-spatulate,  coarsely  ser 
rate,  thick,  fleshy,  firm,  viscid,  the  upper  ones  gradually 
becoming  bracts  :  fls.  2  in.  long,  nodding,  about  9  in  a 
loose  terminal  raceme ;  calyx  lobes  triangular,  thick,  one 
fourth  shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  corolla  tubular,  swelled 
below,  constricted  above,  with  a  yellow  base.  Azores 
B.M.  4748.  F.S.  7:729.  A.Fl.  3:  116.  Gn.  54,  p.  299 
G.C.  III.  18:  95. -Very  distinct. 

EE.    Color  of  fls.  normally  Hue  or  purple,  with  white 

varieties. 

F.    Size  of  fls.  large. 

G.    Haceme  pyramidal,   usually  dense. 

14.  pyramidalis,  Linn.    Chiiinev  Campanula.    Figs. 

335,  336.    Glabrous  :  ivs.  glandular-dentate,  lower  petio- 


late,  ovate-oblong,  subcordate  ;  stem-lvs.  sessile,  ovate- 
lanceolate  :  calyx  lobes  acuminate,  spreading,  half  as 
long  as  the  broadly  bell-shaped  corolla  :  fls.  numerous, 
in  pyramidal  racemes.  Austria,  near  Adriatic.  Gn.  45, 
p.  67  ;  48,  p.  306  ;  51.  p.  221  (a  staked  pot  plant).  R.H. 
1897,  p.  238.    Gn.  53.  p.  535  (with    extensive   cultural 

Var.  compActa,  Hort.  S.M.  2:97.  Gn.  47,  p.  86  (with 
very  full  cultural  notes).  The  tallest  of  Campanulas 
and  one  of  the  oldest.  Much  grown  in  pots  for  exhibi- 
tion. The  compact  variity  is  vi-ry  floriferous  and  con- 
venient for  conservatory,  but  larks  the  characteristic 
tall,  pyramidal  habit. 

GG.    Eaceme  vol  jninniiiilnl,   usually  looser. 

15.  latifolia,  Linn.  Height  .'i-l  ft. :  Ivs.  large,  doubly 
serrate  ;  root-lvs.  sometimes  6  in.  long,  petiolate,  cor- 
date, covered  with  soft  hairs  ;  stem-lvs.  sessile,  more 
acuminate:  peduncle  1-fid. :  calyx  lobes  long-acuminate, 
one-third  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  fls.  6-15  in  a  loose 
spike  or  raceme  about  8  in.  long,  erect,  very  large,  2J^ 
in.  long,  purple  or  dark  blue,  hairy.  Eu.,  Persia.  Var. 
macrdntha,  Sims  (C.  macrdntha,  Fischer),  is  commoner 
in  cult,  than  the  type,  a  little  hairier,  with  a  glabrous 
calyx  and  very  large  fls.  B.M.  2553  and  3347.  R.H. 
1897,  p.  2.39.  Var.  erioc4rpa,  DC,  has  the  stem  and  Ivs. 
pilose  and  more  pallid,  and  a  hispid  calyx  tube.  There 
is  a  white-fld.  form.  It  is  native  to  England,  and  is 
easily  naturalized  in  their  wild  gardens.  The  stem-lvs. 
are  probably  the  largest  of  any  of  the  garden  kinds, 
often  3yi  in.  long  and  2  in.  wide. 

FF.    Size  of  fls.  small,   less  than  1  in.   long. 

16.  Bononi^nsia,  Linn.     Height  2-2}4  ft.:    scabrous: 
stem  simple  :  Ivs.  serrulate,  ovate-acuminate,  pallid  be- 
neath ;  root-lvs.  cordate-petiolate  ;  upper  Ivs.  clasping: 
calyx  lobes  acuminate,  one-fourth  shorter  than  the  fun- 
nel shaped  corolla: 

«  fls      normally   pur- 

""i/  plish      m    a    long, 

-^^^  loose         pyramidal 

X  VT*  spike     which    may 

>rJf,  be  2  ft    long,  with 

^    «&         ^A  ^l_     60-100    small     fls.; 

^  %    f*.3/       -/*  ^»     eorolla    %m     long 

.^jS,  ^'■'  ^  '  <  -     ,„rt  broad     E  Eu., 

<-  vfe        ^  \\        Sibeiia       and 

-^   ^  I     uiasus  Var. 

fy^  Ruth6mca  (6    Ru- 

^  n  I    II  It  a     Bieb  )  has 

\      wider  and   to- 

iitose      beneath. 

^  utasus  and  Tau- 

M     2653. 

'V.  kIJ<S         -  I  lure    is    a   white- 

**       -^     J|  _      *  Ml   form      The  fls. 

^W      /  r      much    smaller 

tl]  m  m  C  latifolia, 

ind  the    raceme   is 

much  lirger 


335     Pot  plant  of 


17.  rhomboidalis,  Linn.  Height  1  ft.,  sometimes  2  : 
stem  simple,  erect  :  Ivs.  sessile,  ovate-acute,  serrate  : 
calyx  lobes  awl-shaped,  one-half  shorter  than  the  bell- 
shaped  corolla  :  fls.  8-10  in  an  almost  corymbose  ra- 
ceme, the  lower  pedicel?  of  which  may  be  3  in.  long,  the 


ZdU  CAMPANULA 

uppermost  1  in.  or  less  :  corolla  purplish  blue,  with  a 
white  variety,  1  in.  long  and  a  little  wider.  Mt.s.  of  Eu. 
B.M.  551,  as  G.  azurea.  — It  flowers  in  July  and  August, 
after  which  the  stems  and  Ivs.  die  down  quickly. 

18.  TracMlium,  Linn.    Pig.  337.    Height  2-3  ft. :  stem 
angular,  covered  with  dense,  short  hairs  :  Ivs.  rough, 
acuminate,  coarsely  crenate-dentate ;  root- 
Ivs.  cordate,  ovate,  short-stalked  : .  calyx 
lobes    erect,    triangular  -  acuminate,    one- 
third  shorter  than  the  bell-shaped  corolla : 
peduncle    1-3-fld. :    fls.    erect   at  first,    at 
length  tending  to  droop,  in  a  loose  raceme, 
vhich   may  be    12-18  in.    long :    capsule 
Cu.,  Caucasus,  Siberia,  Japan. 
R.H.      1897,     p.      239. 
There  is  a  double-fld. 
form.  -  One      of      the 
commonest  and  hardi- 
est of  the  border  per- 
ennials, often  running 
out  the  other  Campan- 
ulas, and  hence  pass- 
i  n  g    under    many 
pecially    V. 

19.  rapunculoldes, 
Linn,  Hfitrht  L'-4  ft.: 
stem  a  little  rougher 
than  in  C.  Truche- 
lium;  Ivs.  rough, 
acuminate;  root- 
Ivs.  petiolate,  cordate, 
crenulate  ;  stem  -  Ivs. 
serrulate  :  calyx  a  lit- 
tle rougher  than  in  C. 
Tmchelium:  lobes  lin- 


oddi 


at 


spikes.  Eu.,  Caucasus, 
Siberia. 

20.  versicolor,  Sibth. 
&  Sm.  Height  3-4  ft. : 
plant  glabrous  :  stem 
ascending :  Ivs.  ser- 
rate ;  root-lvs.  long-pctioled,  ovate-acute,  subcordate  ; 
stem-lvs.  short-pptirilftl.  f>vatn-lanceolate,  acuminate  : 
calyx-teeth  acuniiimir.  -piTMilini:,  at  length  reflexed,  one- 
half  as  long  as  tlic  ("I"!!.!  :  IN,  in  long,  spicate  racemes; 
style  exser ted  :  rap-ul.  ,-|ili.  r..iil.  Greece.— Rare. 
DDD.    Infloresct'HCf  an  open,  compound  panicle. 

21.  divaricita, Michx.  Glabrous:  height  1-3 ft. :  stem 
erect,  slender,  paniculate  above  :  branches  slender,  di- 
vergent :  Ivs.  sparse,  subsessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate at  both  ends,  coarsely  serrate  :  calyx-lobes  awl- 
shaped,  one-half  shorter  than  the  tubular,  bell-shaped 
corolla  :  fls.  small,  nodding,  blue,  in  a  very  open  and 
compound  panicle ;  style  straight  exserted.  AUeghanies, 
from  Va.  to  Ga.  — Rare  in  gardens. 

AA.    Low-groxving  or  rock-garden  Campanulas,  mostly 

less  than  a  foot  high 
B.    Calyx  with  an  appendage  at  the  base  of  each  sinus, 

often  minute  or  disguised  in  form. 

c.    Throat  of  corolla  spotted  violet. 

22.  punctita,  Lam.  {Cnibilis,  Lindl.).  Named  from 
the  spotted  corolla,  the  purplish  spots  being  inside  and 
showing  through  faintly  in  the  fresh  fl.  but  more  plainly 
in  the  dried  specimen.  Height  1  ft. :  stem  with  longer 
and  looser  hairs  than  in  C.  alliaricEfolia  :  upper  Ivs. 
nearly  sessile,  and  more  sharply  toothed  than  the  lower: 
calyx-lobes  one-third  as  long  as  the  corolla,  longer,  looser 
and  hairier  than  in  C.  alliari(V  folia,  and  the  margins  much 
more  recurved :  peduncle  1-4-fld. :  fls.  nodding;  corolla 
cylindrical,  2K  in.  long,  white,  spotted  within,  strongly 
ribbed.  Siberia,  Japan.  C.  nobilis  has  been  considered 
distinct.  In  F.  S.  3:  247  the  corolla  is  dark  violet  with- 
out, the  limb  hairy,  while  in  B.  M.  1723  ( G. punctata }  the 


ii"t  l.f-arded.    InF.S.6:563 
inili  ix  not  bearded  and  the 

great  ditt'i-l'.'lir,  ,  m  |,,||,,.,,  |,iil.,  -,-,,i,,,.,  :,imI  :i|,|,.,|i.|;,,_',,s. 
This    is    o,H       ,.•.,,,,.,:,■,,.,  ■      ;    ,    ■     :  .     .;,,     ;.,,,      ,];,.. 

and  is,  iin|,,i  ■.■,■,,  .,•„.,,  ...i    r,  ,,, ,    ,|',,,|iiit 

than  beaiiiitf.l.  (',miii,,i  Ii.  u-.,i  |,ir  .■uii  in:;.  TIm  -p.it- 
ted  throat  rt-arlily  ,-;cparafi'S  it  from  all  Campanulas. 
See  supplementary  list  for  C.  Van  Souttei,  a  supposed 
hybrid. 

cc.  Throat  of  corolla  not  spotted. 
D.  Stems  1-flowered. 
23.  Allidnii,  Villars.  Height  3-5  in. :  rootstoek  slen- 
der, creeping  underground,  sending  up  stems  at  inter- 
vals of  3^-1  in. :  Ivs.  few,  about7on  a  stem,  1-2  in.  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  slightly  hairy,  entire,  midrib 
distinct,  lower  ones  in  a  whorl  of  about  5,  upper  ones 
similar  but  more  erect  :  cal>-x-lobes  lanceolate,  half  as 
long  as  the  corolla,  the  appendages  ovate,  reflexpcl.  one- 


■tl[r 


local  species,  tuuud  e.niv  in  the  Alp^s  ui  lie.iiii..iil  iind 
Savoy.  B.  M.  C588.-No  white-fld.  form  is  known.  Int. 
into  Eng.  about  1879  by  G.  Maw.  "It  is  an  excellent 
rock-plant,  and,  though  requiring  plenty  of  moisture,  it 
should  have  a  well-drained  position,  and  is  therefore 
best  grown  in  a  narrow  crevice  filled  with  sandy  loam 
and  an  abundance  of  small  stones  and  grit."— J^.  W. 

DD.    Stems  several-flowered. 
E.    Margin  of  corolla  bearded. 

24.  barbita,  Linn.  Height  6-9  in. :  stem  pilose  :  Ivs. 
villous,  entire  or  nearly  so;  root-lvs.  tufted,  lanceolate; 
stem-lvs.  few,  ligulate?:  raceme  loose,  3-4-fld. :  fls.  nod- 
ding, pale  blue  ;  calyx  appendage  ovate,  obtuse,  half  as 
long  as  the  lobes  ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  shorter  than  in 
('.  A  Uinnii,  and  with  a  bearded  mouth.  Alps.  L.B.C. 
8:788.  Gn.  48,  p.  297.-There  is  a  white-fld.  form,  but  ap- 
parently no  purple.  Readily  told  from  G.Allionii  by 
the  different  colored,  bearded  and  smaller  fls.,  which 
are  rarely  borne  singly,  and  by  the  dense,  soft  hairs  of 
the  stem.  Commonest  species  in  the  Alps.  "In  the 
rock-garden  it  should  be  grown  in  poor,  stony  soil,  as  it 
is  apt  to  become  somewhat  coarse  when  grown  in  rich 
»m\."-F.  W.  Meyer. 

EE.    Margin  of  corolla  not  bearded. 
F.    Fls.  erect. 

25.  mbllis,  Linn.  Perennial  :  velvety  gray  :  height 
6-8  in. ;  stems  procumbent,  about  2-fld. :  root-lvs.  tufted, 
obovate  or  spatulate  ;  stem-lvs.  ovate  or  rotund  :  fls. 
loosely  panieled ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  erect,  half 
shorter  than  the  glabrous,  bell-shaped  corolla ;  appen- 
dages minute,  shorter  than  the  calyx  tube;  corolla  erect, 
dark  purplish  blue  or  lavender,  with  a  white  throat,  the 
tube  long,  segments  short,  broad,  spreading,  acute. 
Spain, Crete.  B.M.404.— Rock  or  borderplant;  not  adv. 
in  America. 

PF.    Fls.  nodding. 

26.  alplna,  Jacq.  Height  .3-8  in. :  stem  furrowed  : 
Ivs.  smaller  than  in  C.  barbafa,  more  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, entire,  hairj' :  fls.  typically  deep  blue,  bell-shaped, 
with  broader  and  shorter  segments  than  in  C.  barbata : 
calyx-lobes  proportionately  very  long,  surpassing  the 
fl.-bud,  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  flower,  but  widely 
spreading.  Swiss  and  Austrian  Alps.  B.M.  9.i7.  J.H. 
III.  29:  5. -There  is  a  white-fld.  var.  Int.  into  England 
about  1805  by  Loddiges.  The  plant  has  a  characteristic 
shaggj-  appearance  from  the  hairy  Ivs.    Easy  of  cult. 

27.  Siblrica,  Linn.  (C.  Bblienackeri,  Pisch.).  Seta- 
ceous-pilose :  stem  erect,  simple,  panieled  above  :  Ivs. 
crenulate  ;  root-lvs.  petioled,  obovate,  obtuse  ;  stem- 
lvs.  lanceolate-acuminate  :  calyx  hairy,  the  lobes  long- 
acuminate,  a  third  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  calyx  ap- 
pendages like  the  lobes  but  half  shorter  and  reflexed : 
fls.  25  or  more,  violet,  with  a  longer  and  narrower  tube 
than  in  C.  alpina,  and  longer  divisions  of  the  limb. 
N.  Asia,  Caucasus,  W.  Eu.  B.M.  659.  R.H.  1861:  431.- 
The  type  Is  rare,  but  var.  exlmia,  Hort. ,  is  somewhat 


scabrous 


CAMPANULA 


It  is  dwarf er,  imich  branched,  with  long, 
^.  and  pale  bluish  tp  violet  fls.  See  Mottefs 
of  Nicholson,  Diet.  Gard.    Var.  div^rgens, 

Willd.,  has  larger  fls.  and  broader  Ivs.  than  the  type. 

G.C.  III.  16:597.     C.  Sibirica  usually  does  best  when 

treated  as  a  biennial. 

BB.    Calyx  without  appendages. 

c.  Pis.  very  wide-spreading,  i.e.,  rotate,  wheel-shaped, 


28.  Waldsteiniina,  Ro.in.  \  s,  lu.lt.  Perennial: 
height  4-C  in.:  stems  rigid.  -I.iIumuv  :  Ivs.  fleshy,  ses- 
sile, gray-green,  lanceolau-.  sli^litly  s,  ir;iti--dentate,  the 
lower  obtuse,  the  upper  long-acuniinate  :  calyx  lobes 
awl-shaped,  spreading  or  recurved,  one-fourth  shorter 
than  the  corolla  :  fls.  5-9  in  a  corymbose  raceme  IH  in. 
long,  %  in.  wide,  pale  purplish  blue  ;  corolla  rotate,  al- 
most starlike,  with  a  dark  spot  in  the  throat  :  pistil 
large,  white,  twice  the  length  of  the  corolla,  with  a  yel- 
low stigma.  Hungary.  Gn.  8,  p.  173.— Not  advertised 
in  America  at  present. 


E.     Huh, I  Ir.nli.ri  ,.,■  i..  „,!  „  l..„  .■: . 

29.  frigilis,  Cyiill.  I'.  iriiiii:il  :  hri-ht  Mi  in.:  stems 
diffuse,  trailing':  r.">t  Ivs.  Inn-  pftid,-,!,  roundish-cor- 
date, obtusely  dentate,  or  erenately  lobed  ;  stem-lvs. 
smaller,  scattered,  the  uppermost  ovate-lanceolate  :  fls. 
pale  purplish  blue  with  a  white  center,  lii  in.  wide,  in 
loose  corymbs  ;  calyx  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, erect,  almost  equaling  the  corolla;  style  exserted: 
capsule  ovoid.  Italy.  B.M.  6501.  P.M.  11:25.  Gn.  8, 
p.  174,  and  47,  p.  278.  Var.  hirstlta,  DC,  is  a  hairier 
form.— This  is  the  best  species  for  hanging  baskets, 
window  and  veranda  boxes,  and  for  covering  large 
stones  in  the  rockery.  Prop,  by  cuttings  in  spring,  the 
roots  being  too  fragile  to  divide  well.  Not  so  hardy  as 
C.  Garganiea. 

30.  Garginioa,  Tenore.  Height  3-6  in. :  stem  diffuse: 
lower  Ivs.  reniform-cordate,  crenate-dentate  ;  upper  Ivs. 
ovate-acute,  dentate  :  raceme  lax  :  peduncles  1-2-fld. : 
calyx  tube  spheroid,  the  lobes  spreading,  a  third  or 
fourth  shorter  than  the  glabrous  corolla.  Mt.  Gargano 
inltaly.  B.R.  21:1768.  Gn.  48,  p.  295,  and  43;  p.  25.  Var. 
hirsata,  Hort.,  is  a  hairier  form.  Gn.  46,  p.  253,  and  48, 
p.  297.— "Owing  to  the  pendent  character  of  its  flower- 
ing branches,  its  proper  place  is  against  a  rocky  ledge, 
over  which  its  masses  of  flowers  may  hang."— >/.  C 
Niven.  Half-shaded  position.  Prop,  by  cuttings  or  by 
division. 

EE.    Habit  not  trailing  or  pendulous. 

31.  Elatlnes,  Linn.  Perennial,  more  or  less  pubescent: 
height  5-6  in.:  Ivs.  cordate,  coarsely  and  acutely  den- 
tate, lower  rotund,  others  ovate-acute  :  raceme  lax  : 
calyx  tube  spherical,  the  lobes  spreading,  linear-lanceo- 
late, somewhat  unequal,  a  half  shorter  than  the  rotate 
corolla  :  style  exserted.  Piedmont.  —  Rare  rock  plant  for 
light,  stony  soil. 

32.  FoTtensclilagi^na,  Roem.  &  Schult.  (C.  miirdlis. 
Port.).  Height  6-8  in.:  stems  somewhat  erect  :  Ivs.  all 
alike  petiolate,  cordate,  roundish,  acutely  angular-den- 
tate: calyx  tube  spheroid,  lobes  erect,  acuminate,  a  third 
shorter  than  the  infundibuliform  corolla  :  fls.  racemose. 
Dalmatia.— Allied  to  0.  Garganiea,  but  the  corolla  not 
so  deeply  5-cut.  Little  known.  For  conflicting  descrip- 
tions, see  Gn.  8,  p.  173,  and  48,  p.  297. 


D.  Height  f-5  in. 
33.  EMnerii,  Perpenti.  Height  2-3  in. :  stems  suberect, 
branching;  branches  1-3-fld. :  Ivs.  subsessile,  ovate,  dis- 
tantly serrate,  the  lower  smaller  and  obovate:  calyx  tube 
obconieal,  the  lobes  long-acuminate,  erect,  half  shorter 
than  the  broadly  infundibuliform  corolla:  fls.  large,  soli- 
tary, erect,  dark  purplish  blue ;  style  short,  not  exserted : 
capsule  obovate.  Mts.  near  Lake  Como.  P.S.  18:1908.- 
One  of  the  choicest  rock  plants,  but  somewhat  rare. 
Several  forms  of  the  hybrid  Campanula  G.  P.  Wilson 
are  often  cult,  under  this  name,  but  their  Ivs.  are  lighter 


CAMPANULA 

green  and  less  tomentose  than  C.  Bain 
well  drained,  sunny  position. 

DD.  Height  more  than  ?-3  i 
.34.  Tendril,  Moretti.    Height  8-12  in.,  glabrous  i 


ending! 


athery;  root-lvs.  long-petl- 
.  ii  iii.'ularly  serrate;  stem-lvs. 
lively  serrate:  calyx  lobes 
.  half  as  long  as  the  broadly 
-  1  1,  (  mose  :  capsule  spherical. 
1.  Urred  to  the  Grecian  species 
typically  taller.    In  the  garden. 


petiolate,    n\  i 
linear-lane.,.; 

bell-shaped   r u. 

Naples.— This  is  i 

C.  versicolor,  whic 

O.  Tenorii  resembles   C.  pyramidalis  in  foliage  and 

flower,  but  is  shorter. 

E.  Style  not  exserted. 
35.  Carpitica,  Jacq.  Pig.  338.  Height  9-18  in.,  gla- 
brous :  stem  branching  :  lower  Ivs.  thin,  long-petioled, 
ovate-rotund,  cordate,  coarsely  dentate,  undulate;  upper 
ones  shorter  vietioled.  ovate-acuminate:  peduncles  long, 
terminal  and  axillary,  Mid.:  Hs.  large,  often  IKin.  wide, 
deep  blue  or  w  liii<, :  ■  al y\  ihIm-  obconieal,  the  lobes  acute, 
wide  at  the  lias,  ,  miImIi  mate,  erect,  a  third  or  half  as  long 
as  the  broadh  lull  -li.ii"  ,1  ecrolla  :  style  not  exserted  : 
capsule  uv,ii,!  ,  inn  III:  .1  1 '.a  i']  .iitli  hiu  Mts.  of  AustHa. 
B.:\[.II7.    ',i     I  '    irturbin^ta,  Hort.  (Cfiirfii- 

H((^<.  Seleiii  re  eiiiiipact,  with  fls.  more 

btdl-  er  t,i|'  -r.i  I  '  li .   I  III  I  !   in  J  ill.  across,  purplish  blue. 

Italsoha,  laru.a    l,-,:ii e  ,!,■  ,le,,,ni,  Lent  habit.    Gn.  45, 

p.  171.     A  fern.  «.ili  i-allhl  iN.i-  rarer.    Var,  G.  F.Wil- 

witl'l  the  lan;-e  lU.  et  the  lenii.r  ami  the  handsome  dark 


foliage 


and 


?ry  hairy  Ivs.,  with  crenate-serrate  margin.  G. 
Haylodginsis,  Hort.,  is  a  garden  hybrid,  probably  be- 
tween C.  Carpatica  and  C.  caspitosa.  Raised  by  Ander- 
son Henry,  Hay  Lodge,  Edinburgh.  Height  6-9  in.: 
root-lvs. tufted,  roundish  cordate,  slightly  dentate-  stem- 
lvs.  light  green,  ovate-cordate  con 
spicuously  toothed  :  fls.  light  blue 
bell-shaped,  few,  at  the  ends  o: 
stems.  Var.  pelviibrmls,  Hort 
from  Crete,  has  very  large  i  th 
lilac,  almost  saucer- 
shaped  fls.  R.H.  1882, 
p.  509.  Var.  H6nder30ni, 
Hort.,  is  generally  re- 
ferred to  var.  twrbinata, 
but  is  more  robust.  Lvs. 
ovate  and  ovate-cordate, 
li-2  in.  long,  %in.  broad, 
slightly  hairy  on  both 
sides,  folded"  upwards, 
serrate;  petioles  1-1  >2 in. 
long:  fls.  dark  blue,  lK-2 
in.  wide,  in  short,  6-9- 
fld.  racemes.  — This  spe- 
cies is  among  the  first 
dozen  in  popularity,  and 
is  very  variable  in 
height  and  in  shape 
of  flowers. 
EE.    Style  exserted. 

36.  isophylla,    Moretti 
(C.     floribilnda,    Viv.). 
Stem  suberect  :   lvs.   all 
alike,    petiolate,    round- 
ish cordate,  crenate-den- 
tate: calyx  lobes  acumi- 
nate,  half    shorter   than 
the  broadly   bell-shaped 
corolla:   fls.  pale  blue,  1    338.  Campanula  Carpatica . 
in.  or  more  wide,  corym- 
bose; style  exserted :  capsule  ovoid.    Italy.    B.M.  5745. 
Gn.  49,  p.  483;  48,  p.  297. -An  excellent  basket  or  rock 
plant  in  sun  or  half  shade.    The  white  variety  seems 
to  be  more  popular.    Fls.  may  be  saucer-shaped. 

ccc.   Fls.  bell-shaped. 
D.    Style  exserted. 

37.  Scoilleri,  Hook.  Height  8-12  in. :  stem  simple  or 
branched  :  lvs.  acutely  .serrate,  somewhat  hirsute  ;  lower 
ones  ovate-acute,   petioled  ;   middle  ones  ovate-lanceo- 


232 


CAMPANULA 


late  ;  upper  linear-lanceolate,  sessile  :  calyx  lobes  awl- 
shaped,  erect,  one-third  shorter  than  the  corolla:  Hs. 
racemose,  or  more  or  less  panicled  :  styl.-  ■  xsiriici  : 
capsule  ovoid.  Columbia  river.— Tin  ..i|i.nl,ii  x.ilvi-s 
are  a  little  above  the  middle,  while  in  ' '.  '  '.i  q>.iiir<i  :iii(l 
C.  persicifolia  they  are  near  the  api-x.  A  i;irr  wr^ii-rn 
American  species. 

DD.    Style  not  exserted. 
E.    Color  very  dark  purple. 
piilla,  Linn.    Height  3-5  in. :  stem  normally  1-fld. : 
Ivs.    glabrous,    crenulate-dentate  ; 
lower    one.s    .short-petioled,    ovate- 
md  ;      upper     sessile,      ovate- 
i1>t;  lobes  long-acuminate, 
erect,  a  half  shorter 


CAMPANULA 
40.  Scheiichzeri,  Vill.  (C.  IhiifoUa,  var.  Scheiiehzeri) 


the 


U- 
nodding 


ite.  a  M.xth  as  l.jni; 

e  corolla.  L.B.C. 
C :  554.  —  Darkest  flow- 
ered  of   all  Campanu- 


rowly  lance.. 
Ivs.  spatulat. 
nearly  as  !..( 
subarctic  r.i; 


buds  nod  in  the  former,  but  :.i 
calyx  lobe.s  are  relatively  lony 
perhaps  the  bell  is  deeper. 

4L  caespitdsa.  Scop.  (('.  pn 
Hienk.).  Height  4-0  in. :  )■....! 
ovate,  glandular-dent;ii.  .  -hii 
erect,  a  third  shorter  tlii.n  ih. 
nodding,  pale  blue  or  wliit.  ;  |.. 
.'■|I2.    Gu.  43:892.    Gn.  48,  p.  •-".li 


tally 

stem-lvs.  linear  or  nar- 
rulate,  the  lowest  stem 
luler,  linear-awl-shaped, 
|.od  corolla.    Alpine  and 


riower- 
r.  The 
.»■!,  and 


<lif„li,i 


but  th. 


51ue  Bells  of  Scotland  "— 
Campanula  rotundifolia. 

Natural  size. 

EE.   Color  not  vi'vy  dark  purple. 
39.  rotundifdlia,  Linn.    Haih- 
BELL.    Harebell.   Blde  Bells 
OF  Scotland.  Fig.  339.  Height  340.  Campanula  rotundifolia. 
(i-12    in.      Root-lvs.     petiolate,  var.  soldanellaeflora. 

cordate,  crenate-dentate  :  stem- 
lvs.  linear  or  lanceolate,  usually  entire:  calvx  lobes  awl- 
shapeil .  erect  .a  third  shorter  than  the  bell-shaped  corolla : 
11.  buds  erect.  Eu.,  Siberia,  W.  N.  Amer.  Gn.  53: 1153. 
—  This  is  one  of  the  most  cosmopolitan  of  all  Campanu- 
las, and  the  trui'  hairbell  or  bluebell  of  literature.  In 
the  wild  it  is  slenderer  and  taller  than  in  the  garden. 
In  shady  woods  it  often  grows  2  ft.  high.  The  tvpe  has 
a  white-fid.  variety  which  is  much  less  popular,  but 
G.C.  18(il :  ('.fi8  shows  an  excellent  pot-plant  of  it.  Var. 
Hdstii,  Hort.  (<'.  ndstii,  Baumg.),  has  larger  fls.  than 
the  type  and  stouter  stems.  The  lower  stem-lvs.  are 
lanceolate,  remotely  dentate,  the  upper  linear  entire  : 
calyx  lobes  longer  than  in  the  type,  a  half  shorter  than 
the  corolla.  The  white-fld.  form  is  not  as  vigorous. 
The  most  pronounced  form  is  var.  soldanelleefldra, 
Hort.  (C.  soldandhi,  Hort.).  Fig.  340.  With  semi- 
dotible  blue  fls.  split  to  the  base  into  about  25  divisions. 
F.S.  18:  1880.  — This  curious  variation  is  unique  in  the 
genus.  The  alpine  soldanellas  are  famous  among  trav- 
ellers for  melting  their  way  through  the  ice.  They  have 
fringed  blue  fls.  The  name  of  this  species  seems  singu- 
larly in.appropriate  until  we  have  sought  the  root-lvs. 
in  early  spring. 


-'■/,   r.irt.      (',  pusllla, 
.  I  nil. '.I,  short-petioled, 
l:  :    '■■.\\\s.   lobes   linear, 
.  It^li;.l.ed  corolla:  fls. 
■n  vi. .let-colored.    B.M. 
■  Dwarferthan  C.  rotun- 
ith  root-lvs.  never  reniform,  shorter-petioled, 
i;  until  after  fls.  have  gone.   Perennial,  quickly 
•nse  mat.     Border,  edgings,  or  rockery.    The 
trad.'  catalogues  usually  offer  C.  caspitosa 
s:llfi  sej.arately,  and  doubtless  plants  of  dis- 
.•nlinral  value  are  passing  under  these  names, 
s. .  in  t..  l.e  no  botanical  or  horticultural  de- 
scripti..iis  tljiit  will  clistinguish  them. 

42.  excisa,  Schleich.  Perennial,  glabrous  :  height  4-5 
in.:  stems  slender,  1-fld.:  roct-lvs.  spatulate:  upper  Ivs. 
linear:  calyx  lobes  bristly,  spreading,  at  length  reflexed, 
a  third  shorter  than  the  bell-shaped  corolla  :  fls.  pale 
I. hie,  divided  to  about  half  their  depth,  with  a  round  hole 
..t  the  base  of  each  sinus,  which  easily  distinguishes  it 
1 1  ..m  C.  puUa  and  all  other  Campanulas.  Rare  in  Alps. 
i;..M.7358.  L.B.C. 0:561. -Ararerockplant.  Likes  cool, 
moist  air,  and  not  too  full  expo.sure  to  sun.  Not  adver- 
tised in  America. 

cccc.  Fls.  long-tuhitlar,  abnormal. 

43.  Z6yBii,  Wolf.  Height  3-4  in.:  plant  tufted,  gla- 
brous :  stems  few-fld. :  root-lvs.  entire,  crowded,  petio- 
late, ovate -obovatc,  obtuse:  stem-lvs.  obovate-lanceolate 
and  linear:  peduncles  1-fld,  terminal,  rarely  axillary  : 
calyx  lobes  linear,  awl-sliapi-d.  spreading,  a  foiirth  shorter 
than  the  corolla  :  cor..!!,.  !  .hl  .  >  Ii.mIi  i.al,  constricted  at 
the  apex,  wider  at  tin  i  .  '  ,:  angled.  Austrian 
Alps.  Gn.  8,  p.  173.  i,.'  id  '  i-  A  rare  and  abnor- 
mal species.  "Fls.  lull,'.    II.  |.i  .] I.  1..  the  size  of  the 

plant,  azure  blue,  •  ♦  •  t.  rniinai.  .1  l.elore  expansion  by 
a  pretty  stellate  process,  arising  from  the  infolding  of 
the  segments  of  the  corolla  after  expansion.  These  are 
seen  to  be  densely  bearded,  forming  a  mass  of  hairs  sur- 
rounding the  large  capitate  stigma."— J".  C.  I/iven. 

AAA.    Kitchen  garden  vegetable;  roots  radish-like. 
A  salad  plant. 

44.  Bapiinculus, Linn.  Eampion.  Biennial:  height 2-3 
ft.:  root  spindle-  or  long-radi-1.  -lia|:..l.  '/in.  thick, 
white:  stem  erect,  sulcate  :  l..v,.i  '  .  '  ;.  ,  short- 
petioled,  somewhat  crenate:  st.n  n.  eolate, 

entire:  fls.  lilac,  in  a  spike  or  ra..  ii,        ,.,    >; ..bconi- 

cal,  lobes  glabrous  or  bristly,  ere.  i,  a..  1  .-liapul,  a  half 
shorter  than  ornearly  equal  to  the  funnel-shaped  corolla. 
Eu.,  Orient,  N.  Asia,  N.  Afr.— The  roots  and  Ivs.  are 
eaten  as  a  salad.  The  seeds,  which  are  the  smallest  of 
any  kitchen  garden  vegetable,  are  sown  in  the  open 
ground  in  early  May  either  broadcast  or  in  drills.  A  little 
sand  mixed  with  the  seed  gives  an  evener  sowing.  Press 
firmly,  and  water  carefully.  Thin  out  the  seedlings  if 
necessary.  Water  freely  in  hot  weather.  A  fresh  sowing 
may  be  made  in  June,  as  early  sown  plants  may  run  to 
seed.  Roots  are  gathered  in  October,  and  may  be  stored 
in  sand  for  winter  use.  Rapunculus  means  a  little  tur- 
nip.   Vilmorin-Andrieux,  The  Vegetable  Garden. 

C.  a!)irfl?i(i,  Griseb.  R,-.r.    I  in.  I   .    .I.rv  iIi .!    u  ill,  slender, 

wiry  stems  9-15  in.  hisli      '"^      -■   I. ranching 

spikes.    .July-Aug.    E.   Kn      .  !!    -■    -(.'.  Me- 

dium, var.  calycanthema-  '     '  I  I.    ....kplant 


;  stemlvs.  ovate-oblung  ;  all  Ivs. 
sessile-entire  :  calyx  hirsute,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate.  a  half 
shorter  than  the  deeply  5.eut.  spreadine  corolla.— C  Dahilrica. 


CAMPANULA 


Hort    Plant's  'sol  1     n  le 

he  ght  3-9  n  Ivs  sn  all' 
cut  the  po  nted  lobes  co 
a  1  ght    enter   t  bular 


m  n  long 
fls  blue  or  v 


Trachel    m -C     Ta     H      t      t  irr     He  ght       tt  tl 

long  pet  olei  ro  nd  1  eorlate  ore  or  less  lolei  tern  1  & 
sessile    oval  Ian  eolate     rretn  1111  4    n    lo  g 

nodi  ng  at  the  en  1  of  i  1     g  1  lit  a 

broad     nd  go  1 1  e  or        1  reid  ng    1 

France  18  h  I  v  Th  1 1  t  an  1  K  4  0(de  cr  ) 

Var  pall  da  has  pale  la  end       1  -^    jj 

CAHFHdBA  (from  camphor  made  from  its  lu  ee) 
La  (iff  The  Camphor  T  ee  (Ca  pi  &  i  of!  (  Al  a 
bteud  )       n  t  L\  1   Tipi      1  ut    t  is  now  m 

troduce  1  '^    I- 1        I  II  1       ly  al 

I  ed  to  tl  It  1   to  tl  at 

genus    (  /It    lifter     m 

Its  seal    11  1  1 1     t    1  aracters 

Ca    1 1  I  a  u    d,  h       1       t  4  J  tt     and  en 

dures  light  trobts  It  has  alternate  o  ate  tU  ptic  en 
tire  thick  Ivs  an  I  ax  llary  pan  cles  f  small  yellow 
fls  The  whole  plant  conta  ■,  campl  or  Tl  e  gum  s 
obta  ned  from  the  extracted  ju  ce 

CAMPION     See  i  !e   e 

CAMPSIDIUM     See  Te  o 

CAMPTOSOEUS  (Creek  bent  o  all  1  t  the 
irregular  arringement )     Poljpod  5  \  II  i^ei  us 

of  hardy  fern      with  simple    po  nt    1  1  II    take 

root  at  the  apex  and  are  hence  kn  n  W    Ik  u^,  leaf 

Ferns  A  sii  gle  spec  es  is  na 
tive  mostly  on  lime  bearing 
rocks  and  an  allied  species  i 
known  from  Japan  and  N   As  a 

rhizophylluB,  Link.    Fig.  341 
Lvs.  simple,    tapering   from    a 
heart-shaped  base,  4-12  in.  long 
veins  forming  meshes  near  the 
midrib  ;   sori  irreg- 
ularly      scattered. 
Canada  to  Alabama. 
—  Sometimes  growm 
in     rockeries     and 
wild  gardens. 
L.  M.  Underwood. 


CANADA.  Fit.- 
342-4.  The  must 
important  fruit  re- 
gions of  Canada  are 
those  surrounded 
wholly  or  in  part  by 
bodies  of  salt  or 
fresh  water.  In  the 
extreme  east  the 
Atlantic  ocean  with 
its  indentations,  is 
the  influencing  climatic  factor  In  centiil  Canada  the 
great  lakes,  Ontario  and  Erie,  serve  the  same  useful 
office,  while  in  the  extreme  west  the  Pacific  ocean,  with 


CANADA 

t     g  If  stream    tempers  the     I      at      1 
b  a    an  1    g    e         fhcient  at         |  I 
all  b  it  tropical  an  1  c  trn     t 
m  st  favore  1  lo  al  t  e       It 

vh  le        tl  e  e     ter     Atlai  t  |  | 

f   II       r  a    far  north  a    the  4    h  i' 


233 


Col  m- 
o  that 
n  the 

e  that 
uccess- 
llel  north  lati- 


1  I        Br  t  sh  Columbia  as    fai    uoith  a    the  52d 

1  I    latitude   J  et  m  the  inter  or  of  Ontar  o  and 

I        have  not  s  icceeded  north  of  the  4bth  par- 

The  t  ts  of  Canada  of  to  daj  are  attributal  le  to  5 
ma  n  sources  1  bee  1  I  f,ht  1  y  the  first  French 
missionar  es  and  Engl  sh  colon    t  Seed'i  and  plants 

obta  ned  from  \    r^,  1  \e     Englan  1     3    Plant    and 

seeds  brou  1         II  111   reRojiIst       4    Chance 

seedlmg  t      I  I  portat  oi  from  Europe, 

and  systc  u         i  !  1 

In  or  ier  I         f  the  character  of  fruits 

cult  vate  111  ill  be  necessarj  to  con- 

ler  the  i  i  I 

Prin   f  F  I  - 1    titude   46  degrees  to  47 

Tie         t  I  1111         nently 


341.   Camptosorus  rhizophyllus 


II  I        s  and 

long  a    1  t    I  II  f  II  1    trequent 

fogs  and  sleet\  ra  n  Tl  e  first  fru  ts  i  tiod  ced  were 
apples  by  Fre  h  col  t  Later  the  Engl  h  and 
Scotch  settler  1  r  ght  otl  er  apples  an  1  peais  in  aldi- 
t  on  to  Kent  h  he  r  es  It  a  j  robal  le  also  that  some 
of  the  e  carl  f  u  t  vere  ntro  luce  1  1  v  the  Acadian 
French      We  st  11  ft    1  the     sland  a  few  of  tl  e  old 

French  orchards    f  a;  i  les  an  1  cherr  Cherr       have 

1  een  cult  vate  1—  n  fact    tl  ey  have  taU  f    1  Piii- 

selve  —      th       cce         n  e  the  t  n  e  ot    I  v- 

luct  on      The}  1  el  ng  to  the  Kent    h      |  i      |        ii. 

that  lo  al  t     am  nth  later  than    io  tl  h^ 

grown  a  tei      Ontar  o       Bla  k  k         1        II     ;ip- 

pearel    b   t  i    1     ng  atten  le  1  t       A]  [  1    (,r  g       ou 

the  ncrea  e  Tl  e  better  pra  t  e  n  t  u  t  grow  ng  are 
be  ng  ntro  luce  1  a  few  large  orch  ris  a  e  already 
establ    he  1  an  1         1  f  1        The  cl  mate 

ha    an       1  11  I      1       ]      j,  properties  of 

api  les  an  1  I  ar  eties  as  Ben 

Dav       St     1  II  t    as  a  r  le    at- 

ta  n  full  I    I  mn  and   early 

w  I  ter  api  II  1  su  table  varie- 

t  es  Of  the  e  c  K  1  tun  Bl  uh  m  P  pi  n  H  bbard- 
tou  and  C  r  mes  Golden  The  same  tiue  of  pears. 
The  early  and  m  d  eason  varieties  do  be  t  Clapp, 
Bartlett  Howell  and  Anjou  are  doing  well  Among 
]  lums  Moore  s  Arctic  Eaily  Damson  and  Lombard  are 
f  ivorites  Peaches  cannot  be  grown  successfully  unless 
artificiallv  protected  during  winter 

Small  fruits  aie  „rowu  s  1  e  f  illy  m  all  parts  of  the 
island      Tl  ^  1       t        i      (      t     f  (1  tl        i   nberry. 

1  1    Ih      The 

I.  rod  let  1      1    I  I     I        1        I       I      1 1  111  tedly  a 

future  for  ti  I  I       I  1  natural 

under  diain  „     i  i  II      Innate    and 

its  proximitj  to  th    I 

Nova  Sc-otia  avi  1 1     Dominion  owes 

very  much  to  this  j  1  pioneer  work 

done  m  advertismt,      I  capabilities  of 

C  anada  in  the  Eur  \e  i  k  t  ri  best  advertise- 
ment that  could  1  e  given  1  %  an^  c  :iuntr>  wah  afforded  by 
the  magnificent  disj.  lay  of  truit  m  i  le  1  }  the  Pro\  mce  of 
N  M  s     til  tl  r    I   1    It     Fi     t  (  \         iitionat 

II  II       in  1886. 

1      I  \  adlan 


111  s  were 
s  1  at  the 
piesent  ia\  It  must  not  1  I  apple 
gionmg  of  \ova  Scotia  is  r  \  napolis 
valley  This  valley  i  onh  ci  1  II  the  con- 
tiguous tei  tile  vallevs  ot  tl  C  ri  w  illi  ai  i  Ga  pereaux 
rivers  are  equally  well  adapted  and  equally  productive. 
The  protection  afforded  in  this,  the  best  fruit  section  of 


234  CANADA 

the  province,  by  the  low  parallel  lines  of  hills,  known  as 
the  north  and  south  mountain  ranges,  is  important  and 
valuable  as  windbreaks.  The  numerous  bays  and  inlets 
assist  in  equalizing  temperatures,  and  exercise  a  raarlied 
Influence  upon  the  longevity  of  the  apple  tree  in  this 
region.  The  soil  consists  of  sand,  sandy  loam  and  clay, 
overlavinff  snii(Nt"n.-  f"nn:iti..i,.    Th.- cti-.imhous  rise  and 

fall  of  til.- fn|.-   !i  I    .    ...... I.!.,, I   .     <•  1. -posits  con- 

stitutiiij,'  til-   ].!■.  ^   ■      I         .  ,     I:,, ids.    These 

marsh  laiHl^ -I  r>  .  i    ;,  ,;    .:    ,  i .  4  m  u  abundant 


CANADA 

The  snowfall  is  heavy,  and  is  a  sufficient  prot«ction. 
Thomas  A.  Sharpe,  of  Woodstock,  is  a  pioneer  in  this 
work.  Of  apples,  the  following  varieties  have  been 
most  successful  in  the  St.  John  river  valley:  Duchess, 
Wealthy,  Fameuse,  Pewaukee,  Longfleld,  and  Scott's 
Winter.  The  small-fruit  harvest  is  a  week  later  than  in 
Nova  Scotia.     New  Bninswii-ki-r«  ar.'  tli.-r.-t'..r,.  i-nahlpd 


classes  of 
ries  (  Vacci 
in  large  quanti: 


-/./,/ 


-I,ln 


,  Wolfville,  and 


are  found  manv  of  the  0 
as  Golden  Pippin  and 
apples  are  grown  in  nea 


former  il 

The  ex  I 

been  stea 

ketable    c 


-^  Arctic  is  till-  tavurite  of  the 
:)f  the  latter. 

ritain  began  in  1875,  and  has 
se  since  that  time.    The  mar- 
apples   in    1896   amounted  to  500,000 


barrels,  nearly  all  exported  to  Britain.  The  characteris- 
tic apple  of  the  province  is  Gravenstein.  This,  with 
Ribston  Pippin,  was  imported  from  England  by  Hon. 

Charles  Raina-c.  Prpscot      "  ^  ~" 

John  Bui-lii.lL'.inirM.li 

Inglis.thcii,-.  i.,-l...|,,.. 
Bellefleurt.iil,.  \ni,:M."l 
by  the  name  -r  l;i-l,"|.  - 

Thecralil..  tr;    ;!m!   ,-    ,■ 


the  out]ii.i 
barrels;  in 
varieties  en 
The  fruit 
energetic.     The  Provi 


1830  and  ; 
iiparell  Russet.  Doctor 
I  it  i;i,  introduced  Yellow 
wliere  it  is  now  known 

I >|>ing  rapidly.  In  1890 
Ih'i^s  amounted  to  400 
l,cd  4,000  barrels.  The 
rum  the  wild  marshes, 
nee  are  intelligent  and 
;-growers'  Association, 


the  oldest  in  the  Dominion,  assists  in  maintaining  s 
ticultural    school,  which  was   established  at  Wolfville 
and  is  affiliated  with  Acadia  College. 

The  fruit-growing  industry  in  Cape  Breton  is  yet  in 
its  infancy.  The  climate  and  soil  resemble  that  of  Prince 
Edward  Island,  and  practically  the  same  class  of  fruits 
are  being  tested. 

New  Brunswick.— The  climate  of  this  province  fa- 
vors a  mixed  husbandry.  Wild  raspberries,  strawber- 
ries, blueberries  and  cranberries  grow  in  wild  profusion, 
and  have  to  some  extent  hindered  the  growing  of  culti- 
vated forms  Apples  may  be  grown  successfuUv  for  home 
use  in  nearly  all  parts     Commercial  orchards  are  now 


ly  known  in  New  Brunswick  as  Wolfberry  or  Low- 
bush'  Cranberry.  In  the  past,  lumbering,  fishing  and 
mining  have  absorbed  much  attention  in  New  Bruns- 
wick, but  fruit  culture  is  constantly  receiving  increased 
attention.  Bright  minds  are  at  work  in  the  province. 
What  to  grow,  and  how  to  grow  it,  are  questions  receiv- 
ing earnest  attention. 

Quebec. — The  climatic  conditions  in  eastern  Quebec 
approach  quite  closely  those  obtaining  In  many  parts  of 
New  Brunswick.  We  And  the  principal  fruit  areas  ly- 
ing south  of  that  great  artery  of  commerce,  the  St. 
Lawrence  river.  Here  and  there,  not  on  the  low  clay 
flats,  but  on  the  higher  middle  elevations,  with  gravelly 
subsoil  affording  natural  drainage,  we  find  orchards 
made  up  of  "La  Belle  Fameuse,"  Pomme  Gris,  and  St. 
Laurent,  truly  Canadian  and  truly  delicious  apples.  In 
the  lower  St.  Lawrence  region,  especially  on  the  north 
side,  the  keeping  season  of  apples  is  very  much  ex- 
tended— or  rather,  the  ripening  season  is  very  much  re- 
tarded. At  Chicoutmi,  on  the  Saguenay,  Red  Astrachan 
ripens  about  the  end  of  September  and  Wealthy  is  late 
winter. 

In  L'Islet  county,  about  70  miles  northeast  of  the  city 
of  Quebec,  plum-irrnwing  has  become  a  somewhat  spe- 
cialized indii«trv  >liiriin_'  it-,   fvliition,  wliicli    covers  a 

period  of  a  .-.  inn  .   mil    im  1       \   hi.  m  ..  ,,f  Reine 

Claude  ami  in    1  1       .  1  ,  .   _      n    'I.  and  are 

now  peculitii  ];■    ■■    '    ;    n     ,1,.  Mont- 

morency is  :i  lin.  ll.i.niil  -Ir.ini  .■!'  tin'  imiriit  group. 
All  plums  grow  in  stocky  f<irni,  with  widely  spreading 
re  very  productive.  The  trees  are 
with  little  pruning  and  fertilizing. 
cas.pM  extends  from  September  15  to 
i\  I",  till-  111"  Kentish  cherries  have  also 
i  II   is  a  month  later  than  at 

,  i.  c-  and  Montreal,  along  the 
I  I  II-  and  apples  are  grown  to  a 
l> .  J  lit-  heavy  blue  clay  of  the  region 
between  the  Richelieu  and  St.  Lawrence  rivers  is  un- 
suited  to  the  cultivation  of  fruits.  A  wild  fruit  which 
is  being  grown  by  the  French  habitant  of  the  Richelieu 
and  its  tributaries  is  the  choke  cherry,  Prunus  Vir- 
yiiiidiia,  Linn.  The  fruit  is  eaten 
raw.  but  is  also  made  into  jellies 
and  conserves.  A  yellow  variety  is 
comnicin  to  gardens  in  the  vicinity 
of  St.  Hyacinth,  Que.  The  Island 
of  Montreal  is  undoubtedly  the 
cradle  of  the  fruit  industry  of  the 
province.  Here  a  truly  intensive 
style  of  fniit-^Towini:  prevails. 
A|iiilcH,|iliiiii^  tuiil  I'l-tirs  tire  staples. 

othin-  -mall  fruir-  tun  Iarf;ei>'  culti- 
vtitc.l.  riiij\-ciiiniit  nittrket  facili- 
ties, both  at.home  and  abroad,  assist 
the  fruit-grower.  The  hardier  types 
of  Primus  dontestica,  such  as  Dam- 
son   and    Orleans    plums,    succeed 


branches,  and 
grown  in  soc 
The  marketing 
October  15.  IT 
beendeveln)ii 
Ottawa,  Out 
St.  Lawrence  i 
limited  extent 


342  Ontario,  Quebec  and  / 
Nova  Scotia 
I.  1.  peach  and  grape  regions:  2,  mixed 
fruit  zone;  3  general  agrieultu 
apples.  Nova  Scotia  :  1,  plums,  pears,  .apples;  2,  apples, 
being  planted  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  John  river,  at 
and  about  Woodstock.  Damson  and  Moore's  Arctic 
plums  are  grown  to  a  considerable  extent.  A  few  grow- 
ers have  found  it  profitable  to  protect  their  plum  trees 
in  winter  by  planting  them  in  such  a  manner  as  admits 
of  the  trees  being  reclined  on  the  ground  i 


IS  of  unusual  se- 
hipan  plums  have 
sjand.  with  the  es- 
■rtainly.  So  far  as 
ntreal  is  the  home 
nd  possibly  Pomme 


verity,  when  the 
not  yet  been  s 

ception  of  Burbank.  wlii-li  ti- 
can  be  ascertained,  the  l>lai 
of  the  Fameuse  and  St.  Lawr 

Gris.  About  the  foothills  of  those  curious  outcrop- 
pings  of  the  Vermont  mountains  that  we  find  in  the 
Richelieu  valley  and  in  the  eastern  townships — locali- 
ties peopled  by  U.  E.  Loyalists  — fruit-growing  is  a 
leading  branch  of  rural  labor.  Beloeil,  Rougemont 
and  Abbotsford  are  well  known  to  Quebec  fruit  growers 


CANADA 

as  leading  fruit-growing  centers  of  tlie  province.  The 
standard  commercial  apples  of  Ontario  and  New  York, 
as  Greening,  Baldwin  and  Spy,  do  not  succeed.  Fameuse, 
Wealthy  and  Duchess,  with  Canada  Baldwin  and  Win- 
ter St.  Lawrence,  do  well,  the  latter  two  being  natives 
of  the  Pi">iii' r.  ;mi.1  iiimh  appreciated.  The  fruit  area 
along  tin  \.  "i  '  !.-!iii,l- 
arylin>i-  iin-. 

Applo  :'<r Ill-  .11.-  Ma- 
are  grown  for  huuic  use. 
The  earlier  varieties  of 
grapes  only  are  grown.  Con- 
cord does  not  ripen  with 
certainty  every  year.  Dili 
ware,  Lady  and  Mo..r. 
Early  are  generally  reli:i 
in  this  western  region. 

Gibbland   Farm,  once  tin 
home  of  Charles   Gibb  i  I 
ceased   1810)     a  promm 
amateur    fruit   crrowoi       i   i 


■were    \\       I       I 
Quebec  tl  i    ii^h   th       11  it 
of  Mr   Gibb      A   few  of  th 
summer  varieties  have    --i 
perseded  older  kinds      Th 
only   winter  Russian    apple 
which    has    become    at   all 
well   known   m    Quebec    is 
Arabka  of  Ellwnn„'Pi  &  Barr 
cessful  in    a  tmiftiplpc   wh 
Unless  f    II     I  1   th 

by  over! 

Monti      I         1        I  1  I  le  shipping  port  duiing  Sep 

Ontario   and 


235 


to  200  acres  of  land  for  a  cow,  but  found  no  buyer.  This 
land  is  now  valued  at  from  $300  to  $500  per  acre.  The 
improvement  of  native  fniits  began  in  1830  by  the  in- 
troduction of  foreign  varieties,  and  by  the  establishment 


Fui 


Portland  oi 
lit  gioweis  m 
Duihess   and 


Boston     For  a  numbei     t 
the  vicinity   of   Monti  e  1    I 

Alexander  apples  t     I  i       |       I         i  i  lie  un 

satisfactory  fe  it  f   uit 

growing  m  Qii  I  I    i 

apples      The     11  I    le 

sirable  substitut  I   ild 

win     Scott    Wiut  1         1    i  i^  tr      1      tcLici    11>   rec 

ommended 

Ontario  —From  the  standpoint  of  a  fruit  grower,  thi 
province  iiiiy  be  divided  as  follows 

1    An   1]  I  1p  <Tonni'  ip'i  n  m  the  extreme  east    oi 


very   large      In   Is  U  II  t   i        1  i* 

shipped  from  Lean  11  I  Isi 

more  than  double  tl    t    i  i     t  t  it       t      li    Ism 

more  than  hilt  a  nulli  n  pea  h  trets  weit  ]  1  inte  1  in 
that  region  In  the  Niagara  district  the  output  of 
peaches  is  much  larger,  and  the  fruit  lndustr^  is  more 
uniformlv  diversihed  The  Niagara  fruit  grower  is 
strictly  up  to  date  Electiic  cars  run  ever\  half  htur 
past  the  doors  of  the  fruit  growers  residing  bttwttn 
Hamilton  and  BeamsviUe  telephones  connect  thi  ir 
homes  and  bung  daih  market  reports  Duiin-r  the 
shipping  se  I  1  1  tl  lit  trim  1  ivin"*  Ni  ^ii  t  ills 
daily    an  1    I    1  t       1 1   i     1     i  i  li 

peaches   1 1  ii         I  i        j  II  is 


the 


then,  ith      1      t  11     s,,    I       ,   , 

2  A    1  ,  1  11         1  i     1  I  I       1 
Toronti        IK         t  1  i      tl 

3  An  \t  1  1  1  II  1  h  tin  tl^ 
between  Toicnto  en  the  siuth 
north  Haliburton  on  the  northe  on 
the  west  [In  the  vicinity  of  Ow  ith 
shore  of  Georgian  Bay,  plums  ot  /  ire 
extensiveh  cultivated  1 

4  A  peach  grape,  pear  plum  and  small  truit  region 
in  the  Niagara  peninsula  between  the  o\  erlapping  ends 
of  Lakes  Frip  and  Ontaiio     1    Fig   -iP 

5  A  1  '  f(  ^  t  1  I  V,.  St  fHir 
and  1 1  ted 
in  th<  I  I  I  lie 
might  1 


housie 
The 


and! 


f  m 


are  from  seed  i  lanted  pr  ) 
One  of  the  oldest  treis  is 
trees  are  productn  1  ut 
planting  of  api  1h     i   I    i 


the 


■84    n 


region  is  noted    I  it      i      i  it  4 

Peninsula  was  setti  1  n  1  t  I  t  i  tl 
region.  Here  letw  iii  1  s(l  i  the  I  nit  I 
alists  recened  grants  of  land  trim  Km,; 
planted  seeds  of  apples  Irought  from  thi 
the  United  States.  Here  we  are  told  that 
in  the  early  part  of  this  century,  offered  to 


Sp-s    Greening  and  Baldwin      Ben  D  i%       ^      I    I     |        il 

and  Ontdiio  are  1  eingwideh  planted  — ti      I  i 

of  the  proMn  e     It  is  a  cioss  b  t\\      i    \       1  s,  i 

Wagener   pioduced  by  the  1  1  \  I 

Princess  Louise  and  Mclnt     1    I 

of  Fameuse    are   becomir_ 

parts  of  the  province     Am  i 

the  province  are  the  Movei  nil  „i    i  c     ilic  1    li 

gerald  and  Longhurst  peai  hes 

C  C  Jimes  Deput\  Minister  of  Agriculture  for 
Ontario  gives  the  folk  wing  estimated  statistics  regard 
ing  fruits  and  fruit  areas  in  the  province  in  1895  Area 
in  orchard  garden  and  vineyard  iiO  122  acres  number 
ot  apple  trees  of  bearing  age,  5  91  ^  <)00  \  oung  trees  not 
bearing  3  548,053  In  18%  the  >  leld  of  apples  m  the 
province  was  estimated  to  amount  to  20  000  000  barrels 
The  Provincial  Fruit  growers  Association  has  a  mem 
bership  of  5  000  and  publishes  a  monthly  Journal  of 
Horticulture  Secretary  and  editor  Linus  Woolveiton 
Grimsh\    Out 

\       I  ff  ml     1    fi     t    xperiment  stations  has  re 

1  1111  1     ated  as  to  i  over  the  va 

I  1  I  tl      province      The  object  is 

t  t  I  1  1  1  It  I  I  II  tl  iits  old  and  new  These 
I  un  1  1  the  )  mt  c  nti  1  t  the  Ontario  Agricultural 
L  llej,L  md  tht,  Ontario  Fiuit  growers  Association, 
with  L  Woolverton  as  e-?ecutive  oflicer  whose  duty 
It  IS  to  make  an  annual  report  of  the  whole  to  the  Min- 
ister of  Agriculture. 


236  CANADA 

Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  Territories.— As 
far  as  the  tree  fruits  are  concerned,  tlmse  wliioli  can  In- 
grown successfully  in  these  regii^ii-  \\i-\ t   .  \tr:M.ic| 

nary  care  have  yet  to  be  prodmi  .;       \    i         I;  , 
apples  and  Siberian  crabs  have  sui\  I       i   n  i   i   ■   -    ji 

duced   some  fruit   in    southeastern    Mmii /'.;/. r, 

baccata  (the  berried  crab  of  Europe)  i^  hanl_\  at  ilit-  i>nin. 
Experiment  Stations  at  Brandon,  Man. ,  and  ludiau  Head, 
N.  W.  Terr.  This  has  been  crossed  with  the  hardiest 
Russian  apples  in  the  hope  that  the  resultant  seedlings, 
of  which  there  are  now  many  thousands,  will  prove 
hardy  in  tree,  and  produce  fruit  of  edible  size. 

With  the  protection  afforded  by  belts  of  timber,  small 
fruits  of  nearly  all  kinds— grapes,  however,  being  a  no- 
table exception— are  grown  with  a  moderate  degree  of 
success.  The  natural  obstacles  are  appreciably  less  in 
Manitoba  than  in  the  Provinces  of  Assiniboia,  Alberta 
and  Saskatchewan,  where  late  spring  frosts,  high  winds 
and  periods  of  summer  drought  and  severe  winter  cold 
make  the  cultivation  of  the  hardif^t  fniit-i.  sm-li  .t^ 
gooseberries  and  currants,  difScult  and  ]iri'ariMUv.  .\a 
tive  types  of  these  fruits  are  cu!ti\at.-i.  .IuimIm  rri<  ~ 
are  much  appreciated.  Without  duuM  th.'  ran.h.  r  and 
wheat  grower  of  these  northwest  pruvinct's  will  1)l-  de- 
pendent for  his  fruit  supply  upon  Ontario  and  British 
Columbia  for  many  years  to  come.  The  chief  sources  of 
horticultural  information  in  this  region  are  the  Do- 
minion experiment  stations  already  referred  to. 


The  fruit  regions 


British  Columbia.—  Fig.  344.  I  am  indebted  to 
J.  R.  Anderson,  Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture  for  the 
province,  for  much  of  the  following  data.  British  Col- 
umbia is  wonderfully  diversified,  and  has  great  fruit- 
growing possibilities  in  its  deltas,  its  coast  line,  its 
valleys,  its  benches,  its  irrigated  lands.  Great  climatic 
variation  means  a  corresponding  widening  of  the  possi- 
bilities of  fruit-culture,  and  there  is  here  undoubtedly 
a  more  extended  range  of  thermometric  variation  and 
atmospheric  moisture  than"  is  found  in  any  other  prov- 
ince of  the  Dominion. 

Historical.  — Regarding  the  early  historj'  of  fruit- 
growing, and  some  of  its  later  developments,  Mr.  An- 
derson writes  as  follows  : 

"It  was  soon  discovered  by  the  early  settlers  in  and 
about  the  old  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  forts  of  Victoria 
and  Langley,  that  apple  trees  would  mature  and  bear 
fruit.  There  was,  however,  a  deep-rooted  belief  that  the 
greater  part  of  the  country  would  not  produce  fruit,  or, 
indeed,  for  that  matter,  crops  of  any  kind.  However, 
gradually  trials  were  made  by  adventurous  spirits, 
miners,  packers,  and  others  (probably  never  by  practi- 
cal farmers  or  fruit-growers),  and  it  gradually  dawned 
upon  the  sparse  population  that  apples  and  field  crops 
would  grow  in  most  parts  of  the  coast  line  of  the 
province,  and  of  that  part  known  as  the  dry  belt  lying 
between  the  Coast  Range  and  the  Rocky  mountains. 
Then  it  appeared  to  occur  to  the  residents  that  other 
fruits  might  do,  and  thereupon  trees  and  plants  were 


CANADA 

procured  from  California,  and   in  most  cases  all  were 

found  to  be  successful.    Up  to  this  time  (between  1855 
iihI  l-(iM(.  most  of  the  fruit  was  the  produce  of  seed- 
I  _    ,  !    .    (ilf spring  of  seeds  procured  from  other  couu- 
'1.  Iihh  being   acclimatized,  with    a  good  climate, 

I II  ,  (1(1111  ((f  insect  pests  and  diseases,  produced  wonder- 
iul  crops  withoutthe  trouble  of  (^nltivatin;,',  pruning  and 
spraying.  Now,  however,  fruit  tr(  (  s  (,f  a  ^nperior  qual- 
ity began  to  be  imported,  and  I'cr  some  time  throve 
equally  well  as  those  of  humlili  r  (.ri-m.  I.ut  l.y  and  by, 
for  some  unaccountable  reason,  llie  trees  did  not  bear 
as  well  as  formerly,  nor  was  the  fruit  as  good  or  as 
large  as  it  used  to  be,  and  old-timers  wondered  what  was 
the  matter,  and  so  things  went  on  from  bad  to  worse, 
until  people  of  a  new  generation  began  to  settle  in  the 
province,  who  soon  ascertained  the  cause  of  failure  to 
be  due  to  the  importation  with  the  trees,  from  the 
neighboring  states  and  provinces,  of  pests  and  dis- 
eases hitherto  unknown  in  the  province.     It  was  then 

that  the  le-isIatlirr-fniKt.-d  tie-   Tf(  (rticdt  i,  r-.d  Td.-d-d    \ct. 


(  t(    i(  .-(         .  I:. lull., n,,    !!■    li.e    J.ilere.sl    uf 

-!■  (I((iu  nece.s.',ary.    It  has  fol- 

-'  .  that  in  consequence  of  the 
(! .    t        (     '  M.  r  class  of  nursery  stock  is 
111  111'   I'K  ^  inee,  and  although  it  is  quite 
inipossihie.  even  with   the   strictest  in- 
spection, to  detect  all   infestations,  and 
although    people    have     been    slow    in 
adopting  even  those  measures  best  cal- 
culated for  their  benefit  which  have  been 
recommended  by  the  Board  of  Horticul- 
marked   improvement 
in  the  state  of  the  orchards  of  the  prov- 
ince, and  of  the  fi-uit  pro- 
duced. 
"""~^,  The      young      orchards 

\  planted  out  since  the  inau- 

guration of  the  newer  and 
more  intelligent  methods, 
are  likewise  coming  into 
bearing.  The  production 
of  fruit  is  even  now  in 
many  lines  in  excess  of 
local  demands,  and  hence, 
in  view  of  the  line  of  action 
pursued  by  the  Board  of 
Horticulture,  which  now 
prevents  this  province 
from  being  the  dumping 
ground  for  the  refuse  fruit 
of  the  neighboring  states, 
it  may  reasonably  be  concluded  that  the  imports  of 
fruits  will  be  restricted  in  the  future  to  those  early  fruits 
which  mature  in  the  south,  or  to  the  production  of  the 
antipodes  at  a  time  when  those  of  this  country  are  not 

.f)-Ki7s.— "The  principal  fruits  produced  in  the 
province  are  apples,  pears,  cherries,  plums,  prunes,  and 
all  the  small  fruits.  Other  fruits,  such  as  peaches  and 
grapes,  have  not  been  produced  in  suffirient  quantities 
to  meet  the  demand,  those  like  the  first  nairn  li  litiving 

been  at  first  considered  unsuitable  to  tin nntry,  Imt 

are  now  found  to  do  excellently  in  many  part  ~.  • 

Fruit  Sections.  — Some  of  the  best  fruit  hinds  are  to 
be  found  along  the  mountains  and  foothills  on  either 
side  of  the  nimierous  valleys  of  the  province.  This  is 
particularly  true  of  the  region  along  the  Eraser  river 
between  Chilliwack  and  Hope.  The  region  along  the 
Eraser  river  from  Agassiz  to  the  coast  is  one  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  water  and  now  producing  Itirge 
quantities  of  plums,  apples  and  berries.  Sonn-  nl'  the 
interior  valleys  are  eminently  adapted  to  the  reciuirc- 
inents  of  the  tenderest  tree  fruits.  Peaches  are  being 
successfully  cultivated  here  and  there  on  the  lower 
bench  lands.  The  accompanying  map  shows  the  princi- 
pal fruit-producing  areas  of  the  province.  At  Vernon, 
in  the  Okanagan  valley,  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  a  late 
governor-general  of  Canada,  has  an  extensive  orchard 
of  200  acres.  Here  an  irrigation  plant,  while  not  deemed 
absolutely  essential  to  fruit-growing,  is  thought  to  be  a 


of  dotted  Hues. 


desirable  ad.iunct.     This   valley  is  producing   apples, 
pears  and  plums  of  good  quality. 

Markets. — "The  exportation  of  fresh  fruit  to  the  North- 
:  Territory  and  Manitoba,  which  is  the  natiir.nl  mar- 


is specially  noted. 
The  markets  of 
the  Orient  and 
Australia  -n-ill  in 
the  near  future 
also  be  outlets  for 
the  surplus  fruits 


the 


lishments   of 
sing  of  some 


sported 


gh  price  of  labor,  i 


tition  which  has  to  be  i 
jams  and  other  products, 
stances  and  glucose,  wii 
California,  are,  howi\  i  i-.  \ 
itate  against  the  suc'^^  • 
Pests. -Most  of  tli.  I" 
serious  loss  to  the  "r  l.i: 
made  their  !i])pe:nMii  ■ 
the  efforts  made  f..r  • 

Climate. — The  dim  ii-  i  :):■■  ^  ii-t  is  most  equable. 
The  temperature  sehlnm  falls  to  zero  nor  rises  above 
75°  or  80'.  In  the  interior  the  variations  are  naturally 
greater,  but  even  there,  in  the  coldest  part  of  the  win- 
ter, the  temperature  does  not  long  remain  at  or  below 
zero.  On  the  coast,  the  precipitation  is  almost  entirely 
in  the  form  of  rain,  which  is  sufficient  for   the 


in  the 

dulterated  with  foreign  sub- 
ii  .uiiii-  from  the  east  and 
r\  'i-iiMus  factors  which  mil- 

^urli  .  stablishments." 

-   whi.h   liave  caused   such 

-•-   if  "tht-r  countries  have 

'       !  '    '.  iiiee,  but,  thanks  to 
~:mii.  the  codlin  moth 


CANNA  237 

with  drooping,  inflated  buds  and  solitary,  bell-shaped 
fls.  more  than  1  in.  long  and  1%  in.  wide,  dull  yellow, 
flushed  and  veined  with  dull  purplish  brown.  Lvs.  has- 
tate.   B.M.  «+.-Xot  in  the  Amer.  trade. 

CANAEY-BIED  FLOWEK  is  a  Tropwolum. 

CANARY  GRASS  is  a  Phalin-is. 

CANAVALIA    (an    aboriginal    name).     Jjegumindsa>. 
Trailing  or  twining  herbs  ;    fls.  in  axillary    racemes. 


pods  large   and    ribbed    on    edges.     Several    species, 
widely  distributed  in  wann  countries. 

ensiformis,  DC.  (C  gladiUta,  DC).  Jack  Bean. 
Chickasaw  Lima.  Figs.  197,  3-15.  Grown  in  the  south- 
ern states  for  stock,  but  the  pods  make  passable  snap 
beans  when  not  more  than  4  or  6  in.  long.  In  warm 
countries  it  is  a  bushy  plant,  with 
little  tendency  to  climb.  The  pods 
reach  a  length  of  in-U  in.,  the  walls 
being  very  hard  ami  dtn^e  » Inn  ripe. 


part  for  agricultuial 
poses,  the  objection  oe 
ing   that    little    or   none 
falls  during  th 


Hcipitation 
s  mostly  in  the  shape 
it  snow,'  it  is  so  light 
hat  irrigation  h.is  to  be 
esorted  to.  jqhx  Craig. 


turgid  beans,  bearing  a  very  prominent  brown  seed- 
scar,  are  packed  crosswise  the  pod,  imbedded  in  a  very 
thin  white,  papery  lining.  The  flowers  are  small  and 
light  purple,  resembling  those  of  the  Cow-pea  (though 
larger)  and  of  various  species  of  Dolichos.  The  leaflets 
are3,  large  and  broad  (,t-8  in.  longand  half  orthree-fifths 
as  broad),  strongly  veined  and  dull,  dark  green,  abruptly 
pointed  and  smooth.  Tropics.  A. G.  14:84.  B.M.  4027.— 
Beans  said  to  be  used  as  a  coffee  substitute,      l,  jj_  g, 

CANDLEBEERY,  CANDLENUT.    See  Aleurites. 


CANDYTUFT.    See  /6i 


(treated 


CANAIGEE.     See  Sum 

CANARINA  (fn.m  tin-  ( 

Idceu;.    Thn-..  sinrie.  ,,f  tr 


CANE-BRAKE.      Species    of  Aritndi. 
under  Bamboo). 
nosepalus.  CANlSTRUM.    See  ^chmea. 

Islands).    Campanu- 

erbs  closely  allied  to  ,j~-  CANNA  (name  of  oriental  origin,  of  no  application). 
the  calyx  and  corolla       Scitamindcea.     Stout,  unbranched,  large-leaved  tropi- 

nts  in  C's.     C.   cam-       cal  an-" *.,..,_.,„„/!  .,„m.  u  —  :._v „:.i. 

It  from  the  Canaries,       large  ; 


in  a  tenmnal  i 
3  loeuUcl  111  1  - 
s,  3  and  --iii  ill 


CANNA 

me  or  iiiniclt  ,  ve^^  ineirnlar  capsule 
1  il-iiiiii\  s,  ,  1  lip  Fu'  110),  sepals, 
1  11^  ill  _i.  II  I  t  N  !  lic,  mostly 
1  -I  n  I  111  t\li  single  and 
IIS  II  I  I  I  s  lit  1  l.\  p.  tal  like,  ob- 
tii  st  hhiiumIi  I  <i  ml',  -I  or  :J  of  which 
pruduted  and  broadened,  and  one  is 
ower  and  forms  the  lip  of  the  flower, 
irne  m  a  single  loculed  anther,  f,  borne 
mrrow  and  more  or  less  coUed  stami- 


OU   th.     SI 

A  generation  ago,  Cannas  were  grown  for  their 
foliage  or  mass-effect.    They  were  tall  and  long- 
jointed,  with  small  and  late  flowers  (Fig.  347). 
The    parent  of   the  old-time  garden  race  of  tall 
Cannas  was  C.  Antiai,  raised  by  M.  Anni?e,  of 
France,   from  seeds  of  C.  ^e- 
palensis,   sown    in    1848.     The 
flowers  from  which  the    seeds 
were  taken  probably  had   been 
pollinated  by  some    other  spe-  /^.j! 

cies,  most  likely  with  C.  </?«»<•(/,  i\\ 

In  1803,  a  new   race  apppareii.  j^  ,'^-%  ^ 
as  the  result  of  tlir  unimi  of  i '.   pSil.-*^^ 
iridiflora  with  C.  W'lr.-  .  ,<,-:,,.   ^"J^ 
This  hybrid 
Ehemunni 


flowercil    I'll:-.      I  :  ■ 
known:,-  III 
origin  ;    ,i.  -    i 

another  im  ,  i 
gamati.iii  >  :  ,  i 
den  forms  :iii.i  \\  nh  <  ', 
come  mostly  from  Italy  a 
Cannas;  also,  asorchid-ll. 
ers  are  characterized  by 
outlines,  but  they  are  si 
„r.'th..  vnri..ti"s  Italia  (Fi 


thi. 


,  Pandora,  Burbank  and  niln  i- 
he  evolution  of  the  garden  Caimi- 
Tourn.  Roy.  Hort.  Soc,  Jan..  Is!" I 
ant-Breeding,  140  ;  also,  parti,  ii 
story  of  the  Italian  race,  Revui 
516,    and   Gardeners'    Chronicle 


Horticole,   1895, 
Dec.  14,  1895. 

The  culture  of  Cannas  is  simple  and  easy.  They 
demand  a  warm,  friable,  rich  and  moist  soil.  They 
are  injured  by  frost,  and  therefore  should  not  be 
planted  out  until  the  weather  is  thoroughly  settled. 
For  mass  effects,  set  the  plants  not  more  than  1 
foot  apart  each  way;  but  if  it  is  desired  to  show 
IndiTidual  plants  and  their  flowers  at  fh.-  l..-t, 
give  three  times  that  amount  of  ro..iii  t..  a  -in-l. 
plant.  Pick  the  flowers  as  soon  as  tli.  y  \\ilf.  to 
prevent  the  formation  of  seeds  {wliidi  i-au-i  s  thr 
plant  to  lessen  flowering),  and  keep  the  plants  in 
tidy  condition.  If  the  best  plants  are  desired,  give 
the  soil  and  treatment  which  produce  the  best  re- 
sults with  In.liau  corn.  „,      " 

•Xi  «  Miii.  •;.  -  :iii  I  i-,.,l  from  seeds.  The  seeds  f.'""' 
1.  .  and  sometimes  not  at  all,      _„ 

M  nil.  lit  is  cut  or  filed,  or  is    „  /^' 

siiiMiiiil   ii>    -.iii;,-._:    II    water;    those  precautions    "°''' 
taUu,    Ihcy  y,-il.,ii,.,i.     irii.-l:'-       s;.,.„  l,,.,,  ;.,  ...i.^tr-r,  i-i 
rather  strong  buttoui  loat.  .    "i-  -■  '.•■  -'  i'  -     r  ]■.■'-     I'r;-  ' 
out,  and  give  plenty  of  1  M.I  I  i 

Cannas  are  propairatcd  i,,  .  ^  i 

rootstock  is  a  bram-Iiy  ma--,  wiiii  niii._.  I.'l:.  IuhI-.  If 
stock  is  not  abundant,  as  luauy  plants  may  ho  made  from 
a  rootstock  as  there  are  buds,  although  the  weak  buds 
produce  weak  plants.  Leave  as  much  tissue  as  possible 
With  each  bud.    These  1-bud  parts  usually  give  best  re- 


CANNA 

suits  if  started  in  pots,  so  that  the  plant  is  6-12  in.  high 
at  planting  time.  The  commercial  Canna  plants  are  grown 
mostly  in  pots.    If  one  has  sufficient  roots,  however,  it 
is  better  not  to  cut  so  close,  but  to  leave  several  strong 
buds  on  each  piece  (as  shown  in  Fi?.  ri.il).  These  pieces 
may  be  planted  directly  in  tlio  i-rMim,],  altlioujh  more 
certain  results  are  to  be  seen r..!  i-     •■"■:.  'lo-m  in  the 
house  in  boxes  or  pots.    If  sn...  .  i,.  desired, 

particularly  in  shrub  borders.  1  ;  ..mt  the  en- 

tire stool.    In  the   fall,  when  iIm_    ;  1  au: -  an-  killed  by 
frost  and  the  tops  have  dried  a  few  days,  dig  the  roots, 
and  let  them  dry  as  if  they  were  potatoes. 
Then   store   them   on   shelves   in   a  cellar 
which   will    keep    Irish  or   round  potatoes 
"      Take  care  that  the  roots  do  not  be- 
come too  warm,  particularly  be- 
fore cold  weather  sets  in  ;  nor 
too    moist.     Well   cured    roots 
f'-.im  \vi  II  iiiatiir.  .1  plants  usu- 
•^  iM-  K.i.p  \\  ill... lit  .lirticulty. 

I    iiiiia-  ar..    ....iiiiuonly  used 

Ml   t.iriiial   Ih. (is.  but  most 
I      I  lliiii    I  ii,....ts    may   be   se- 

;■    lii  .  -I  aiii-ring  themsingly 
■  :     11  -mall  clumps  in  the 

I  Oil    III .  1 1  I' or  amongst  shrub- 
Ill  y\.     .\-:iiiist   a  heavy  back- 
},'r.,uiid    of    green,   the    gaudy 
flowers  show  to  their  best,  and 
the  ragged  effect  of  the  dying 
1  not  noticed.    They  also  make 
eUent  center-pieces  for  formal  beds. 
The  tall-growing  Cannas,  with  small  and 
late    flowers,    have    given    way    almost 
wholly  to  the  modem  race  of  Crozy  or 
^^ ^^■>        French    dwarf    Cannas.    whi.-h    usii'ally 
remain   under  4   ft.  bi-li.    I'l.'       .m     aii 
abundance  of  large  early  flowers.      '        i       .      ,il- 
ways  mu.st  be  used  for  bold  plai'  l.-- 

cause  the  flowers  have  not  suflicii  i-  .iuiiiiiny  to 
ii  ii-i'ful  as  cut  flowers.  As  individual  bloo'ms, 
lowers  are  not  usually  attractive,  but  they  are 
y  and  interesting  in  the  mass  and  at  a  dis- 
I  hi  o.  The  new  race  of  Italian  or  Flaccida  Cannas 
has  more  attractive  flowers,  but  even  these  are 
most  useful  when  on  the  plant.  Of  varieties  there 
are  legion,  and  many  new  ones  are  imported  each 
year,  chiefly  from  France;  and  there  are  so  many 
new  aspirants  each  year  that  it  is  not  worth  while 
to  enumerate  varieties  in  a  cyclopedia. 

The  garden  Cannas  are  now  so  much  varied  and 
inter-bred  that  it  is  no  longer  possible  to  classify 
them  by  the  characters  of  the  species.  One  of  the 
best  classiflcatory  schemes  is  the  following  ( adapted 
from  G. cm.  14:432): 
I.  Tall  varieties. 


c.  Minor  flower-segments  narrow. 
cc.  Minor  flower-segments  broad. 
BB.  Bicolor  forms,  in  which  the  lip  is  of  a  dif- 
ferent color  from  the  other   segments. 
Divided  into  c  and  d-,  as  above. 
BBB.  Spotted  varieties.    Including  c  and  cc,  as 
above. 
BBBB.  Blotched  varieties.    Including  c  and  CC. 
BBBBB.  Margined  varieties.    Including  c  and  CO. 
AA.  Foliage  purple.    Divisions  as  under  A. 
I.  II.  Dwarf  varieties.    Divisions  as  under  I. 

^^  "  To  many  of  the  garden  forms  and  hybrids  spe- 
..anna  ^ j^^  Latin  names  have  been  given ;  but  the  f ollow- 
°*'*  ing  synopsis  {adapted  from  Baker's  "Synopsis  of 
'°''=-  the  Species  of  Cannas,"  in  G.C.  III.  13:  42,  70,  164, 
I'tr,!  ■j.i'-rs  n  L-'Ti^^-ral  view  of  the  original  species.  The 
'I  ii  -  h  r.  I  lilted  for  are  :  aurantiaca,  14;  aiireo- 
I  ,  i.");  cinnaharina,G\  coccinea,  6;  com- 

.      ;;  ;   II  ta,  13;  croc«a,  14;   densifolia,  5;  de- 

<-  1  /  '  ",  _'o;  lii-i  .il.ir,19;dJvaWcato.20:  edulis,  9;  Eliren- 
benjii,  r>  ;  exrtileiitii,  9  ;  excelsa,  20  ;  ejrigna.  5  ;  Fintel- 
manni,  3  ;  flaccida,  21 ;  flavescens,  5  ;  floribnnda,  4  ; 
formosa,  6  ;  fulgida,  6  ;  gigantea,  7  ;  glauca,  10  ;  heli- 
coniffifolia,  U  ;   humilis,  6  ;   Indica,  1 ;   iridiflora,  22  , 


\ar   Hav^scens    Piker  (C   «t 


'  ' 

stammorlia  i 
tall!,  prohviW 
AuH/sanl 

icul  ti  0  1  t  1  4  je 
poljmotpha   16     Pot  toil 

nata  i  Beexesu  'l  Sos 
it        I        i      S  litecliten 

,                1          1      tab  !  ■<   i 

bi     1 

Wltl 

M  * 

entili  1  ill   U    14     1 

dunculata  8     polyclada 
censis  6     pulclua  5     re 
eoeana    U     rubra    6      i 
dahhana  3     SeUouii   i 
stolontfera    10      stiipAi"        1 
vestris  6     Xexensis    4     i 
rtegata    i     lenfncosa   4 
14     Warscewiczu   18 
A    Edcauna   —  Corolla    lobes    an  I 
stammodia  united  into  a  shot 
tube      tuo  o>  thiee  of  the  upper 
stammodia  petal  like 
B     Three  upper  stammodia  petal 

like 
c     Lis  of  01  dinary  consistency  01 
il  ckne':'! 
D      Lj       It 

1  Indica  L  nn  Indus 
Shot  Stem  slender  gla 
brous  green  J  5  ft  Ivs 
oblong  and  acute  green 
half  as  broad  as  long  (1 
ft  long)  racemes  simple 
and  lax  some  of  the  lis 
m  pairs  the  liacts  green 
and  nearly  oibiculir  fls 
small  sepals  oblon  and 
green    %  m   long    petals 

lanceolate  pale  green  about  1  2  in  long  3  uppti 
stammodia  bright  red  entiie  '  m  long  but  nar 
row  lip  linear  red  mellow  s)  otted  with  red  cap 
sule  globose   1  in  in  diam    \\    li  he      i  1  (  1 1  in  i 

2  LAmberti   Lmdl     St  1     I 
brous    1'  14  ft     Ivs  obi 

simple  or  forked    lax  an  1  i 

an  1     1  1  n„      reen     sep  II  j  1 

^1  ]        1     lancet  late        1     1  re  1  li  I 

1  scarcely  longer  than  the  petals 

bright  crimson    capsule  oblong 


\\    1     1     s    \mer 
Fintelmanni    Bouch^ 


eel  \  etdls  lanceol 
long  stammodia  emargii 
yellow  hp  oblanceolite 
globose    small      S    Briz  1 


Stem  green  and  glau 
cous  4-5  ft  Ivs  oblong  and  acute  green  and 
glaucous  raceme  few  fld  and  lax  the  bracts  green 
and  oblong  sepals  oblong,  '3m  ,  green,  petals  Ian 
ceolate,  pale  green,  l>^in.;  stammodia  obtuse  and 
entire,  2-3  in.,  yellow;  lip  oblanceoiate,  yellow, 
mottled  red  :  capsule  large.  Trop.  Amer.?  — Pos- 
sibly a  hybrid  of  C.  glauca  and  C.  Indica.  C. 
SchlechtendahliAna,  Bouch^,  is  similar,  but  has  the 
staminodia  spotted  red. 

r>D.    Lip  emarginate. 

4.  patens,  Roscoe.  Stem  slender,  green  and  gla- 
brous, 4-5  ft. :  Ivs.  oblong  and  acute,  green,  the 
lower  1  ft.  long:  raceme  few-fld.,  simple  and  lax, 
the  bracts  orbicular  and  green,  the  fls.  single  or  in 
pairs  :  fls.  small  ;  petals  lanceolate,  pale  green, 
about  l^in.  long  ;  upper  staminodia  bright  red, 
entire,  2  in.  long,  and  narrow;  lip  bright  red-yellow, 
with  minute  red  dots  :  capsule  globose,  1  in.  in 
diam.    Trop.  Amer.    B.M.  454  as  (7. /ndiCrt. 

Var.   limbata.    Baker  ( ('.  limMfn.    Roscoe.     ('. 


/  1  1  Sunnamensis 

sylv^stns    B  ker  (6    syh(siri 

s        inodii  longer  plain  deep 

I  n   that  ind  the  Up  with 

In     cli  V     Tro]    Amer 

latiioha     ^M  II        [C    qi 

1  ihi/Ua 

1  1  ^  nd  pu 

1  long 

I  I       lower 

fls  m 

ng    a 


or  less  long  entire  or  emar 
gmate   bright  red     lip  bright 
red    capsule  large     S   Amer 
B  M    '31b 
8   pedunculata  s  s      1 

lender   gre 
glibrous    J-    i  1 

lancec  late  I 

ft    long  and  -t-4  11  1 

I  \  ra  erne   with      1  1  1 

1  ng  pedicel      th  1 


1    M 


)  Rootbt  ck 
purple  Ivs 
raceme  lax 


border ■  if  i-i  u:,;  •  .  I'.i  -  ,     r.   •  .  ■■ 

thefol^.^^      :  '  '  . 

rubra,  ,s< //.-«■;, ,  >,.,./,..;'-,;,.,  !'.:.„.  .  ,,,-, 
ventricosa  of  Bouche.  C.  oc'idcntalis.lio^^c 
2  staminodia,  petal-like. 

5.  orientelis,  Roscoe.  Stem  slender,  glabrous,  3-4  ft.; 
Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  a  foot  or  more  long  :  raceme  lax 
simple  or  forked,  the  bracts  oblong  :  sepals  oblong 
lanceolate,  green,  iiin.  or  less  long  ;  petals  lanceolate, 
greenish,  IKin.  long  ;  upper  staminodia  2J^in. 
long,  bright  red,  often  emarginate;  lip  red-yello' 
sule  globose  and  very  small.    Old  World  tropics. 


r  (C  eieuleiti  Lodd 
tl  1  1  1  le  stem  stout  8  12  ft 
II  1      r  bronze  1  2  ft    long 

turkcd  or  simple:  fls.  usually  in  pairs,  bra«ts  or- 
bicular or  oblong;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  ^in. 
long,  tinged  with  red  ;  petals  lanceolate,  lJ^-2 
in. ;  staminodia  entire  or  emarginate,  2>2in.  long, 
bright  red  or  orange ;  lip  bright  red  or  yellow-red : 
capsule  large.  Trop.  Amer.  B.M.  2498.  — Starch 
is  procured  from  the  roots,  and  for  this  purpose 
the  plant  is  widely  cult,  in  the  tropics. 

10.  glaiica,  Linn.  Stem  green  and  glaucous,  5-6 
ft. :  Ivs.  green  and  glaucous,  oblong-lanceolate  and 
very  acute,  tapering  both  ways  (the  middle  of  the 
blade  about  4  in.  wide) :  raceme  lax,  simple  or 
forked:  sepals  lanceolate,  green,  Min.  long;  petals 
lanceolate,  yellow-green,  lK-2  in.;  staminodia  en- 
tire, 2M-3  in.,  yellow,  not  spotted;  lip  linear,  emar- 
350.  ginate,  pale  yellow:  capsule  oblong,  m-2  in.  long. 

Italia  Canna.  Trop.  Amer.-  The   C.    longifoUa,   Mexicana  and 

stolon ifera  of  Bouch^  belong  here. 
"'>''  cc.    Lvs.  thin  and  papery. 

',ite.  11.  heliconiaefdlia,  Bouch^.    Stem  6-8  ft. :  lvs. oblong, 

and  green,  2-3  ft.  long  (resembling  those  of  Heliconia ) :  fls. 
in  a  panicle  formed  of  several  lax  racemes ;  sepals  lan- 
ceolate, ^in.  long;  petals  lanceolate,  Kin.  long,  colored ; 
staminodia  not  much  longer  than  the  petals,  scarlet;  lip 
scarlet:  capsule  ellipsoidal,  large.   Mex. 

BB.    Two  upper  staminodia  petal-like. 
c.    Stem  woolly-pubescent. 
12.  lanugindsa,  Roscoe.    Stem  green,  woolly,  4-6  ft.: 
lvs.  oblong,  acute,  green  : 


only 


less 


raceme  lax,  few-fld.,  simple 


240 


CANNA 


or  forked,  the  bracts  obtuse,  small  and  green  ;  sepals 
lanceolate,  green,  Kin.  or  less  long  ;  petals  lanceolate, 
1>2  in.  long,  tinged  with  red  ;  staminodia  entire,  red  or 
red-yellow  ;  lip  the  same  color,  oblanceolate  and  emar- 
ginate.    Brazil. 

cc.  Stem  glabrous. 
D.  Leaves  green. 
13.  comp4ota,  Roscoe.  Stem  stout  and  green  :  Ivs. 
broad,  oblong  and  acute  :  raceme  simple  and  many-fld.. 
dense  :  sepals  lanceolate,  Kin.  long  ;  petals  unequal, 
lanceolate,  VA  in.  long,  red-yellow  ;  staminodia  slightly 
emarginate,  iyi-2  in.  long,  bright  crimson  ;  lip  emar- 
ginate,  red-yellow.   Trop.  Amer. 


351.  stool  of  Cinna,  showme  how  it  may  be  divided. 

11.  Ifttea,  Miller.  Stem  slender  and  green,  3-4  ft.: 
Ivs.  oblong  and  acute  :  raceme  lax,  simple  or  forked, 
the  small  green  bracts  oblong  and  obtuse:  sepals  green- 
ish, oblong,  J^in.;  petals  lanceolate,  pale  gi-een,  l-\H 
in.  long  ;  staminodia  pale  yellow,  often  emarginate, 
lX-2  in.  long  ;  lip  linear,  pale  yellow,  emarginate. 
Trop.  Amrr. 

Var.  pallida,  Roscoe.    Staminodia  and  lip  pale  yellow, 

\'ar.  aurantlaca,  Roscoe  (C.  Tlnei,  Todaro).  PetaLs 
tinged  red  ;  staminodia  red-yellow  ;  lip  red-yellow  and 
red-spotted.  — To  C.  luleii  are  to  be  referred  C.  commu- 
tata,  leiicocarpa,  MoriUiana.  and  ifo.icoeonn,  of  Bouch^; 
C.  crocea,  Lag.;  C.  Lagntimxix,  Lindl.;  C.  maeiilaia, 
Link  ;  C.  macroearpa,  sulphiiren  and  vitelUna,  of  Hora- 
ninow. 

15.  vari6bilis,Willd.(C.cnV«ra.  Roscoe).  Stem  green, 
3—4  ft. :  Ivs.  oblong  and  acute  :  raceme  simple  and  lax, 
the  small  bracts  oblong  and  obtuse  :  sepals  lanceolate, 
green,  Hin.  long;  petals  lanceolate,  1%  in.  long,  pale 
green;  staminodia  pale  red,  entire;  lip  linear  and  entire. 
Brazil. 


16.  speoidsa,  Roscoe  (C.  leplm-h, 
hi).    Stem  green,  5-6  ft. 


ITliI 


Bouch^ 

fls.  in  a  deeply  forked,  long-1 

lanceolate,  %m.  long,  pale  red  ;    i      ,  ,     ...;.,,;.,  i'  in. 

long,  pale  red  ;  staminodia  3  in.  li'ii_.  i mai  ,;n.iu ,  bright 

red  ;    lip   emarginate,   bright  red-yillow.     Himalavas. 

B.M.  2317.  —  C.NepaUnsis,W&l\.,  has  3  upper  staminodia. 

DD.    Lvs.  bronze  or  brown,  at  least  on  the  margins. 

17.  polycl&da,  Wawra.  Stem  tall  and  slender  :  Ivs. 
oblong  and  acute,  base  rounded,  brown-edged  :  fls. 
(often  in  pairs)  in  a  long,  much -branched  panicle,  the 
bracts  nearly  orbicular  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  i4in.  long  ; 
petals  lanceolate  and  unequal,  the  longest  2  in.,  tinged 
red ;  staminodia  acute,  not  longer  than  the  petals,  bright 
crimson  ;  lip  oblanceolate,  the  claw  yellow-spotted,  the 
limb  bright  crimson.  BrazU. 


CANTERBURY   BELL 

IH.  Warscewiczit,  Dietr.  Stem  claret-purple  and 
L'l:ni.-..ii-<,  :!   I  ft  :   iv-.-   r.l.lniiL'  :iii(l   acute,  more  or  less 

'■I'H.i     "1     I.' .Ill 1:     r: in.,    simple    and    rather 

'  I '  '  '  • !  .  ,  I  .  .  I  _  ,  ,  -  I  .racts  :  sepals  lance- 
"b:    I  I  ,    ■,        l.iii.-eolate,  2  in.   long, 

i''''i':]Oi  ,i!m1  -  1:1,1  r ^  :    ^ I, I n.  11  Ml. I '  11  [  sometimes  3)  entire 

or  nearly  so,  i;'.,-::  in.  long,  liright  scarlet;  lip  oblan- 
ceolate, emarginate,  bright  scarlet.  Costa  Rica.  B.  M. 
4854. 

19.  discolor,  Lindl.  Stem  stout,  6-10  ft.,  purple  and 
glaucous  :  Ivs.  broad-oblong,  acute,  brown-tinted,  the 
lower  ones  sometimes  3  ft.  long  :  fls.  in  a  deeply  forked 
panicle  of  lax  racemes,  the  bracts  small  and  orbicular  ; 
sepals  lanceolate.  Kin.  long,  green  ;  petals  lanceolate, 
1%  in.  long,  pale  green  ;  staminodia  entire,  2ii  in.  long, 
bright  red  ;  lip  lanceolate  and  emarginate,  brick-red. 
Trop.  Amer. 

AA.    DiSTEMON.  — CoroHa  tube  short:    upper  stami- 
nodia suppressed. 

20.  panieuiata,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  {C.  denuddta,  Roscoe. 
O.  excUsa,  Lodd.  C.  divaricita,  Klotsch).  Stem  tall 
and  slender,  glabrous  :  Ivs.  oblong  and  acute,  green  and 
glabrous  :  racemes  lax,  disposed  in  a  large  panicle  ; 
sepals  lanceolate,  Kin.  long  ;  petals  lanceolate,  yellow- 
green,  2-3  In.  long  ;  lip  rather  longer  than  the  petals, 
crimson.    S.  Brazil. 

.\AA.   EuRYSTTLUs.  — CoroHo  (M5e  5-2K  in.  long:  S 
staminodia  produced,  clawed  :   lip  orbicular. 

21.  iUccida,  Salisb.  ((7.  J?e«!'esii,  Lindl.).  Stem  green 
and  glabrous,  4-5  ft.,  very  leafy  below  :  Ivs.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  green  :  raceme  simple,  lax  and  few-fld.,  the 
bracts  very  small  :  sepals  lanceolate,  1  in.  long,  green  ; 
corolla  lobes  lanceolate  and  reflexed,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  tube  ;  3  upper  staminodia  obovate,  sulfur-yellow, 
2-3  in.  long  by  1  in.  broad  ;  lip  large,  yellow.  Swamps, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast.  L.B.C.  6:  562.  — Useful 
for  its  good  habit  and  iris-like  fls. 

AAAA.    AcniRimx.  — Tube  of  corolla  and  staminodia  as 
long  as  the  blade  :  fls.  large  and  pendulous. 

22.  irldifldra,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Stem  green,  6-10  ft. :  Ivs. 
oblong,  bright  green,  slightly  pubescent  beneath  :  ra- 
cemes paniculate,  drooping :  sepals  lanceolate,  1  in. 
long,  green  ;  corolla  lobes  lanceolate,  red-brown,  2Kin. 
long  ;  3  upper  staminodia  somewhat  longer  than  the 
corolla  lobes,  obovate,  nearly  or  quite  1  in.  broad,  rose- 
crimson  ;  lip  narrow,  deeply  emarginate,  rose-crimson. 
Andes  of  Peru.    B.M.  1968.    R.H.  1861:  110. 

23.  llliiJIdra,  Warscew.  Stem  robust,  green,  8-10  ft. : 
Ivs.  many,  oblong,  green,  3-4  ft.  long,  spreading  from 
the  stem  at  a  right  angle  :  fls.  in  a  corymbose  panicle  ; 
sepals  linear,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  corolla 
lobes  lanceolate,  2-3  in.  long,  pale  green,  the  tube  of 
equal  length  ;  3  upper  staminodia  white,  united  into  a 
tube  for  half  their  length,  the  blade  obovate  and  spread- 
ing; lip  oblanceolate,  as  long  as  the  .staminodia.  Colom- 
bia. R.H.  1884:132.  F.  S.  10:  10.^5-6. -A  fine  species. 
The  white  fls.  finally  become  tinged  with  brown  ;  loni- 
cera-scented.  l_  jj_  b_ 

CANNABIS  (the  ancient  Greek  name).  Urtichcece. 
Hemp.  A  single  species,  probably  native  to  central  Asia, 
and  now  widely  cult,  as  a  fiber  plant.  Hemp  is  also  grown 

* asii.nally  as  au  ornamental  plant,  being  grown  from 

s.-nls  and  tnatid  as  a  half-hardy  annual.    It  makes  ex- 

ii-llfur  ..^i-i IIS  in  remote  places.    It  thrives  best  in  a  rich, 

ratli.  1-  niiiisi  s.iil.     C.  satlva,  Linn.,  is  the  only  species, 

(l.-ns.  till- f..i-ui  kni.wn  as  r,  ,■  -    ■  ■  ^  .  .  niiiionest;  this 

r.-arlii-  a  h.-iL'lit  uf  1(1  ft.aii.i  ■  1^.      ...ds  are  usu- 

ally .-iiwu  wh.-r..  til.-  |ilani^  ,,i  .  ;,i;,i,  ;  l.ut  if  quick 
effects  arc  wanted,  tbcy  nia\  In,  .-L.rtLiI  mduurs  in  pots  or 
boxes.  Hemp  is  dioecious.  The  staminate  fls.  are  in 
axillary  panicles,  and  have  5  sepals  and  5  drooping  sta- 
mens. The  pistillate  fls.  are  in  short  spikes,  with  1  sepal 
folding  about  the  ovary.  Lvs.  digitate,  with  5-7  nearly 
linear,  coarse-toothed  leaflets.  The  plant  is  annual, 
roughish  and  strong-smelling.  l_  g   g 

CANTEEBTTEY  BELL.    See  Campanula  Medium. 


CANTUA 

CANTUA  (from  Cantu,  Peruvian  name).  PoUmnnin- 
cea.  Ten  species  of  South  American  flowering  slinibs 
with  very  variable  foliage  and  showy,  tubular  fis.  of  va- 
rious colors.  C.  buxifoUa  is  cult,  out  of  doors  in  S,  Calif., 
and  is  recommended  in  Europe  as  a  coolhouse  shrub. 
Probably  no  tenderer  than  Fuchsias.    Prop,  by  cuttings. 

buxifdiia,  Lam.  ( C.  depindens,  Pers. ) .  Much  branched 
shrub,  about  4  ft.  high  ;  branches  more  or  less  downy: 
Ivs.  very  variable,  generally  oblong-obovate,  acute,  taper- 
ing at  the  base,  entire  or  serrate,  downy  or  glabrous  : 
fls.  5-8,  drooping  vertically,  in  a  kind  of  leafy,  termi- 
nal corymb  ;  calyx  pale,  membranous,  green-streaked, 
5-toothed,  a  fourth  shorter  than  the  corolla  tube ;  corolla 
long-funnel-shaped,  the  tube  2}4in.  long,  red,  usually 
streaked  ;  limb  of  fringed,  obcordate,  crimson  lobes  : 
stamens  included.  Peru.  B.M.  4.i82.  F.S.  7:650.  R.H. 
1858,  p.  294.  — One  of  the  choicest  of  European  green- 
house plants.    Very  liable  to  red  spider  in  our  climate. 

C.btmlnr.  I..'. I  I'i-in-ir.ii.  .1  1;^,,,  I '  -  :i  I.. -v  1,y  the  entire 
lvs.,whirli      .   •'■.'.   -I    I    '    ■  -Mlit.'iryfls..with 

a  short,  y.  ;i  .  ■,  !  i  ..  i  ■  .  ',,,,:  i  : ,  j  i  ;,,.  tis.  droop,  but 
notvertir.i  I  ■.  r   ••    i    ■■     r-    i      :       I  TMl.^ibly  less  de- 

sirable tliiiii  111-  :ii'.,\'  -  I  i.urfi..i..i,  !•.  r~  Lvs.  generally 
broader  ami  more  tootlu'd  tli.-m  in  C.  bii"nl(,r:  Hs.  as  many  as  17, 
in  an  erect,  terminal,  compound  corymb  ;  calyx  red-tipped, 
nearly  half  as  long  as  the  yeUow  corolla  tube  :  corolla  about 
IJiin.  long,  mth  a  white  limb  :  stamens  long,  exserted.    Peru. 


B.M.  4.386.   F.S.  4:383. 


W.  M. 
CAPE     BULBS. 


CAFE  CHEST- 
NUT is  Caloden- 
drum  Capensis. 


CAPE   GOOSEBEKET 


CAPE    JESSAMINE. 


CAPE    PONDWEED. 


CAPER.  See  Capparis. 
For  L'aper-spurge,see  Euphor- 
bia Latlninis. 

CAPPAEIS  (Greek,  caper). 
Caper-bush,  or  Capee  Tkee. 
CapparidAceoe.  Capers  are 
pickles  made  by  preserving 
the  flower  buds  of  C.  spinosa, 
a  straggling  shrub  which 
grows  out  of  old  walls,  rocks, 
and  rubbish  in  Mediterranean 
regions  and  India.  Also  rarely 
cult,  as  a  greenhouse  flowering 
shnili.  The  genus  is  large  and 
polymorphic,  and  none  of  its 
relatives  are  familiar  north. 
Prop,  by  cuttings  in  green- 
houses, and  by  seeds  south. 
spindsa,  Linn.  Spiny  shrub, 
ft.  high  :  l\  s.  roundish  or 
nv  :ii.  ,  .i.ri.i.,.'U^  :  fls.  borne 
^1 '  ■  l\ .  and  fading 

l"i"! 'I  :   ■   i':ils  4;  petals 

-!.  "lih'iij.  1  la >A.. I. wavy, white, 
I'jin.   long:    stamens  40-50: 
filaments  purple    above,  per- 
haps the  chief  beauty  of  the 
■      ■     ~  "t.  291. -What  seems 
to  be  the  long  style 
with    a   short,    un- 
opened   stigma,    is 
really      the      elon- 
gated  peduncle    or 
topped     by 


CAPSICUM  241 

CAPKlOLA  (the  wild  goat,  which  feeds  iipon  this 
grass).  Crramliieif.  Low,  creeping  perennials,  with 
short,  flat  leaves  and  slender  spikes,  which  spread  out  at 
the  apex  into  flnger-like  branches.  Spikelets  1-fld., 
awnless,  sessile,  in  two  rows  along  one  side  of  a  slender, 
continuous  axis.  Glumes  3,  the  first  2  iiarniw,  krrlcd. 
usually  acute,  empty;  the  third  or  florni  L'liiiiir  I, , •.,.(, l.i- 
and  usually  a  little  longer  than  the  enipn  .m-.  ni-i  .  i,  s 
4.  One  distributed  throughout  the  tn.pii  :il  -.lud  \\;,iin.  r 
temperate  regions  of  the  world. 

DActylon,  Kuntze  {Cf/nodon  Ddctylon.  Pers.).  Ber- 
muda Grass.  Fig.  352.  A  widely  dispersed  grass,  with 
a  creeping  habit  of  gi-owth,  extending  rapidly  over  the 
surface  of  the  ground  and  rooting  at  the  joints.  Used 
extensively  in  the  south  for  lawn-making,  where  Ken- 
tucky blue  grass  and  the  bent  grasses  cannot  be  success- 
fully grown.  Except  in  the  far  south,  however,  it  is  not 
a  desirable  lawn  grass,  as  it  quickly  turns  brown  upon 
the  approach  of  cold  weather,  and  is  rather  late  in  be- 
coming green  in  the  spring.  A  variety  known  as  St.  Lucie 
Grass  is  regarded  as  a  more  desirable  form  for  lawns 
than  the  species.  Experiments  made  in  central  Michi- 
gan by  Beal  seem  to  show  that  Bermuda  Grass  is  val- 
uable to  mix  witli  .Tun.-  irrass  for  a  lawn  where  the 
soil  is  rather  tliin,  th,.  .Iiuie  grass  occupying  the  soil 
from  early  si.riii^'  until  h.it,  ilry  weather,  when  the  Ber- 
mudacovers  tlif  i.'niiiiiil.  In  the  cool  autumn,  June  grass 
appears  again  at  the  surface.  ^  ^  Kennedy. 

CAPSICUM  (name  of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps  from 
kapto,  to  bite,  on  account  of  the  pungency  of  the  seed  or 
pericarp;  or  fi-oni  ra jisa .  :i  rhest,  having  reference  to  the 
form  of  fruit  I.  .s'-./,,„,i, , ,. .  Red  Pepper.  Cayennf 
Pepper.  Ht-rlis  cu-  ^liiuli-.  ..liginally  from  trop.  Amer., 
but  escaped  tp'iiiriilfivatiMU  in  Old  World  tropics,  where 
it  was  once  sujipused  tu  in-  indigenous.  Stem  branchy, 
l-(l  ft.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  lvs.  ovate  or  subel- 
liptical.  entire.  acoDiinate  •  fls.  white  or  greenish  white, 
rarely  violaceous,  solitary  or 

corolla  rotate,  usually  5- 
loliid;  stamens  5,  rarely  6 
or  7,  witli  bluish  anthers  de 
hisciuglongitudinally;ovar\  | 
originally  2-3-loculed  :  fr 
a  juieeless  berry  or  pod 
extremely  variable  in  form 
and  size,  many-seeded,  and 
with  more  or  less  pungency 
about  the  seeds  and  peri- 
carp. Fig.  353.  The  fi-uit  be- 
comes many-loculed  and 
monstrous  in  cultivation.  353.  Normal  2-loculed  iniit  ol 
About  90  species  have  been  Capsicum,  in  cross  section, 
named,   most  of  which   are 

now  considered  forms  of  one  or  two  species.    Monogr.  by 
Irish,  9th  Ann.  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.    For  culture,  see 

A.  Annual  or  biennial. 

dnnuum,  Linn.  Herbaceous  or  suffrutescent,  grown  as 
annuals  in  temperate  climates,  but  in  warmer  latitudes 
often  treated  as  biennials.  All  of  the  leading  commer- 
cial v.arieties  in  the  United  States  readily  find  classifica- 
tion within  the  types  or  botanical  varieties.  The  species 
has  never  been  found  wild. 

B.  Fruit  oblong-linear. 

c.    Calyx  ustiaUy  embracing  base  of  fruit. 
Var.  conoides,  Irish  (C.  cono)dcs,  Miller).    Suffmtes- 
cent:  lvs.  numerous,  rather  small,  2-3  in.  long,  • 
wide:  peduncles  sleuil 
obconicalorcup-sha]i. 
corolla  greenish  whiti  ■ 
conical  or  oblong  < 


aaU;  calyx 
ng  base  of  fruit ; 
. :  fr.  erect,  sub- 
in.  long  or  less, 
usually  shorter  than  the  peduncles  and  mostly  borne 


352.  Capriola  Dactylon.  Nat.  size, 
the  pistil,  which  has  no  style  and  a  minute  stigm; 
CAPEIFOLIUM.     See  Lonicera. 


Coral  Gem,  Tabasco. 

Irish    (C.   fascicuUtum,   Sturt.). 

d  or  nearly  so:  branches  few:  lvs. 

I  bunches  about  the  summit,  ellip- 
tical-lanceolate, pointed  at  both  ends :  fr.  also  clustered, 
erect,  slender,  about  3  in.  long  bv  Jijin.  in  diam.,  very 
acrid.    This  is  the  Red  Cluster  Pepper. 


above  the  lvs.,  very 

Var.  fascicuiatum, 
Stem  herbaceous,  rou: 
clustered  or  crowded  i 


242 


CAPSICUM 


Var.  actunin&tum,  Pingerh.  (C.  ChiUnse,  Hort. ).  Her- 
baceous, very  branchy,  about  2J^ft.  high,  bearing  a  dense 
mass  of  foliage  :  fl.  medium  size,  spread  l4-%  in. :  fr. 
larger  than  the  preceding,  either  erect  or  pendent. 
Chile.   Long  Cayenne. 


OC.    Calyx  not  usiiaUii  cmhra 

Var.  WngTim,  Sendt.  (('.  ainnni 

DC).    Plants  herbaceous,  alnint 

paratively  few  branches  :    h>.  i;ir 

2)^in.  wide:  fl.  large;  corolla  spre: 

calyx  usually  pateriform  i 


C.  Idngum, 
:\i,  with  com- 
4  in.  long  by 
-1  J, in.,  dingy 
-form,  rarely 


embracing  base  of  fruit:  fr.  often  a  foot  long  by  2  in. 
diam.  at  base  ;  flesh  thick  and  in  some  varieties  very 
mild.  Black  Nubian,  County  Fair,  Elephant's  Trunk, 
Ivory  Tusk. 

BB.   Fruit  of  vtiriotts  shapes,  but  not  oblong-linear. 

Var.  grdssum,  Sendt.  (C.  grdssum,  Linn.).  Fig.  35t. 
Herbaceous,  about  2  ft.  high,  with  few  branches  :  Ivs. 
very  large,  often  a  by  5  in.,  sometimes  coriaceous,  lower 


duncles  stout,  about  1  in.  long;  corolla  large,  spreading, 
%-lMin. :  fr.  large,  oblate,  oblong,  or  truncated,  3-i- 
lobed,  usually  with  basal  depression,  more  or  less  sulcate 
and  rugose;  flesh  thick,  firm,  and  of  a  mild  flavor.  Em- 
peror, Monstrous.  Bell,  Sweet  Mountain,  Golden  Dawn, 


var.  grossum. 


Ruby  King,  Golden  King,  Brazilian  Upright,  Golden 
Upright,  Squash. 

Var.  abbreviAtum,  FiT.iifrl..  (C.  i,ml.iHr,)t,iw.yvn.  C. 
litteum.  L:mi.l.  Suftrntr.rnif ;  Ivs.  l.roadly  ..v;,tr.-J-l  in. 
long:  pediiTii-li-~  -I,.!!,!,!-,  ^traii/lit  ..r  ■■urvcl.  a-  [..ultus  or 
longer  than  tlif  hi  i]\  :  fr.  al.out  _'  in.  lun:;  ..r  1,  >v,  vary- 

eral  ovate,  quite  rugose,  except  in  one  variety,  sometimes 
turbinate.  While  this  variety  is  used  to  some  extent  for 
pickling,  it  is  noted  more  as  an  ornamental  plant.  Celes- 
tial, Etna,  Kaleidoscope,  Red  Wrinkled,  Yellow  Wrinkled. 

Var.  cerasi!6rme,  Irish  (C.  cerasiforme,  Miller).  Fig. 
355.  SufFrutescent  :  Ivs.  medium  size,  ovate  or  oblong 
acuminate,  about  l)i-3Kin.:  calyx  seated  on  base  of 
fruit ;  corolla  large,  spreading,  %-l'i4m.:  fr.  spherical, 
subcordate,  oblate,  or  occasionally  obscurely  pointed  or 
slightly  elongated,  smooth  or  rarely  minutely  rugose  or 
sulcate  ;  flesh  firm,  one-twelfth-J^in.  thick,  extremely 
pungent.  Cherry,  Yellow  Cherry,  Oxheart. 
AA.   Perennial. 

frut^Bcens,  Linn.  Fig.  356.  Shrubby,  perennial,  3-6  ft. 
high,  with  prominently  angled  or  somewhat  channeled 
stem  and  branches:  branches  loosely  spreading  or  trail- 
ing :  Ivs.  broadly  ovate  acuminate,  3-6  In.  long,  2-3>2in. 
wide:  peduncles  slender,  1-2  in.  long,  often  in  pairs,  usu- 
ally longer  than  the  fruit:  calyx  cup-shaped,  embracing 


CARAGANA 

base  of  fruit;  corolla  often  with  ocherous  markings  in  the 
throat :  fr.  red,  obtuse  or  oblong-acuminate,  %-lHin. 
long,  ii-%in.  in  diam.,  very  acrid.  —  Cultivated  only  in 
the  south,  as  the  seasons  in  temperate  latitudes  are  not 
long  enough  to  mature  the  fruit. 

Var.  baccatum, 
Irish  (C.  haccMum, 
Linn. ) .  Plants  not 
as  tall,  but  more 
erect  than  the  spe- 
cies :  branches  slen- 
der, fastigiate,  flex- 
uose:  corolla  small, 
spreading,  about  3^ 
in. :  fr.  ovate  or  sub- 
round,  about  Kin.  in 

H.  C.  Irish. 

CARAGANA  ( Car- 
agaii,  its  Mongolian 
name).  Lftfuniiuds(F. 
Pea  Tree.  Shrubs 
or  small  trees  :  Ivs. 
deciduous,  abruptly 
pinnate,  often  with 
spiny  -  pointed  and 
persistent  rai-lii-;  :  II 
stipules  deciHiiMiix  cir 
naceous,  axilla]  v .  -I 
fr.  a  linear  {■•>•].  _\i~ 
China.  Ornam.  ntal  ~ 
appearing   late 


cerasiforme  ( 


«mall,  entire,  mucronulate  ; 
in  :iimI  |i.  1 -istent  :  fls.  papilio- 
I  I  ■  d,  usually  yellow  : 
Inim  S.  Russia  to 
ill.,  A  nil  liaiiilsome  yellow  fls., 
.  g  or  earlv  in  summer;  quite 
hardy,  except  a  few  Himalayan  species.  They  grow  in 
almost  any  soil,  but  best  in  a  sandy  soil  and  sunny 
position,  and  are  well  adapted  for  shrubberies.  C.  ar- 
horescens  is  the  only  one  which  grows  into  a  small  tree, 
and  is  of  upright  habit,  like  C.  fniteseeiis,  which  is  about 
half  as  high  and  more  graceful ;  all  the  other  species 
are  low  shrubs,  of  usually  spreading  habit.  Prop,  by 
seeds  sown  in  fall  or  in  spring  ;  if  kept  dry  during  the 
wmter,  soaking  in  tepid  water  for  2  or  3  days  before 
sowing  will  be  of  advantage  ;  also,  increased  by  root- 
cuttmgs  and  layers,  or  by  grafting  on  seedling  stock  of 
'    rt»6o(fsce«s  in  spring. 

A  Zfts.  8-lS:  rachis  of  the  Ivs.  deciduous. 
•irbor6Bcens,  Lam.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  to  20  ft. :  Ifts. 
1_  obovate  or  oblong,  sparsely  pubescent  beneath  or 
^i  liirous  at  length,  %-l  in.  long  :  fls. 2^,  pale  or  bright 
vtUow,  %in.  long  ;  pedicels  usually  longer  than  the  fls. 
May,  June.  Siber.,  Manchuria.— There  are  some  varie- 
ties, of  which  var.  pSndula,  Hort.,  with  pendulous 
branches,  is  the  most  remarkable  ;  it  should  be  grafted 
high. 

microphyUa,  Lam.   [C.  AUa- 
(/(i/m,  Poir.).  From  4-6  ft. :  Ifts. 
12-18,  obovate,  pubescent  when 
young,   one-sixth-K    in.   long: 
fls.  1  or  2,  yellow,   %va.  long; 
pedicel  about  as  long  as  the  fl. 
Siber.,   China.    L.  B.C. 
11  :  1064.  —  Under    this 
name   a  dwarf   form  of 
the  former  is  often 
tivated. 

AA.    Leaflets  2-4. 
B.   Jtachis  of  the  h-s.  de- 
ciduous; pedicels  as 
long    as    or    longer 
than  the  fls. 
Irutesoens,    UC.     ((7.= 
friitex,   C.   Koch).     Pig. 
357.    From  6-10  ft. :  Ifts. 
4,    approximate,    nearly 
digitate,  cuneate. obovate 
or    oblong,    rounded    or 
emarginate  at  the  apex, 
glabrous,  y^-l  in.  long  :  fls.  solitary,  iJ4-l  in.  long,  yel- 
low.   May.    S.  Russia  to  China.    Gt.  10:348.    S.B.F.G. 
3:227. — Var.  grandifldra,  Hort.    Fls.  somewhat  larger: 
Ifts.  usually  large  and  broad. 


356.   Capsicum 


CARAGANA 

BB.    Rachis  persistent,  spiny  :  pedicels  shorter 

than  the  fls. 

Cbdmlairu,  Lam.    Shnib,  2-A  ft.:  spines  long:  Ifts.  i, 

pairs,  chartaceous,  obovate,  emar- 

ginate   or    rounded    at    the 

apex,glabrous,M-?i  in. long: 

solitary,  reddish  yellow, 

l^in.  long.  May.  N.  China. 

pygmaea,  DC.  One  to  3 
ft.:  spines  short,  Min.:  Ivs. 
nearly  sessile  ;  Ifts.  4,  ap- 
proximate and  almost  digi- 
tate, cuueate,  linear-elliptic 
or  linear-lanceolate,  gla- 
brous, %-%  in.  long:  fls. 
solitary,  %m.  long,  golden 
yellow.  Cauc.  to  Siber. 
and  Thibet.  B.  B.  12:  1021. 
-Grafted  high  on  C.  arho- 
reseens,  it  forms  a  graceful, 
standard  tree,  with  pendu- 
lous branches. 

grandffldra,  DC.  Similar 
to  the  former.  Lfts.  cuneate- 
oblong :  fls.  li^in.  long ; 
calyx  gibbous  at  the  base. 
Cauc  —  Under  thi^  name 
mostly  a  varietj  of  C  fnites 
(■f«>i  IS  cultivated 


CARDIANDRA 


243 


'rojI? 


as  long  as  broad   ovary  glal  i 

Spmes2-3m  long    1ft     1     1  i  i  i      mmon 

peduncle     Himil     P  I    i  1  I    u      i     P 

dowskii  Hort    not  I  I  -^til 

illes  spiny    lfts  t 

seeds  brown    sp  tt    i  i  i     i  i 

Gerardw  irr  I      y                                                                                , 

ous     lit  I                                                 I                I  I     h  pII    1 

Himal  —  (  I                                                '    /       1    11 

Branch  I             lii  il 

pedicelle  1      >  1  i   ^   1         I        J    1  1      \ 

very  distract    md  cuii  u    lu  km^    i     i  / 

Shu  Hort    not  DC  =ouneif olia  Dipp  —  <  lis 

1  in  long   lfts  4  rareh  more  approxin    i  I   te 

glabrous   fls  solitary  short  pedicelle  1  s  I       -        ,  „ 

C  K.och  =  C  spinosa  — O  tragacanth  tl  in  si_  i  llts 
4-8  cuneate  oblong  pubescent  fls  soht  iij  bhoit  pL  licelled 
ealyx  villous  pubescent  Himal  —  C  tnflora  Lindl  =C  brevi 
ulgans  Hort  =C  arborescens 

Alfred  Rehder 


CARAGUATA      By  the  latest 


ogripher  referred 


CAEAMB6LA     See  A  i 


irlio 


CARAWAY  (Cdrum  C&rui  Lmn  )  Umhelliferce 
A  biennial  or  annual  herb  grown  for  its  seeds  which 
are  used  m  flavoring  bread  cakes  and  cheese  also  oc 
casionally  for  the  \oung  shoots  and  leaves  which  are 
eaten  It  grows  a  foot  or  twi  high  has  finely  cut  pm 
nately  compound  foliage  and  small  white  flowers  m 
umbels  It  is  of  the  easiest  culture  The  seed  is  nsu 
allv  sown  in  spring  and  the  crop  of  seed  taken  the  ff  1 
lowing  year  It  thrives  m  any  garden  soil  The  plant 
occasionally  runs  wild     bee  Carum 

CARB£NIA  (name  of  doubtful  meaning)  Compds 
tta  Blessed  Thistle  \  monotypic  genus  allied  to 
Centaurea  and  distinguished  from  it  botanicallj  by 
involucre  athenes  pappus  and  anthers  Its  habit  in 
the  garden  is  very  different  from  the  Bachelor  s  But 
tons  being  thistle  like  and  more  interesting  than  orna 
mental  A  hardy  annual  low  growing  herb  rough, 
branching  and  pilose.  Once  thought  to  counteract  poi- 
son.  Culture  easy.   Fit  for  wild  gardens  and  rockeries. 


benedlcta,  Adans.  {Cdrduus  benedlctus.  Authors. 
('ii)riix  hiiiiilii-iiis.  Linn.  Centaurea  benedicta,L,mii.). 
Fig.  .irkS.  Hiiixht  J  ft.:  Ivs.  alternate,  sinuate-piunatifld, 
the  l..l„s  :iii.l  frith  spiny:  fls.  terminal,  yellow,  1  in. 
Willi-.  :Miiiitirr:iiifan  regions  and  Caucasus.  Sometimes 
cult. ;  alsi.  rari-ly  si-i-ii  in  waste  jilaces  iif  southern  Atlantic 
states  anil  Calif,  as  a  wi-i-il  ailvclitive  from  Eu. 

CAEDAMINE  ((ireek  name  of  a  cress).  Cruciferm- 
Small  perennials  growing  in  low,  rich  land,  blooming  in 
spring  or  early  summer.  Petals  obovate  or  spatulate  ; 
pods  linear  and  straight,  the  wingless  seeds  in  1  row. 

prat6nsis,  Linn.  Cuckoo  Flower.  Plant  slender  and 
usually  glabrous,  12-20  in.,  somewhat  branched  :  Ivs. 
pinnately  divided;  lfts.  of  root  Ivs.  small  and  rounded 
(/^  in.  or  less  across),  those  of  the  upper  stem-lvs.  ob- 
long or  even  linear  and  entire  or  somewhat  toothed: 
fls.  %  in.  long,  in  a  corymb,  white  or  rose-color,  pretty. 
Eu.  and  Amer.,  in  the  northern  parts.  — In  the  gardens 
it  is  chiefly  known  in  the  double-fld.  form,  which  prob- 
ably has  been  obtained  from  European  rather  than 
American  sources.  There  are  other  forms  of  it.  It  is 
an  excellent  little  plant  to  grow  in  moist  places,  particu- 
larly along  creeks  and  about  springs.  It  is  also  useful 
in  drier  places,  as  in  rockeries. 

anguUta,  Hook.  Erect,  1-2  ft.  high:  Ivs.  3-5-folio- 
late  the  lfts  ovate  or  oblong  and  the  middle  one  usu- 
ally coarseh  toothed  fls  rtther  large  white,  in  short, 
few  fld  racemes  Mts  of  Ore  andViash  -Int.  1881  by 
Gillett 

C  gemmata  int  by  Pilkington  ISQ'  is  evidently  Dentaria 
murocarpa  L.  H.  B. 


CARDAMON     bee    1 


and  EUttarm. 


CARDIANDRA  (Greek  heart  and  manor  stamen: 
alluding  to  the  shape  of  the  anthers)  baxifragdcea. 
Low  deciduous  shrul  illied  to  H}drangea  with  alter- 
nate rather  lar,.,e  hs  lis  m  terminal  loose  corymbs, 
small  those  ot  the  margin  lar.,e  radiant  and  sterile. 
One  species  m  S  Jai  an  and  Chin  i  Tender  and  suifruti- 
cose  thriving  m  an>  good  garden  soil  best  in  a  partly 
shaded  position  Prop  by  greenwood  cuttings  under 
glass 

alternifdlia,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  1-3  ft. :  Ivs.  broadly  ellip- 
tic  to   elliptic-lanceolate,  tapering    into   a   very  short 


244  CARDIANDRA 

petiole,  coarsely  serrate,  sparsely  pilose,  membrana- 
ceous, 3-7  in.  long  :  fls.  white,  tinged  red.  Summer. 
S  Z.  ee,  67.  Alfred  Rehder. 


CAKDINAI  FLOWER.    £ 


Ter'en'^ii^l 


CAREX 

CARDOON  iCynira  C«rd«Hc-H?H.s,  Linn. ).  A  thistle- 
like plant  of  southern  Europe,  cult,  for  the  thick  leaf- 
stalk and  midrib.  It  is  thought  to  be  of  the  same  spe- 
cies as  the  artichoke,  and  to  have  been  developed  from 
it  by  long  cultivation  and  selection.  The  plant  has  been 
introduced  into  South  America,  and  has  run  wild  exten- 
sively on  the  pampas.  Darwin  writes  that  "no  culti- 
vated plant  has  run  wild  on  so  enormous  a  scale  as  the 
Cardoon."  From  the  artichoke  it  differs  in  tallv?r  and 
growth  and  smaller  heads.  The  Cardoon 
is  not  hardy,  and  is  treated  as  an 
annual.  Seeds  are  sown  In  spring,  either  in  pots  under 
glass  or  in  the  open  where  the  plants  are  to  stand. 
The  later  sowing  is  usually  preferred.  The  plants  are 
given  rich  soil  and  should  have  abundant  mi.i,t\irf  sup- 
ply, for  they  must  make  continuous  and  struHL;  irrnwili. 
When  the  leaves  are  nearly  full  grown,  tli.  y  ;ir,  ti.  il  tn- 
gether  near  the  top,  straw  is  piled  aroiui'l  tli.  Ik  ;i,l,  mid 
earth  is  banked  against  it.  This  is  to  bhimli  tlif  plant, 
for  it  is  inedible  unless  so  treated.  Frum  two  to  fonr 
weeks  is  rec|uired  for  the  blanching.  Tin-  |.i-..r(iliiic  is 
not  very  unlike  that  adopted  for  the  blaiLc-hin:;  of  ccliry 
or  endive.  If  the  plants  are  late,  they  may  be  diiK  .iust 
before  frost  and  blanched  in  a  storage  pit.  The  plants 
are  usually  grown  from  2-3  ft.  apart  in  rows  which  are 
4  ft.  apart.  They  are  sometimes  grown  in  trenches,  after 
the  old  manner  of  growing  celery.  Cardoon  is  almost 
unknown  in  America,  except  amongst  foreigners. 

CARDUUS.    For  C.  benedictus,  see  Carbenia. 

CAREX    (name    of    obscure     origin).      Cyper&cece. 

1 1  uiidreds  of  grass-like  plants  in  temperate  cli- 

unisexual,  in  spikes,  the  staminate  naked 

I  did  by  a  bract  or  scale,  the  pistillate  com- 

-iiigle  pistil  enclosed  in  a  thin  sac  or  ]ierigyn- 

iiini       I  111    two  sexes  may  bi-    i'l    M,^    -:. i      .|.:n:it.- 

■-pikes  ;  and  rarely  they  arr  ....''-■■•  :      iit 

diCDcious).    Carices  are  very  :ii     '  '  i  '  i    i'- 

regions,  both  in  species  ami  i i;  Mmv 

of  them  grow  on  dry  land,  but   th.   I.i:_i         i  .\v 

in  low  grounds  and  swales,  and  oftiii  t  i  :  n  i  ;  ili.- 
bulkof  bog  hay  (Fig.  300).    The  sp.-.  i.  rii 

I  ult  to  distinguish  because  they  an-   \  1 

the  studv  of  them  is  usually  left  to  spi.  Ill  I-  ^-n  .  of 
ur  broad  leaved  nati\  (  '.pecies  mal  \  11  it  1  il  r 
md  interesting  clump  in  corners  about  buildings  and 
ilonf,  walls     Many  of  the  lowland  spi  ok     ar<  <\((IUnt 


(»  ,  I  u  <  J  ha  J  urn  )ij)i  II  lulu  un 
culata  ttilpinoidta  The  following  species  are  in 
Amer  trade 


CABDIOSF^BMUU 

white  heart-shaped  spot 

the  plant  was  thought  i 

pindAce<F.    Thirty  tropn 

herbs,  with   alternate,  1 

If ts.,  and  small  white  fls 

The  most  popular  is  the  mterestmg  Balloon  Vine,  which 

is  a  rapid-growing,  tender  annual,  curious  for  its  m 

flated  seed-vessels. 

Halic^cabum,  Linn.  Pig.  359.  Height,  10  ft.:  stem 
and  branches  grooved:  balloons  an  Inch  or  more  thick. 
E.  and  W.  Indies.  B.M.  1049.-A  general  favorite,  es- 
pecially with  children.  W.  M. 


362.  Carex  Morrowi. 

H6TT0wi,  Boott.    (C.   Japdnica,   Hort.,   not    Thunb. 
C.  lenuissima.HoTt.    C.  amtif&lia,  Sort.).    Fig.  362. 


CARICA 


245 


aim  1  ft. 


Pith 


three  slender  pisfillar<'  ^i-il^iv  j  |  in,  ioni:  i  ti-"iii  ^ln';iths: 
perigvnium  small  and  tinii,  si.nirwhat  cx.-uiviil,  2- 
toothed,  glabrous.  Jap.  U.C.  ill.  i:j;17.l.  K.B.  2U.  p.  9. 
—A  very  handsome  plant,  suited  for  pots  or  the  border. 
The  stiff,  clean,  white-edged  foliage  keeps  in  condition 
for  months,  making  the  plant  useful  for  decorations 
in  which  pot-plants  are  used.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  in 
central  New  York,  holding  its  foliage  all  winter.  A  use- 
ful florists'  plant. 

tenikria,  Hort.  {C.  thiera,  Hort.).  Slender  but  stiff  : 
Ivs.  narrow,  rolling  more  or  less  when  dry;  staminate 
spikes  long-stalked  :  pistillate  spikes  1  or  2,  short- 
stalked,  short,  with  few  large-turgid,  tapering,  shining 


360.  Carex  lurida.  one  of  the 
(Natural  size.) 
ri,  staminate  spike;   6,  b,  pistillate  spikes. 

perigynia  and  awl-like,  rough-pointed  scales.  Probably 
Japanese. -Cult,  for  its  stiff  foliage.  Grows  18-30  in. 
high.   Allied  to  the  N.  Amer.  C.  hullata,  Schk. 


Gaudlchaudiina,    Kunth    (C.   vulrjtlris.    Fries,    var. 
Oaudichaudidna,  Boon).   Culms  erect,  1-2  ft. :  Ivs.  long 
and  grass-like  :  staminate  lis.  in  terminal  spikes  :  pis- 
tUlate    fls.    in    2-3    cylindrical, 
sessile    or    subsessile     spike 
perigynium     lenticular,    siii; 
very  short  beaked,  oti^mn  iy 
toothed,    finely   nervi.I.    l.iiu 
than  f 

Austral.,  N.  Zeal.-l'Mlu 
bog  planting. 

Fraseri,  Andre 

no  midncrvp, 
evergreen  :  «-iil 
high,  beariii:;-  ; 
single  whitish 
staminate  at  t< 
ovoid,  thin  am 
mountain  woods,  V: 
as  C.  Fraseriana.- 
very  remarkable  pi 


CAElCA       (a       geographical 
name).  Passiflor&cece.  Papaw. 
Small   trees,   mostly   with    un- 
branched     trunks,     the     juice 
milky.    Lvs.  near  the  top  of  the 
trunk,  alternate,  large  and  vari- 
ously lobed,  soft,  long-stalked : 
plant  usually   dioecious:    fls.  in 
racemes  from  the  leaf -axils,  the 
staminate    funnel-shaped     and 
bearing  10  anthers  on  the  throat, 
the  pistillate  larger  and  with  5 
distinct  petals  and  1  pistil  with 
5-rayed  stigma.  There  are  about 
20    species,    in    tropical 
They  have  somewhat  the  aspect 
of  palms.  Under  glass  in  frosty 
countries,  the   common  C.  Pa- 
paya is  frequent,  and 
is  grown  for  its  foliage 
and   interesting    habit 
(Fig.    363).     In   frost- 
less  countries,  this  spe- 
cies  is   grown   for  its 
fruit  (Pig.  364),  which 
is     oblong      or      egg- 
shaped,    a    foot    or    so 
long,      orange  -  yellow 
when  ripe,  thick-skin- 
ned, with   many  small 
black  seeds.  The  young 
fruit    is     cooked 
eaten,    and     the    ripe 
fniit   is   eaten  by   na- 
tives. 

L.  H.  B. 


jited 


361.  Carex  longirostris  (X  J^). 


as   is   a  rich   loam,  having  perfect  drainage. 

jm  is  succulent  and  tender,  great  care  is  nec- 
avoid  bruising  ;  hence  pot-grown  plants  are 
mucn  to  be  prefi-rrcil  to  spellings  from  the  open 
ground.  Sccils  sImmiM  h.-  sih  .tiil  from  the  best  and 
largest  fruits  and  s'lwn  in  a  will  worked  bed  under  a 
slight  sha<b'.  II  sr.  ds  aiv  ,|ndr  dry  ur  old,  they  should 
be  soaked  in  waini  watir  In  I'.ur  sowing.  The  seed- 
ling plants  are  di-licate,  ami  rci|uire  close  watching  at 
first  to  avoid  damping-off.  Soon  as  plants  are  well 
up  remove  the  shading,  and  after  the  third  leaf  ap- 
pears they  may  be  pricked  out  into  a  larger  bed,  or  bet- 
ter, potted  off  in  fairly  rich  soil.  After  plants  are  a 
few  weeks  old.  and  have  been  shifted  once  into  larger 
pots,  they  may  be  set  permanently  outdoors  in  the 
tropics.  Caricas  seldom  branch,  but  usually  grow  up- 
right like  a  palm,  hence  cuttings  are  not  often  avail- 
able. Sometimes  small  bramdirs  form,  and  these  may 
be  cut  off  and  as  readily  rootid  as  nii-^t  tiopical  deco- 
rative plants,  provided  the  cnitinL'  is  not  too  young 
and  tender.    In  temperate  climatis.  t'aricas  have  been 


246 


CABICA 


CARLUDOVICA 


found  to  be  good  decorative  plants  for  both 
tory  and  summer  bedding,  the  deeply  cut.  palmate  leaves 
forming  a  striking  contrast  to  ordinary  vegetation.  In 
bedding  out.  select  open,  sunny  exposure,  with  perfect 
drainage,  and  make  the  soil  rich  and  friable.  Constant 
cultivation  with  alight  hoe  will  cause  a  luxuriant  growth 
under  these  conditions,  and 
the  planter  will  be  amply  re- 
paid for  his  trouble  by  beau- 
tiful, showy  specimens  as 
uni(iue  and  tropical-appearing 

Cult,  by  E.  N.  Reasoner. 

Papiya,  Linn.  Papaw. 
Melon  Papaw.  Melon  Za- 
POTE.  Figs.  3C3,  364.  Trunk 
reaching  20  ft. :  Ivs.  often  L' 
ft.  across,  palmately  7-lobed: 
fr.  6-12  in.  long  and  half  as 
thick,  hanging  from  the  lower 
axils  of  the  pistillate  plant. 
Trop.  Amer..but  widely  natu- 
ralized. Grows  spontaneouslv 
in  the  wild  in  S.  Fla.  B.M. 
2«98-!l.  A.  (i.  IX:  r.n.-  The 
plant  si-i-nis  s(.iTictimes  to  be  polygamous  (to  bear 
both  kinds  of  (lowers }.  The  fruit  is  used  as  a 
vermifuge  and  a  cosmetic.  The  juice  of  the  fruit 
or  the  macerated  leaves,  if  rubbed  on  animal  flesh, 
make  it  very  tender.  It  Is  best  to  roll  the  meat 
and  leaves  together  for  a  few  hours.  The  fruits  are 
made  into  sauces  or  conserves,  and  are  sometimes 
eaten  raw.  The  Papaw  is  variable.  C.  jjyrifiHrmis, 
Hort.,  has  pear-shaped  fr.  C.  atrovioldcea,  Hort., 
with  purple  fr.,  is  evidently  only  a  form  of  it. 

grdcilis,  Hort.  Larger  than  C.  Papaya,  with 
finely  cut  palmate  Ivs.  with  pink  veins.  A  form  of  C. 
Papnija  I 

CandamarcSnsis,  Hook.  f.  (C.  Cundinamarehisis, 
Liii'll   '.    I.'.       iimiiiTous,  d.ark  green  above  and  pale 


5-angled,  golden  yellow,  5-loculed.     V. I    r      I ;  M 

6198.— "Probably  the  most   hardy    -i  1     ; 

-makes  rapidly  a  bold  foliage  plant",  tli.  i    .  , 

yellowish  flowers  being  produced  hcr<    ;illiin    \i:ii    ' 
-Franeesi-hi,  S.  Calif. 

quercifdlla,  Bciitli.  .V:  Hook.  (  VasconcUla  querci- 
mill.  (St.  Hil.).    Lvs.  shaped  like  those  of  the  Eng- 
lish oak.  palmately  :i-niTved,   ovate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate and  sometimes  obscurely  cordate,  the  margin 
undulate  or  inequally  few-lobed,  the  lobes 
obtuse  or  the  lower  ones  acute.     S.  Braz. 
and    S.  — "A   quick-growing,    hardy  kind.        ^gS^L 
with  small  fruits,  but  its  large  halberd-       ,^^*°°^ 
shaped  leaves  contain  a  higher  percentage 
of  papaine,  now  much  used  in   medicine        \ 
inpreference  to  pepsin. "—/'ro/iccsc*!.  1 


Ardulna,  Lam.   Amatungula 

MARITZr.t'LA 

Spines 

strong,  often  2   in.    long:    lvs. 

ovHtp   and    s„ 

icordate. 

mucronate,  glabrous  and  entin 

:    IK,   Willi.'.  1 

.-  corolla 

twisted  to  the  right  in  the  bud. 

S.   .\|r.      A  eh 

■  ic'e  ever- 

green  shrub,  rather  hardy,  with 

tllh'k    IMIIM'lll.'l 

like  lvs.. 

very  glossy:  Hs.  large,  fragrant 

nne  pro- 

fusely:  fr.  dark  red.  1-1^ 
in.  long,  resembling  in  fla- 
vor red  raspberries,  and 
having  a  papery  skin  and 
few  small  seeds.  A  fine 
pot  shrub.  Well  worth  ex- 
tensive planting  in  S.  Fla. 
and  Calif.  The  fruit  is  said 
to  be  unsurpassed  for  jam 
making. 

acuminata,  DC.  Spines 
weak:  lvs.  smaller,  ovate- 
acute,  subcordate,  mucro- 
nate :  peduncles  short, 
forked,  axillary  :    fls.  with 


grandifldra,  DC.  Natal  Plum.  Spiny  shrub : 
Ivs.  ovate-acute,  tapering  to  the  base  :  fls.  large, 
white,  fragrant,  solitary  and  terminal,  twisted  to 
the  right:  fr.  red,  size  of  a  cherry,  good.  S.  Afr. 
B.M.  6307.  E.  N.  Reasoner  and  L.  H.  B. 

CABLtNA  (said  to  have  cured  the  army  of  Charle- 
magne [Carolinus]  of  the  plague).  Comp6sitce.  Some 
15  or  20  species  in  the  Mediterranean  region.  Low, 
rather  coarse  annuals,  biennials  or  perennials,  with 
thisth-like  foliage,  large  white  or  purplish  heads,  a 
fo:itliery  pappus,  and  chaffy  receptacle. 

acaiilis,  Linn.  A  small  and  very  dwarf  hardy  plant: 
liiigbt  3-()  in. :  lvs.  glossy,  pinnatifid,  divided,  with 
spiny  ends:  fl.  arising  barely  above  the  foliage,  soli- 
tary,' very  interesting,  the  scales  surrounding  the 
llower-head  being  long  and  narrow  and  ray-  or  petal- 
liki-.  silkv.  shinv:  head  6  in.  across  when  expanded. 
.Inn.-.  .luiy  and  iate  fall.  G.C.  II.  13:720,  721. -Cult. : 
an  i.|Hn.  sunny  place  and  ordinary  garden  soil  are  all 
I  h.  \  i.c|uire.  They  are  capital  for  the  sunny  part  of 
a  KH  k,  ly.    Prop,  by  cuttings  or  seeds. 

J.  B.  Keller. 

CARLUD6VICA  (Charles  IV.,  and  his  Queen 
Loiiisii.  of  Spain  I.  CuclanthAceai.  Palm-like  plants 
(it  'rro|i.  Aiiiir.,  allied  on  the  one  hand  to  screw 
pinis  and  on  the  other  to  aroids.  The  plants  are 
mona'cious,  the  two  sexes  being  on  the  same  spadix, 
which  is  enclosed  in  a  4-leaved  spathe. 
Staminate  fls. with  many  stamens  and  many- 
lobed  calyx,  4  of  them  surrounding  a  pis- 


CABlSSA  (aboriginal  name).  ApocynA 
€€(e.  About  20  very  branchy  spinose  shrubs 
of  the  tropics  of  Africa,  Asia  and  Australia,  cult,  for 
ornament  or  for  the  edible  berry-like  fr.  Fls.  white, 
solitary  or  in  cymes  ;  lobes  of  calyx  and  corolla  5,  the  5 
stamens  free  and  included  in  the  throat,  the  ovary  2- 
loculed  :  lvs.  opposite  and  thick,  simple.  In  the  Old 
World  sometimes  cult,  in  warmhouses,  but  in  this 
country  known  only  in  the  extreme  S.  Prop,  by  seeds 
and  cuttings  of  ripe  wood. 

Car4ndas,Linn.  Caraunda.  Christ's-Thorn.  Ever- 
green shrub  or  small  tree,  with  dark  green  ovate  or 
elliptic  mucronate  entire  lvs.,  strong  axillary  spines 
(which  are  often  forked)  and  fragrant  white  fls.  in  clus- 
ters of  2-3,  the  corolla  twisted  to  the  left  in  the  bud  : 
fr.  the  size  of  a  cherrv  (1  in.  in  diam.),  reddish,  pleas- 
ant-tasted. India.  L. B.C.  7:  663. -Reaches  20  ft.  Half 
hardy  in  central  Fla.  The  fruits  are  eaten  from  the 
hand  when  ripe,  and  pickled  when  green.  Might  serve 
for  hedges. 


363.   Carica  Papaya 


tillate  fl.  — the  latter  have  a  4-sided  ovary,  4  barren  sta- 
mens,and  4-lobed  calyx:  fr.a4-sided, many-seeded  berry. 
The  Carludovicas  are  usually  regarded  and  treated  as 
palms  bv  gardeners.  They  are  useful  for  decoration. 
The  family  Cyclanthaceae  is  exclusively  American,  of 


CARLUDOVICA 

35-40  species  and  4  geuera  (Stelestylis,  Carludovica, 
Ludovia,  Cyclanthus) :  it  is  often  united  witli  tlie  Pan- 
danaceae  or  screw  pine  family.  l.  H.  B. 

Carludovica  palmata  is  the  species  most  frequently 
met  with  under  cultivation.  Under  favorable  conditions 
it  grows  to  a  height  of  about  8  feet.  All  of  the  kinds 
need  stove  treatment  during  the  winter  mouths  ;  in 
summer  they  may  be  used  for  subtropical  bedding  with 
good  results.  They  have  a  certain  palm-like  appear- 
ance, but  the  leaves  are  of  a  softer  texture  than  any  of 
the  palms.  They  may  be  propagated  by  division,  choos- 
ing the  early  spring  for  the  operation.  C.  palmata  seeds 
freely.  The  fruit,  when  ripe,  has  an  ornamental  appear- 
ance for  a  short  time  after  bursting  open.  The  seeds 
are  very  small,  and  should  he  carefully  washed  free  from 


CARNATION 


S-lobed. 


247 


¥>m^M 


365.  Carludovica  palmata. 

the  pulp,  and  sown  on  the  surface  of  a  pan  of  finely 
chopped  sphagnum  moss.  Germination  takes  place  in 
two  weeks  from  sowing  if  kept  in  a  brisk,  moist  heat. 
The  species  are  not  particular  as  to  soil,  but  the  drain- 
age must  be  perfect,  as  the  plants  require  an  abundance 
of  water  when  growing.  q.  -^y.  Oliver. 

A.    Zvs.  3-5-lobed. 

palmd,ta,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Fig.  365.  No  trunk  :  petioles 
3-B  ft.  long,  glabrous,  terete  and  unarmed  ;  blades 
4-lobed,  the  lobes  again  cut  into  narrow  segments,  dark 
green,  gracefully  spreading,  and  drooping  at  the  mar- 
gin. Peru.  R.H.  1861,  p.  10. -The  common  species,  and 
a  very  useful  plant.  Panama  hats  are  made  from  this 
plant. 

rotundifdlia,  H.  Wendl.  Much  like  the  last,  but  more 
compact  under  cult.,  owing  to  the  shorter  petioles,  but 
growing  much  larger:  petiole  distinctly  pubescent: 
leaf -blade  large  and  orbicular,  3-  or  4-lobed.  Costa  Rica. 
B.M.  7083. 

^legans,  Williams.  Blades  with  4  or  5  lobes,  which 
are  very  deeply  cut  into  straight  strap-like  divisions. 
Probably  of  horticultural  origin. 


atrdvirens,  H.  Wendl.  Blades  very  deeply  2-lobed  and 
very  deep,  rich  green  (whence  the  name,  dark  green), 
glabrous.    Colombia. 

htlmilis,  Poepp.  &  Endl.  Dwarf :  blades  angular, 
2-lobed  at  the  summit,  the  segments  more  or  less  jagged 
but  not  divided,  a  foot  or  less  broad.  Colombia.  R.H. 
1869,  p.  327. -One  of  the  best. 

Plumerii,  Kunth  (C.  palmaifdha,  Sweet).  Caudex 
erect  :  blades  with  2  lanceolate  and  plicate  divisions, 
bright  green  above  and  pale  beneath:  spadices  pendu- 
lous.   Martinique. 

imperiilis,  Lind.  &  Andr^.  Caudex  short  and  pros- 
trate :  blades  with  2  ovate-lanceolate  entire  segments, 
with  very  prominent  veins,  the  lobes  about  5  in.  wide 
and  shining  green;  petiole  purplish,  canaliculate,  tumid 
atthebase.    Equador.    I. H.  21:166  (by  error  165). 

L.  H.  B. 

CARNATION  {Did nthus  Carxjophyllus,  Linn.).  Cary- 
ophymcea-.  Pigs.  366,  367.  Half-hardy  perennial,  her- 
baceous, suffrutescent  at  base:  height  2  ft.:  stem 
branching,  with  tumid  joints  :  Ivs.  linear,  glaucous, 
opposite  :  lis.  terminal,  solitary  ;  petals  5,  tiesh-col- 
ored,  very  broad,  beardless  margins  toothed  ;  calyx 
cylindrical,  with  scaly  bracts  at  base.  June-August. 
Native  of  .southern  Eu.;  occasionally  met  in  the  wild 
state  in  England,  where  it  was  introd'uced  through  cul- 
tivation. 

Theophrastus,  who  lived  about  300  years  B.C.,  gave 
the  name  Dianthus  (Greek  Dios,  divine;  anthos,  tlower) 
to  the  genus,  probably  suggested  by  the  delightful  fra- 
grance. The  specific  name  (_'aryophyllus  (Greek, Cannon, 
nut;  and  phijUoti,  leaf)  has  been  applied  to  the  clove 
tree  (Cariiophtjllus  aromaticus),  and  because  of  the 
clove  like  fragrance  of  the  Carnation,  this  name  was 
applied  to  the  species  ;  otherwise  it  would  have  no  sig- 
nificance. The  name  Carnation  (Latin,  carnatio,  from 
caro.  carnis,  tiesh)  has  reference  to  the  flesh-color  of 
the  flowers  of  the  original  type.  This  plant  has  been  in 
cultivation  more  than  2,000  years,  for  Theophrastus 
(History  of  Plants,  300  B.C.)  says  :  "The  Greeks  cul- 
tivate roses,  gillyflowers,  violets,  narcissi,  and  iris," 
gillyflower  being  the  old  English  name  for  the  Carna- 
tion. It  was  not,  however,  until  the  beginning  of  the 
sixteenth  century  that  the  development  of  the  Carnation 
into  numerous  varieties  made  an  impression  upon  its 
history.  The  original  flesh-color  of  its  flowers  was 
already  broken  up  into  its  component  colors,  red  and 
white.  The  gardeners  of  Italy,  France,  Germany,  Hol- 
land and  England,  with  their  respective  ideals  of  beauty 
in  this  flower,  contributed  so  many  varieties  that  in 
1597  Gerard  wrote  that  "to  describe  each  new  variety  of 
carnation  were  to  roll  Sisyphus'  stone  or  number  the 
sands." 

There  were  many  attempts  at  classification,  but  most 
of  them,  like  the  varieties  they  serve,  have  disappeared. 
Two  of  them  are  as  follows  :  The  French  scheme  ar- 
ranged all  varieties  into  three  classes,  thus:  — Gretiadins 
(Fig.  368),  including  those  with  strong  perfumes,  flow- 
ers of  medium  size,  either  single  or  double,  petals 
fringed,  and  of  but  one  color ;  Flamands,  including 
those  with  large  flowers,  round  and  double,  rising  in 
the  center  to  form  a  convex  surface,  petals  entire,  either 
unicolored  or  striped  with  two  or  more  colors  ;  Fancies, 
including  those  with  colors  arranged  in  bands  on  light 
grounds,  the  petals  toothed  or  not.  The  English  classi- 
fication of  these  varieties  makes  four  categories  :  Selfs, 
or  those  possessing  only  one  color  in  the  petals  ;  Flakes, 
or  those  having  a  pure  ground  of  white  or  yellow  and 
flaked  or  striped  with  one  color,  as  scarlet,  purple  or 
rose  ;  Bizarres.  or  those  having  a  pure  ground  marked 
as  in  the  Flakes,  but  with  two  or  three  colors  ;  and 
Picotees,  or  those  having  a  pure  ground  of  white  or 
yellow,  and  each  petal  bordered  with  a  band  of  color  at 
the  margin.  This  last  class  has  been  regarded  with  the 
distinction  of  a  race. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century  English 
gardeners  exercised  very  great  care,  in  the  growing  of 
Carnations,  to  m.-iture  only  perfect  flowers.  Imperfect 
and  superfluous  petals  were  extracted  with  forceps  ; 
petals  appearing  out  of  place  were  arranged  in  a  per- 


'Z4:»  CARNATION 

feet  imbrication  ;  the  calj'x  tube  was  cut  partly  down 
between  the  teetli,  to  prevent  excessive  splittinjr  at  one 
side  and  to  give  more  freedom  to  the  expansion  of  the 


i\  under  glass  for  win- 

1*40  as  a  distinct  race 

lis.    A  French  gardener, 


flower.  These  and  many  more  tedious  details  seem  to 
have  wrought  the  downfall  of  this  sweet  flower  about 
the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

All  the  foregoing  has  reference  to  those  types  of  Car- 
nations which  are  but  little  known  or  grown  in  America 
at  the  present  day.  The  varieties  so  common  in  Europe 
are  usually  kept  in  coldframes  or  coolhouses  during 
the  winter,  and  as  spring  approaches  the  plants  are 
brought  into  their  blooming  quarters,  for  no  flower  is 
expected  to  appear  until  the  month  of  July,  when  there 
is  a  great  profusion  of  blossoms,  but  for  a  short  season. 
Therefore,  they  cun  all  he  classed  as  a  summer  nice. 
They  are  also  grou n  |m  rm mi  rn  ly  in  the  open. 

PERPETUAL-FI.||^^  I  i         .  \  1  ION      (Remontant. 

Monthly,  or  Tn-.-  ,  i  .  .  ,,  ...ns  so  common  in 
America,  and  gn.wn  ..  > 
ter  cut-flowers,  ori^iimitri 
of  Perpetual-flowering  Ci 
M.  Dalmais,  according  to  M.  Jean  Si: 
tained  the  first  real  constant-blooming  Carnation,  which 
was  called  Atim,  and  sent  out  in  1844.  It  was  the  result 
of  artificially  crossing  Oeillet  de  Mahon.  or  St.  Martin, 
because  it  was  regularly  bloomed  in  November,  with 
pollen  from  Oeillet  Biohon.  The  first  gain  was  crossed 
with  Flemish  Carnation  with  repetition.  In  1840  he 
obtained  a  great  number  of  varieties  of  all  colors. 
M.  Schmitt,  a  distinguished  horticulturist  of  Lyons,  fol- 
lowed in  the  work,  and  obtained  several  fine  varieties, 
like  Arc-en-ciel  and  BloHe  Polaire,  which  were  culti- 
vated for  several  years.  The  next  enthusiast  who  aided 
materially  in  the  development  of  this  new  race  of  Car- 
nations was  M.  Alphonse  Alegatiere,  who,  by  careful 
crossing,  obtained  varieties  with  stiff  stems.  About 
1866  the  number  of  such  varieties  was  increased,  and  as 
a  class  they  received  the  name  of  Tree  Carnations,  but 
in  America  they  were  more  generally  termed  the  Monthly 
Carnations.  The  earliest  importation  of  this  race  of 
varieties  into  America  seems  to  have  been  made  in  18G8, 
and  included  such  varieties  as  Edwardsii,  President 
Degraw,  La  Purite  and  Variegated  La  Purite,  and  for  a 
period  of  ten  years  were  grown  as  pot  plants  for  sum- 
mer or  winter  blooming.   About  1875  bench  culture  was 


CARNATION 

introduced  in  coolhouses,  and  was  attended  with  such 
marked  success  that  soon  entire  greenhouses  were  de- 
voted to  the  cultivation  of  the  Carnation,  and  there  arose 
the  carnation  specialist,  or  carnationist,  the  latter  title 
being  used  first,  in  1892,  with  such  men  as  Starr, 
Swayne,  Tailby  and  Dorner.  There  are  now  about  500 
distinct  varieties  in  this  country,  all  of  Americail  origin. 
The  winter  forcing  of  Carnations  is  now  more  highly 
developed  in  America  than  anywhere  else  in  the  world. 
For  sketches  of  the  evolution  of  the  Carnation,  particu- 
larly of  the  American  cut-Hower  race,  see  Bailev,  "Sur- 
vival of  the  Unlike." 

Pro/xiyn/ioii.  — Theperpetual-flowering  Carnations  are 
propagated  by  cuttings  (Fig.  369).  The  best  "wood  "  for 
this  purpose  is  found  in  the  lateral  shoots  at  the  base  of 
thrifty  branches  ;  shoots  appearing  high  on  the  flower- 
ing stem  are  not  desirable.  No  cuttings  should  be  taken 
from  stems  bearing  small,  sickly,  or  poorly  colored 
flowers.  Diseased  plants,  and  plants  which  have  been 
greatly  stimulated  and  forced  in  a  high  temperature, 
should  also  be  avoided  in  propagation.  The  material  for 
cuttings  is  pulled  from  the  plants  by  a  lateral  move- 
ment, and  in  this  condition,  — that  is,  without  further 
cutting  or  trimming,  — is  considered  by  many  propaga- 
tors as  ready  for  the  sand-bench  ;  others  remove  a  por- 
tion of  the  leaves  or  the  tips  of  the  long  ones.  Cuttings 
are  successfully  made  from  December  1  to  May  1. 
Growers  choose  different  portions  of  this  period  for 
the  best  results.  February  is,  perhaps,  most  frequently 
chosen.  The  cuttings  are  usually  planted  in  sand- 
benches  to  be  rooted,  either  in  a  separate  propagating 
house  or  upon  a  portion  of  bench  prepared  for  the  pur- 
pose in  the  regular  Carnation  house.  For  a  limited  num- 
ber of  cuttings,  "flats"  may  be  used  and  placed  where 
they  will  receive  proper  treatment.  The  temperature  in 
which  cuttings  are  best  rooted  is  50°  F.  for  the  first  few 
days,  then  increased  to  55°  or  60°  F.  During  sunshine 
the  young  cuttings  are  shaded,  and  at  all  times  mois- 
ture is  carefully  regulated,  to  avoid  the  "damping  off" 
fungus  and  the  flagging  of  the  cuttings.  In  about  four 
weeks  a  good  bunch  of  roots  will  be  formed,  and  the 
cuttings  are  transplanted  into  small  pots  or  flats.  They 
are  then  kept  in  coolhouses  (45  to  50°  F.)  until  it  is 
possible  to  plant  them  in  the  field.    Propagation  by  lay- 


^'^' 


ering  is  practiced  abroad  (Fig.  370),  but  is  too  slow  for 
American  conditions.  Plants  are  grown  from  seed  only 
when  it  is  desired  to  obtain  new  varieties. 


CARNATION 

Summer  Trentmetit. -The  yonng  plants  are  carefully 
hardened  in  the  spring,  to  enable  them  to  be  planted 
in  the  open  field  in  May.  Various  soils  have  given 
good  results.  A  sandy  soil  yields  fine  plants  if  a  drought 


CARNATION 


249 


does  not   prevail 


clay 


make  short,  stiff 
plants,  which  are  slow  to 
yield  flowers  in  the  fall  ; 
a  sandy  loam  is  the  best 
soil 

The  field  soil  is  well  pre- 
pared by  applying  a  liberal 
quantity  of  well- 
rotted  manure  or 
an   equivalent  in 
— i  commercial  ferti- 
^--^  lizer,         plowing 
deeply    and   har- 
A  y  rowing  thorough- 

ly. The  plants  are 
then  set,  as  soon 
as  danger  from  heavy  frosts  is 
past,  putting  them  10  inches 
apart,  m  rows  12  inches  apart 
if  to  be  worked  entirely  by 
hand,  and  3  feet  apart  if  to  be 
worked  with  horse  and  culti- 
Throughout  the  summer 
the  plants  are  kept  free  from 
weeds  and  frequently  culti- 
vated. No  blossoming  by  plants 
intended  for  winter  flowering 
is  permitted.  All  rising  shoots 
are  cut  back  to  2-4  inches  as 
fast  as  they  appear.  Such  prun- 
about  August  1  to  10. 
In  the  month  of  September  the 
plants  are  lifted  and  planted 
upon  the  benches.  Some  grow- 
ers transplant  with  "balls"  of 
ground,  others  without  any  soil 
clinging  to  the  roots. 

Winter  Treatment.  -The  Car- 
nation house  usually  stands  east 
and  is  provided  with 
both  raised  and  solid  benches. 
Much   experience   and      a  long 
have    resulted  in 
the  conclusion  that  some  varie- 
ties  of    Carnations    should    be 
planted  on   raised  benches  and 
others   on  solid   benches.    The 
soil  is  prepared  some  time  pre- 
,  Carnation.  Ti«"S    t",  "«   "^e     with   three- 
(X  %.)  fourths    loam    and    one-fourth 

well-rotted  manure,  turning 
several  times  to  thoroughly  mix  the  elements.  About 
September  1  it  is  placed  on  tbe  benches,  enough  to  be 
4  or  5  inches  deep  when  settled.  The  plants  are  set  8 
to  12  inches  apart  each  way,  watered  thoroughly,  and 
syringed  frequently  until  established.  Staking  is  nec- 
essary to  keep  the  branches  off  the  ground  and  the  flow- 
ers above  the  foliage.  Various  arrange- 
ments of  wires  and  strings  are  devised. 
The  use  of  plant-stakes  has  been  universally 
abandoned. 

The  temperature  of  the  Carnation  house 
is  maintained  at  50  to  55°  F.  at  night  and 
about  10°  warmer  in  the  daytime,  during 
the  whole  winter.  The  proper  use  of  water 
maintains  a  healthy  growth,  ensures  sub- 
stantial flowers,  and  prevents  red  spider. 
On  bright  days  the  houses  are  freely 
syringed.  Fertilizers  are  used  with  great 
liberality  on  the  plants  in  ihe  benches,  and 
with  good  results.  Liquid  manures  from 
horse,  cow,  sheep  or  hen  droppings,  diluted  369.  Cama- 
to  the  color  of  weak  tea,  are  applied  about  (jon  cutting, 
once  a  week,  beginning  about  January  1, 
or  a  mulch  of  well-rotted  cow  manure  is  put  over  the 
ground  after  the  plants  become  well  set.  Disbudding  is 
practiced  to  produce  large  flowers  on  stiff  stems. 

Carnations  are  not  very  seriously  annoyed  by  insects 
or  fungous  diseases.    The  red  spider  is  usually  kept 


368.   Grenadii 


under  control  by  syringing  judiciously  with  water,  and 
the  greenfly  by  fumigation  with  rose-leaf  extract  or  the 
use  of  tobacco  stems  on  the  floor  of  the  house.  Three 
fungous  diseases  have  recently  become  annoying  ;  viz., 
rust  (Uromyces  caryophyllituis,  Schr.),  anthracnose 
(  Vohitella  sp.),  and  spot  or  blight  (Septoria  Diantlii, 
Desm).  The  best  treatment  is  to  destroy  diseased  plants 
and  to  spray  the  rest  with  Bordeaux  mixture. 

Varieties  are  constantly  changing.  The  following 
represent  the  common  range  of  variation : 

White-Lizzie  McGowan  (Fig.  372j,  Ivory,  Alaska, 
Uncle  John,  Flora  Hill,  White  Cloud. 

Pink-Wm.  Scott  Daybreak  (Fig.  374),  Albertini, 
Bridesmaid,  Delia  Fox,  Triumph,  Victor. 

Scarlet- Hector.  Portia,  Dazzle,  Jubilee  (Fig.  :!7.1). 

Variegated  -  Minnie  Cook,  Helen  Keller,  Mrs.  Geo. 
M.  Bradt,  Armazindy. 

Yellow— Eldorado,  Buttercup,  Mayor  Pingree,  Gold 
Nugget. 

Crimson— Meteor,  Tidal  Wave,  Cartledge. 

Carnations  in  Pots. -For  pot  culture,  the  Carnation 
is  propagated  and  treated  as  previously  described  in 
field  culture  up  to  the  time  of  lifting  the  plants,  when 
they  are  taken  up  and  planted  singly  in  pots.  — 4-.  5- 


6-,  or  7-inch  sizes,  suiting  them  to  the  size  of  the  plants. 
If  the  heading-back  was  not  continued  too  late  in  the 
field,  many  plants  may  be  in  bud  in  October  and  be 
excellent  specimens  for  fall  sales.  The  bulk  of  the 
potted  plants,  however,  are  intended  for  spring  sales, 
and  are  carried  over  the  winter  in  well-built  coldframes, 
left  uncovered  as  long  as  fine  weather  will  permit ; 
frosts  and  even  light  freezes  will  not  hurt  the  plants. 
At  the  approach  of  severe  weather,  sashes  are  covered 
over  the  plants,  but  on  mild  days  liberal  ventilation  is 
given,  and  during  extreme  winter  cold  additional  cov- 
ering is  placed  over  the  frames.  About  the  first  of 
March  these  plants  are  brought  into  a  coolhouse,  and 
one  month  later  they  are  graced  with  a  profusion  of 
buds  and  blossoms  ;  with  proper  care  they  will  continne 
to  flower  throughout  the  summer.  The  varieties  pre- 
ferred for  pots  are  those  of  dwarf  habit,  with  stems  stiff 
enough  to  hold  up  the  flowers  without  staking.  In 
color,  the  varieties  known  as  "fancies  "  are  usually  more 
salable  than  those  with  single  colors.  Varieties  recom- 
mended for  pot  culture  are  Portia,  Mrs.  Fisher,  Grace 
Wilder,  Buttercup,  American  Flag,  Robert  Craig, 
E.  G.  Hill. 

Other  Carnations.  — Aside  from  the  forcing  Carna- 
tions, the  following  groups  receive  attention  in  this 
country: 

Carnation,  Malmaison. -This  is  a  group  of  varieties 
grown  in  Europe.  It  is  said  (Revue  Horticole,  18K8)  that 
the  original  variety  of  the  group  was  taken  from  La  Mal- 
maison in  the  time  of  Napoleon  I.  It  was  pure  white  in 
color,  but  now  all  the  shades  of  red  are  in  the  group. 
The  flowers  are  very  large,  even  6  inches  in  diameter 
with  good  culture,   the  plants  are  dwarf,  very  florifer- 


250 


CARNATION 


ous,  but  not  constant  bloomers,  never  seeding.  The 
stems  are  strong  and  straight.  Usually  propagated  by 
cuttings  or  layers. 

Carnation,  Victoria.  — A  group  of  varieties  under  this 
name  originated  with  M.  Benary,  Erfurt,  Germany,  in 
1879  (Revue  Horti'-olc  Isiini.  probably  descendants 
from  Souvenir  d.-  h^  M  ,:i,  ,  i-  .i, ,  »  liieh  it  closely  re- 
sembles, but  of  gii  ;ii.  .  ,  .  I  ,  ,»<!•  of  a  firmer  calyx. 
All  the  colors  of  (  ,11  i-i.sented;  petals  are 

large,  finely  fringcil.  I  h.  pi  ini  i-  .Iwurf,  not  remontant. 
Propagated  by  layers  or  cuttings.  The  members  of  this 
group,  as  of  the  pi-eceding,  have  not  received  much 
attention  in  this  country. 

Carnation,  Marguerite  (Fig.  3711.  — A  comparatively 
new  class  of  Carnations.  Origin  not  definitely  known; 
supposed  to  have  been  in  somewhat  obscure  cultivation 
in  Italy  and  Algeria  a  very  long  time.  The  plants  are 
generally  raised  from  seed,  and  blossom  in  about  four 
months.  A  very  large  majority  of  flowers  come  double 
or  semi-double,  strongly  clove-scented,  deeply  fringed  ; 
color  red,  pink  or  white.  The  plant  is  dwarf,  10-15 
inches  high,  compact,  erect,  branching.  It  is  a  constant 
bloomer,  but  in  quality  the  flowers  are  far  inferior  to 
the  Perpetual-flowering  Carnation.  The  Marguerite 
Carnations  are  highly  prized  for  massing  in  summer 
beds,  and  are  treated  as  annuals.      George  C.  Bctz. 

Commercial  Carnation  Culture.  — Carnation  cul- 
ture can  be  divided  into  three  parts  or  periods — propa- 
gation of  the  young  plants  during  the  winter  and  early 
spring  months  ;  the  summer  culture,  generally  carried 
on  in  the  field  or  garden,  for  the  growing  of  the  young 
plants  to  a  stage  of  maturity  suitable  for  the  transfer 
to  the  houses  in  the  fall  ;  and  the  winter  or  bouse  cul- 
ture, which  is  often  prolonged  throngli  spring  and  early 
summer,  depending  on  the  condition  of  plants  and  va- 
riety. Of  late,  experiments  have  been  made  with  summer 
culture  under  glass,  a  subject  which  is  treated  below. 

To  make  the  mode  of  cultivation  more  comprehensi- 
ble, it  will  be  well  to  speak  first  of  the  habit  of  the  Car- 
nation in  general,  for  there  is  a  great  difference  in 
growth  and  blooming  of  the  different  varieties,  without 
making  one  variety  or  the  other  less  profitable.  Al- 
though the  same  treatment  may  be  app''^*d-  a  slight 
deviation  from  general  rules  may  often  )»■  |.r:ii-tii'iil  and 
more  fitting  to  certain  varieties.  \\  .  i:  >!  hhmhj  ,,ur 
present  varieties  some  with  a  mores]. 1.  .  j.  j-liiii,' 
growth,  as  Daybreak,  while  others  lt  n  i  .  i  ;  rrt, 
as  Jubilee.  We  find  early  and  lat.-  M  .i:..  r-  ;  --me 
that  are  continuous  bloomers,  as  lira.  (ico.  Jl.  Bradt, 
and  others  that  show  a  tendency  to  "crop",  while  with 
some  varieties  the  coming  off  crop  and  the  new  coming- 
in  are  so  linked  together  that  it  will  only  be  noticed  by  a 
less  quantity  and  smaller  flowers,  as  in  White  Cloud; 
with  others  it  is  somarked  that  often  an  interval  of  from 
four  to  six  weeks,  or  an  entire  cessation  of  blooming, 
will  take  place,  as  in  Bridesmaid.  In  the  aggregate, 
the  continuous  bloomer  and  the  cropper  may  furnish 
the  same  number  of  flowers  through  the  season,  and, 
under  circumstances,  one  may  be  as  pi-ofltable  as  the 
other. 

Propagation  can  be  carried  on  from  January  to  May. 
Earlv  propagation  is  preferable,  as  often  in  April  warm 
weather  will  interfere  with  good  results.  When  the 
plants  are  expected  to  commence  to  bloom  early  in  fall 


CARNATION 

and  furnish  a  good  quality  of  blooms,  early  propagation 
is  a  necessity.  Late-blooming  varieties,  when  propa- 
gated earlj',  advance  their  time  for  blooming  consider- 
ably. Late-propagated  plants  may  have  to  be  trans- 
ferred from  the  propagating  bed  to  the  field  at  a  time 
when  the  hot  weather  will  prove  very  severe  on  the 
little  plants  ;  they  are  deprived  of  the  advancing  spring 
growth,  and  consequently  make  little  headway  through 
the  hot  summer  months,  but  will  make  good  plants  for 
late  blooming,  or,  when  not  allowed  to  bloom,  will  fur- 
nish excellent  cuttings  for  early  propagation. 

Any  young  shoots  not  advanced  into  bud  formation, 
but  seeming  to  be  capable  of  producing  a  good  flower  in 
time,  will,  as  a  cutting,  make  a  good  plant.  If  the  bud 
has  commenced  to  form,  even  only  to  half  the  size 
of  a  pinhead,  it  is  bound  to  develop  ;  it  retards  root 
formation,  and  when  eventually  roots  are  formed,  all 
the  nourishment  taken  up  is  used  to  mature  that  bud. 
Such  cuttings,  doubtful  at  their  taking,  but  which  will  in 
time  develop  a  flower-bud,  are  not  to  be  necessarily 
classed  as  bad  cuttings  if,  at  the  first  symptoms,  the 
bud  is  removed  ;  when  left  to  develop  it  may  still  make 
a  plant  after  a  lapse  of  two  or  three  months,  but  time  is 
lost.  In  general,  the  strongest  and  best  cuttings  are 
found  at  the  base  of  the  flower-stem ;  those  that  appear 
upon  the  flower  stem  are  of  an  inferior  quality,  and  will  in 
time  show  symptoms  of  degeneration;  the  same  will  be 
the  case  when  taken  from  exhausted  blooming  plants. 
For  this  reason  the  late-propagated  plants,  whose  growth 
has  been  made  through  the  late  fall  months,  and  where 
the  flower  stems  are  removed  as  fast  as  they  appear, 
and  the  whole  strength  thrown  into  the  young  shoots 
appearing  below  the  break,  will  furnish  the  best  cut- 
tings. The  plant  is  in  quite  a  different  stage  of  growth 
when  producing  new  shoots,  and  when  young  shoots- 
cuttings— are  produced  only  in  connection  with  the  ma- 
turingof  flowers.  This  wilflead  tothe  conclusion  that  to 
produce  the  best  cuttings,  a  separation  of  the  culture  for 
flowers  and  the  culture  for  cuttings  is  the  best  solution. 
A  cutting  should  have  an  average  length  of  4  inches, 
with  at  least  1-inch  clean  stem.  When  taken  off  close  from 
the  branch  or  stem  out  of  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  no  further 
trimming  of  the  heel  is  necessary  except  an  occasional 
removing  of  some  wood  fibers  that  may  adhere  from  the 
break.  When  the  shoot  is  too  long  and  demands  a  cut 
with  the  knife,  the  cut  should  be  made  at  or  right  above 
a  joint,  so  that  the  two  leaves  can  be  peeled  off  and  leave 
a  clean  heel.  If  cut  too  h  igh  above  a  joint,  the  stem  gets 
too  hard ;  if  below,  the  bark  will  be  peeled  off  with  the 
leaves,  and  gives  occasion  to  rot.  Leaves  should  be  re- 
moved as  far  as  the  cutting  is  inserted  in  the  sand, 
and  the  top  of  the  leaves  shortened,  so  as  not  to  give  too 
much  surface  to  evaporation. 

The  propagating  bed  should  be  filled  with  ,S  inches  of 
clean,  sharp  sand,  not  too  coarse,  and  well  packed. 
When  the  cuttings  are  to  be  inserted,  a  line  should  be 
drawn  with  a  knife  to  the  required  depth  of  about  1 
inch,  the  cutting  inserted  and  the  sand  pressed  on.  A 
tile  or  brick  bottom  in  the  propagating  bed  is  much  su- 
perior to  a  common  wooden  bottom  ;  it  assures  better 
drainage  and  less  danger  of  fungus.  The  utmost  clean- 
liness should  be  observed  in  a  propagating  house,  and 
no  decaying  matter  be  allowed  to  lie  around.  Water  is 
needed  every  two  or  three  days  when  the  bench  has 
good  drainage.  The  house  should  be  shaded  either  from 
the  outside  with  a  whitewash  of  white  lead  and 
coal  oil,  or  on  the  inside  with  a  light  white  mus- 
lin. Ventilation  is  advisable  whenever  the 
temperature  comes  near  to  60°;  general  tem- 
perature 55°,  and  all  available  means  should  be 
employed  to  keep  it  at  that  point.  Day  tem- 
perature may  be  two  or  three  degrees  above, 
and  night  temperature  as  much  below. 

Average  time  to  root  Carnation  cuttings  is 
four  weeks,  and  depends  much  on  the  variety. 
Mary  Wood  may  root  in  two  weeks,  while  it  may 
take  six  weeks  to  root  Mrs.  Geo.  M.  Bradt.  In 
a  higher  temperature,  cuttings  will  root  more 
quickly,  but  it  is  not  advisable,  as  it  increases 
■"^  »he  danger  of  cutting-bench  fungus  and  soft- 
ns  the  young  plants. 

As  soon  as  rooted,  transplant  into  a  light  soil 
nriched  with  well  decomposed  manure— none 


CARNATION' 

other  should  be  used  — in  a  light,  well-ventilated  house, 
either  on  benches,  in  flats  or  small  pots,  the  latter  pref- 
erable, as  early-rooted  plants  can  be  shifted  into  larger 
pots,  and  the  later-rooted  be  just  in  good  shape  for  the 
transfer  to  the  field.  Temperature  the  same  as  in  the 
propagating  house,  but  when  the  j-oung  plants  become 
well  established  may  be  kept  5°  lower. 

The  ground  for  the  field  or  summer  culture  should  be 
well  prepared,  and  any  working  in  it  be  avoided  when 
too  wet:  planting  to  be  done  as  soon  as  the  weather  will 
permit.  A  good  spring  growth  is  of  the  greatest  advan- 
tage, especially  if  good  plants  are  wanted  tor  early  fall 
blooming.  Late  spring  frosts  will  not  injure  the  plants, 
and  a  cool  atmosphere  is  more  congenial  to  a  good 
growth  than  the  hot  summer  weather,  when  growth  is 
comparatively  slow  ;  plants  to  stand  at  least  15-18 
inches  apart  each  way,  or  at  any   greater  di: 


CARNATION 


251 


through  a  drought  than  when  resort  is  had  to  watering. 
Watering,  unless  it  can  be  done  thoroughly  and  kept 
up,  should  not  be  resorted  to,  and  only  as  a  last  measure 
in  a  severe  drought. 

When  the  plants  attain  the  height  of  5-6  inches,  top- 
ping should   be 
commenced  a 


long  a  s  the 
plants  remain  in 
the  field.  This 
operation  is  tor 
the  purpose  of 
removing       the 

wTere'  buds 
are  forming,  or 

the  mode  of  cultiv.ating  the 
soil  to  be  adopted  may  re- 
iiuire.  From  the  time  of 
planting,  as  soon  as  a  crust 
forms  after  a  rain  it 
should  be  broken  and  the 
surface  of  the  soil  kept  in 
a  mellow  condition  to  a 
depth  of  2  inches  through- 
out the  summer  ;  any 
deeper  cultivating  is  in- 
jurious rather  than  bene- 
ficial to  the  plants.  A 
thorough  cultivating  will  not  only  destroy  weeds,  but 
will  keep  the  soil  in  condition  in  which  it  retains  mois- 
ture the  longest,  and  will  carry  the  plants  much  better 


374.   Carnation,  Daybreak. 


where  a  part  of  the  plant  grows  out  of  proportion  to 
the  other,  to  force  the  plant  to  grow  into  a  symmetrical, 
bushy  form.  At  the  same  time,  care  must  be  taken  not 
to  cut  any  more  than  the  purpose  of  topping  calls  tor, 
for  the  plant  is  just  as  dependent  on  all  its  leaves  as  on 
its  roots.  Any  bloom  is  at  the  expense  of  the  fall  and 
winter  crop,  for  it  retards  the  growth  of  the  plant  and 
uses  up  energy  that  is  wanted  at  a  more  desired  time. 
The  transfer  from  the  field  to  the  house  for  the  fol- 
lowing winter  culture  is  an  ordeal  to  the  plants  and 
much  anxiety  to  the  grower.  If  early  flowers  are  wanted, 
an  early  transfer  has  to  be  made  — as  early  as  the  latter 
part  of  August  and  beginning  of  September.  Late- 
rooted  plants,  that  had  not  the  chance  of  any  spring 
growth,  should  be  given  the  benefit  of  a  fall  growth  and 
be  transferred  later. 


252  CARNATION 


The  preparation  o£  the  soil  for  the  benches  in  the 
houses  should  be  commenced  the  year  before.  If  pos- 
sible, select  a  piece  of  sod  — but  other  ground  will  an- 
swer—give it  a  good  coat  of  stable  manure  and  plow 
under.  In  the  spring,  add  more  manure  or  any  fertilizer 
that  the  soil  may  mostly  require,  especially  bone,  wood- 
ashes  and  lime,  if  not  already  in  the  soil,  plow  again, 
and  repeat  the  plowing  two  or  three  times  during  the 
summer.   As  to  the  texture  of  the  soil,  a  loam  that  con- 


tains some  clay  without  making  it  too  heavy,  is  prefer- 
able. It  requires  a  rich  soil  and,  therefore,  the  prepara- 
tion has  to  be  commenced  in  time,  so  that  the  manures 
become  decomposed  and  well  incorporated,  ready  for 
assimilation. 

Light,  roomy  houses,  with  good  ventilation,  are  re- 
quired to  insure  a  bountiful  crop.  Whether  solid  or 
raised  benches,  especially  for  the  latter,  fresh  soil  is  re- 
quired every  season.  Good  drainage  and  an  even  fill- 
ing and  packing  of  the  soil  insures  an  even,  healthy 
growth.  Strong-growing  varieties  should  be  planted 
12-15  inches  each  way,  less  strong  ones  closer  ;  any 
crowding,  when  not  diminishing  the  quantity  of  flowers 
to  the  square  foot,  will  certainly  degrade  the  quality  of 
the  same.  Transplanting  is  an  ordeal  for  the  plants, 
and  has  to  be  done  with  the  greatest  care  and  dispatch, 


CARNATION 

especially  as  the  ordeal  is  often  aggravated  by  hot 
weather  during  early  transplanting.  Points  to  be  ob- 
served are,  in  the  first  place,  a  careful  lifting.  When  the 
ground  is  sandy  and  loose,  the  ground  may  be  shaken 
off,  but  when  hard  and  baked,  so  there  is  danger  of 
breaking  the  roots,  it  is  better  to  leave  a  ball.  In  setting, 
plants  should  be  cleaned  of  all  decaying  leaves,  and 
buds  removed.  Place  the  plants  in  a  natural  position  by 
spreading  the  roots  out  over  a  little  mound  formed  in 
the  excavation  made  for  the  plant,  and  press  the  ground 
on  firmly.  Any  deeper  planting  than  the  plants  have 
stood  in  the  fields  invites  stem-rot.  Water  well  after 
transplanting,  after  that  more  sparingly,  as  a  too  wet, 
cloggy  soil  will  retard  root-formation.  Other  precau- 
tions to  facilitate  the  establishing  of  the  plants  are 
shading  of  the  house,  and  reduction  of  ventilation  to  a 
minimum.  A  moist,  cool  air,  even  if  close,  that  other- 
wise would  be  injurious,  has  to  be  employed  to  prevent 
a  too  strong  enervating  evaporation  from  the  leaves  — in 
other  words,  to  prevent  wilting.  An  occasional  syring- 
ing two  or  three  times  a  day  will  give  enough  moisture 
to  the  soil  after  the  first  watering,  and  keeps  a  moist 
atmosphere.  When  plants  showing  signs  of  having 
formed  new  roots  become  established,  any  of  the  pre- 
cautions employed  to  gain  this  end  become  injurious. 
The  shading  is  to  be  gradually  removed,  ventilation  in- 
creased, syringing  reduced,  and  a  normal  treatment  of 
growing  plants  assumed.  House  culture  may  be  summed 
up  as  follows:  Average  night  temperature  55°,  day  tem- 
perature on  cloudy  days  60°  to  65°.  When  over60°,  ven- 
tilation should  be  given,  and  increased  when  necessary 
to  retain  the  desired  point.  Fresh  air  is  a  necessity, 
and  ventilators  should  be  opened  whenever  it  is  practi- 
cable to  do  so.  All  syringing  is  to  be  avoided  and  the 
water  applied  to  the  soil  below  the  plants.  Water  should 
be  given  freely  when  needed,  and  care  be  taken  to  make 
the  wateringthorough,reachingthe  bottomof  the  bench. 
Glass  roof  should  be  kept  clean,  so  the  plants  will  de- 
rive the  benefit  of  every  moment's  sunshine.  Cultivat- 
ing the  soil,  with  the  exception  of  a  mere  scratching,  is 
of  more  injury  than  benefit,  as  it  will  destroy  the  white 
roots  coming  near  the  surface  in  quest  of  food. 

The  principles  of  support  are  to  hold  the  body  of  the 
plant  off  from  the  soil  for  a  free  circulation  of  air  un- 
derneath, and  to  support  the  flower  stems  in  a  way  so 
as  not  to  impair  the  plant  in  its  freedom  of  growth,  and 
leave  free  access  to  cut  the  blooms  with  any  desired 
length  of  stem. 

The  Carnation  is  rather  a  heavy  feeder,  and  quantity 
and  quality  of  blooms  depend  largely  on  the  nourish- 
ment supplied.  The  necessity  for  feeding  depends  on 
the  richness  of  the  soil,  and  to  avoid  a  disastrous  over- 
feeding, food  has  to  be  applied  judiciously— rather  weak 
and  often  than  too  strong  at  a  time.  Feeding  can  be 
done  with  a  mulch  of  well  decomposed  manure,  or  best, 
with  prepared  liquid  manure.  If  it  can  be  arranged  so 
a  part  of  the  liquid  manure  could  be  given  with  each  or 
every  other  watering,  best  results  will  follow  and  danger 
of  overfeeding  be  avoided.  In  the  preparation  of  liquid 
manure,  it  is  best  to  take  fresh  cow-manure  as  a  base 
and  add  any  other  ingredients  desirable,  as  chicken 
manure,  bone  meal,  sulfate  of  potash  :  liut  avoid  any- 
thing that  contains  lime,  as  lime  will  set  free  the  valua- 
ble ammonia. 

Summer  culture  under  glass  has  been  experimented 
with  in  late  years,  but  with  no  generally  satisfactory  re- 
sults. The  hot,  close,  greenhouse  air  is  against  it ;  the 
plants  grow,  as  greenhouse  plants  do,  soft  and  drawn,  not 
to  be  compared  with  the  sturdy,  short-jointed,  hardier 
outdoor  growth,  so  productive  of  a  good  crop.  Indoor- 
grown  plants  lack  the  foundation  gained  in  the  field. 
True,  the  plants  will  not  have  the  set-back  of  a  trans- 
planting, but  better  results  have  to  be  shown  before 
this  mode  of  summer  culture  will  become  general. 

Every  year  new  varieties  are  produced  and  introduced, 
superseding  older  ones.  A  list  of  the  varieties  grown 
at  present  may  be  useless  in  three  or  four  years,  so  we 
mention  only  the  best  grown  now.  Among  the  whites, 
Lizzie  McGowan  ( Fig.  372 )  has  been  a  standby,  but  White 
Cloud  now  stands  as  the  best.  Maceo  is  the  best  deep 
red  or  maroon  yet  produced  ;  a  very  free  and  continu- 
ous bloomer.  In  the  scarlets.  Jubilee  (Fig.  37:i)  wants 
first  place,  but  indications  are  that  it  will  be  superseded 


CARNATION 

by  G.  H.  Crane.  Among  the  light  pinks,  Daybreak 
(Pig.  374)  is  still  a  standby,  but  there  are  some  among 
the  new  ones  that  will,  to  all  appearance,  push  it  into 
the  background.  In  the  dark  pinks,  Scott  yet  claims  the 
honors,  but  Mrs.  Francis  Joost,  as  the  newer  variety, 
may  succeed  to  its  place.  In  yellow.  Gold  Nugget  is 
conceded  the  best.  Mayor  Pingree  is  a  good  large  flower, 
but  rather  of  a  pale  color,  and  a  shy  bloomer.  The 
Carnation  par  excellence  is  Mrs.  Geo.  M.  Bradt,  white 
striped  scarlet  — an  even,  continuous  bloomer  through- 
out the  whole  season  ;  a  tine,  large  flower,  admired 
wherever  grown.  P^^^  Dokner. 

CAKOB.     See  Ceratonia. 

CAROLINA  ALLSPICE.    See  Cuhjcanlhus. 

CARPEL.  One  of  the  separable  or  component  parts 
of  a  compound  pistil.     See  Floivei: 

CARPENTARIA  ( after  Professor  Carpenter,  of  Louisi- 
ana). Saj:ifnifidce(p.  Evergreen  shrub,  with  rather  large 
opposite  Ivs.:  rts.  large,  in  terminal, looseeorymbs;  calyx 
5-parted  ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  numerous  ;  ovary  almost 
superior,  o-O-celled  :  fr.  a  many-seeded  dehiscent  cap- 
sule. One  species  in  Calif.  A  highly  ornamental  ever- 
green shrub,  with  very  large,  white  and  fragrant  fls., 
but  not  hardy  north.  It  requires  a  well-drained,  light 
andsandy  soil,  and  sunny,  somewhat  sheltered  position; 
it  especially  dislikes  moisture  during  the  winter,  and  its 
perishing  is  often  more  due  to  an  excess  of  moisture 
than  to  the  cold.  Prop,  by  greenwood  cuttings  under 
glass  in  summer,  and  by  suckers,  which  it  produces 
freely;  also,  by  seeds,  sown  in  spring. 

Calif6nuca,  Torr.  Shrub,  6-10  ft. :  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceo- 
late, entire  or  remotely  denticulate,  bright  green  above, 
whitish-tomentose  beneath,  2— I  in.  long:  fls.  pure  white, 
2}4-3  in.  in  diam.,  fragrant ;  petals  orbicular,  concave. 
June,  July.  B.M.6911.  Gn.  31:  581,  and  54,p.248.  G.C. 
11,26:113.    R.H.1884,  p..^65.    J.H.  111,29:  251. 

AliFEED   EEHDEK. 

CARPET  BEDDING.    See  Bedding. 

CARPlNUS  (ancient  Latin  name).  Cupuliferm  (or 
Bvliiliieni ).  Hornbeam.  Tree,  of  medium  size,  some- 
times shrubby:  Ivs.  deciduous,  petioled,  alternate,  ser- 
rate; stipule?  deciduous:  tis.  in  catkins,  appearing  with 
the  Ivs.;  staminate  catkins  pendulous,  each  scale  bear- 
ing 3-13  stamens,  2-forked  at  the  apex  ;  pistillate  cat- 
kins terminal,  slender,  each  scale  bearing  two  ovaries, 
the  bracts  and  bractlets  of  which  develop  into  a  large, 
leafy,  more  or  less  3-lobed  bract,  embracing  the  small, 
nut-like  fruit  at  the  base.  About  8  species  in  C.  and  E. 
Asia,  2  in  Europe  and  W  Asia  and  1  in  N  and  C  Amer 
Hardy,  ornamental  tree,  usually  with  dense,  lound 
head,  and  of  somewhat  slow  growth.  The  wood  is  \ery 
hard  and  close  grained,  and  much  used  in  making  tools 
andothersmi'l  irtuhs  The  h  uidscni.  f..li  ig.  is  i  iieh 
attacked   I  \    n        i        i  1  n  'I  i         1 1   i 

color  in  f 
large  h  s 

elegant  In  II  i      i      i 

well,  and  i  i  i  wi  i  ,1  I  i  i  l.ul  li.iU  .  u  I  ilis 
European  spcLies  was  foimerlj  muth  ustd  in  the  old 
formal  gardens  foi  this  purpose;  the  latterinakes,  also, 
an  excellent  game  cover,  as  it  retains  its  withered  foli- 
age almost  thioughout  the  whole  winter  The^  glow  m 
almost  any  soil,  and  e\en  lu  iIm  n  Kn  situ  itions 
Prop,  by  seeds,  sown  iisu  ilh  in  till  „i  i  iimi  iiiii.;  \  pi  \ 
Irregularlj  ,  if  the^  do  nut  s|  ut\^  u).  tin  liist  sj  iiii_' 
the  seed  bed  should  be  comimi  until  flu  t  )II..\miu' 
spring  with  moss  oi  leat  mold  to  keep  the  soil  moist 
If  intenilt  d  fdi  hedges,  the  seedlings  should  be  trans- 
phiuteil  .iftei  the  fii  st  -^eai,  and  allowed  sufBcient  space 
to  prevent  them  from  growing  into  slender,  tall  plants, 
unfit  for  hedges.  The  varieties  of  rarer  species  are 
grafted  in  spring  under  glass,  or  in  the  open  air  on 
seedlings  of  one  of  the  common  species. 

CaroIiiiitaa,Walt.(C.  J)Hf)-iV()»f/.Michx.).  American 
Hornbeam.  Blue  Beech.  Fig.  376.  Bushy  tree,  rarely 
40  ft.:  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  usually  rounded  at  the  base, 
acuminate,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  glabrous  at 
length,  except  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  2-4  in. 


CARRIERIA 


253 


ioiig;  fruit  clusters  pednncled, 2-4 in.  long:  bracts  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  %-l  in.  long,  with  2  broad  and  short 
inequal  lateral  lobes,  and  a  much  longer  middle  lobe, 
usually  serrate  only  on  one  margin.  E.N.  America,  west 
to  Minnesota  and  Texas;  also,  in  Mexico  and  C.  Amer. 
S.S. 9:447.     Em.  1 :  199. -Bushy  tree,  with    dense,  but 


slender  and  often  somewhat  pendulous  branches,  and 
dark  bluish  green  foliage,  changing  to  scarlet  or  orange- 
yellow  in  fall. 

B^tulus,  Linn.  European  Hornbeam.  Tree,  to  60  or 
70  ft. :  Ivs.  similar  to  those  of  the  former,  cordate  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  of  somewhat 
thicker  texture,  and  the  veins  more  impressed  above: 
fruit-clusters  3-5  in.  long  :  bracts  over  1}^  in.  long,  with 
ovate,  lateral  lobes,  and  much  longer  oblong-lanceolate 
middle  lobe,  the  margins  almost  entire  or  remotely  den- 
ticulate. Europe  to  Persia. — The  most  remarkable  of  the 
garden  forms  are  the  following;  Var.  inclsa.  Ait.  (var. 
quercifoUu,  Desf.).  Lvs.  incised  or  lobed,  smaller.  Var. 
fastigiita,  Hort.  Of  upright  growth.  Var.  purpurea, 
Hort.  Lvs.  purplish  when  young,  green  at  length.  It 
grows  into  a  taller  tree  than  the  American  species,  though 
the  former  is  of  more  vigorous  growth  when  young  ; 
the  foliage  turns  ^pII(  w  m  fall,  and  remains  on  the  tree 
throughout  tlit  w  mtt  i 

O  Auuiuati'i  Ml  li\  (  *  iinlimana— C  corddta  Blme 
To  40  »t  hs  1  1  ]\  ,1  I  \  itB  or  oblong  ovate  with  14-20 
pins  ,,t   \    111      I        11  i    I  111    Min.liuru      (,  P  8  295 


Al  FKEli  KfHIiFR 

CABRI£RIA  (after  E  A.  Carri^re,  prominent  French 
horticulturist  and  botanist,  died  1896).  Buatur  De 
ciduous  trees,  with  alternate,  long-petioled,  glabrous 
lvs.,  resembling  in  appearance  the  genus  Idesia.  Two 
species,  recently  discovered  in  China,  of  which  one,  C. 
calyclna,  Franch.,  has  been  introduced.  It  is  a  tree  to 
50  ft.  high,  with  rather  large,  oval  or  obovate  Ivs.  and 
apetalous  fls.  with  5  large  sepals  in  few-fid.  terminal 
racemes.  It  will  be  probablv  of  the  same  hardiness  and 
culture  as  Idesia.     R.  H.  1896,  p.  498. 

Alfred  Rehdek. 


254 


CARROT 


CAHBOT  (Da WCHS  Cfflcdta,  Linn.).  Umbeltifera.  A 
native  of  the  Britisii  Isles,  and  one  of  tlie  bad  intro- 
duced weeds  of  eastern  North  America  (Fig.  377).  The 
improved  succulent-rooted  garden  varieties  are  believed 
to  be  descended  from  the  same  stock,  though  this  has 
been  denied.  It  seems  probable  that  the  horticultural 
improvement  of  the  species  was  begun  in  Holland,  and 
it  is  said  that  the  cultivated  forms  were  introduced 
thence  into  the  gardens  of  England  during  the  reign  of 
Queen  Elizabeth.  The  Carrot  is  now  very  generally, 
though  not  extensively,  cultivated  everywhere,  both  for 
culinary  purposes  and  for  stock-feeding.  It  is  some- 
times forced  under  glass,  but  to  no  great  extent.  Car- 
rots are  most  useful  in  culinary  practice  for  soups, 
stews,  and  salads,  and  as  this  class  of  cookery  has 
never  been  reasonably  popular  in  America,  this  vege- 
table has  not  received  the  attention  it  deserves. 

The  Carrot  requires  a  loose,  friable,  warm  soil,  in  the 
very  best  mechanical  condition,  and  especially  for  the 
early  crop  of  tender  spring  roots,  this  needs  to  be  lib- 
erally fertilized  with  weli-rotted  stable  manure  and 
some  rapidly  available  potash  fertilizer.  Seed  for  the 
first  crop  of  Carrots  should  be  sown  as  soon  as  the 
ground  is  warm  and  dry  enough,  in  rows  1-2  feet 
apart.  As  they  germinate  slowly,  the  land  should  be 
free  of  weeds.  When  they  are  large  enough  to  be 
thinned,  the  plants  are  decimated  to  stand  2-3  inches 
apart  in  the  rows.  Careful,  clean  cultivation  is  requi- 
site, and  drought  is  to  be  especially  avoided,  even  at  the 
cost  of  any  practicable  irrigation.  Later  crops,  and 
Carrots  grown  for  stock  feed,  may  be  sown  in  May  or 
early  June,  and  treated  like  the  early  sowing.  When 
the  young  roots  are  ready  for  market  they  are  pulled 
and  tied  in  bunches  of  six  or  ten  or  a  dozen  (Fig.  378). 
In  the  early  spring,  when  a  considerable  appetite  for 
green  stuff  can  be  depended  on,  a  great  many  young 
Carrots  are  shipped  north  from  southern  gardens. 
Well-ripened  roots  of  the  fall  crop  may  be  stored  in 
pits  or  in  the  root-cellar.  The  Carrot  has  no  enemies  of 
importance. 

The  varieties  of  Carrots  differ  chieHy  in  respect  to 
size  and  ^'riiin,  wiHi  d iiim-nces  in  earliness  closely  cor- 
related.    I'l  .    '  III- favorite  varieties: 

FrenrI,   I  i       l„-t  Short  Horn). -One  of  the 

smallest  .ml  .  ,rh. -i  ,  loot  small,  almost  globular, 
orange-red. 

iJaiii'ecs.  — Cylindrical  stump-rooted,  medium  large, 
dark  orange,  flne-grained ;  the  favorite  all-purpose 
variety. 

Ozheart  — Medium  size,  oval,  rather  light  colored, 
fine  gram  and  flavor  ,  recentlv  mtroduced  from  France, 
and  quite  successful 


V 


of  wild  Carrot. 


Halt-long  Scarlet.— Top  small,  roots  medium  size, 
cylindrical  pointed  ;  much  used  for  bunching. 

Harly  Scarlet  Morn. -Top  small,  roots  half-long, 
somewhat  oral,  smooth,  fine  grain  and  flavor;  a  favorite 
garden  sort. 

Large  White  Belgian.  —  Very  large  and  rather  coarse, 
whitish;  principally  grown  for  stock-feeding. 

P.  A.  Waooh. 


CARYOPTERIS 

CAKTHAMUS  (Arabic  name,  alluding  to  the  coior). 
C'ompdsit(f.  Hardy  annuals  2-3 ft.  high,  with  spiny  Ivs. 
Involucre  with  spreading  and  leafy  outer  scales  and  the 
inner  ones  more  or  less  spiny :  receptacle  chaffy : 
akenes  glabrous,  mostly  4-ribbed,  the  pappus  none  or 
scale-like.    Of  easiest  culture,  from  seed. 


tinctoriUB,  1  mil  '^vn-i  wm  1  u -i  saffron. 
One  to  jit  liigli  glabiou-,,  bianchtd  h -,  ovate,  ^piny- 
toothed  H  heads  vMth  upwird  tapering  involucre,  and 
a  globular  1  low n  of  orange  florets  Asia  —The  flowers 
furnish  a  dje  material,  which  is  used  in  place  of  the 
true  .Saffron  (which  is  a  Crocus).  l   H.  B. 

CAEUM  (Caria,  in  Asia  Minor).  UmUlUferm.  Gla- 
brous annual  or  perennial  herbs,  widely  distributed  in 
temperate  and  subtropical  regions.  Lvs.  pinnate,  or 
ternate  and  pinnately  decompound  :  fls.  white  or  yel- 
lowish, small,  iu  compound  umbels,  the  calyx-teeth 
small  :  fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  sometimes  compressed, 
more  or  less  ribbed,  glabrous,  or  sometimes  hispid. 
Koots  often  tuberous.    Fifty  or  more  species. 

C&rui,  Linn.  Caraway  (which  see).  Stem  slender 
but  erect,  furrowed,  1-2  ft.:  lvs.  pinnately  decompound, 
with  threaii-like  divisions.  Old  World.  —  Sometimes  runs 

Petroselinum,  Benth.  &  Hook.  f.   {Petrosenniim  sa- 

•Hm.  Hotfm.).    Parsley  (which  see).    Erect,  1-3  ft. : 

ternate-pinnate,  the  Ifts.  ovate  and  3-cleft   (much 

in  the  "curled  "  garden  vars.),  the  upper  ones  nar- 

and  nearly  entire  :    fls.  yellowish.     Old    World. 

-Much  cult.,  and  occasionally  runs  wild. 

Giirdneri,  Gray.  Stem  solitary,  1^  ft. :  lvs.  mostly 
simply  pinnate,  with  3-7  linear  or  thread-like  Ifts.,  the 
upper  Ifts.  usually  entire,  but  the  lower  ones  often  di- 
vided: fr.  with  long  style.  Dry  hills,  in  Calif,  and  Nev. 
"nt.  1881  by  Gillett  as  an  ornamental  plant.  Roots 
tuberous  and  fusiform.  l_  jj_  g^ 

CARtMBIUM.    See  Bomalanthus. 

CAEYA  is  treated  nniev  Hicoria. 

CAEYOPHtHUS,  the  Clove  Tree,  is  now  referred  to 
Eugenia. 

CAEYOPTEEIS  (Greek  for  nut  and  wing).  Verbe- 
niiceep.  Small  shrubs  with  deciduous  opposite  lvs.  and 
blue  or  violet  fls.  in  axillary  cymes  :    corolla  5-lobed, 


5f,AIiq-  C.  Sinensis, 
5  ft.:  Ivs.  petioled, 
,   pubescent    above, 


CABYOPTERIS 

one  segment  larger  and  fringed ;  stamens  4,  exserted ; 
fr.  separating  into  4  somewhat  winged  nutlets.  About 
6  species  in  E.  Asia.  Free-flowering,  small  shrubs,  very 
valuable  for  their  late  blooming  season  ;  not  hardy 
north;  even  if  well  protected  they  will  be  killed  almost 
to  the  ground,  but  the  young  shoots,  springing  up  freely, 
will  flower  profusely  the  same  season.  They  require 
well-drained  and  sandy  soil  and  sunny  position  ;  if 
grown  in  pots,  a  sandy  compost  of  peat  and  leaf  soil  or 
loam  will  suit  them,  and  they  will  flower  in  the  green- 
house until  midwinter.  Prop,  readily  by  cuttings  of 
half-ripened  wood  in  summer  or  fall  under  glass,  and 
by  .seeds  sown  iu  spring. 

Maatac4nthu9,  Schauer  ( C.  int 
Dipp.).  Fig.  379.  Suffruticose, 
ovate   or    oblong,   coarsely   sen 

grayish  tomentose  beneath,  2-3  in.  long:  cymes  pe- 
duncled,  dense-fld. ;  fls.  small,  violet-blue  or  lavender- 
blue.  Aug.-Nov.  China,  Jap.  B.R.  32:2.  B.M.  C7il9. 
R.H.  1892:324.  R.B. 19:273.  G.C.  II.  21:149.  Mn.5:5. 
S.  H.  2,  p.  89.— Known  in  the  nursery  trade  as  "Blue 
Spiraea."   There  is  also  a  new  variety  with  white  fl.s. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  almost  entire  :  cymes 
R.H.  1«72:4.'J0. 

Alfred  Rehdeu. 

CABYdTA  (old  Greek  name).  PalmAceie,  tribe  J  cecfff. 
Fish-tail  Palm.  Spineless,  monocarpic  palms,  with 
tall,  stout,  ringed  halms,  at  length  bearing  suckers.  Lvs. 
disposed  in  an  elongated  terminal  fringe,  ample,  twice 
pinnately  divided  ;  segments  dimidiate-flabelliform,  or 
cuneate,  entire,  or  split,  irregularly  dentate,  plicate, 
folded  back  in  the  bud  ;  midnerves  and  primary  nerves 
flabellate  :  petiole  terete  below:  sheath  keeled  on  the 
back,  fibrous  along  the  margins  :  ligule  short  ;  spadices 
usually  alternately  male  and  female  :  peduncle  short, 
thick  :  branches  long,  pendent  :  spathes  3-5,  not  entire, 
tubular  ;  bractlets  broad  :  fls.  rather  large,  green  or 
purple  :  fr.  the  size  of  a  cherry,  globular,  purple.  Spe- 
cies, 12.    Malaya,  New  Guinea,  Australia. 

Remarkable  for  the  delta-shaped  or  flsh-tailshaped 
leaflets,  which  make  the  graceful,  spreadingfronds  very 
attractive.  They  are  excellent  warmhouse  palms,  very 
useful  for  decoration,  particularly  when  young.  They 
are  frequently  planted  out  in  protected  places  for  the 
summer.  Prop,  by  seeds  and  suckers.  For  culture,  see 
Palms. 

There  being  so  many  different  genera  to  choose  from 
in  selecting   plants  for  moderate-sized  conservatories, 
the  members  of  this  genus  are  not  very  popular  for 
providing  small  specimens.   In  a  high,  roomy  structure, 
however,  they  are  among  the  most  ornamental  of  the 
tribe.   They  are  quick-growing,  with  large,  broad  leaves, 
finely  cut  up,  the  small  divisions  resembling  the  tail  of 
a  fish  ;  hence  the  name  "Fish-tail  Palm."  After  reach- 
ing maturity  the  plant  begins  flowering  at  the  top,  and 
continues  downwards  until  the  vitality  of  the  stem  is 
exhausted.   Suckers  are  freely  produced  by 
some  species,   but  these,  as  a  rule,  do  not 
become  so  robust  as  the  parent  stem,  owing 
probably  to  the    soil   becoming   exhausted. 
Seeds  are   offered   by  most   dealers.      The 
young  plants  should   be  grown  in  a  warm, 
moist   atmosphere,    the    soil  consisting    of 
loam  with  about  one-third  of  its  bulk  leaf- 
mold  and  sand  in  equal  parts.     They  some- 
times lose  their  roots  if  kept  too  cool  and 
wet  in  winter. 

mitis,  Lour.  (C.  sobolifera.  Wall.).    Caudex  15-25  ft, 
high,   4-5   in.   in   diam.,    soboliferous  :    petioles,    leaf- 
sheaths  and  spathes  scurfy-villous  ;  lvs.  4-9  ft.;  pi: 
very  obliquely  cuneiform,   irregularly   dentate,   upper 
margins  acute  ;  pinnules4-7in.  long.    Burma  to  Malaya. 

iirens,  Linn.  Wine  Palm.  Toddy  Palm.  Caudex 
stout,  30-40  ft.  high,  1  ft.  thick,  not  soboliferous  :  lvs. 
18-20  by  10-12  ft.;  pinna?  .5-0  ft.,  curved  and  drooping, 
very  obliquely  truncate,  acutely  serrate,  the  upper  mar- 
gin produced  and  caudate  ;  pinnules  4-8  in. :  petiole 
very  stout.    India,  Malaya.    A. P.  12:295.    Gng.  5:131. 

Rumphi&na,  Mart.  Lvs.  2-pinnate.  several  feet  long, 
the  pinnules  thick,  sessile,  6  in.  long  or  nearly  so,  ob- 
lons.  Malaya. -Var.  Albertii,  Hort.  (C.^ifteWii,  Muell.), 


CASIMIBOA 


255 


is  iu  the  trade.  It  is  large  and  free-growing,  the  lvs. 
being  1(5-18  ft.  long  and  two-thirds  as  broad  ;  If.-seg 
ments  fan-shaped  and  oblique,  toothed. 

C.  Slancbi,  Hort..  from  the  Philippines,  is  in  the  Amer.  trade. 
It  is  probably  a  form  of  C.  urens. 

Jared  G.  Smith  and  G.  W.  Oliver. 


CASHEW  is 

CASIMIBOA 

Gomez).    jKidtii 
ag-petioled,    d 


la 

cent  beneath  :  fls.  rf 
5-parted,  small  ;  pet 
curved  ;  disc  incons] 
filaments  subulate  ;  ; 
disc,  globose,  .'">-  ur 
stigma  spssil,-..  ,--Iol.r 
illarv  :  fr,  ii  .lrn|..>. 
agrfe:ili|,-    1..    i;.si,.,  ,■ 


1  in  honor  of  Cardinal  Casimiro 
vergreen  trees  :  lvs.  alternate, 
,  3-7-foliolate  ;  Ifts.  petiolulate, 
ightly  serrate,  smooth  or  pubes- 
;ular.  iiiilygiimo-dioecious  ;   calyx 

:.M       stamens  5,  free; 

'  i  '       vary  sessile,  on 

""  - '11.^    "  ^  lobed,  5-celled: 

:   .niil.s  solitary  in  the  cells,  ax- 

l.itL-r,    ai-|)ressed-globose ;    pulp 

ilil'    :   sieds  oblong,  compressed, 

I'w"  species,  of  which  the  fol- 


6dulis,  LaLlave.  White  Sapota.  Coohil  Sapota. 
Large  tree  :  trunk  ashen  gray,  with  warty  excrescences : 
lvs.  dark  green,  glossy:  fls.  greenish  yellow,  small:  fr. 
greenish  yellow  when  ripe,  with  strong,  thick  epicarp, 
J^in.  thick,  about  the  size  of  an  orange  :  seeds  nearly 
1  in.  long  and  half  as  wide.  Me.x.  Cultivated  to  a  lim- 
ited extent  in  Calif.  — The  fruit  of  this  species  is  said 
to  have  a  delicious  flavor,  similar  to  that  of  a  peach. 
They  are  used  in  Mexico  as  an  aid  in  inducing  sleep, 
and  the  leaves  are  used  as  a  remedy  for  diarrhoea.  Trees 
grown  at  Santa  Barbara,  Calif.,  are  said  to  have  reached 
an  age  of  over  80  years  and  to  have  borne  fruit  regu- 


prob- 


larly,  though  entirely  neglected.  The  tree  woul 
ably  succeed  well  in  southern  Texas,  Louisia 
Florida.  It  grows  on  the  co,ast  of  Mexico  to  an  altitude 
of  about  7,000  feet.  It  does  not  root  well  from  cuttings, 
but  may  be  raised  from  seeds.  jj.  j.  Webber. 


256 


CASSABANANA 


CASSABANANA.    See  Sicana. 

CASSANDRA.    See  Chamwdaphne. 

CASSAVA.    Consult  Manilwt  utilissimu. 

CASSEBEfiRA  (from  a  German  botanist).  Polijpo- 
ditiri'ip.  A  small  genus  of  small  Brazilian  ferns  allied 
to  the  maidenhair,  but  rarely  seen  in  cultivation. 

CASSIA  (ancient  Greek  name).  Legumindsce.  Senna. 
Several  hundred  herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  in  many  parts 
of  the  world,  of  which  a  very  few  are  in  cult,  in  Amer., 
mostly  as  border  plants.  Lvs.  even-pinnate:  fls.  nearly 
regular  (not  papilionaceous),  with  the  nearly  equal 
calyx-teeth  mostly  longer  than  the  tube  ;  corolla  of  5 
spreading,  nearly  equal  clawed  petals;  stamens  5  or  10, 
frequently  unequal,  and  some  of  the  anthers  abortive  : 
fr.  a  stalked  pod  which  is  either  flat  or  terete,  contain- 
ing numerous  seeds.  The  Cassias  delight  in  a  sunny 
exposure.  Most  of  those  which  are  cultivated  here  are 
herbs  or  herb-like  shrubs,  attractive  for  the  finely  cut 
foliage  and  the  showy  fls.  Some  of  them  are  cultivated 
only  in  the  extreme  south.  Prop,  mostly  by  divisions 
and  seeds,  — the  annual  species  always  by  seeds. 

Senna  leaves,  used  in  medicine  as  a  cathartic,  are  de- 
rived from  various  species,  chiefly  from  C:acutifoUa  of 
Egypt,  and  C.  angustifolia  of  India  and  other  Old 
World  tropics.  The  "Cassia  lignea"  of  drug  stores  is 
made  from  a  Cinnamomum. 

A.    Hardy  border  plants  :   leaflets  6  or  more  pairs. 

Marylindica,  Linn.  Wild  Senna.  Perennial,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  stems  nearly  simple  :  Ifts.  6-10  pairs,  ob- 
long or  lance-oblong  and  entire,  short-acuminate  or 
nearly  obtuse:  fls.  in  axillary  racemes  near  the  tops  of 
the  stems  and  often  appearing  as  if  panicled,  bright 
yellow,  wide  open.  New  Eng.  to  Mich,  and  south, 
mostly  in  wet  soil.  — Grows  3-4  ft.  high,  and  has  attrac- 
tive light  green  foliage. 

Chamaecrista,  Linn.  Partridge  Pea.  Annual,  erect 
or  spreadin;;.  2  ft.  or  less  high:  Ifts.  10-1.5  pairs,  small, 
narrow  ol,l,,i,j.  i,,.i.  r..i,:ii-,  --  i,-iiive  to  the  touch  :  fls. 
large,   --'i    i    _    -j  vr    ;,      •.  .-Mnarv-yellow   and  2 

ofthepifi  II  I 'I  \  soil,  Maine  S.  and  W. 

nder  glass  : 


ith,f. 


I  fls 


I  In 


B.  Tree,  uith  very  long,  woody,  indehiscent pods. 
Fistula,  Linn.    Pudding  Pipe  Tree.    Lvs.  large,  the 

Ifts.  4-6  pairs,  and  ovate-acuminate  :  fls.  in  long  lax  ra- 
cemes, yellow  :  pods  cylindrical,  black,  3-furrowed,  1-2 
ft.  long,  containing  1-seeded  compartments.  India,  but 
introduced  in  W.  Ind.  and  other  tropical  countries. 
Sparingly  cult,  in  S.  Fla.  — Furnishes  the  Cassia  pods 
of  commerce. 

BB.    Shrubs  or  herbs,  trith  shorter  and  more  or  less 
dehiscent  pods. 

Sophdra,  Linn.  (C.  schiiiifdlia,  DC).  Shrub, 6-10 ft. : 
Ifts.  6-10  pairs,  lanceolate-acute  :  fls.  yellow  on  many- 
fld.  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles,  which  are  shorter 
than  the  lvs.:  pod  thin,  tardily  dehiscent.  Oriental 
tropics.    Int.  in  S.  Calif. 

tomentdsa,  Linn.  f.  Shrub,  4-8  ft.:  Ifts.  6-8  pairs, 
oval-oblong  and  obtuse,  white-tomentose  beneath  :  fls. 
yellow.  Mex.  — Said  to  be  a  good  winter  bloomer  in  S. 
Calif. 

corymbosa.  Lam.  Shrub,  half-hardy  in  middle  states, 
4-10  ft.:  Ifts.  3  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate  and  somewhat 
falcate,  obtuse  or  nearly  so:  fls.  yellow,  in  long-stalked, 
small  axillary  and  terminal  corymbs.  Argentina.  B.M. 
633.    Gn.  50,  p.  139. -The  best  known  stove  species. 

artemesioldes,  Gaud.  Tree-like  shrub,  soft-canescent 
and  gray  all  over  :  Ifts.  3-4  pairs,  very  narrow-linear  : 
racemes  axillarv,  ,T-8-fld.,  the  fls.  deep  yellow.  Austral. 
-Int.  in  S.  Calif.    Withstands  drought. 

biSldra,  Linn.  Shrub,  4-8  ft.:  Ifts.  6-8  pairs,  broad- 
oblong,  verv  obtuse  :  fls.  Iprge,  yellow,  on  2-4-fld.  pe- 
duncles, which  are  shorter  than  the  lvs.  S.  Amer.  B.M. 
810.  — Sparingly  cult,  in  greenhouses. 

C.  Schraderii,  "yellow,  dark  spotted  fls.  in  racemes.  2-3  ft.." 
is  oflfered,  but  its  systematic  position  is  doubtful,   l.  H.  B. 


CASTANEA 

CASSiOFE  (Greek  mythological  name).  Erichceoe. 
Low,  procumbent,  evergreen,  heath-like  shrubs  :  lvs. 
small,  usually  imbricated  and  opposite  :  fls.  solitary, 
nodding ;  corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed  ;  stamens  10, 
included  :  fr.  capsular.  Ten  species  in  arctic  regions 
and  high  mountains  of  N.  Amer.,  N.  Eu.,  N.  Asia  and 
Himal.  Graceful,  delicate  plants,  adapted  for  rockeries, 
flowering  in  summer.  They  are  of  somewhat  difiicult 
culture,  and  require  peaty  and  sandy,  moist  hut  well- 
drained  soil  and  partly  shaded  situation,  though  C.  hyp- 
noides  grows  best  in  full  sun,  creeping  amongst  grow- 
ing moss.  Drought,  as  well  as  dry  and  hot  air,  is  fatal 
to  them.  Prop,  readily  by  cuttings  from  mature  wood 
in  August  under  glass  ;  also  by  layers,  and  by  seeds 
treated  like  those  of  Erica.  Formerly  included  under 
Andromeda. 

C  fastigidta.  Don.  Ascending:  lvs.  imbricate.  in4rows,  with 
white  fringed  margin  :  fls.  axillary,  white.  Himal.  B.M.  4796. 
—  C.  hypno'ides.  Don.  Creeping  ;  lvs.  linear,  loosely  imbricate: 
fls.  terminal,  deeply  5-cIeft.  .\rctif  reginns.  B.M." 
20:19K.-V.Mertensiai,a.l>.,u  K,..,,.,  .,...;„l,u- 
lvs.  imbricate,  in  4  rouN.  r.irin  ii  ■  ■  i'  i  ' 
white  or  slightly  tins'M  r.i.v      -  < 

Don.    Similar  to  the  i.-iin.  r.  ' 
deep  furrow  on  the  bark.    .Vnti'   i   _■!    ii-     1.  ^l      1 


L.B.C. 

ft.  high: 

trdgona, 
.  with  a 


CASTANEA 


ALFKEli   KEHDER. 

at  Latin  name).  Ctipuiiferm  (or 
Fagacece).  Chestnut.  Deciduous 
trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate 
serrate  lvs. :  fls.  monoecious,  the 
staminate  ones  with  6-parted 
calyx  and  10-20  stamens,  in  long, 
erect,  cylindrical  catkins  ;  the 
pistillate  ones  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  upper  catkins,  usu- 
ally 3  together  in  a  prickly 
involucre:  fr.  a  large  brown 
nut,  1-7  together  in  a  prickly 
involucre  or  bur.  Five  spe- 
cies   in    the  temperate    re- 


380.  Castanea  An 


381.   Cast2nea  sativ 


gions  I 


CASTAXEA 


Amer.,  Eu.,  N.  Afr.  and  Asia.  Hardy 
jfs  or  shrubs  with  handsome  foliage, 
which  generally  is  not  injured  by  insects  or  fungi;  very 
attractive  when  in  bloom.  C.  Americana  and  C.  satii'a 
are  large-sized  trees,  while  C.  pii»iila  and  C.  crenata 
usually  remain  shrubby.  The  coarse-grained  wood  is 
much  used  for  furniture,  railway  ties  and  fence-posts, 
as  it  is  very  durable  in  the  soil.  The  Chestnut  is  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  Europe  and  E.  Asia  for  its  edible 
fruit.  It  grows  best  in  well-drained  soil  on  sunny  slopes, 
and  even  in  rather  dry  and  rocky  situations,  but  dis- 
likes limestone  soil.  Prop,  by  seeds,  sown  in  fall  where 
there  is  no  danger  of  them  being  eaten  by  mice  or  squir- 
rels ;  otherwise  they  should  be  stratified  in  boxes  and 
buried  1  or  2  feet  deep  in  a  warm  soil  until  early  spring, 
when  they  are  sown  in  rows  about  3  inches  deep.  If 
growing  well  they  can  be  transplanted  the  following  fall 
or  spring  2  or  3  feet  apart  from  each  other,  and  planted 
where  they  are  to  stand  after  three  or  four  years.  They 
are  also  increased  by  layers  in  moist  soil.  Varieties  are 
usually  worked  on  seedling  stock  or  on  sprouts  by 
whip-grafting  above  the  ground  when  the  stock  is  just 
beginning  to  push  into  leaf.  Crown-grafting,  root-graft- 
ing and  budding  are  also  sometimes  practiced,  but  no 
method  gives  wholly  satisfactory  results,  and  usually 
only  one-half  take  well.    See  Chestnut. 

A.    Lfs.  qiahrous  or  nearly  so  at  maturity. 

Americana,  Raf.  ( (7.  (ff>i;(!''(,Borkh.).  Fig.  380.  Tree, 
occasionally  100  ft.:  Ivs.  cuneate,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  nearly  glabrous  when 
young,  6-10  in.  long  and  somewhat  pendulous  :  fls.  of 
heavy  fragrance,  in  June  or  July  :  nuts  >^-l  in.  wide. 
S.Maine  to  Mich.,  south  to  Ala.  and  Miss.  S.S.  9:440-41. 
Em.  187.  G.F.10:373.-Thetallest,mostvigorous-grow- 
ing  and  hardiest  species.  The  nuts,  though  smaller, 
have  a  better  flavor  than  the  European  varieties. 

sativa.  Mill.  (C.  ff'sca.Giirtn.).  Fig.  381.  Tree,  50-80 
ft.:  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  slightly 
pubescent  or  tomentose  beneath  when  young,  nearly 
glabrous  at  length,  .5-9  in.  long,  erect  :  nut  over  1  in. 
wide.  June.  Prom  S.  Eu.  and  N.  Afr.  to  China.  Gn.  50, 
p.  389.  Gng.  3:  209.  — There  are  some  garden  forms  with 
variegated  Ivs.,  and  others,  of  which  var.  aspleniiolia, 
Lodd.,  with  lacinlately  cut  and  divided  Ivs.,  is  the  most 
remarkable.  Of  several  varieties  cultivated  for  their 
fruit,  Paragon,  a  precocious  kind,  and  Numbo,  a  variety 
with  very  large  fr.,  are  the  most  extensively  planted  in 
this  country.    See  Che.it nut. 


CASUARINA 


257 


crenata,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (C.  Japdnica,B\\ime).  Pig.  382. 
Shtub  or  tree,  to  30  ft.:  Ivs.  elliptic  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, usually  rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate,  crenately 
serrate,  or  the  teeth  reduced  to  a  long,  bristle  like 
point,  slightly  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  at 
length  or  only  pubescent  on  the  veins  lieneath.  3-7  in. 
long,  erect:  nut  overl  in.  wiile.  .Iap:in.  (  liiiiii. -Shrubby 
and  very  precocious  ;  it  usu.-illv  I., -ins  t(,  fruit  when 
about  six  years  old.    Hardy  a--  tin-  N.  ;i-  .Mm-s. 

AA.    Lvs.  u-hiti.ih  tonunl;.-i,    Ij.nLath. 

pilinila.  Mill.  Chinqdapin.  Shrub  or  small  tree, 
rarely  50  ft.:  Ivs.  cuneate,  elliptic-oblong  or  oblong- 
obovate,  acute,  serrate,  teeth  often  reduced  to  bristle- 
like points,  3-5  in.  long  :  fr.  usually  solitary,  ovate, 
small,  about  %in.  wide  and  %-\  in.  long.  May,  June. 
From  Pa.  to  N.  Fla.  and  Texas.  S.S.  9:  442-43. -Useful 
for  planting  on  dry  and  rocky  slopes  ;  attractive  when 
in  flower,  and  again  in  fall,  with  its  abundant  light  green 
burs  among  the  dark  foliage.  The  closely  allied  C.  alni- 
folia,  Nutt.,  in  the  S.  states,  grows  only  a  few  feet 
high,  and  has  larger  Ivs.  and  fr.      Alfred  Eehdek. 

CASTANEA  of  commerce.   The  nuts  of  Berlholletia. 

CASTAN6PSIS  {Castanea  and  opsis,  chestnut-like). 
Cupuliferce  {OT  Fagitcea).  Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs, 
closely  allied  to  Castanea  and  in  some  degree  also  to 
Quercus,  with  sometimes  entire  Ivs.  and  spiny  or  tuber- 
culate  involucre.  About  25  species,  chiefly  in  the  trop. 
and  subtrop.  mountains  of  Asia,  and  1  in  W.  N.  Amer., 
which  is  the  hardiest,  and  is  sometimes  cultivated.  For 
propagation,  see  Castanea. 

chrysophylla,  DC.  (Castanea  ehrysophylla,  Hook.). 
Tree,  to  150  ft.,  shrubby  at  high  elevations  :  Ivs.  ovate- 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
entire,  dark  green  above,  coated  with  minute  golden 
yellow  scales  beneath,  2-r>  in.  long :  nut  about  Kin. 
%vide,  usuallv  solitarv  in  the  spinv  involucre.  Summer. 
Ore.  to  Calif.  S.S.  9':4:i9.  P.M.  49.53.  G.C.  III.  22:411. 
F. 8.12:1184.  R.B.7:240.-A  highly  ornamental  tree 
with  beautiful  foliage,  hardy  only  in  the  warmer  tem- 
perate regions,  but  the  shrubby  form  is  much  hardier. 
Alfred  Rehder. 

CASTANOSPfiEMUM  (Chestnut  seed,  because  of  the 
taste  of  the  seeds).  Leguminbsa>.  One  tall  Australian 
tree,  with  odd-pinnate  Ivs.,  the  Ifts.  broad,  thick,  entire; 
fls.  large,  orange-colored,  in  lateral  racemes  ;  petals  4  ; 
stamens  free-  ovary  long-stipitate,  many-ovuled:  seeds 
larger  than  Italian  chestnuts,  globular.  C.  austrMe, 
Cunn  <L  Frnser  is  the  species  known  locally  as  "More- 
ton  Bay  Chestnut  "    The  seeds  are  roasted  and  eaten. 


Int 


CASTILLfilA  (a  Spanish  botanist,  D.  Castillejo). 
6  )ophuhniaiea  Painted  Cup.  Herbs,  with  small, 
solitary  fls  in  terminal,  gaudy-bracted  spikes,  mostly 
\  Amer  corolla  tubular,  sometimes  flattened  laterally, 
2  lipped  ,  lower  lip  smaller,  more  or  less  3-toothed  : 
stamens  4  Ivs  alternate,  entire  or  cut.  C.  coccinea, 
Spreng  the  common  Painted  Cup  of  the  E.  states, 
has  been  offered  by  collectors.  It  has  showy  laciniate 
bracts  CistiUeias'are  little  known  in  gardens.  They 
ire  of  simvle  culture. 

indivlsa  En^elm.  Annual,  1-2  ft.:  Ivs.  lance-linear 
ind  entire  (or  sometimes  2-3-lobed):  bracts  not  lacini- 
ate bright  red  and  showy.  Texas.  — Blooms  early  in 
spring 

afSinis,  Hook  &  Arn.  Perennial,  1-2  ft. :  Ivs.  narrow- 
lanceolate  entile  or  the  upper  ones  toothed  at  apex: 
fl  bi  lots  becoming  short  and  broad,  red  :  spike  lax  be- 
low    C  Uif  ,  m  moist  soils.  — Int.  1891  by  Orcutt. 

foholdsa.  Hook  &  Arn.  Woolly  perennial,  1-2  ft.,  the 
base  woody:  Ivs.  sijiall  (1  in.  or  less  long),  narrow- 
linear,  crowded  or  fascicled  :  bracts  3-parted  :  spike 
dense.    Calif.,  in  dry  soils.  — Int.  1891  by  Orcutt. 

L.  H.  B. 

CASTOR  BEANS  are  discussed  under  Bicintis. 


CASUAEiNA.Isaid  to  be  derived  from  Casuarius, 
Cassowarv,  from  resemblance  of  the  branches  to 
feathers)."     CasuarinAce<r.   Beefwood.    She  Oak. 


the 


258 


CASUARINA 


score  or  more  of  trees  and  shrubs  in  the  Australian  re- 
gion and  the  Indies,  being  the  only  plants  o£  the  family. 
They  are  usually  classified  near  the  walnut  and  hickory 
tribes,  although  very  unlike  them  — or  other  known 
plants— in  botanical  characters.  They  are  jointed  and 
leafless  plants,  somewhat  suggesting  Equiseturas  in 
gross  appearance  of  branches.  The  fls.  are  unisexual. 
The  staminate  are  in  cylindrical  terminal  spikes,  each 
fl.  consisting  of  a  stamen  inclosed  in  4  scales,  2  of  the 
scales  being  attached  to  the  filament.  The  pistillate  fls. 
are  in  dense  heads  borne  in  the  axils,  and  this  head 
ripens  into  a  globular  or  oblong  cone  ;  they  are  com- 
posed of  1-ovuled  ovaries  subtended  by  bracts.  The 
fruit  is  a  winged  nutlet.  The  branches  are  long  and 
slender.  Beefwood  is  planted  in  the  extreme  south  for 
its  very  odd  habit,  and  also  to  hold  sands  of  the  sea 
coast.  The  wood  burns  quickly,  and  is  very  hard  and 
durable.  The  redness  of  the  wood  has  given  the  popu- 
lar name,  Beefwood.  Remarkable  for  rapid  growth. 
They  grow  well  in  brackish  and  alkaline  soils.  Prop. 
by  seeds  and  cuttings. 

equisetifdlia,  Linn.  Tree,  becoming  150  ft.  high  in 
favorable  climates,  and  a  most  rapid  grower.  Branches 
drooping,  pale  green,  simple,  6-8-angled  or  terete,  the 
internodes  very  short  (less  than  >iin.) :  sheath-teeth  7 
(6-8)  lanceolate  and  appressed  ;  staminate  cone  nearly 
terete  :  pistillate  cone  short-peduncled,  ellipsoidal, 
about  12-sided.  Widely  distributed  in  Old  World 
tropics,  and  the  best  known  species  in  this  country 
(S.  Fla.  and  Calif.).  — The  wood  is  valuable  for  many 
purposes. 


Btricta,  Dryand.  Becoming  20-30  ft.  high  :  branches 
erect,  simple,  6-7-angled,  scarcely  green,  internodes 
short,  as  in  the  latter  :  sheath-teeth  usually  7,  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  appressed :  staminate  cone  slender;  pis- 
tillate cone  nearly  sessile,  oblong  (sometimes  staminate 
above),  about  14-siJed.    Austral. 

tOTuldsa,  Dryand.  {C.  Utiiiissima,  Sieber).  Reaches 
70  or  80  ft.:  branches  erect,  capillary,  mostly  terete,  in- 
ternodes short  :  sheath-teeth  4,  very  short,  triangular 
appressed  :  staminate  cones  filiform  :  pistillate  cones 
ellipsoidal,  8-10-sided.   Austral.  L_  jj    3 

CATALPA  (the  Indian  name  of  C.  bignonioides). 
BignoniAcew.  Deciduous  trees  with  opposite  orwhorled, 
long-petioled,  large  and  simple  Ivs.:  fls.  in  large,  showy 
panicles ;  corolla  tubular-campanulate,  2-lipped,  with  2 
smaller  upper  and  3  larger  lower  lobes ;  calyx  2-lipped : 
fertile  stamens  2  :  fr.  a  very  long,  cylindrical  capsule, 
separating  into  2  valves,  with  numerous  small,  oblong, 
compressed  seeds  bearing  a  tuft  of  white  hairs  on  each 
end.  Eight  species  in  N.  Amer..  W.  India  and  E.  Asia, 
of  which  4  are  hardy  in  the  colder  temperate  regions. 
Highly  ornamental  "trees  with  large,  bright  green  fo- 
liage and  beautiful  white  or  yellowish  fls.  in  large, 
showy  panicles.  The  coarse-grained  and  soft  wood  is 
very  durable  in  the  soil,  and,  therefore,  much  valued 
for  fence-posts  and  railway  ties.  They  grow  in  almost 
any  somewhat  moist  soil,  and  are  hardy  as  far  north  as 
New  England.  Prop,  by  seeds  sown  in  spring,  in  the 
north,  best  with  slight  bottom  heat,  or  by  cuttings  from 
ripe  wood,  the  varieties  often  by  softwood  cuttings  in 


early  summer  or  by  grafting  on  seedlings  or  on  roots 
under  glass  in  spring  ;  also  increased  sometimes  by 
layers  and  root  cuttings. 


384.  Catalpa  speciosa     Natural  sue 

A.   Fls.  white,  with  two  yellow  stripes  inside,  and 
spotted  purplish  brown. 

bignonioides,  Walt.  (C.  syringifdlia ,  Sims).  Tree, 
20-50  ft.:  Ivs.  often  whorled,  cordate-ovate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  sometimes  with  2  lateral  lobes,  pubescent 
beneath,  5-8  in.  long,  of  unpleasant  odor :  panicles 
many-fld.;  fls.  about  2  in.  in  diam.,  thickly  spotted  in- 
side :  pod  6-20  In.  long,  }4-/i  in.  thick.  June,  July. 
S.  states,  north  to  Tennessee,  often  naturalized  else- 
where. B.M.  1094.  L.B.C.  13:1285.  S.S.  6:288-89. 
Gng.  6:  118-119.  G.  F.  3:  537,  539.  J.  H.  III.  .32: 121. 
G.C.  III.  21:298. -Usually  low  tree,  with  very  wide- 
spreading  branches.  There  are  some  garden  forms. 
Var.  ailrea,  Hort.  Lvs.  yellow.  Var.  n4na,  Hort.  ( C. 
Bungei,  Hort.,  not  C.  A.  Mey.).  Forms  a  dense,  round 
bush,  often  grafted  high.  Gng.  3:195.  Var.  purptirea, 
Hort.    Lvs.  purple  when  young,  green  at  length. 

specidBa,  Warder.  Pig.  383. 384.  Tree,  to  100  ft. :  lvs. 
cordate-ovate,  long-acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  8-12 
in.  long:  panicles  usually  few-fld.:  fls.  about  2^  in.  In 
diam.,  inconspicuously  spotted  inside:  pod  %-%m. 
thick.  June.  Prom  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana  to 
Louisiana  and  Mississippi.  S.S.  6:290-91.  R.H. 
1895:136.— A  very  desirable  ornamental  tree,  closely  al- 
lied to  the  former,  but  taller  and  hardier. 


385.  Catalpa  ovata 


hjbrida,  Spiith.  (C.  bignonio'ides  Xov&la).  Teas' 
Japan  Hybkid.  Large  tree,  intermediate  between  the 
parents:  the  lvs.  resemble  more  those  of  C.  ovata,  smd 
are   purplish   when  unfolding,   but   much    larger  and 


CATALPA 

slightly  pubescent  beneath,  while  the  fls.  are  more  like 
B.  bignonioides,  with  the  inflorescence  often  twice  as 
long.  Originated  at  J.  C.  Teas'  nursery,  at  Baysville, 
Ind.,  about  20  years  ago.  G.P.  2:305.  Gt.  47:1454. -A 
very  valuable  tree,  flowering  profusely;  of  rapid  growth 
an<I  hardy.  Seedlings  usually  resemble  C.ocaffl. 
AA.  Fls.  yellow,  striped  inside  orange  and  spotted  dark 
violet,  about  1  in.  in  diam. 

ov&ta,  Don  [C.  Kcempferi,  Sieb.  &  Zucc).  Fig.  385. 
Tree,  to  20  ft.:  Ivs.  broadly  cordate-ovate,  abruptly  acu- 
minate, often  3-5-lobed,  nearly  glabrous  at  length,  with 
reddish  spots  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  5-S  in. 
long:  panicles  many-fld.,  4-7  in.  long,  fragrant.  .Tuue. 
China,  much  cult,  in  Japan.  B.M.  6611.  I.H.  9:319.- 
Hardier  than  the  American  species. 

C.  Bungei.  C.  A.  Mey.  Allied  to  C.  ovata.  Lvs.  truncate  at 
the  base,  long  acuminate.  3-5  in,  long:  fls.  large,  nearly  white, 
in  few-fld.  panicles.  China.—  C  BwHffei,  Hort.=C.  bignonoides, 
var.  nana.— C /onfffssima.  Sims.  Tree,  to  50  ft.;  Its.  oblong- 
ovate,  coriaceous  :  fls.  small,  white.  W.  Ind.,  often  planted  as 
shade  tree  in  Cuba.  Alfred  Rehder. 

CATANANCHE  (Greek  name,  referring  to  ancient 
custom  of  using  the  plant  in  love-making).  Comp6sita. 
A  half  dozen  annual  or  perennial  herbs  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region, with  the  lvs.  crowded  at  the  base  of 
the  stem,  and  linear  or  lanceolate.  Head  loug-peduncled, 
blue  or  yellow.  Akene  oblong,  ribbed  and  generally  vil- 
lose  or  setose.  Pappus  of  5-7  scales.  Of  easiest  culture 
in  any  garden  soil,  particularly  if  lightt  Useful  for 
cutting. 

csBrtllea,  Linn.  Perennial,  2  ft. :  lvs.  tomentose,  lanceo- 
late and  few-toothed  :  fl. -heads  2  in.  across,  with  wide, 
flat-toothed  blue  rays,  on  long,  slender  stems.  Blooms 
in  .lune.  Julv  and  Aug.  S.  Eu.  B.M. 293.  R.H.  1890,  p. 
523.  Var.  ilha,  Hort.,  has  white  fls.  Var.  bioolor, 
Hort..  has  white  margin  and  blue  center.  Often  used  as 
Everlastings.    Prop,  by  seeds  and  division,     l   H.  B. 

CATASfiTUM  (Greek  for  downward  or  backward, 
&nilbristle).  Orchiddcm.  tribe  I'liiidce.  Flowers  globose 
or  expanded;  labelluni  fleshy:  column  erect;  poUinia  2. 
Stems  short  fusiform  ;  lvs.  plaited,  membranaceous  ; 
scapes  basal,  fls.  in  racemes ;  the  column  provided  with 
sensitive  appendages  which,  when  touched,  cause  the 
pollen-masses  to  fly  out.  There  are  about  50  or  60  spe- 
cies in  the  Amer.  tropics,  either  terrestrial  or  epiphytic. 
The  fls.  are  in  racemes  or  spikes,  firm  in  texture,  and 
white  or  in  shades  of  green,  yellow,  brown  or  purple. 
Catasetums  are  not  much  cultivated,  since  most  of  the 
species  are  not  showy,  but  they  are  interesting  to  the 
botanist  and  amateur  because  of  the  striking  ejection  of 
the  pollen-masses.  Gardeners  often  have  trouble  with 
Catasetums,  but  they  are  not  diffieult  to  grow  if  given 
good  care.  They  need  a  high  temperature,  long  period 
of  rest,  and  free  supply  of  water  during  the  growing 
season.  They  are  grown  in  both  pots  and  baskets. 
Readily  propagated  by  dividing  the  plants  at  the  base; 
also  from  very  ripe  pseudobulbs  cut  in  pieces  and 
put  in  sand.  The  genus  includes  Monachanthus  and 
Myanthus. 

A.    Flowers  white. 

Btmgerdthii,  N.  E.  Brown.  Stems  8-9  in.  tall;  sepals 
larger  than  the  petals,  nearly  2  in.  long;  labellum  tend- 
ing toward  concave,  roundish  ;  appendages  thickish. 
Equador.  B.M.  6998.  G.C.  III.  1:142.  I.H.  37:117 ; 
34:10.  Gn. 33:646.  A. F.  6:  633. -A  striking  plant. 
AA.   Fls.  yellowish, 

maerocArpum,  Rich.  (C.  Cldveringi,  Lindl.  C.  Iriden- 
tUtum,  B-Ook.}.  Fls.  large,  nearly  3^2  in.  across  ;  petals 
and  sepals  yellow,  verging  on  green,  spotted  with  red- 
dish brown;  labellum  yellow.  Guiana.  B.M.  2559,  3329. 
I.H.  33:619. 

Hmbriatum,  Lindl.  &  Paxt.  Pseudobulbs,  2-3  in.  long : 
raceme  pendulous,  8-  or  more-fld. :  fls.  2K  m.  across  ; 
sepals  whitish  or  pale  vellow,  closely  barred  with  red. 
Braz.    B.M.  7158.    A.F.  G:609. 

longifdlium,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  deflexed:  lvs.  nar- 
row and  glaucous,  reaching  3  ft. :  fls.  on  drooping,  com- 
pact spikes;  sepals  and  petals  greenish  yellow  tipped 


CATTLEYA 


259 


-like,  orange-yellow.    Guiana. 


with  dull  red  ;    li 
Epiphyte. 

AAA.    Fls.  essentially  red  or  brotvnish. 

decipiens,  Reichb.  f.  Fls.  IH  in.  across  ;  sepals  and 
petals  lanceolate,  red-brown  and  spotted  ;  lip  saccate, 
yellowish  outside  and  red-brown  inside.  Venezuela. 
A.F.  6:609. 

AAAA.    Fls.  many-colored,  grotesque. 

Gndmus,  Andr6.  Pseudobulb,  oblong-ovate  and  alter- 
nate, articulated:  fls.  in  a  long  loose  raceme  on  slender 
pedicels;  sepals  greenish  and  purple-barred  ;  2  lateral 
petals  spreading,  concave,  purple  ;  lip  bluntly  conical, 
olive-green  spotted  outside,  ivory  white  within,  fringed 
above.    S.Amer.    I.H.  24:270.    A.F.  12:293. 

C.barbdtum,  hindh  Fls.  green,  blotched  with  purple.  Guiana. 
—  C.calldsum.hindi.  Odd:  fls.  with  chocolate-brown,  narrow- 
lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  ;  lip  greenish,  speckled  with  red. 
Venezuela.  B.'M. -i-V.i,  tji^-i^.~  C.  C/ir<^t<niuu/,i .  K'-irhl..  f.  Se- 
pals and  petaK  u-  i.i"\       " '  r.        "  ;.,;!  iili- 

fringed.   S.  .Virt.  ■'.'[![]-''"       '  '      i  ^ 

Eolte.  ■  Alli".l  I.'   '  ;         : 

Sepals  and  petd.t  t 

ulir  cordite   p  rrple 


nd  \ellowisl    w  th  purple 
'  gl  t  yellow  with  2  purple 


17  329     SHI 

spots    tootl 
Reichb    f      l_ 
veined    lip  3  ul 
Cogn    Interme  1 
pum    sepal    gre 
with   minj   I 


CATCHFLY    Consult  Silene 

CATECHU     See  Acac  a  Gated  t 

CATEEPILLAES.  The  worm-like  pods  of  Scorpitirus 
vermicul&ta ,  Linn.,  t>.  siibrillosa,  Linn.,  and  others 
{Leguminosrs},  are  .sometimes  used  as  surprises  in 
salads  and  soups  ;  and  for  that  purpose  they  are  cult, 
in  parts  of  Europe,  and  seeds  are  sold  in  this  country. 
They  are  sometimes  catalogued  as  Worms.  They  are 
annuals  of  the  easiest  culture.  The  pods  of  Medicdgo 
seutelldfa,  Mill.,  and  others  are  known  as  Snails.  The 
pods  are  not  edible.   European  plants.   A. G.  13:681. 

CATMINT  or  CATNIP.   See  Nepeta. 

CAT-TAIL.    Tupha. 

CATTLEYA  I  William  OattleV.  an  early  English  nat- 
uralisti.  Drrliuli'ir,,! .  tribe  hJ i>iilt  ml n'lF .  Epiphytes  of 
tropical  America.  Pseudobulbous  :  leaf-blades  1-3,  cori- 
aceous: fls.  usually  terminal,  large,  fleshy  or  membrana- 
ceous ;  petals  and  sepals  nearly  equal,  or  the  former 
much  broader  :  labellum  cucullate,  usually  trilobed, 
proximal  part  inclosing  the  fleshy,  clavate  column, 
except  in  C.  Aclandiw  and  C  bicolor :  pollen  masses  4 
(2  pairs),  with  short  appendages.  A  genus  generally 
cultivated  for  its  large,  showy  flowers,  which  for  inten- 
sity of  color  have  few,  if  any,  equals  in  the  family  of 
orchids.  Most  of  the  species  do  satisfactorily  under 
artificial  conditions,  although  there  is  an  opinion  preva- 
lent that  they  degenerate  or  "run  out."  Naturally,  some 
kinds  are  diflicult  to  grow,  since  the  horticulturist  is 
not  well  enough  informed  concerning  their  require- 
ments, but  there  is  no  reason  why  the  majority  of  the 
species  should  degenerate  if  properly  treated.  The 
genus  Cattleya  was  founded  on  C.  labiata  by  John 
Lindley  in  1824.  As  a  genus,  it  is  very  closely  ailied  to 
Lselia,  being  distinguished  by  having  two  pollinia  (4 
pollen  masses),  whereas  that  genus  has  four  (or  8  pollen 
masses.)  Qakes  Ames. 


260  CATTLEYA 

The  Cattleyas  are  indigenous  to  tlie  western  hemi- 
sphere only,  Central  and  S.  America  being  the  regions 
where  they  abound,  particularly  in  the  latter,  from  the 
different  countries  of  which  large  quantities  are  im- 
ported yearly.  During  the  last  few  years  the  collecting 
and  importing  of  Cattleyas  into  the  U.  S.  has  assumed 
large  proportions,  owing  to  a  continually  and  steadily 
increased  demand,  not  only  by  amateurs  but  also  by  the 
trade  in  general.  There  are  tw.>  particular  reasons  for 
this  increased  demand  :  First,  the  exquisitely  beautiful 
flowers,  combined  with  size  and  marvelous  colors,  and 
adapted  for  decorations  at  all  sorts  of  functions,  they  be- 
ing never  out  of  place  ;  second,  their  easv  culture.  Flor- 
ists and  amateurs  alike  are  beginning 'to  realize  that 
after  all,  orchids  are  only  plants,  and  if  only  treated  in  a 
common-sense  way  they  are  by  far  easier  to  grow  than 
a  good  many  plants,  and  especially  so  the  Cattleyas, 
provided  some  attention  is  paid  to  their  requirements. 

Cattleyas  in  general  delight  in  a  genial,  moist  atmos- 
phere and  a  temperature  ranging  all  the  way  from  55° 
to  iO°.  They  all  require  an  abundant  supply  of  water 
accompanied  by  a  liberal  supply  of  air  and  light,  dur- 
ing their  respective  growing  seasons.  A  Cattleya  house 
should,  if  possible,  have  bottom  and  top  ventilators, 
which  when  open  produce  a  current  of  fresh  air  impos- 
sible to  obtain  or  imitate  in  any  other  way,  and  in  which 
these  plants  delight.  The  glass  should  be  shaded  with 
a,  thin  coat  of  naphtha  and  white  lead,  enough  to  pre- 
vent the  sun  from  burning  the  plants,  for,  while  they 
enjoy  all  the  light  possible,  the  full  sun  in  our  climate 
is  too  strong  for  them,  and  they  are  liable  to  dry  and 
shrivel,  and  thus  lose  their  natural  luxuriance.  The 
shading,  however,  may  be  removed  entirely  during  the 
dullest  winter  months.  Cattleyas  will  grow  equally  well 
in  baskets,  pots,  or  on  boards  ;  the  former  are  prefera- 
ble where  limited  quantities  are  grown,  inasmuch  as 
they  are  easily  managed  and  may  be  hung  up  or  taken 
down  or  moved  from  one  place  to  another  with  the 
greatest  ease.  The  large  blocks  or  boards  are  to  be  rec- 
ommended where  large  quantities  of  plants  are  grown 
for  cut-flowers,  being  more  economical  in  every  sense 
of  the  word.  When  boards  are  used,  the  width  ought 
not  to  be  less  than  10  inches,  as  the  plants  would  very 
soon  grow  over  the  sides  of  the  boards  ;  the  length  may 
be  ad,justed  to  suit  the  house,  but  should  not  exceed  5 
feet-anything  larger  is  liable  to  be  too  clurasv  to  han- 
dle conveniently. 

The  best  potting  material  is  soft,  fibrous  peat,  with  a 
sprinkling  of  live  sphagnum  intermixed.  Too  much 
stress  cannot  be  laid  on  soft  peat,  as  frequently  too 
coarse  material  is  used,  resembling  amass  of  wire,  with 
the  result  that  the  water  benefits  the  plants  but  very 
little,  and  root-action  is  slow,  if  taking  place  at  all. 
One  thing  is  imperative  in  the  cultivation  of  Cattleyas, 
in  whatever  receptacles  they  are  grown  :  they  must  be 
firm,  without  going  to  the  extreme  of  ramming  in  the 
stuBf  too  hard.  A  plant  lying  loose  in  a  basket  or  a  pot 
will  never  grow  well,  but  will  gradually  dwindle  away 
to  nothing.  Where  boards  or  large  blocks  are  used,  the 
plants  are  fastened  on  by  means  of  galvanized  staples, 
inserting  a  piece  of  peat  between  the  staple  and  the 
rhizome,  so  as  to  keep  the  staple  from  burning  while 
new.  In  this  way  freshly  imported  Cattleyas  may  be 
fastened  on  to  clean  boards  or  blocks,  and  by  liberal 
overhead  syringing  the  roots  soon  appear,  when  a  mix- 
ture of  chopped  peat  and  sphagnum  may  be  shaken  in 
between  the  plants  to  cover  the  roots.  In  using  baskets, 
it  is  advisable  to  use  them  shallow  and  less  material,' 
the  compost  thus  keeping  fresh  and  sweet  for  a  consid- 
erable period  of  time.  Cattleyas,  as  previously  men- 
tioned, enjoy  a  copious  supply  of  water  during  their 
respective  growing  seasons,  in  our  climate  the  best 
method  is  to  use  the  hose,  and  water  overhead,  which, 
if  adhered  to,  will  cause  the  plants  to  soon  assume  a 
natural  green  color  and  luxuriance  common  to  them  in 
their  native  habitats.  Besides,  the  overhead  watering 
will  keep  down  vermin,  such  as  scales,  etc.  By  the  so- 
called  resting  season  of  Cattleyas  is  generally  under- 
stood the  time  after  the  plants  have  finished  the  flow- 
ering bulb,  and  until  they  begin  to  send  up  the  next 
growth.  During  this  time,  when  they  are,  in  a  sense, 
dormant,  the  quantity  of  water  should  be  diminished, 
which  causes  the  new  eyes  to  move  slowly  and  break 


strong.  As  soon,  however,  as  the  new  breaks  are  fairly 
under  way  they  should  be  encouraged  in  the  wav  of 
moisture,  when  the  new  roots  will  soon  appear  and"  the 
plant.s  go  ahead  with  renewed  vigor.  If  the  plants  are 
in  baskets,  suspended  under  the  roof,  they  should  be 
taken  down  at  intervals  and  dipped  thoroughly.  Hand- 
in-hand  with  a  copious  watering  must  go  a  liberal  sup- 
ply of  light  and  air  at  all  times.  In  order  to  obtain  the 
best  results,  the  plants  should  be  placed  as  near  to  the 
light  as  possible-say.  from  l-:i  feet  from  the  glp-" 
acconling  to  kinds  ;- '    -      "  ■   ■  ■ 

house.  Kinds  such  n 
delii.  C.  Mossice  luu 
flower  well  in  anv  \>: 
vided  they  have  pl.-i 
the  maxiniiini  i|i-':ii 
theCattlcy.L-  -i,  1  I 
A  capital  ilii    '  ■ 


Ii-  spu.-e   available 
'/./''/.  <■.  hil.n,!.,.  C.  Men- 
■/ .~. •,,,.;„.,    will   grow  and 

,-ln  and  air,  but  H  feet  is 
the  glass  at  which  any  of 
to  be  successfully  grown, 
nbove  is,  for  instance,  G. 
gij/as,  wtiirt,  ,|,M..  ;,,|i,M,  H,ly  suspended  Under  the  ridge 
ot  the  house,  where  it  receives  the  full  benefit  of  air 
and  light,  in  which  position  it  flowers  profusely,  while 
if  grown  on  a  bench  or  stage  it  rarely  flowers. 

The  best  twelve  varieties  of  Cattleyas  for  commercial 
purposes,  and,  indeed,  for  amateurs  also,  are  the  fol- 
-March;  Schroederia 


ving:  C.Triansei, 


fls.  March,  April  :    Mossiaj.  Hs.  April,  May;  Mendelii! 
fls.  April,  May;    Warneri.  rts.  May,  .June  ;    gigas,  fls. 


June,  .July  ;  Gaskelliana, 
a,  fls.  Sept.,  Oct.;  labiata, 
I,  fls.  Oct.,  Nov.;  Percival- 


June,  July  ;   chrysotoxa, 

fls.  Aug. ,  Sept. ;    Harrisoni 

fls.  Oct.,  Nov.;  Bowringea 

iana,  fls.  Dec. 

.    ^.',*'^.''  iiumber  of  plants  of  each  of  the  above  kinds. 

It  will  be  seen  that  it  is  possible  to  have  a  succession  of 

flowers  from  one  end  of  the  year  to  the  other. 

John  E.  Lager. 
Index:  Aclandia),  18;  amethi/sfina,  21;  amethysto- 
glossa,  25;  aurea,  2;  autumnaUs.  16;  bicolor,  19; 
Bluntei,6;  Boqotensis,  1  ;  Bowringeana,  16;  bulbosa, 
30;  Candida,  23;  Carrierei,  1;  Chocoensis,  9;  chryso- 
toxa. 2  ;  citrina.  17  ;  Vawsonii,  a  ;  dolosa,  21  ;  Dowi- 
an.-i,  2:  Pf.I  .rn  I  .,  3;  ErnestI,  1;  Forbesii,  22;  Gas- 
k'lli    ■   '      I  12;    gloriosa,    1;    granulosa,    26; 

«""  '       ''        -^"nim,  23;    Harrisoniana,  23;  Sol- 

[""''■  '^.  1;  intermedia, 21;  ^'e^eieeWi,  25; 

lal.i;ii;i.  1 ,  L  iv,  iLiiccana,  14;  Leeana,!;  Lemoniana,!  ; 
Leopoldn.  11:  Loddigesii,  23;  Luddemanniana,  5; 
luteola,  30  :  ilassangeana,  1 ;  maxima,  13  ;  Mendelii, 
6  ;  Morgance,  1  ;  Mossise,  7  ;  Nalderiana,  1  ;  nobilior, 
31  ;  pallida.  1 ;  Parthenia,  21  ;  Peelersii,  1  ;  Peroi- 
valiana,8;  Perrinii,!;  Primii,  25;  punctatissima,  21; 
gitadrieolor,  9  ;  Beinecklana,  1 ;  Bmzlii,!;  Rollis- 
xoHi,  1;  Sanderiana,  12  ;  Schilleriana,  29  ;  Schofieldi- 
ana,  27  ;  Schroederiana.  9  ;  Skinneri,  15  ;  speciosis- 
sima,  5;  splendens,  28  ;  superba,  28  ;  Trianffii,  9  ; 
Vietoria-Regina,  20;  rio/acra,  28  ;  virginaU.s,!  ;  Wag- 
nep,  7  ;  Walkeriana,  31  ;  Wallisii,  3  ;  Warneri,  10  ; 
Warocgueatui,  1  ;  Warscewiczii,  11. 

The  following  Amer.  trade  names  belong  to  L»lia  : 
enspa,  lobata,  marginata.  piimila.  See,  also,  the  list 
ot  hybrids  at  the  close  of  Cattlerja.  For  C.aurantiaca 
see  Epidendrum.  ' 

Of  several  of  the  following  species,  there  are  named 
vars.  in  the  Amer.  trade,  varying  in  stature,  habit,  and 
particularly  in  the  color  of  the  flowers. 

A.    Blossoms  from  a  leafy  pseudobulb. 
B.    Fls.  memhrimacKous,  not  fleshy. 
c.    N'umher  of  fls.  not  more  than  5,  or  rarely  C: 
pseudobulb  1-leaved. 
1.  labiata,   Lind.     Pseudobulbs    4-8   in.   high,  com- 
pressed, from   stout   creeping    rhizomes  :    leaf-blades 
broadly  ovate  or  oblong,  about  6  in.  in  length:  fls.  2-5, 
ranging   in  color  from    rosy  mauve  to  white  ;     petals 
3%  in.  long,  2%  in.  wide,    ovate-oblong,  several    times 
broader  than  the  sepals  ;  labellura  2K-3K  in.  long,  ex- 
panded portion  2  in.  across,  blotched'  or   veined  with 
crimson   or   magenta-purple,  the   margin    crisped    and 
paler;  the  posterior  part  stained  with  yellow  and  veined 
with   crimson-purple.     Blooms  in   autumn.    B  M  3998 
P.M.  4:121.    Gn.  51:1107.     G.C.  III.  19:  13.    R.B.  22-25' 
A.G. 17:65;   19:811.    F.R.  1:8;  2:531.    Gng.2:275.    P.E 
9:327.   A.P.  6:607.-Int.  in  1818  from  the  Organ  moun- 


CATTLEYA 

tains  of  South  America.  It  was  lost  for  many  years  and 
became  exceedingly  rare,  but  recently  its  rediscovery 
has  made  it  a  common  orchid,  and  many  beautiful  varie- 
ties are  in  cultivation.  Some  of  the  varieties  have  here- 
tofore been  regarded  as  species,  but  as  the  points  of 
distinction  are  too  slight  to  be  specific,  it  has  seemed 
best  to  put  such  forms  as  C.  Warneri,  C.  Trutmri  and 
C.  Mossiie  in  their  proper  place  under  the  original 
species.  C.  labiata  is  probably  the  most  useful  species 
of  orchid.    Immensily  vari 


261 


of  the 


se  forms  are  regarded 
sub-varieties,  by  dif- 
is   given  below,  the 


varieties  are  desiTi I'  ■!  ii. 

variously  as  spi-.i.    , 

ferent  authors.     1;         .  - 

following  are  to  1"-      :    : 

sis,  Lind.;    C.   C  II        :   :    r.    /;, ,      ';.  ILn-t.; 

C.gloridsa,C&vi\.   '  .ri;    ,,,      c    ■    ,,i»,7, 

Hort.;  C.Lemoni',     .  i,:i  .      .  <      ';  •  !:.  i^-hb. 

f.;   C.Udrgana.  W i  :    '        \  ,    i.-  .■  ;,i..  f . ; 

C.  pdllida,  Lindl.  >.V  1;.m        '       /  .    An.h.  ;    ('. 

P^rWnii,  Endl.  (not  Lm.ll,    .    '      /  1,'.  i.-lib.  f. ;   ('. 

BdtUssonii,  Moore  ;   C.  !■,,■  I         :    ,v  Andr^  ;   C. 

Warocquedna.     More  than    I >  itically  made 

names  are  referred  to  this  vi„r;,  -,      ripie  are  white- 
fld.  forms  of  nearly  all  the  vius. 

2.  Var.  Dowi4na,  Veitch  (C.  DowiUna,  Batem.).  Fls. 
nankeen-yellow,  except  for  the  disproportionately  large 
labellum  ;  petals  about  twice  as  wide  as  the  sepals, 
about  the  same  length  as  the  labellum,  wavy  margined, 
obtuse  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute  ;  labellum  amply  ex- 
panded, margin  crisped,  surface  velvety,  dark  purple, 
beautifully  and  finely  veined  with  golden  yellow  lines, 
which  radiate  from  the  median  line.  Strong  plants 
produce  3  or  more  tls.  on  each  peduncle.  B.M.  5618. 
R.  H.  1869 :30.  -  Discovered  in  Costa  Rica  by  Warscewicz. 
Little  was  known  about  it  until  1864,  when  Mr.  Arce 
found  plants  and  sent  them  to  England,  where  they 
flowered  in  the  autumn  of  1865.  There  are  now  several 
geographical  varieties  of  this  orchid,  the  one  called 
ailreaorchrysot6xa(I.H.  30:493.  J.H.  111.31:253.  R.H. 
1892:492.  A. F.  6:  563;  12: 10.  F.R.  1 :  76),  being  more 
easy  to  grow.  This  variety  is  recognized  by  having 
deeper  yellow  petals  and  sepals,  and  more  copious  vein- 
ing  on  the  labellum.  The  fragrance  of  this  orchid  sug- 
gests vanilla,  and  renders  it  readily  distinguishable 
from  other  varieties. 

3.  Var.  Eldorado,  Veitch  (C.  EldorMo,  Linden).  Fls. 
pale  rosy  lilac,  except  for  the  more  or  less  tubular  la- 
bellum, which  bears  at  its  distal  end  a  border  of  crimson- 
magenta,  which  shades  into  an  orange-yellow  disc  ; 
petals  narrowly  ovate  ;  sepals  lanceolate.  Int.  in  1866 
from  Braz.  F.S.  18:1826. -The  fragrance  of  this  orchid 
is  very  characteristic,  while  its  fls.,  which  are  much 
smaller  than  in  the  type,  are  produced  in  July  and  Aug. 
There  are  several  recognized  forms.  Sub-var.  crocita 
is  paler  in  the  sepals  and  petals.  Sub-var.  Wdllisii  is 
a  white  form  (A.  Wallisii,  Linden). 

4.  Var.  Gaskelliana,  Hort.  Petals  and  sepals  usually 
narrower  than  in  the  type,  perhaps  paler.  Blooms  from 
June  to  Aug.  The  usual  forms  are  not  distinct  enough 
to  be  varietal.  Venezuela.  I. H.  33:613.  A.F.  6:185. 
Gng.  5:72. 

5.  Var.  Luddemanni4na,  Hort.  (C  Iruddemannidna, 
Reichb.  f.  C.  Sdivsoiiii.  Waraer.  C.  speciosUsima, 
Hort. ) .  Petals  and  sepals  delicate  rose  color  or  pink-lilae, 
petals  much  broader  than  the  sepals ;  labellum  wavy  or 
crisped  at  the  margin,  compressed  dorsiventrally,  apex 
deeply  divided,  front  lobe  deep  crimson-purple,  the  color 
carried  back  into  the  throat  in  streaks,  front  part  of  the 
lateral  lobes  nearly  white,  margined  with  blush-rose  ; 
throat  yellowish.    Venezuela. 

6.  Var.  MfendelUi,  Backhouse  (C.  Mfiidellii,  Hort.). 
Fig.  386.  Petals  and  sepals  pale  rosy  mauve  to  white  ; 
labellum  blotched  with  crimson-purple,  throat  yellowish. 
Blooms  in  May  and  June  or  earlier.  Of  this  variety 
there  are  many  beautiful  forms.  Eastern  Cordilleras, 
New  Granada.  S.H.  2:413. -C.  .B/hh^ci,  Hort.,  is  apure 
white  form  with  a  beautifully  fringed  lip. 

7.  Var.  M6ssiae,  Hook.  (C.  MiUsiiv.  Parker).  Habit  as 
In  type,  or  very  similar;  petals  broadly  ovate;  labellum 
broad  in  expanded  part,  crisped  at  the  usually  whitish 


margin;  throat  yellow  lined  with  purple, 
tion  mottled  with  crimson  ;  frequenil> 
mingled  with  orange-vellow.  La  Gu:.\  t 
R.H.  1857,  p.  .322.    S.H.  1:149.    A.G.  1 1 :  7 


Ho 


torn 


C.  Reineckuina.  Reichb.  f.,  is  the  mo--!  1..  , ;;,;  i.M.i. 

It   has  white    sepals   and  petals  and    :i    u.l;l\    r..|,,r.il 
labellum. 

8.  Var.  Percivali^na,  Reichb.  f.  (('.  P,  r.  ir,ii,>uni. 
O'Brien).  Fls.  r:ither  small;  petals  and  .sipals  deeper 
colored  than  in  the  type  species' ;  labellum  relatively 


r/:'^^^ 


386.  Cattleya  labiata 


small,  pale  at  margin;  throat  deep  yellow  streaked  with 
crimson,  expanded  part  crimson-purple.  F.R.  1:298, 
J.H.  III.  32:179. 

9.  Var. Tritasei, Veitch  ( C.  Trianwi,  Lind.  &  Reichb.  f. 
C.  quad ricolor,  Lindl.).  Fig.  388.  Foliage  more  robust, 
perhaps,  than  in  the  type  species,  though,  of  course, 
cultivation  has  much  to  do  with  this  ;  petals  broader 
than  in  the  type  species,  ovate-rliomboid  ;  exceedingly 
variable  in  color;  expanded  portion  { not  usually  so  wide 
or  spreading  as  in  C.  labiata)  crimson-magenta,  the 
margin  less  wavv  than  in  the  other  varieties.  New 
Grenada.  B.M.  5504.  R.H.  1860,  p.  406-7.  A.G.  17:177. 
Gng.  3:151.  A.F.  6:607;  13:715.  F.E.  9:325.  F.R. 
1:672-3.  S.H.  1:11,27;  2:403,  405.-The  fls.  are  pro- 
duced 3-5  on  the  stout  peduncles.  Subvar.  41ba. 
White  tls..  yt'llow  blotch  in  throat.  Sub-var.  CllOC06n- 
sis,  Hill,  Vi  I  .  -iinilar  to  the  above,  but  the  fls.  have 
til-'  I  I'  I  I  not  wholly  expanding.  Colombia. 
1.11 .  ir.r,iys.  Sub- var.  Schrtederiana ,  Hort. 
(C  -^  .  U'fichb.  f.).  Fragrant;  petals  and 
sipr  ,  white  to  pale  rosy  mauve  ;  labellum 
ha^  i  :  x.llow  than  usual.  Blooms  at  about 
til.  I  h  ihe  above,  and  on  account  of  its  pale 
(i>.  !  ,.  .;  ,  :  uifty.  G.C.  111.20:73.  A.G.  15:211. 
F.E. 'i.:;:;l,-(  ,  /  .'/nrj  is  probably  the  most  popular 
single  garden  orchid. 

10.  Var. WAmeri, O'Brien  (C.  Wdrneri,  Moore).  Very 
similar  to  C.  labiata  itself,  differing  from  it,  perhaps, 
only  in  its  blooming  season.  May,  June  and  July.  S. 
Brazil.   A.F.  6:  563. 

11.  Var.  Warscewiczii,  Reichb.  f.  Fls.  large  ;  label- 
lum yellow  in  the  throat,  streaked  with  magenta-red,  the 
infolding  portion  similar  in  color  to  the  expanded  por- 
tion, whii/h  is  uniformly  crimson-purple.  New  Granada. 
G.C.  111.  22:li;3.  — At  the  entrance  to  the  throat  there 
are  usually  two  yellow  blotches,  or  "eyes." 


262 


CATTLEYA 


12.  Var.  Sanderiilna,  Hort.  (C.  g)gas,  Lind.  &  Andr^). 
Fig.  387.  A  noble-fld.  form,  which,  besides  beingrieh  in 
color,  is  larger  than  the  usual  varieties  of  C.labiata. 
New  Grenada.  l.H.  21:178.  Gn.  45,  p.  445.  G.P.  1:437. 
A.G.  .July  23,  1898,  Suppl.  F.R.  1:77  and  674.  F.E. 
10:  892. -This  is  a  form  of  var.  Warscewiczii. 

13.  mixima,  Lindl.  Plants  about  1  ft.  high  :  sepals 
and  petals  pink-lilac  ;  labellura  oval-oblong,  obscurely 
3-lobed,  richly  veined  with  crimson,  expanded  part 
crisped  at  the  margin,  a  yellow  median  band  on  the 
disk.    Equador.    B.M.  4902.    F.S.  20:21.36.    F.R.  1:298. 

14.  Lawrenceina,  Reichb.  t.  Pseudobulbs  12-15  in. 
high,  frequently  brownish,  rarely  green  :  sheath  red- 
dish brown  :  Hs.  few,  about  4  in.  across  ;  petals  oblong, 
blunt  at  the  apices  ;  sepals  pale  mauve,  narrow;  label- 
Inm  purple  shaded  with  maroon.  March.  British  Gui- 
ana.   B.M.  7133. 

cc.    Number  of  fls.  usualhj  more  than  G: 
pseudobtilb  3-S-leared. 

15.  Skinneri,  Batem.  Stems  about  1  ft.  high,  attenu- 
ated at  base,  2-lvd. :  fls.  6-8,  sometimes  more,  about  4 
in.  across,  rose-mauve  ;  disk  of  labellum  whitish,  bor- 
dered with  deeper  rose-mauve  or  deep  purple.  Guate- 
mala. B.M.  4270.  P.M.  11:193.  R.B.  22:201.  G.C.  III. 
20:6.  G.F.  3:201. -Common,  and  a  favorite.  Runs  into 
white-fld.  forms. 

16.  Bowrlnge&na,  Veitch  (C.  anlnmndlis,  Hort.). 
Pseudobulbs  about  18  in.  tall,  J^in.  in  diam.,  subcylin- 
drical,  jointed,  nodes  about  6,  base  swollen,  2-3-lvd.: 
Us.  5-30,  on  stout  peduncles  1  ft.  long,  double-sheathed ; 
petals  1%  in.  long,  deep  rose-mauve;  labellum  magenta- 
purple  at  distal  end.  deeper  colored  toward  sulfiirous 
yellowthroat.  Blooms  in  autumn.  Honduras.  R.B. 21:37. 

R.  H.  1890:.3n0. -Undoubtedly   a   variety  of 
I  preceding. 

BB.    Fh.  not  membranaceous,  fleshy, 
thick:   usxially  S-leaved. 
rnlniirJi'i  penclent. 
citrlna,Lindl   Pseudobulbsovoid, 
erect,  with  membranaceous 
itish    sheaths:    If. -blades 
glaucous    about  6  in  lontr      fls 


CATTLEYA 

cc.   Peduncles  erect. 
D.   Lateral  lobes  of  labellum  practically  uanting. 

18.  Aclindiae,  Lindl.  Dwarf  :  sts.  slender,  4  in.  tall : 
Ivs.  elliptical:  peduncle  1-2-fld. :  fls.  about  4  in.  across; 
sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  oblong,  yellowish  verg- 
ing on  green,  spotted  and  blotched  with  dark  purple 
(much  less  distinct  on  dorsal  surface);  labellum  with 
small  lateral  lobe.s  that  do  not  include  the  column,  pale 
purple,  with  dark  veins  and  a  yellow  line  under  the 
fleshy  column.    Brazil.    B.M.  5039. 

19.  bicolor,  Lindl.  Sts.  nearly  3  ft.  high,  2-lvd.:  Ivs. 
oblong-lanceolate,  about  6  in.  long  :  peduncle  2-5-fld., 
sometimes  more  :  fls.  4  in.  across  ;  petals  and  sepals 
greenish  brown,  sometimes  spotted  with  brown  ;  label- 
lum tongue-shaped,  crimson  or  deep  rose-mauve,  mar- 
gins recurved  ;  lateral  lobes  do  not  cover  the  column. 
Brazil.    B.M.  4909. 

DD.    Lateral  lobes  of  labellum  inclosing  column. 

20.  Victbria-Regina,  O'Brien.  Pseudobulbs  slightly 
clavate  :  Ivs.  elliptical-oblong  :  peduncle  short,  2-3-  or 
more  fld. :  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  inferior 
ones  tinged  with  yellow  at  the  base,  otherwise  pink- 
lilac  ;  petals  undulate,  similar  to  the  sepals  in  color ; 
labellum  3-lobed,  lateral  lobes  whitish,  with  purple- 
violet  blotch  near  summit,  midlobe  rounded  on  distal 
margin,  crimson  ;  disk  yellow,  striated  with  crimson. 
Pernambuco,  1891.— A  hybrid  between  C.  labiata  and 
C.  Leopoldi,  var.  Pernaynbnrensis.  One  peculiarity 
that  tends  to  show  this  origin  is  the  variability  in  the 
number  of  leaves,  sometimes  1,  sometimes  2  being 
borne  on  a  stem. 

21.  intermedia,  Graham  (C.  amethystina,  Morr.). 
Pseudobulbs  IS  in.  high,  jointed,  rarely  3-lvd. :  Ivs. 
narrowly  ovate,  serrulate  ou  basal  inargius  :  fls.  white, 
suffused'  with  pale  rose  I  ilar:  laliilluin  dNtiiictiy  :Mobed; 
throat  whitish  streaked  with  .  i  iin-cn  hiiil-.  tiki,  midlobe 
rathernarrow.crimsi.ii  ni:(_'riii,i,  |;i,,  .|,.  .I.m,  no.  B.M. 
2851.  P.M.  1:151. -V.u-.  punctatissima,  San.l.-r,  is  simi- 
lar to  the  type,  but  the  petals  and  sepals  are  peppered 
unevenly  with  crimson  spots  of  various  sizes.  Var. 
Parth^nia,  Reichb.  f.,  is  white  throughout.   Brazil,  1886. 

22.  Jbrbesii,  Lindl.  Fls.  about  5  ;  sepals  oblong,  ob- 
tuse   pale  greenish  yellow  ;   petals  oblong-lanceolate, 

undulate  samecolor:  labellum  trilobed,  lateral  lobes 
pale  yellow  without,  brighter  yellow  within  ;  the 
midlobe  rather  dentate,  pale  yellow  ;  the  disk 
brighter  yellow,  spotted  with  reddish  purple  toward 
^„_  the  base.  Braz.   B.M.  3265. 

^^"\         23    Mddigesu,  Lindl. 'C.  ca»i(Ji(2a,WU- 

^f^i      hams).     Pseudobulbs  about  1   ft.   high: 

^    ^  If.-blades   ovate,  5   in.  long :     fls. 

-^^^         2-4,  pale  pink-lilac;  sepals  elliptic- 

-^^^/   oblong;  petals  very  similar;  label- 

^^'       lum  3-lobed,  throat  and  inner  sur- 

^  ^  faceof  lateral  lobes  whitish,  colored 

?/,  on  the  outside  like  the  petals,  the 

midlobe    colored    like   the    petals, 

spreading,  base  yellowish:  column 

losely   presGed    to    the    labellun 


Cattleya 
labiata  var 

Sandenana 


never-fully  expanding;  sepals  and  petals  very  thick, 
lemon-yellow;  labellura  yellow,  anterior  margin  crisped 
and  white.  Mex.,  at  high  elevations.  B.M.  3742.  J.H. 
III.  30:399.— Not  an  especially  easy  orchid  to  grow. 
Fragrant. 


%'        "^       ,      a,W..:,n,,,,., ..,.,,,,,.,.,,,,,.,.,,.  is 

'/  much  ol.liT  tli:in  '  .  I,ii,,,:i.i .  wl.irli  IS  otten 

considered  tiie  uldust  spi-rit-s  in  the  group. 

Var.    Harrisoniana,    Hort.    ( C.   Harri- 

soniana,  Batem.   C.  Hiirrisonice,  Paxt.). 

Surface  of  the  labellum  more  corrugated. 

__  ^   _        -    Really  too  like  the  preceding  even  to  be  a 

variety.    P.M.  4:247.    Gn.  48:1040. 

24  guttata,  indl.  Pseudobulbs  fusiform,  2-3-lvd.; 
It  blades  elliptic  oblong  :  peduncle  stout,  bearing  sev- 
eral large  fls  ,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  ;  petals  rather 
broader  all  yellowish  green  (metallic),  spotted  with 
brown  purple  labellum  3-lobed,  lateral  lobes  pink- 
lilac,  midlobe  large,  cuneiform,  deeper  colored.  Rio  de 
.laneiro.  Var.  Leopoldi,  Sort.  (C.  Leopoldii.  Versch. 
&  Lem.),  has  smaller  and  more  aumerousfls.   1.3.2:69. 

25  amethystoglossa,  Ljinden  6z  Reichb.  f.  {O.  guttiita, 
var.  Prima,  Reichb.  f.    C.  Prlnzii,  Hort.    C.  outtMa, 


CATTLEYA 

var.  Keteleerii,  Houlbt.).  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  :  ra- 
cemes many-fld.:  petals  and  sepals  about  equal,  the 
former  obovate,  the  latter  narrower,  all  suffused  with 
rose  and  spotted  with  deep  crimson  ;  labellum  3-lobed, 
lateral  lobes  white  outside,  the  reflexed  apices  crimson, 
midlobe  broad,  deep  crimson,  disk  corrugated  and  pap- 
illose.   Bahia,  Brazil.    B.M.  r)683.    R.H.  1869:210. 


CAULIFLOWER 


263 


purple-brown,  spotted  with  deeper  brown  :  labellum 
3-lobed,  lateral  lobes  infolding  the  column,  whitish 
without,  yellow  veined  wiih  purple  within  ;  midlobe 
reniforra,  deep  rose-mauve  with  whitish  veins,  throat 
yellow.    Braz.    B.M.  5150.    F.S.  22:2286.    A. F.  6:563. 

30.  lut^ola,  Lindl.  [C.  Hdlfordi,  Hort.).  Lf.  1,  short 
and  broad  (3  in.  long),  the  pseudobulb  compressed: 
peduncle  short,  5-6-  or  more-fld.:  fls.  very  small,  yel- 
low, the  sepals  and  petals  uniform  and  1-2-in.  long  and 
obtuse  ;  lip  about  as  long  as  the  petals,  3-lobed,  vel- 
vety within.    Brazil.    B.M.  5032.    F.S.  23:2479. 

AA.    Blossoms  from  a  leafless  psendolndb. 

31.  Walkeriana,  Gardner  (C.  6H?6fca,  Lindl.).  Stems 
2-5  in.  tall,  1-2-lvd. :  lvs.  oblong,  3-5  in.  long;  peduncles 
come  from  the  rhizome  near  the  base  of  the  folia-stems, 
and  are  leafless;  tls.  large,  1  or 2:  petals  and  sepals  rosy 

!  or  pink-lilac  ;  labellum  3-lobed,  lateral  lobes 
partially  infolding  the  column,  midlobe  spread- 
ing, anterior  end  deeper  rose-mauve;  posterior  end  yel- 
lowish, striated  with  rosemauve.  Braz.  A. G.  11:159.— 
This  Cattleya  is  distinct  from  all  others  in  producing 
its  fis.  from  a  leafless  shoot. 

V-ir  dolosa  Veitch  (C  dtUsa  Eeichb  f  )  Peduncles 
pro  luce  1  fi  m  letween  two  lvs  This  variety  together 
with  se\enl  otliei-.  must  be  regarded  as  perpetuated 
anomali  s  of  (      II  ilhe>i(ina 

\  ir  nobilior  \  eitch  (C  nobilwi  Reichb  f  )  Large 
ind  han  1  onie  tiont  lobe  of  lip  spotted  with  creamy 
white     I  H   3(1  485 


388    Cattleya  labiata    var   Tnanaei 

26.  granuldsa,  Lindl.  Foliage  very  similar  to  that  of 
the  preceding  species:  peduncles  stout,  bearing  several 
large  fls.:  sepals  oblong,  olive-green,  spotted  with  red; 
petals  obovate-ohlong,  undulate,  margined,  otherwise 
like  sepals;  labellum  3-lobed.  lateral  lobes  yellow  inside, 
whitish  outside,  midlobe  attenuated  toward  the  disk, 
expanded  part  subreniform,  white,  covered  with  numer- 
ous purple  papillae.    Guatemala. 

27.  SchoHeldiana,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.  2.  dark  green,  6  in. 
long  and  2  in.  wide  :  sepals  and  petals  liirht  greenish 
yellow,  the  petals  very  narrow  at  thr  liasi.  and  very 
broad  and  blunt  at  the  top  ;    lip  imn  h   like  ihai   ><(  c. 

purple-amethyst.  Brazil.  G.C.  III.  2.' :_'.V_'.- Fls.  larger 
than  in  C.  granulosa,  and  the  lip  is  granulated. 

28.  aup^rba,  Lindl.  {C.violctcea, Hort.).    Sts.  clavate, 
about  1  ft.   high  :    lvs.  ovate-oblong,  very  thick  :   fls. 
about  6.  5  in.  across  ;   sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceo- 
late, about  equal,  deei>   !■!>-'■   r..|..r,   pih'   ;i!   tIm     ha^e  ; 
labellum  3-lobed,  lateral   h  ,  out- 
side  ;  midlobe  broadly  mar _  [^ass- 
ing  abruply  into  yellow.  viiiHMi  wun  >,iiii-"n      British 
Guiana.     B.M.    4083.      P.M.    iCJ.....      .l.H.    ill.    .ii:321. 

A.F.  11:1351.  — This  plant  is  reputed  difficult  to  grow. 
There  is  a  form  called  var.  splendens,  Hort.  It  is  pabr 
in  color  than  the  type. 

29.  Schilleriana,  Reichb.  f.  Sts.  5  or  6  in.  high,  red- 
dish brown,  2-lvd. :  lvs.  elliptical,  dark  above,  brownish 
purple  beneath  :  peduncles  usually  2-fld.:  fls.  several 
In.  across  ;  petals  and  sepals  equal,  oblong-lanceolate, 


Some  of  tl  e  } 


Cattley»Vi 
supposed  1 


(Gt  44  14  1  (t  C  III  24  333)  C  Whllei  Reichb  f  a 
supposed  nituril  1  yl  nd  of  labxataXSchiUerian  i»  C  Zmbbta 
— LoddigesiiXLeelia  elegans  OakeS  Aves 

CAULIFLOWER  [Brdssica  olercteea,  Linn.,  var. 
botrytis,  DC).  One  of  the  cabbage  tribe,  of  which  the 
head  is  composed  of  the  metamorphosed  flowers  and 
flower-cluster  (Fig.  iWni ,  ,-<....  (:,i.h„f,f.\  The  Cauli- 
flower is  one  of  thns,.  ,r,.i,,  in  1  hr  riiirnrt-  c,f  wliirii  ihe 

unskilled   amateur    i-    !    "    ■    i  ■..i,|.>  u|n.ii    su. ss, 

and  the   more   expc  !■;■  ■    ■    i    ;  ■  nal    t<>  iihrt    with 

failure.  One  can  uinl-iiak.'  m.  lt.hv  this  cmi,  intelli- 
gently and  with  some  assurance  of  a  favorable  outcome 
only  when  he  thoroughly  understands  the  particular 
requirements  of  this  fastidious  vegetable.  These 
requirements  mean  especially  a  high  degree  of  soil 
fertility,  perpetual  moisture  with  proper  drainage,  and 
protection  from  an  excess  of  direct  sun  heat.  In  the 
heat  of  mid-season.  Cauliflowers  seldom  head  well,  ex- 
cept in  more  than  ordinarily  favorable  locations  or  sea- 
sons. For  this  reason,  the  early  crop  is  usually  expected 
to  head  before  midsummer,  while  the  late  crop  is 
planted  with  the  expectation  to  have  it  come  to  a  head 
after  the  hottest  summer  weather  is  over.  In  all  cases, 
try  to  select  the  richest  land  for  Cauliflower,  giv- 
ing a  rich  pasture  or  clover-fleM  the  preference.  A 
strong  loam,  neither  too  clayey  nor  too  sandy,  is  best. 
Plenty  of  good  manure,  horse  manure  being  considered 
best,  must  be  well  incorporated  with  the  soil,  and  the 
latter  he  brought  into  the  highest  state  of  tilth. 

For  the  early  crop,  start  the  plants  from  best  seed  ob- 
tainable, under  glass,  as  early  as  the  early  cabbage  plants 
are  started.  This  can  be  done  in  a  greenhouse  or  a 
hotbed.  The  possessor  of  the  greenhouse,  of  course, 
has  the  advantage  that  be  is  sure  to  be  in  position  to 
plant,  and  that  no  postponement  will  be  necessary  on 
account  of  the  weather.    The  aim  is  to  have  the  seed- 


264  CAULIFLOWER 

lings  pricked  out  into  a  eoldframe  and  (frown  to  good 
transplanting  size,  and  also  well  hardened  off  by  expo- 
sure, by  the  time  that  the  soil  can  be  brought  into  good 
working  order  in  early  spring.  With  properly  hardened 
plants,  late  spring  frosts  are  not  much  to  be  feared. 
Liberal  applications  of  good  commercial  fertilizers,  say 
up  to  a  ton  per  acre,  and  made  either  before  or  after  the 


plants  are  set,  are  often  of  material  help  ;  and  au 
ounce  or  two  of  nitrate  of  soda  scattered  around  each 
plant  soon  after  setting  seldom  fails  to  show  marked 
or  even  remarkable  results.  Salt,  lime,  kainit,  or  muri- 
ate of  potash  frequently  tend  to  aiti  the  plants  in  mak- 
ing increased  growth.  No  application,  however,  can  be 
more  necessary  or  more  useful  than  that  of  cultivator 
and  hoe.  The  soil  at  all  times  should  be  kept  loose  and 
mellow. 

The  best  demand  for  Cauliflower  is  usually  during 
the  pickling  season,  in  September  and  October.  Plants 
can  be  started  from  seed  and  transplanted  to  the  field 
at  the  same  time  that  we  start  and  set  late  cabbage 
plants,  or  a  little  later.  In  a  general  way,  the  crop  is 
handled  similarly  to  the  early  crop.  It  is  not  always  an 
easy  task,  however,  to  get  the  plantation  started  during 
the  hot  and  dry  weather  of  July.  A  favorite  method 
of  raising  late  Cauliflower  is  to  sow  a  few  seeds  right 
in  the  hill  where  the  plants  are  wanted  to  grow.  Put 
the  soil  in  perfect  tilth  previously,  then  mark  out  rows 
3  feet  apart,  drop  the  little  pinches  of  seed  about  2  or 
234  feet  apart  in  these  shallow  marks,  and  lightly  cover 
with  the  foot,  firming  well  by  stepping  on  each  hill. 
Later  on  the  plants  are  thinned  to  one  in  the  hill.  The 
soil  must  be  kept  stirred  frequently,  unless-and  this  is 


a  much  better  plan.  :iim1  r.i;r  -■ 
practice— the  soil  i-  I  r  ;  •      ,    i 
fresh  manure,  thirl.    . 
growth.    In  dry  w...i  ,, 
this  layer  of  manure,  ;i!iu  wi.l 
drink  for  the  plants. 

Of  the  enemies  of  the  crop,  n 
than  the  cabbage  root-maggot, 
special  liking  for  the  Ca\ilif 
measures  which  are  used  fm-  .  i 
more  necessary  for  early  i  ,i 
measures,  that  of  enveloping: 
fitting  collar  of  tarred  felt,  ;ii;. 
about  a  teaspoonful  of  bisuliiii 
under  the  roots  of  each  plant,  a 

most  surely  effective.  Plant  lice  are  another  serious 
pest  of  this  crop.  Effective  remedies  are  dusting  with 
fine  tobacco  dust,  or  spraying  with  strong  tobacco  tea  or 
kerosene  enuilsion.  At  times  we  have  had  fair  success 
by  dashing  hot  soap-suds  upon  the  plants. 

Varieties. -There  are  no  typical  or  very  marked 
differences  between  anv  of  our  most  popular  varieties. 
Most  of  them  are  selected  strains  of  the  Early  or  Earli- 
est Dwarf  Erfurt.  Among  these  are  Alabaster,  Best 
Earlv,  Gilt  Edge.  Ideal,   Lackawanna,  La   Crosse   Fa- 


we  always  try  to 
(1  with  a  mulch  of 
ep  down  all  weed 
'  be  poured  upon 
ish   both  food  and 


The    protective 
'^i;;.  s  ;„e  all  the 
\Mi  iiig    such 
.'  III.  a  tight- 
li'  r  'if  injecting 
iion  into  the  soil 
'  probably  the  best  and 


CEANOTHUS 

vorite.  Long  Island  Beauty,  Sea  Foam,  Snowball,  Snow- 
storm, and  others.  All  these  may  be  planted  for  early 
as  well  as  the  late  crop.  A  large  form  of  the  Earlv  Er- 
furt (and  a  little  later)  seems  to  be  siightly  better 
adapted  to  growing  in  warm  weather.  Early  Paris  and 
Half-early  Paris  are  varieties  well  suited  to  summer 
conditions.  Autumn  Giant  or  Giant  Naples  is  a  rather 
late  sort,  which  gives  good  satisfaction  in  some  of  our 
coast  states. 

The  hot  summers  of  the  United  States  are  not  favor- 
able for  the  production  of  Cauliflower  seed,  so  that, 
until  quite  recently,  almost  every  pound  of  seed  used 
here  was  imported  from  Europe.  Now,  however,  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  it  is  being  grown  on  the  Pacific 
coast  (Puget  sound),  and  seems  superior  to  the  im- 
ported in  plumpness  and  vitality.  We  have  always  se- 
cured especially  strong  plants  from  this  American- 
grown  seed.  For  seed-growing  purposes,  sow  seed  dur- 
ing July,  transplant,  and  winter  the  partially-developed 
heads  over  in  eoldframe  or  cellar,  to  be  set  in  open 
giound  again  in  early  spring,  and  otherwise  to  be 
handled  similarly  to  early  cabbage  when  grown  for  seed. 
T.  Greiner. 

CAVAN  is  Acacia  Cuvenia. 


CEANdTHUS  (ancient  Greek  name).  New  Jersey 
Tei.  lihamnacecc.  Shrubs  or  rarely  small  trees,  some- 
times spiny:  Ivs.  alternate,  sometimes  opposite,  serrate 
or  entire,  and  usually  3-nerved  at  the  base  :  fls.  perfect, 
5  merous,  white,  blue  or  purplish,  small,  but  in  showy, 
often  panicled  clusters :  fr.  a3-celled  drupe,  dry  at  length 
and  separating  into  3  stones.  Thirty-six  species  in  N. 
America,  chiefly  Pacific  coast  region.  Ornamental,  free- 
flowering  shrubs,  some  especially  valuable  for  their  late 
flowering  period.  Many  of  them  are  only  hardy  in  the 
warmertemperateregions,but  C  J(»c)iVrt"«Hs,C.ora(i(«, 
and  C.  Fendleri  are  hardy  north,  while  the  numerous  hy- 
brids of  C.Aniericanus  are  only  half  hardy,  and  even  if 
protected  they  are  killed  to  the  ground  in  the  north,  but 
the  young  shoots  will  usually  flower  the  same  season. 
The  safest  way,  however,  to  have  good,  free-flowering 
plants  of  these  beautiful  hybrids  will  be,  in  the  north,  to 
dig  them  up  in  fall,  store  them  away  in  a  frost-proof  pit 
or  cellar,  and  to  plant  them  out  again  in  spring.  Pruning 
of  the  late  flowering  species  will  be  of  advantage;  about 
one-half  of  last  year's  growth  may  be  taken  away.  They 
grow  in  almost  any  soil ,  but  best  iu  alight  and  well  drained 
one,  and  most  of  the  Californian  species  prefer  a  sunny 
position.  Prop,  by  seeds  sown  in  spring  and  by  cuttings 
of  mature  wood  in  autumn,  inserted  in  a  eoldframe  or 
greenhouse  ;  softwood  cuttings  also  grow  readily  if 
taken  in  early  spring  from  forced  plants.  Sometimes 
increased  by  layers,  and  the  varieties  and  hybrids  by 
grafting  on  roots  of  C.Americanus  under  glass  in  early 
spring  ;  the  cions  must  be  fresh  and  with  leaves,  taken 
from  plants  kept  in  the  greenhouse  during  the  winter. 

A.  Lvs.  alternate, 

n.    Mivrtjins  of  lvs.  serrate  or  crenate. 

c.   Fls.  white. 

V.    Foliage  deciduous. 

Americinus,  Linn.  Fig.  390.  Low,  erect  shrub,  to 3  ft. ; 
Ivs.  ovate,  usually  acute,  finely  and  irregularly  serrate, 
bright  green  and  dull  above,  paler  and  pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous  beneath,  lJ^-3  in.  long:  fls.  in  terminal 
and  axillary  panicles  on  slender  peduncles,  forming 
large,  corymbose  panicles.  July-Sept.  From  Canada  to 
S.  Carolina  and  Texas.  B.  M.  1479.  -  Common  in  dry 
woods  and  making  a  profusion  of  bloom,  which,  how- 
ever, is  short-lived.  Many  hybrids  have  been  raised 
from  this  species  in  Eu.  (see  C.  hybridus).  Var.  inter- 
m4dius,Trel.  (C  infei-wMiHS,  Pursh),  has  smaller,  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  Ivs.  and  the  fls.  in  small,  very  slen- 
der, peduncled,  short  racemes  or  panicles.  Tennessee  to 
S.  Carolina. 

ov4tT!S,  Desf .  {C. orAlis, Bigel.).  Low  shrub:  lvs. ellip- 
tic to  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  crenulate-ser- 
rate,  nearly  glabrous,  glossy  above,  1-2  in.  long:  inflores- 
cence like  the  former,  but  usually  smaller.  New  England 
to  Colorado  and  Alabama. 


CEANOTHUS 

sanguineus,  Pursh  (C.  Oregdnus,  Nutt. ).  Tall  shrub, 
with  purple  or  reddish  glabrous  branches :  Ivs.  orbicular 
to  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  nearly  glabrous, 
1-3  in.  long:  fls.  in  rather  long,  narrow  panicles,  on  stout, 
leafless  peduncles,  axillary ,  from  branches  of  the  previous 
year.    May,  June.    Brit.  Columbia  to  Calif.    B.M.  5177. 


veliltinus,  Dougl.  Tall  shrub  :  Ivs.  broadly  elliptic, 
mostly  subcordate,  obtuse,  serrate,  dark  green  and  gla- 
brous above,  2-3  in.  long  :  fls.  in  large,  compound  pani- 
cles at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  June,  Julv.  Brit. 
Columbia  to  Colo,  and  Calif.   B.M.  5165. 


cc.   Fls.  blue,  piii-j)lisli  c 

hirstitUB,   Nutt.     Shruh 

branches:  Ir--.  hrnnrilv  .11' 

date  at  tli-  i ,.:-..   , 

villous  :ui.l    ,    '  '     I 

deep  blur  i-  ;..:;,,.., 
April,  May.    u.lii.      \  ar.  ( 
rey).    Fls 


■pink:   Ivs.  half  e 
or   small   tree,   w 


,pale 


thyrsifldrus,  Eschsch.  Shrub  or  small  tree  ;  Its.  ob- 
long, obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  nearly  glabrous,  l-li4va. 
long  :  fls.  blue,  rarely  white,  in  narrow  panicles,  about 
3  in.  long.  May-July.  Oregon  to  Calif.  B.R.  30:38. 
S.S.  2:  64.  G.C.  Ill,  20:  363. -A  very  fine,  free-flowering 
species  of  beautiful  blue  color.  Probably  natural  hybrids 
of  this  species  are:  C.  Veitchidniis.  Hook.  {€'■  thyrsi- 
flonisxrigidiis),  with  deep  blue  fls.  in  dense  panicled 
clusters;  B.M.  5127;  F.S.  13:1383,  and  C.  Lobbidnus, 
Hook.  (C.thi/rsifloriisxdentatMs),  with  deep  blue  fls., 
in  oval,  peduncled,  solitary  clusters.  B.M.  4810  (4811  by 
error).   F.S.  10:1016. 


BB.    Margins  of  Ivs.  entire  or  nearly  so:  litilf  evergreen. 

F^udleri,  Gray.  Low,  prostrate  and  .spiny  shrub:  Ivs. 
oval,  rounded  or  nearly  acute  at  both  ends,  entire,  rarely 
flnely  serrulate,  grayish  green,  minutely  tomentose  be- 
neath, %-l  in.  long:  fls.  white,  in  short  racemes,  termi- 
nal, on  short,  lateral  branchlets.    Jnno,  -lulv.     From  S. 

Dakota  to  New  Mexico  and  Ari/"iia.  -  A  vir\    lt fiil 

and  free-flowering  shrub  of  alni..-r  .  r.  ,.|hiiu'  li.niii.  u.  li 
adapted  for  covering  dry,  sandy  l.:iiik-  :  lialf  i\ .  r^'i  il-ii 
and  hardy  north. 

iutegerrimus.  Hook.  &  Arn.  'I'all.  en  rt  vlinil..\yithgla- 
brescent  branches  :  Ivs.  broadly  elliiitia  >n-  ..\ate,  spar- 
ingly hairy  or  glabrous,  bright  i;reru  h.n.aili,  1-3  in. 
long  :  fls.  blue,  sometimes  white,  fra^-raTir,  in  3-6-in. 
long,  narrow  panicles.  April-June.  Washington  to  Calif, 
and  S.  E.  Arizona. 

divaricatus,  Nutt.  Tall,  erect  shrub,  with  usu.illy  glau- 
cous branches  and  often  spiny  :  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse  or 
nearly  acute,  glaucous  and  glabrous  or  grayish  tomen- 
tose, K-1  in.  long:  fls.  pale  blue,  sometimes  whitish,  in 
2-3in.  long,  narrow  panicles.  ApriWune.  Calif. 
AA.   Lvs.  opposite,  persistent. 

ouneatus,  Nutt.  Tall,  much-branched  shrub:  lvs.  spatu- 
late  or  cuneate-obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  entire,  minutely 
tomentose  beneath,  H-l  in.  long  :  fls.  white,  in  small 
clusters  along  the  branches.  March-May.  Oregon  to 
Calif.    B.H.  8:170. 

prostratus,  Benth.  Procumbent  shrub  :  lvs.  cuneate, 
obovate  or  spatulate,  coarsely  and  pungently  toothed, 
sometimes  only  3-pointed  at  the  apex,  often  minutely 
silky  when  young,  J^-l  in.  long  :  fls.  blue,  in  clusters, 
terminal  on  short  branchlets.  Spring.  Washington  In 
Calif. 


h^bridus,  Hort.  Hybrids  of  garden  origin,  chiefly  be- 
tween C.  Americanns  or  C.omlus  and  C.  thyrsiflorus 
or  C.asuretis,  mostly  raised  in  French  nurseries.  .Some 
of  the  most  distinct  are  :  Atbiis-pleiiiix.  with  double 
white  ds.:  Alror,rri<leiis  piirpinriis.  Hs.  blue,  foliage 
purple  when  young:  Arnnhll.  fls.  sky-blue,  in  large 
panicles;  Gloire  <le  I'ersiiilles,  with  bright  blue,  large 
panicles;  Gloire  de  Pluntieres,  fls.  dark  blue,  in  large 
panicles  ;  Marie  Simon,  fls.  flesh-colored  ;  Soseus,  fls. 
pink.    R.H.1875:30. 


C.Africanus.Um=yo\U 


lvs.  smaller. 
O.  folibsus.  P 
glandular-tool 
deep  blue,  in  i 
Pursh=C.  Au: 
Tall  shrub:  h 
neath:  fls.  yel 
anus.  Hook.,  • 

white.' in  ini' 


alt-ri;  '  !. ovate,  emargin.ite,  dentic-ulate.  nearly 

glala;  1.     ,  liile.  in  small,  axillary  clusters  along  the 

brani  ]..        (,...:—(     .a /TKcdfilw,  Hook.=  C.  rigidns. 

Alfred  Rehder. 
CEDEELA  (from  Cedrus,  the  wood  resembling  that 
ofCedrus).  Meli&cece.  Tall  trees,  with  alternate,  usu- 
ally abruptly  pinnate  lvs.,  without  stipules:  Ifts.  peti- 
oled,  entireor  slightly  serrate  :  fls.  ineonspieuous.  whit- 
ish, usually  perfect.  .5-ii  a' r>  a  i  ,.  in  laiaj-a  i ...  i  a  I  n  S  .us,  termi- 
nal panicles;  theopri.ii  I  ■:  a  .[.reading 
limb  :  fr.  a  capsule,  .1.  i  .  .  i  itli  many 
flat,  winded  seeds.  Ei-I,r  -im  ,  a  -  in  ■ ) .  .|i  .\  na  la  and  8, 
forming  the  subgenus  Tooua.  in  E,  IiHli:i  and  Australia. 
Tall,  ornamental  trees,  and  well  adapted  for  avenues  ; 
only  hardy  in  S.  Calif,  and  in  the  Gulf  states,  except 
('.  SineiLsis.  The  wood  of  some  species  is  known  as 
cedar  wood,  and  much  valued  for  making  furniture  and 
boxes.  They  thrive  best  in  rich  loam,  and  are  prop,  by 
seeds  or  by  cuttings  of  mature  wood,  and,  also,  by  root- 
cuttings,  all  with  bottom  heat. 


266 


CEDRELA 


391.   Leaflets  of  Cedrela  and 
Allan  tti  us. 

Cedrela  on  the  right  (X  %). 


A.  Lfts.  10-25,  quite  ijlabrons. 
Sinensis,  Juss.  Fig.  391.  Tree,  to  50  ft.:  Ivs.  long- 
petioled,  10-20  in.  long  ;  lfts.  10-22,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  and  remotely  serrate, 
4-8  in.  long  :  lis.  white,  in  very  long,  pendulous  ra- 
cemes :  fr.  oblong  or  obo- 
vate,  about  1  in.  long.  June. 
China.  R.H.  1891,  p.  57-1-75, 
and  1875,  p.  87.  Gng.4:l.- 
Ornamental  tree,  with  large, 
feathery  foliage;  very  valu- 
able for  avenues;  similar  to 
Ailanthus,  and  nearly  of  the 
same  hardiness,  but  of  more 
regular  and  dense  growth, 
and  without  the  disagreeable 
odor  when  flowering.  Ailan- 
thus can  be  easily  distin- 
guished by  the  few  coarse 
teeth  near  the  base  of  the 
lfts.,  each  bearing  a  large 
gland  beneath  (Fig.  391). 

serrita,  Royle.  Tree,  to 
70  ft.:  Ivs.  usually  odd-pin- 
nate. 15-20  in.  long:  lfts. 
15-25,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
ovate-acuminate,  irregularly 
serrate,  glaucous  beneath: 
panicles  long,  pendulous  : 
fls.  fragrant.  Himalayas.— 
This  is  probably  the  hardi- 
est of  the  tropical  species. 
Closely  allied  to  this  species  is  C.  Toona,  Roxb.,  from 
E.  India,  but  Ivs.  abruptly  pinnate,  and  lfts.  usually 
entire. 

odorMa.Linn.  Tree,  to  80  ft. :  Ivs.  10-20  in.  long;  lfts. 
12-20,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly  entire,  4-G  in. 
long:  panicles  shorter  than  the  Ivs.:  fr.  oblong,  almost 
VA  in.  long.  W.  India.-The  cedar  wood  comes  mostly 
from  this  species. 

AA.    Zfts.  6-10,  finely 
Dugdsi.Wats.   Tree:  Ivs.  10-15 in. 
ovate-lanceolate,  long   and    slender   acuminate,  nearly 
entire,  shining  above,  4-6  in.  long:  panicles  rather  com- 
pact, much  shorter  than  the  Ivs.    Mexico. 

Alfred  Rehder. 
CEDBONtLLA  {a  little  Cedar,  from  the  odor  of  C. 
triphylla,  a  species  from  the  Canary  Islands, 
called  "Balm  of  Gilead").    habidtw.    Eight 
herbs  or  shrubs,  allie(i  to  Dracocephalum.     1 
tive  kinds  described  l)elow  are  compact,  free-flowering 
border  perennials,  with    aromatic    Ivs.  and 
showy,  purplish  pink  fls.  with  blue  stamens,  and  born 
in  dense  whorls  on  long  racemes  or  spikes.     Thev  ar 
not  quite   hardy  north,  and   should   have  a  sheltered 
sunny  position,  or  some  winter  protection. 

cana,  Hook.  Height  2K-3  ft.:  stems  hard,  square, 
subshrubby:  branches  numerous, especially  at  the  base, 
opposite,  hoary  with  a  minute  pubescence:  upper  Ivs. 
small,  i4-\yi  in.  long,  entire,  hoary,  numerous  near  the 
fls.,  ovate;  lower  Ivs.  larger,  cordate-ovate,  dentate- 
serrate  :  spikes  numerous  :  whorls  dense,  15  or  more 
fld.:  corolla  1  in.  long,  limb  5-cleft,  the  lowest  lobe 
largest,  crenate,  revolute.  June-Oct.  Mex.  and  N.  Mex. 
Mexicina,  Benth.  {Gardbquia  betonicohles,  Lindl.). 
Height  1-3  ft.:  root  creeping:  Ivs.  lK-2}^  in.  long, 
ovate-lanceolate  (the  lower  ones  cordate),  crenate-den- 
tate,  becoming  purplish  below,  petioled  :  fls.  very  like 
above,  bright  pink.  Mex.,  Mts.  S.Ariz.  B.M.  38G0.- 
Rarer  in  cult,  than  above.  Lvs.  larger,  longer  and  fewer, 
triphylla,  Moench  (Dracocephalum  Canarihise,  Linn.). 
Balm  of  Gilead.  Shrubby:  leaflets  3,  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late :  fls.  purple  or  white,  in  loose  spicate  whorls.  Aro- 
matic plant  from  Canary  Is.    Three  to  4  ft. 

J.  B.  Keller  and  W.  M. 
CfiDBUS   (Kedros,  ancient  Greek  name).     Coniferw. 
Cedar,  Large  evergreen  trees,  with  quadrangular,  stiff, 
fasciculate  Ivs. :  fls.  monoecious,  forming  cylindrical  cat- 
kins: cones  ovate,  3-5  in.  long,  with  broad,  closely  imbri- 


CEDRUS 

cate  bracts,  attaining  maturity  in  two  or  three  years  ; 
seeds  winged.  Three  closely  allied  species  in  N.  Africa, 
Asia  Minor  and  Himalayas.  Large  ornamental  Conifers, 
with  wide-spreading  branches,  very  distinct  in  habit 
from  most  other  Conifers  ;  not  hardy  north,  but  the 
hardiest,  C.  Atlanfica,  may  be  grown  as  far  north  as 
New  York  in  sheltered  positions,  while  C.  Deodara  can 
be  only  grown  safely  in  Calif,  and  S.  states.  The  very 
durable  and  fragrant  wood  of  all  species  is  highly 
valued.  The  Cedars  prefer  well-drained,  loamy  soil, 
and  will  also  grow  in  sandy  clay,  if  there  is  no  stagnant 
moisture.  Prop,  by  seeds,  sown  in  spring  ;  the  varieties 
by  veneer  grafting,  in  late  summer  or  in  fall,  on  seed- 
lings of  C.  Atlantiea;  or,  in  warmer  regions,  on  C. 
Deodara  ;  they  grow  also  from  cuttings,  if  the  small 
shoots  are  selected  which  spring  occasionally  from  the 
old  wood.  Plants  of  this  genus  are  the  true  Cedars  ; 
but  trees  of  other  genera  are  often  called  Cedar.  See 
CUam(fr!ipiiris,Jii>iiperus,  and  Thuya;  also  Cedrela. 
A.  Branches  stiff,  not  drooping  :  cones  truncate, 
and  often  concave  at  the  apex. 

Atldntica,  Maiietti.  Fig.  392.  Large,  pyramidal  tree, 
to  120  ft.,  with  upright  leading  shoots  :  lvs.  mostly  less 
than  1  in.  long,  usually  thicker  than  broad,  rigid,  glau- 
cous-green :  cones  2-3  in.  long,  light  brown.  N.  Africa. 
Gng.2:163.  G.P.9:417.  R.H.  1890,  p.  32.  Var.  glaiioa, 
Hort.  Foliage  glaucous,  with  silvery  hue  ;  a  very  de- 
sirable and  vigorous  form.  Var.  fastigiilta,  Carr.  Of 
upright  columnar  habit.    R.H.  1890,  p.  32. 

Libfkni,  Barr.  Large  tree,  with  wide  spreading,  hori- 
zontal branches,  forming  a  broad  head  when  older,  lead- 
ing shoot  nodding  :  lvs.  1  in.  or  longer,  broader  than 
thick,  dark  or  bright  green,  sometimes  bluish  or  silvery: 
cones  3-4  in.  long,  brown.  Lebanon,  Taurus,  S.  Ana- 
tolia and  N.  Africa.  Gng.  5:G5.  Mn.l:39.  G.F.8:335. 
Gn.  48,  p.  237.  Var.  argfentea.  Loud.  With  blue  or  sil- 
very hue.    Var.  n4na,  Loud.    Dwarf  foim. 


tiate. 
long;  lfts.  cuneate, 


392.  Cedrus  Atlantiea. 

AA.    Branches  and  leading  shoot  pendulous  : 

cones  obtuse. 

Deodilra,  Loud.    Tall  tree,  of  pyramidal  habit,  to  150 

t. :  lvs.  1-2  in.  long,  dark  bluish  green,  rigid,  as  thick 

s  broad  :  cones  3J4-5  in.  long,  reddish  brown.    Himal. 


CELEEIAC 


267 


Gng.  2:8.  Var.  arg^ntea,  Hort.  Lvs.  with  silvery  hue. 
Var.  viridis,  Hort.  Lvs.  bright  green.  Var.  robiista, 
Hort.    Lvs.  about  2  in.  long,  very  rigid. 

Alfred  Rehder. 
CEIBA.     See  Eriodendro}i. 

CELANDINE.     See  CheUdmiitm. 


CELASTBUS  (fi'eias^ros,  ancient  Greek  name).  Celas- 
trUcew.  Shrubs,  usually  climbing,  with  alternate,  peti- 
oled,  usually  deeiiiuous  and  serrate  glabrous  lvs.:  fls. 
polygamous,  5-nierous,  inconspicuous,  greenish  white, 
in  axillary  or  terminal  panicles  or  racemes  :  fr.  a  cap- 
sule, dehiscent  into  :)  valves,  each  containing  1  or  2 
seeds,  enclosed  in  a  fleshy  crimson  aril.  About  2fl  spe- 
cies in  S.  and  E.Asia,  Australia  and  America.  Hardy 
ornamental  shrubs,  very  effective  by  their  bright-colored 
fruit  remaining  usually  throughout  the  wiuter  ;  they 
are  very  valuable  for  covering  trellis-work,  trees  or 
rocks  and  walls.  They  grow  in  almost  any  soil  and 
situation,  and  as  well  in  shaded  as  in  sunny  positions. 
Prop,  by  seeds,  sown  in  fall  or  stratified,  and  by  root- 
cuttings  or  layers  ;  suckers  are  freely  produced,  and 
become  sometimes  a  nuisance  in  nurseries  ;  they  can  be 
also  increased  by  cuttings  of  mature  and  of  soft  wood. 
The  species  with  perfect  fls.  in  axillary  cymes  and  with 
evergreen  lvs.,  being  rigid  and  often  spiny  shrubs,  are 
now  included  under  Gijmnosporia,  which  see. 

acindena,  Linn.  F.^lse  Bitter  Sweet.  Fig.  393. 
High,  climbing  to  20  ft.:  lvs.  cuneate,  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  glabrous,  2-1  in. 
long  :  fls.  in  terminal,  many-fid.  panicles  or  racemes  : 
fr.  about  Hin.  in  diam.,  orange-yellow,  with  crimson 
seeds.  Canada  to  S.  Dakota  and  N.  Mexico.  Era.  545. 
A.G.11:29,31.    G.F.5:569.    Gng.  5:  119. 

orbicuiatus, Thunbg.  ( C.  artU-iihttiis, Thunbg. ).  High 
climbing  shrub  :  lvs.  cuneate,  suborbicular  to  oblong  or 
obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  2-3  in. 
long  :  fr.  globular,  orange-yellow,  with  crimson  seeds. 
Japan,  China.  B.M.  7599.  G.P.3:550.  A. F. 9:534.  G. 
cm, 23:29.  Gng.5:119.  Var.  punctitus,  Rehder  (C. 
punclAtiis,  Thunb.).  A  less  vigorous  grower,  with 
smaller,  elliptic  lvs.  C.  orbicuhitus  is  of  more  vigorous 
growth  than  the  former  species,  and  fruits  very  pro- 
fusely, but  the  fruits  are  hidden  by  the  foliage,  and  are 
not  very  conspicuous  until  the  lvs.  have  fallen,  while  C. 
scandeus  bears  its  fruits  above  the  lvs. 


paniculatus,  Willd.  (C.  dephideiis.'Wun.).  Branches 
with  white  lenticels,  pendulous:  lvs.  ovate-oblong  or 
obovate:  fls.  in  terminal  pendulous  panicles.  Himalayas. 
Not  hardy  N. 

C.  nutans,  Hort.  Reasoner,  not  Rosbg.=Quisqualis  Indica.— 
C.  Orixa,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.=Oi-ixa  Japoniea. 

Alfred  Rehder. 

CELEKIAC  {Apium  gravioUns,  Linn.,  var.  rapii- 
ceiim,  DC).  UmbellUera.  Fig.  394.  An  offshoot  of  the 
celery  species,  producing  an  edible  root  instead  of 
edible  leaves.  Just  how  long  Celeriac,  or  Turnip-rooted 
Celery,  has  been  in  cultivation  is  unknown.  Its  history 
as  a  garden  vegetable  can  be  traced  definitely  as  far 


back  as  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  although 
writers  for  a  centur\  or  more  previous  to  this  time  made 
references  which  would  seem  to  relate  to  this  vegetable, 
but  the  identity  is  obscure  Its  origin  was  probably  the 
same  as  that  of  the  common  garden  celery,  of  which  it 


394.  Celeriac  (X  % 


is  doubtless  a  state  wherein  the  root  has  become  en- 
larged and  edible.  This  form  is  supposed  to  be  the  one 
most  remotely  removed  from  the  wild  state. 

Celeriac  is  very  little  grown  in  this  country,  and  to 
Americans  is  almost  unknown,  but  it  is  much  prized  in 
Europe.  It  is  cultivated  chietly  where  there  is  a  Ger- 
man population.  Fifteen  or  20  varieties  are  mentioned 
in  the  seed  catalogues,  but  there  is  very  little  difference 
in  the  various  sorts,  some  seedsmen  even  making  no 
distinction  between  varieties,  but  catalogue  the  plant 

in  ^.ii.i.il,  iiic  nilnin-  i-  tlie  same  as  for  celery,  ex- 
ct_-ip!  :iired,  sinceit  is  theenlarged 

ruoi      1  .    Iihle  portion.    Sow  the  seed 

duriiiL:  iin  -|>!  iMu  ;ii  ;i  ai  II  prepared  seed-bed,  prefera- 
bly in  a  more  or  less  siKidid  location.  A  coldtraine  or  a 
spent  hotbed  is  a  good  place.  The  seed  is  slow  to  ger- 
minate, and  must  be  kept  well  watered.  When  the 
plants  are  2  or  3  inches  tall,  they  ought  to  be  trans- 
planted ;  about  3  inches  apart  each  way  is  a  good  dis- 
tance to  place  them  at  this  handling.  Later,  again 
transplant  them  to  the  ojieii  ground,  in  rows  about  2 
feet  apart  and  C,  or  S  inches  distant  in  the  row.  The 
soil  should  be  a  rich,  light  loam  well  supplied  with 
moisture. 

The  seed  may  be  sown  where  the  plants  are  to  remain, 
and  thinned  to  the  required  distance,  but  stronger, 
more  stocky  plants  are  obtained  by  transplanting  as 
above  directed. 

Plants  thus  treated  will  be  ready  for  fall  and  winter 
use.  It  they  are  desired  for  earlier  use,  the  seeds  may 
be  sown  in  a  mild  hothed  anri  transplanted  to  the  open 

Aside  from  fr.M"riii  ih1,i_.  i  vir.  i  ,,■  rei|uires  but  little 
attention    duiin-    -i.       i        I  ■    frequent    practice 

among   grower-  t..  i.  i        -     i    I  ^.t    the   earth   from 

about  the  plants  :ift, nli.'  i..,.!  Ii:i-  i.,  .ome well  enlarged, 
and  to  cut  off  the  lateral  roots.  This  tends  to  make  the 
main  root  grow  larger,  smoother  and  more  symmetrical 
in  shape. 

For  winter  use,  the  plants  may  be  protected  with 
earth  and  straw  sufficient  to  keep  out  frost,  or  packed 
in  moist  sand  and  placed  in  a  cool  cellar. 

The  principal  use  of  Celeriac  is  for  the  flavoring  of 
soups  and  stews,  but  it  is  also  served  in  several  other 


268  CELERIAC 

ways.  It  may  be  boiled  and  eaten  with  a  white  sauce, 
like  cauliflower  ;  as  a  salad,  either  first  beiuff  cooked 
as  beets  or  turnips,  or  else  cut  up  into  small  pieces  and 
used  raw  ;  when  boiled,  sliced  and  served  with  oil  and 
vinegar,  it  forms  the  dish  known  as  "celery  salad."  An 
extract  may  be  obtained  from  it  which  i.s  said  to  have 
certain  medicinal  properties.  h.  P.  GocLD. 

CELERY  ilpium  i/rai-eolens,  Linn  )       VrnTieUifent 
Annual  or   biennial    plants:    leaf-stalks  6-15  in    lonfj 
bearing  3  pairs  and  a  terminal  leaflet  all  of 
which  are  coarsely  serrate  and  more  or  less         ~ 
ternately  lobed  or  divided:  flower  stalk  2-3  7 

ft.  high,  branched  and  leafy,    bearing   nu         r 
merous  rather  small  compound  umbels  of 
inconspicuous   white    flowers:    fruit  small 
flattened  on  the  sides,  broader  than  Ion 
Au    ounce    contains     between     60,000    an  I 
70,000  seeds. 

Celery  is  known  in  America  only  as 
garden  vegetable,  and  is  cultivated  maiuh 
for  the  leaf  stalks,  which  are  blanched  an 
eaten  raw  with  salt,  made  into  salads,  c  i 
boiled  and  served  like  asparagus.  Celer\ 
roots,  leaves  and  seeds  are  also  used  m  fla 
voring  soups,  meats,  etc.  The  garden  torn 
resembles  wild  celery,  which  grows  over  i 
wide  range  in  Europe  and  Asia,  but  the 
plants  are  less  acrid  and  pungent  and  the 
leaf-stalks  are  much  larger  and  more  meaty  and  solid. 
Ancient  writers  left  little  definite  information  about  this 
plant,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  its  cultivation  as  a  staple  gar- 
den vegetable  really  began  until  after  the  Middle  Ages. 
Previous  to  that  time  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
clearly  distinguished  from  parsley,  which  was  mainly 
used  at  funeral  ceremonies,  and  not  at  all  as  a  salad 
plant.  It  is  supposed  that  the  Selinon  mentioned  by 
Homer  in  the  Odyssey  was  wild  celery,  and  it  has  also 
been  stated  that  Dioscorides  distinguished  between  the 
wild  and  the  cultivated  forms  of  this  plant,  but  later 
writers  were  singularly  silent  about  garden  celery  until 
the  seventeenth  century.  In  1629  Parkinson  wrote  that 
"sellery"was  a  rarity  in  England.  It  seems  to  have 
been  introduced  there  from  Italy,  where  its  cultivation 
as  a  garden  vegetable  probably  began.  In  1699  John 
Evelyn  wrote  of  "sellery"a3  .4j9*«m  ItaJicitm,  and  de- 
scribed it  as  a  hot  and  more  generous  form  of  Mace- 
donian parsley  or  sniallage,  which,  he  stated,  fo'  its 
high  and  grateful  taste  was  ever  placed  in  the  middle 
of  the  Grand  Sallet  at  the  great  men's  tables  and 
PrsBtors'  Feasts  as  the  grace  of  the  whole  board.  Dur- 
ing the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries  celery  was 
frequently  called  smallage  in  England  and  arhe  in 
France,  but  now  these  names  have  fallen  into  disuse. 
Until  about  1850  celery  was  grown  in  trenches;  later 
level  culture  was  gradually  adopted.  For  20  or  2.5  years 
following  1850  celery  was  used  almost  entirely  as  a  win- 
ter vegetable.    The  plants  were  only  partially  blanched 


CELERY 

The  demand  for  earlier  celery  increased  after  1875  or 
1880.  The  introduction  of  two  new  kinds  of  celery  a  few 
years  later,  namely  the  White  Plume  and  the  Paris 
Golden,  both  with  distinct  self-blanching  tendencies, 
gave  a  fresh  impetus  to  the  cultivation  and  the  con- 
sumption of  early  celery.  These  new  kinds  were  more 
attractive  as  table  decorations,  and  they  were  also  more 
easily  grown  and  blanched  than  anv  varieties  previously 
cultivated  Soon  after  their  introduction  boards  began 
to  he  used   m   the   place  of  earth   m    hi  inching   early 


0i-4- 


iW^^^' 


fe^4 


in  the  field,  then  lifted  and  placed  in  trenches  or  celer\ 
pits,  where  they  remained  until  the  blanching  process 
was  completed,  being  taken  out  from  time  to  time  dur- 
ing the  winter.  Celery  is  reported  as  naturalized  on  the 
coast  of  southern  California,  and  as  escaped  from  culti- 
vation in  southeastern  Virginia. 


396     The  ^l  1   L 

celery.  This  proved  a  decided  advantage  to  growers 
because  the  rows  could  be  from  2V2  to  3  feet  apart  in- 
stead of  4  or  5  feet,  as  was  uece>sary  Ijutore,  and  also 
less  labor  was  recjuired  in  cjinuL'  i'  1  iIm  11  "|i  and  pre- 
paring it  for  market.  With  1;  .  ~  and  im- 
proved methods  of   blanching.'     ■                    ''i:::iuto  be 

grown  on  a  large  scale  after  1>-...  .mi  •   inL't-  markets 

are  supplied  with  Celery  throtii.'hiHii  Uie  enure  year. 

Staktixh  the  Plants.  — Celery  seed  is  usually  sown 
in  frames  where  there  is  but  little  artificial  heat.  The 
seeds  germinate  slowly,  and  the  seedlings  require  about 
three  months  after  the  seed  is  planted  to  mature  sufii- 
ciently  to  be  set  in  the  field. '  Sowings  for  the  early  crop 
begin  in  January,  and  those  for  the  late  crop  about  the 
middle  of  March  in  the  northern  states.  The  seed  is 
sown  broadcast,  and  when  the  plants  are  large  enough 
to  handle  they  are  transplanted  into  other  frames,  being 
set  2  or  3  inches  apart  each  way.  The  soil  in  these 
frames,  and  also  where  the  seed  is  sown,  is  made  very 
fertile.to  insure  a  strong  growth  ^._   ,. 

of  both  roots  and  foliage.  After         .- — ^^^;''  -^'^  r~ 

being  transplanted  the  plants  n^r  .-.  ^  '  .'  '  ,"■  "' -_ 
are  allowed  to  remain  in  the  ~==^^-' ' '''  ]  ^  '  ^,  r'"'  > 
frames  only  long  enough  to 
send  out  a  new  set  of  roots  and 
leaves.  If  for  any  reason  the 
plants  remain  in  the  frames  too 
long,  they  often  go  to  seed  pre- 
maturely when  set  in  the  field. 
This  IS  much  more  IikeU  to  oc- 
cur with  the  early  than  n  ith  the 
late  crops. 

FiEiD      Cplturb.  —  Moist, 
1 1  it\  suil  18  preferred,  but  cel- 

i\    1^      ii'cessfully  grown  on 
iliMv    uirt    even    sandy    soils. 

!i  -Q  th        are  highh  fertilized 

11 1  m      iTid     Level"  culture  is 
I  J    !I\  practiced  the  old 

I  III  uhith  pi  luts   were 


397.  The  old  method 
of  growing  Celery 
in  trenches.  Plants 
are  sometimes  stored 
for  winter  in  sneh 
trenches. 


till  1  u'  317)  being  nearly 
(ihsdlpte  The  plants  are  set 
from  ()  inches  to  a  foot  apart  in  the  rows,  and  the  rows 
from  2'<  to  i^^  feet  apait  Early  and  late  varieties  are 
often  set  in  alternate  rows.  Boards  are  used  to  blanch 
the  plants  that  mature  first,  and  when  these  are  out  of 
the  wav  there  is  room  to  bank  the  remaining  rows  with 
earth  |  Fig  396) 

Celery  plants  are  also  set  7  or  8  inches  apart  each  way 
in  beds.  This  method  requires  intensive  culture.  The 
plants  must  be  frequently  fertilized  and  copiously 
watered  during  their  growth.  In  this  case  the  crowding 
of  the  leaves  is  sufficient  to  blanch  the  stalks  of  the 


CELERY 

Paris  Golden,  which  is  the  variety  generally  grown  in 
this  way,  and  boards  are  used  only  around  the  outside 
of  the  beds  (Fig.  395).  This  method  is  known  as  the 
"New  Celery  Culture, "or  Niveu's  method. 

Blanching.  — When  the  weather  is  warm  in  summer 
celery  often  blanches  in  two  weeks  after  boards  are  set 
up  beside  the  rows,  but  later  in  the  fall  it  takes  three  or 
four  weeks,  and  the  winter  varieties  are  often  banked 
with  earth  considerably  longer  than  this  and  then  placed 
in  celery  pits,  where  the  blanching  process  continues. 
Hemlock  boards  an  inch  thick,  a  foot  wide  and  12  feet 
long,  are  largely  used  for  blanching  summer  celerj'. 
These  are  placed  on  edge  beside  the  rows  and  drawn 
nearly  together  at  the  top,  where  they  are  held  by  small 
wooden  cleats.  When  thus  placed  the  boards  enclose 
the  entire  plants,  with  the  exception  of  ends  of  scatter- 
ing leaves,  which  project  above  them.  In  market  gar- 
dens these  boards  are  moved  from  one  tield  to  another 
after  the  crops  mature,  and  kept  in  constant  use  from 
the  middle  of  June  until  late  in  November.  When  freez- 
ing weather  is  expected,  the  remaining  plants  of  the 
early  varieties  are  lifted  and  set  in  beds  in  the  field, 
where  they  are  enclosed  on  the  sides  and  covered  as 
closely  as  circumstances  may  require  with  the  boards. 

Late  celery  is  blanched  mainly  by  banking  with  earth, 
the  earth  being  thrown  up  against  the  plants  at  two  or 
three  different  times;  first,  the  base  of  the  bank  is 
thrown  up  about  one  foot  high,  the  leaves  being  held 
together  during  the  operation  to  prevent  the  soil  from 
filling  in  between  the  stalks.  The  top  of  this  bank  is 
left  broad  and  dishing  so  that  the  plants  can  be  watered. 
Two  or  three  weeks  later  the  bank  is  raised  8  inches  or  a 
foot  higher,  and  often  it  is  again  raised,  the  top  of  the 
highest  banks  being  about  3  feet  above  the  ditches  be- 
tween the  rows.  The  plow  is  used  in  loosening  the  soil. 
butthe  banking  ismainly  done  by  hand.  Theold  method 
of  growing  celery  in  trenches  ( Fig.  397 )  in  order  to  bleach 
it  is  now  entirely  obsolete  in  this  country.  A  well-hilled 
field  is  shown  in  Fig.  396. 

Celery  is  sometimes  blanched  by  wrapping  the  plants 
in  thick  paper  (Fig.  398),  or  by  placing  large  pieces  of 
drain  tile  over  them. 

Preparation  foe  Market.— After  pulling,  the  celery 
is  trimmed,  then  taken  to  the  packing  room,  where  it  is 
washed  and  tied  in  bunches,  the  bunches  being  from  3 
to  4  inches  in  diameter  and  containing  from  2  to  6 
"heads"  or  plants.  The  root  is  cut  to  a  point,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  399.  After  bunching,  it  is  packed  in  cases  of 
various  patterns  which  hold  from  2  to  5  dozen  bunches 
each .  A  common  style  of  celery  crate,  for  the  marketing 
of  trimmed  plants,  is  shown  in  Fig.  400.  Sometimes 
celery,  especially  the  early  crop  and  for  nearby  markets, 
is  not  trimmed  at  the  roots;  but  the  roots  are  left  intact, 
the  plant  w^i^linl  .-umI  stripped  of  its  dead  and  broken 
leaves  itinl  ih.-n  ^liipiifd  in  a  tray  which  holds  water. 
Fig. 401  sh..w~  Nivri,  V  trav.used  for  this  purpose.  This 
tray  or  crate  will  hul,l  L'4-30  roots.  The  sides,  A  A,  are 
20x40  in.;  B  D,  14;,.k40  in. :  top  pieces,  C,  IHin.  wide  bv 
%in.  thick;  posts,  D,  1x1x12  in.  The  joints  are  mitered 
and  painted  before  nailing.  The  inside  of  the  tray  is 
painted  white. 

Varieties. —Not  less  than  50  kinds  of  celery,  which  are 
more  or  less  distinct,  are  catalogued  by  American  seeds- 
men. The  plants  vary  in  size  from  the  Paris  Red  Ribbed, 
which  is  scarcely  a  foot  high,  to  the  Giant  Pascal,  which 
is  fully  three  times  as  tall;  and  in  color  of  the  foliage 
from  the  deep  green  of  the  Boston  Market  to  the 
golden  yellow  of  the  Paris  Golden  and  the  almost  pure 
white  of  the  White  Plume.  Some  kinds  are  turnip- 
rooted  (see  Ce!eri<u-].  others  have  red  leafstalks,  and 
still  others  are  very  bitter  and  pungent;  yet  all  of  these 
variations  seem  to  have  resulted  from  high  cultivation 
and,  possibly,  in  some  cases,  from  crossings  of  the  differ- 
ent kinds.  Ahalf  dozen  leading  types  inavbe  described. 

Paris  Gohhn  or  Golden  Self-hlaiiehini/'.-ThisyarU-ty 
was  raised  by  M.  Cheinin  in  his  market-garileiis  mar 
Paris,  France,  and  it  was  introduced  into  the  United 
States  about  1885.  It  was  entirely  distiiift  from  all 
other  varieties,  and  it  gained  favor  among  growers  rap- 
idly. Since  1892  or  1893  it  has  been  the  leading  summer 
kind,  and  more  generally  planted  in  market-gardens 
than  any  other.  The  plants  are  stocky,  they  can  be 
planted    closely,  conveniently   blanched   with    hoards, 


CELERY 


269 


packed  in  small  space  when  bunched,  the  bunches  keep 
remarkably  well,  are  exceptionally  attractive  when  ex- 
posed for  sale  in  the  market,  and  the  stalks  are  never 
disagreeably  bitter.  Leaf-stalks  below  the  lower  pair 
of  leaflets  6  to  8  inches  long  and  from  IJi  to  ]?4  inches 
in  circumference,  generally  with  9  distinct  ridges  and 
13  rather  small  fibrovascular  bundles,  the  latter  not  im- 
bedded in  green  cells,  the  ridges  flattened  and  the 
furrows  between  them  shallow;  leaf-bearing  part  of  the 
stalk  12  to  14  inches  long,  with  a  decided  constriction 
where  the  lower  pair  of  leaflets  unite  with  it;  leaflets 
thick,  sharply  serrate,  usually  wedge  shaped  at  the  base 
and  with  characteristic  yellow  specks,  which  increase  in 


398.   Blanching  Celery  by  wrapping  it  with  paper. 

numbers  as  the  plants  mature  until  the  entire  foliage 
appears  to  be  of  a  light  golden  hue. 

The  Paris  Red  Ribbed  celery  is  a  very  dwarf  variety, 
having  thick  leaflets  with  yellow  specks  in  them  like  the 
Paris  Golden,  but  the  plants  are  smaller,  not  so  full  in 
the  centers  and  the  leaf  stalks  are  shaded  with  red. 
Another  variety  of  recent  introduction,  known  as  the 
Broad  Riliheil  celery,  is  evidently  nearly  related  to  the 
preceding  kinds.  The  foliage  shows  the  yellow  specks, 
the  leaf  stalks  are  large  and  rounded  on  the  edges,  and 
the  plants  mature  early,  but  they  are  open  in  the  center. 
.Some  strains  of  this  variety  have  reddish  leaf  stalks. 

fmte  PI  tone. -Introduced  by  Peter  Henderson  in 
1884.  For  several  years  this  variety  was  more  generally 
grown  than  any  other  kind.   The  plants  are  distinctively 


270  CELERY 

self-blanching  ana  beautiful,  ami  it  has  been  claimed 
that  this  variety  surpasses  all  others  as  a  table  decora- 
tion. Leaf -stalk  below  the  lower  pair  of  leaflets  8  to  10 
inches  long,  1  to  2  inches  in  circumference,  light  green, 
becoming  pure  white  when  blanched,  ridges  9,  fibrovas- 
cular  bundles  13  imljedded  in  green  cells;  leaflets  large, 
borne  on  slender  divisions  of  the  main  stalk,  turning 
light  colored  and  sometimes  nearly  pure  white  when  the 


399.  Celery  plant  trimmed  lor  market. 
plants  approach  maturity.    This  variety  often  requires 
artificial  ripening  to  reduce  the  strong  flavor,  in  addition 
to  what  is  necessary  to  whiten  the  stalks. 

The  Pink  Plume  is  a  nearly  related  variety,  having 
reddish  stalks  but  is  hardly  equal  to  the  preceding  kind. 

Boston  Mtirkft.-Au  old  variety,  that  has  been  grown 
in  the  vicinity  of  Boston  since  about  1850.  Plants  low  and 
spreading,  very  dark  green  and  glossy,  forming  numer- 
ous secondary  crowns,  leaf -stalks  short  and  stout,  ridges 
9  or  11,  with  shallow  furrows  between  them,  fibrovascular 
bundles  13  or  15,  imbedded  in  green  cells;  leaflets  thick, 
rounded  in  outline,  deeply  cleft,  serrations  shallow,  each 
terminating  in  a  whitish  point.  There  is  a  constriction 
where  the  lower  pair  of  leaflets  unite  with  the  stalk,  and 
the  stalk  is  lighter  colored  here  than  elsewhere;  above 
this  point  the  central  stalk  tapers  rapidly  to  the  end. 

The  Early  Arlington  celery  is  a  sub-variety  of  the 
Boston  Market. 

Golden  ifear*.  — A  popular  kind  before  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  self-blanching  varieties,  but  now  placed  in 
the  background  with  the  Golden  Half  Dwarf,  White 
Solid,  Schumacher,  Perle  le  Grande,  and  Alpha. 

J?ose.— A  tall,  red  variety,  better  known  than  any  other 
kind  of  this  class.  It  was  introduced  in  1886  by  Peter 
Henderson,  but  it  never  has  been  extensively  grown  for 
market.  Leaf-stalk  red  or  purplish,  10  to  15  inches 
long,  IK  to  2  inches  in  circumference,  ridges  9,  fibro- 
vascular  bundles  13;  leaflets  dull  green,  thin,  and  the 
edges  inclined  to  turn  upward  ;  the  whole  plant  tall, 
slender  and  rather  hard  to  blanch.  The  young  stalks 
retain  the  red  color  when  blanched,  and  are  exception- 
ally attractive  in  appearance,  crisp,  and  have  the  nutty 
flavor  that  is  so  highly  prized  in  choice  celery.  It  was 
formerly  supposed  that  the  red  varieties  of  celery  kept 
better  than  the  others,  but  the  supposition  does  not  seem 
to  be  well  founded. 


CELERY 

Other  varieties  of  this  class  are  the  Crimson  Bouquet, 
Pink  Aromatic,  and  Convent  Garden  Rose. 

Giant  Puscn;.  — This  variety  is  peculiarly  adapted  to 
the  production  of  a  large  amount  of  edible  matter.  The 
stalks  are  of  the  largest  size,  tender,  and  never  pungent, 
even  before  they  are  blanched  ;  grown  both  in  private 
gardens  and  for  market.  Leaf-stalks  very  large,  long 
and  thick,  generally  with  12  flattened  ridges  and  16 
flbrovasfular  bundles;  leaflets  dark  green,  thick,  deeply 
cleft  and  coarsely  serrate.  Plants  with  full  centers  and 
usually  without  secondary  crowns. 

Although  the  variety  is  iuui')i,  thi'  value  and  appear- 
ance of  the  plant  depiiiil  mml'  ii|.(iti  the  growing.  There 
are  different  ideals  in  .lilt,  i, m  ].:,rts  of  the  country. 
In  the  west,  a  plant  t.f  th-  iji..-  of  Fig.  402  is  wanted. 
About  Boston,  a  broad-based  and  thick-set  plant  (ob- 
t:iiiii-rl    l.y  much  transplanting  and    less   crowding)   is 

Fekjii,izeks.— Celery  rarely  makes  satisfactory  growth 
on  laii.l  .if  ordinary  fertility;  it  is  a  crop  that  must  have 
liber;il  treatment  to  yield  good  returns.  Organic  ferti- 
iiz.-is  rich  in  nitrogen  are  mainly  used,  although  gener- 
ally in  market-gardens  these  are  supplemented  with  pot- 
ash and  other  salts.  It  is  customary  to  apply  the  organic 
fertilizers  in  a  decomposed  condition  and  plow  them  in 
before  the  plants  are  set.  Later,  when  the  plants  are 
about  half  grown,  some  commercial  fertilizer  is  scattered 
along  the  rows  before  each  hoeing.  It  is  important  that 
the  fertilizers  used  should  not  make  the  land  too  porous. 
They  should  increase  its  capacity  for  holding  moisture, 
and  not  hasten  evaporation.  When  coarse,  light  manures 
must  be  used  for  this  crop,  it  is  better  to  place  them  on 
the  surface  as  a  mulch  than  to  plow  them  in. 

Diseases.  — Of  diseases,  there  are  two  orthree  serious 
blights  or  rusts,  but  there  are  no  widespread  and  serious 
insect  depredators.  (See  Duggar,  Bull.  132,  Cornell 
Exp.  Sta.,  and  reports  from  stations  in  Conn.,  N.  Y. 
(state),  N.  J.,  Dept.  Agric,  etc.)  The  best  general 
treatment  is  to  start  with  healthy  seed  on  land  which 
has  not  bred  the  disease,  and  then  spray  early  and  fre- 
quently with  Bordeaux  mixture,  or  other  fungicide. 
The  treatment  should  all  be  done  early  in  the  life  of 
the  crop. 

Storing. -If  celery  is  to  be  kept  for  winter  use,  it 
must  be  cool  and  moist.  It  is  usually  set  out  again,  so 
that  the  roots  take  suSicient  hold  upon  the  earth  to  pre 
vent  the  plant  from  wilting  For  home  use,  the  plants 
may  be  set  in  an  old  shoe  case,  m  which  there  are  a  few 
inches  of  earth  in  the  bottom,  the  top  of  the  box  being 
left  uncovered.  If  the  box  is  is  1  i  is  tl  Ik  ight  of 
the  Celery,  holes  should  be  m    I     m  il  lit  the  box 

to  admit  of  ventilation      The  I    \  i         i         I      kept  in  a 
cool  cellar.     Taking  similar  )  i  i   i       '     I   i}  maybe 

stored  in  barrels  in 
the  cellar.  For  mar 
ket.  Celery  may  be 
set  in  trenches,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  .397 
Two  boards  are  then 


the 


plants,  to  form  a  ga 
ble  roof;  and  as  cold 
weather  approaches 
straw  is  thrown  on 
top.  In  large  celer\ 
areas,  however,  the 
crop  is  now  stored  in 
sheds  or  cellars  made 
for  the  purpose.  In 
these  sheds,  the  eel 
ery  is  planted  out, 
and  the  temperature 
is  kept  above  hard 
frost.  Full  discussii 
under  Storiiifi. 

For  further  information,  see  Gre 
Profit";  Vauirhan's  "Celery  Manual 
"Kalamazoo  Celery";  Hollister' 


400.  Celery  crate. 

i  method  will    be   found 


Celery  for 

Bochove's 

Livingston's   Celery 

KiNN-EV. 

Commercial  Celery  Culture. -The  increasing  de- 
mand for  this  delicious  vegetable  has  interested  both  the 
gardener  and  farmer  in  studying  its  needs.     They  have 


CELERY 

succeeded  so  well  that  the  quality  has  been  improved 
and  the  length  of  the  market  season  increased  to  such 
an  extent  that  instead  of  finding  it  for  sale  only  during 
the  fall  and  winter  months,  we  now  have  it  the  greater 
part  of  the  year.  The  greater  part  of  the  crop  is  pre- 
pared  for  shipping  by  trimming  off   the   outer  stalks 


271 


in  bunches  of  one  dozen 
,  and  packing  in  boxes  containing  from  4  to  8  do 
according  to  the  size  of  the  roots.  The  California  and 
some  of  the  Michigan  and  New  York  growers  ship  with 
the  roots  on  unwashed,  and  load  in  refrigerator  oars, 
with  two  decks  put  in  and  the  bunches  placed  on  the 
decks.  A  car  contains  by  this  process  from  1,200  to  1,500 
dozens,  while  a  car  loaded  with  the  boxed  product  con- 
tains from  1,500  to  2,000  dozens. 

The  seeds  are  very  small  and  slow  to  germinate.  The 
first  leaves  are  small  and  digest  food  slowly,  which 
makes  it  necessary  to  have  plant-food  available  at  all 
times  during  the  growth  of  the  plant,  so  that  nature  may 
be  assisted  in  her  work  of  building  it  up  and  giving  to 
it  a  constitution  strong  enough  to  resist  disease,  which 
sometimes  comes  in  the  shape  of  a  fungus  which  attacks 
the  leaves,  and,  with  the  plant  in  its  weak  condition, 
absoi-bs  the  sap  aud  destroys  the  digesting  surface  of 
the  leaf  to  such  an  extent  that  the  outer  stalks,  and 
sometimes  the  inner  ones  as  well,  dry  up,  and  the  crop 
is  a  total  loss.  Fortunately,  the  climatic  conditions  for 
the  development  of  the  fungi  do  not  remain  more  than 
3  or  4  days  at  a  time,  and,  with  means  for  irrigation  and 
with  food  containing  the  different  materials  that  the  plant 
desires,  this  difficulty  is  successfully  met.  In  Colorado 
and  other  parts  of  the  west,  they  expect  to  demonstrate 
that  the  disease  cannot  exist,  on  account  of  irrigation 
keeping  the  pKnt  well  supplied  w'th  food  tl  e  large 
a  t  of  1  me  the  <iO  1  conta  ns   the  br  ght  sunl  ght 

an  1  cool  n  "ht      as  all  these  a  e  to  tl  e  advantage  of  the 
plant  an  1  a"        t    he  develop  nent  of  f   ng 

The  so  Is  best  adivte  I  to  tl  e  plant  are  c  anberry  bogs 
and  lo  V  n  ar  hes  filled  w  th  a  depo  t  of  decaj  e  I  vege 
table  mattei  from  2  to  15  feet  leep  wh  cl  whe  Ira  ned 
by  open  and  t  le  dr    mge    cleare  1  of  trees  an  I  roots 


the  surface  cut  with  disk-harrow,  smoothed  and  pulver- 
ized wi:h  common  harrow  aud  roller,  are  then  ready  for 
a  crop  of  corn  or  millet  the  first  season.  The  following 
season  the  surface  is  treated  with  a  ton  of  air-slaked 
lime  to  the  acre,  which  is  turned  under  to  hasten  the 
decay  of  the  vegetable  matter  and  correct  the  accumu- 
lated acidity  which  abounds  from  the  decay  of  such 
large  quantities  of  vegetables.  The  lime  also  destroys 
fungous  growth  and  tends  to  strengthen  the  constitution 
of  the  plant.  The  surface  is  then  dressed  with  a  ferti- 
lizer composed  of  1  ton  of  fine  raw  bone,  40  bushels  of 
wood  ashes,  and  500  pounds  of  salt  to  the  acre.  Where 
barnyard  manure  can  be  had,  the  raw  bone  is  reduced 
1,000  pounds,  and  20  loads  of  manure  are  applied.  In 
Florida  the  amount  of  bone  is  increased  to  3,000  pounds, 
and  2111)  |inini.N(j(  hiu'li-grade  potash  added  and  theashes 
omitti'il.  Ill  ('..|.ira.|.>.  where  the  soil  contains  10  per 
cent  of  liiri.  ,  it  is  „.■!  ii.-cessarytouse  lime.  With  ferti- 
lizers ooiiiaiiiiiiL:  111  |Mi-  cent  of  potash,  4  per  cent  of 
nitrogen,  and  lo  liirmii  iijiMsphoric  acid,  applied  at  the 
rate  of  1  ton  to  th.-  art ,  ,  mmI  u  nh  the  physical  conditions 
of  the  land  iniininr,!  In  mining  under  green  crops, 
such  as  corn  or  allalla.  si,,i,  .,  i^  anticipated.  Celery 
is  also  raised  on  sanely  Immih.  but  nnloss  50  loads  of 
coarse  manure  is  plowiil  uii.lir,  hihI  water  plentifully 
supplied  during  growth,  .iihci-  l.\  lains  or  irrigation, 
the  crop  is  poor  in  quality  ami  li^'iit  in  quantity. 

In  the  north  and  middle  states,  the  early  plants  are 
started  on  hotbeds  March  1,  and  transplanted  in  cold- 
frames  March  10-12,  then  into  the  open  field  after  May  10. 
For  the  late  or  main  crop,  the  seed  is  sown  in  the  open 
ground  April  1,  aud  by  June  1  the  plants  are  large 
enough  to  cut  back  to  the  heart  leaves.  This  makes 
them  stocky  and  increases  the  root-growth,  and  by  June 
10  they  are  large  enough  to  be  removed  to  the  field, 
where  they  are  cultivated  frequently  by  both  horse  and 
hand  cultivators.  In  Florida,  plants  are  all  started 
under  a  half  shade  in  August,  and  transplanted  under 
another  half  shade  made  by  setting  posts  in  the  ground, 
5  feet  high  and  12  feet  apart,  on  the  tops  of  which  a 
board  is  nailed,  forming  a  rest  or  frame,  and  3-incb  slats 
nailed  on  3  inches  apart,  thus  protecting  the  beds  from 
the  bright  sun  in  day  time  and  cold  at  night.  The  plants 
are  removed  to  the  open  field  after  September,  and 
planting  is  continued  until  about  February  1.  In  Colo- 
rado the  early  plants  cannot  be  grown  successfully  with 
glass  close  to  the  plants.  The  bright  sun  penetrates  the 
soil  and  takes  up  the  moisture  so  fast  that  germination 
is  retarded  and  takes  place  very  unevenly.  By  covering 
the  glass  with  plant  cloth  tacked  on  the  inside  the  light 
3  ubdued  and  success  attamed  For  the  month  of 
Ap  1  beds  covered 
with  plant  cloth  alone  "^t. 
do  verj  well  It  is  not  ^i  \  ^ 
practical  to  sow  late  j^jlt 
plants  in  the  open 
ground      without    the 


"/I     .7 


'    \,\m 


402    A  good  Celery  plant  of  tl 


403    The  Boston  ideal 


272 


CELERY 


maclii 


for  the  piu-|.o: 
September  20  1 


plant-cloth  protection  against  the  bright  sunlight  and 
frequent  winds  that  prevail  during  April  and  May  in 
this  latitude.  Close  watching  and  spraying  twice  each 
day  will  bring  the  seed  up,  and,  after  the  fourth  leaf 
is  well  started,  the  cloth  is  removed  for  a  few  hours 
toward  night  each  day  until  the  plants  are  2  inches 
high;  then  the  cloth  is  removed  during  the  night  after 
May  10,  and  the  plants  are  hardened. 

From  20,000  to  30,000  plants  are  set  on  an  acre.  In 
sixty  days  plants  are  large  enough  to  blanch  for  the 
early  market.  Pine  boards  1  foot  wide,  1  inch  thick,  16 
feet  long,  dressed  on  both  sides,  are  placed  against  the 
celery  on  both  sides  of  the  plants,  and  are  held  in  an 
upright  position  by  a  piece  of  wire  bent  at  each  end  so 
as  to  form  a  double  hook.  The  lumber  excludes  the 
light,  inducing  the  heart  of  the  plant  to  grow  rapiiily 
and  blanch  at  the  same  time,  and  in  15  to  18  days 
after  the  lumber  is  put  up,  the  celery  is  ready  to 
market.  Lumber  induces  a  taller  growth,  but  the  flavor 
is  not  quite  as  nne  as  tlmi   l.l:im'h»^'l   with  earth.     The 

lumber  is  safer  for  early  M Iinl-   i    r  rhe  reason  that 

the  disease  commonly  iM  I  i  ,  :  ,  i  ,  i  I.- to  attack  the 
stalks  if  earth  is  used  li'  i      ■    -■:    •  r  10.     Earthing 

up  becomes  a  necessity  iili.  i  ^.  |. I..  i  JO,  as  frost  may 

appear  any  night  after  tliis  <lal.-  and  damage  the  crop 
where  the  lumber  is  used,  while  that  with  the  earth  up 
to  it  is  protected.  The  process  of  earthing  up  with  a 
spade  is  si-Idiun  seen  nowadays,  as  there  are  banking 
plows  w  111  iiiin  liiiH  uts  that  push  the  leaves  into  an 
uprii;lit  ;  :         !  !iiin  the  earth  upat  the  same  time, 

oneli.M  '   plow  very  easily. 

I  I  "p.  leading  growers  have  washing 
mi  cool  the  stalks,  which  adds  to 
' airing  transit  and  delivery  from 
III' r.  Great  pains  is  taken  to  sort 
lit  sized  roots,  bind  them  into 
1  1.  1.  Ill  into  neat  new  packages  made 
■.  Large  quantities  are  marketed  from 
>  October  20,  to  save  the  expense  of  stor- 
ing in  the  winter  houses,  as  the  loss  in  those  is  liable  to 
be  great  from  evaporation,  disease  and  consequent  de- 
cay. California  and  Florida  shipments  come  in  Novem- 
ber, and  all  through  the  winter  months  the  leading 
markets  are  supplied  with  this  appetizing  vegetable. 

The  popular  varieties  are:  First,  the  White  Plume, 
which  is  early  and  makes  a  very  fine  appearance,  quality 
medium ;  and  next  the  Dwarf  Golden  Heart,  which  is  a 
little  later  but  much  hardier  than  the  former,  also  pos- 
sessing much  better  flavor.  The  best  for  winter  use  are 
the  old  reliable  Boston  Market  and  its  half  brother,  the 
Giant  Pascal.  These  two,  wlien  grown  to  perfection,  are 
good  keepers  and  of  excellent  quality. 

E.  J.  HOLLISTER. 

CELOSIA    (Greek,  kelo.i.  burned  :    rf-tVrrinL'   to  the 

burned  look  of  the  tts.  in  some  s; i.^         I  i,...  .,:„l,'ii-ea. 

Cockscomb.   The  genus  contaiiiiiiL-  Mn   .    hiiiM-!!  I'ucks- 

comb  of  old-fashioned  gardens  h.i^   ii'Mii  i_'  -| ics,  all 

tropical  and  mostly  annual  herbs,  \'  ith  :ili.iii:,ir.  entire 
Ivs.  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  various  in  form,  and  with 
fls.  borne  in  dense  spikes.  There  are  two  main  types  of 
Celosias,  the  crested  fomi  and  the  feathered  or  plumy 
ones.  The  crested  Cockscomb  is  very  stiff,  formal  and 
curious,  while  the  feathered  sorts  are  less  so,  and  are 
used  to  some  extent  in  dried  bouquets.  The  plumy 
sorts  are  grown  abroad  for  winter  decoration,  especially 
under  the  nameof  C.  pyramidulis,  but  to  a  small  extent 
in  America.  The  crested  Cockscomb  is  less  used  as  a 
summer  bedding  plant  than  formerlv,  but  it  is  still  com- 
monly exhibited  in  pots  at  small  fairs,  the  object  being 
to  produce  the  largest  possible  crest  on  the  smallest 
plant.  For  garden  use,  the  seeds  are  sown  indoors  in 
early  spring,  and  the  plants  set  out  May  1-15.  If  the 
roots  dry  out  the  Ivs.  are  sure  to  drop  off.  The  Cocks- 
comb is  a  moisture-loving  plant,  and  may  be  syringed 
often,  especially  for  the  red  spider,  which  is  its  greatest 
enemy.   A  light,  rich  soil  is  needed. 

A.    Spikes  crested,  monstrous. 

cristata,  Linn.  Cockscomb.  Height  9  in.  or  more  ; 
stem  very  glabrous  :  Ivs.  petiolate,  ovate  or  somewhat 
cordate-ovate,  acute,  glabrous,  2-3  in.  long.  1  in.  wide: 
spikes  crested,  subsessile,  often  as  wide  as  the  plant  is 
high:  seeds  small,  black,  shining,  lens-shaped.  Tropics. 


CELTIS 

Gn.  13,  p.  231.  R.H.  1894,  p.  58. -There  are  8  or  9  well 
marked  colors  in  either  tall  or  dwarf  forms,  the  chief 
colors  being  red,  purpli-.  violet,  crimson,  amaranth  and 
yellow.  The  forms  with  vuii.-atcd  Ivs.  often  have  less 
dense  crests.  A.  J,ip,,,n,„ ,  M:<r\..  little  known  to  bota- 
nists, is  said  to  be  a  distiiu-t  tiarden  plant  with  branch- 
ing, pyramidal  habit,  each  branch  bearing  a  ruflled 
comb. 

AA.    Spikes  piumy,  feathery,  or  cylindrical. 

arg^ntea,  Linn.  Taller  than  the  above:  Ivs.  shorter- 
stalked,  narrower,  2-2H  in.  long,  4-6  lines  wide,  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute:  spikes  1^  in.  long,  erect  or  drooping, 
long-peduncled,  pyramidal,  or  cylindrical.  India. -This 
species  is  considered  by  Voss  (in  Vilmorin's  Blumen- 
gartnerei),  to  be  the  original  one  from  which  the  crested 
forms  are  derived.  He  makes  9  botanical  forms,  to  one 
of  which  he  refers  C.  cristata.  The  range  of  color  is 
even  greater  in  the  feathered  type  than  in  the  crested 
type,  as  one  form  has  whitish  fls.  The  spikes  are  very 
various  in  form  and  habit.  Various  forms  are  shown  in 
Gn.  G,  p.  513  ;  9,  p.  149  ;  17,  p.  331.  R.H.  1857,  p.  78  and 
1890,  p.  522. 

Euttoni,  Mart.  Height  1-2  ft.:  habit  bushy,  pyra- 
midal :  stem  sulcate-striate  :  Ivs.  reddish  or  crimson, 
lower  ones  lanceolate,  subsessile  :  spikes  red,  cylindri- 
cal, oblong,  obtuse,  IK  in.  long:  perianth  segments  ob- 
long (not  lanceolate,  as  in  C.  argentea).  Java.  G.C. 
1.32:214.  — A  foliage  plant,  and  less  common  than  the 
two  species  above.  -^   jj 

CfiLSIA  (Olaus  Celsius,  1670-1756,  a  Swedish  oriental- 
ist). ScrophulariAcece.  Herbs,  with  yellow  fls.  in  termi- 
nal racemes  or  spikes,  closely  allied  to  Verbascum,  but 
has  only  4  stamens,  and  they  are  of  two  sorts.  There  are 
many  species.  Only  C.  Crttica,  Linn.f.,  is  known  in 
Amer.,  and  that  very  sparingly.  It  is  a  hardy  or  half- 
hardy  biennial,  with  alternate  Ivs.,  of  which  "the  lower 
are  pinnate  and  the  upper  toothed  and  clasping  :  fls. 
large  and  rotate  (nearly  2  in.  across),  yellowish,  with 
dark  markings  in  the  center  and  conspicuous  deflexed 
stamens.  Stout,  hairy  plant,  3-6  ft.  high,  from  Crete. 
B.M.964. 

CfiLTIS  (ancient  Latin  name).  Urtic&cea>.  Nettle 
Tree.  Trees  or  shrubs  :  Ivs.  alternate,  petiolate,  stipu- 
late, deciduous  or  persistent,  usually  oblique  at  the  base 
and  3-nerved  :  fls.  polygamous-moncecious.  inconspicu- 
ous, apetalous.  4-5-merous,  staminate  in  small  clusters, 
pistillate  axillary  and  solitary  :  fr.  a  1-seeded,  small 
drupe,  edible  in  some  species.  Sixty  species  in  the  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere, 
of  which  few  hardy  ornamental  species  are  cultivated; 
they  are  valuable  as  shade  trees  or  as  single  specimens 
on  the  lawn,  mostly  with  wide  spreading  head  and  light 
green  foliage,  which  is  rarely  seriously  injured  by  insects 
or  fungi;  they  thrive  in  almost  any  soil  and  even  in  dry 
situations,  they  are  of  vigorous  growth  when  young,  and 
are  easily  transplanted.  The  straight-grained  wood  is 
light  and  elastic,  easily  divided,  and  much  used  for  the 
manufacture  of  small  articles  and  for  furniture:  that  of 
C.aiistralis  is  valued  for  carving.  Prop,  by  seeds,  sown 
after  maturity;  also  by  layers  and  cuttings  of  mature 
wood  in  fall ;  rarer  kinds  are  sometimes  grafted  on 
C.  occidentalis. 

A.  Lvs.  entire,  or  rarely  with  few  teeth,  thin, 
at  length  glabrotis. 

MissiS8ippi6ll8is,  Bosc  [C.lirvigetta.'WMA.  C.  integri- 
fdliu,  Nutt.).  Tree,  60-80  ft.:  Ivs. unequally  rounded  or 
cuneate  at  the  base,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, usually  falcate,  smooth  above,  2-4  in.  long  :  fr. 
orange-red.  nearly  globular,  Min.  thick,  on  slender  pedi- 
cel, longer  than  the  petiole.  From  S.  Illinois  to  Texas 
and  Florida,  west  to  Missouri.  S.S.  7:318.  G.F.  3:41, 
figs.  9-11.  Mn.  7:  225,  227.-Var.  reticulata,  Sarg.  Lvs. 
smaller,  ovate,  usually  cordate,  rough  above.   S.S.  7:319. 


B.    Foliage  scabrous  above,  membranaceous,  more  or 
less  pubescent. 

occidentalis,  Linn.  Large  tree,  occasionally  120  ft.: 
Ivs.  oblique  and  rounded  at  the  base,  ovate,  acuminate, 
pubescent  when  young,  light  green,  2-4  in.  long  :  fr. 


CELTIS 

orange-red,  Kin.  long,  on  slender  pedicel,  longer  than  the 
petiole.  S. 8.7:317.  G.F.3:40,43.  Em.  304.  Mn.7:231, 
233.- Very  variable  species.  Var.  crassifdlia,  C.  Koch, 
has  firm,  very  rough  and  large  Ivs.,  to  li  in.  long,  usually 
cordate  at  base.  Michx.  Hist.  Arb.  3:  228.  Var.  ptimila, 
Gray,  is  a  dwarf  form  with  smaller  Its. 

austr^Us,  Linn.  Tree,  to  60  ft. :  Ivs.  oblique,  cordate 
or  rounded  at  the  base,  ovate  oblong,  acuminate,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  2^-5  in.  long  :  fr.  over  Kin.  long,  dark 
purple,  sweet :  pedicels  2-3  times  longer  than  the  peti- 
oles. Mediter.  region  to  Persia.—  Not  hardy  north. 
BB.  Foliage  sniooth  and  glossy  above,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  leathery. 

Sinensis,  Pers.  [C.  Japdiiiea.  Planch. ).  Tree,  to  30  ft. : 
Ivs.  usually  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  broadly  ovate 
to  oblong  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate-dentate,  pubescent 
when  young,  pale  or  glaucescent  and  prominently  reticu- 
late beneath,  2-4  in.  long  :  fr.  dull  orange-red  ;  pedicels 
rather  stout,  not  much  longer  than  the  petioles.  China, 
Japan.  — Not  hardy  north  ;  often  the  following  is  culti- 
vated under  this  name. 

Bmigekna.,  Blame  {C.  Da vUlidna,  CuTT.).  Tree:  Ivs. 
narrow  or  rounded  at  the  base,  ovate  or  narrow  elliptic, 
acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  nearly  glabrous  when  young, 
green  and  shining  on  both  sides,  2-4  in. :  fr.  purplish 
black,  small :  pedicels  2-3  times  longer  than  the  petioles. 
N.  China.  — Hardy,  and  a  very  distinct  species,  with  dark 
green  and  glossy  foliage. 

Kraussi4na,  Bernh.  Tree  :  Ivs.  oblong  ovate,  usually 
rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  pubes- 
cent on  the  veins  beneath,  semipersistent:  ovary  toraen- 
tose:  fr.  mostly  pubescent,  slender  pedicelled.  S.Africa 
to  Abyssinia.  -  Hardy  only  south.      ^^^^^^  Rehdeb. 

CEMETERY.    See  Landscape  Gardening. 

CENCHRUS  (ancient  Greek  name).  Gramlneip.  An- 
nual or  perennial  grasses,  with  spreadingor  erect  culms 
bearing  an  intiorescence  of  globular,  spiny  burs.  Spik- 
lets  1-fld.,  1-4  together,  with  an  ovoid  or  globular  invo- 
lucre of  rigid,  more  or  less  connate  bristles,  forming 
spiny  burs,  which  fall  oft  at  maturity.  Glumes  as  in 
Panicum,  awnless.  Species  about  12,  in  the  tropical  and 
warmer  temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

tribuloldea,  Linn.  Sand-buk.  Bur -grass.  Culms 
ascending,  branching,  1-2  ft.  long,  with  spikes  composed 
of  10-15  coarse,  spiny  burs,  which  readily  attach  them- 
selves to  passing  objects.  It  is  one  of  the  worst  of  annual 
weeds  wherever  it  becomes  abundant.  It  is  distributed 
more  or  less  throughout  the  United  States  in  sandy  dis- 
tricts, and  said  to  be  perennial  in  the  southern  states. 
P.  B.  Kennedy. 

C£NIA  (Greek  for  empty,  in  allusion  to  the  hollow 
receptacle).  ComposltiF.  Low  herbs  from  South  Africa, 
with  the  aspect  of  Mayweed.  Head  small  and  rayed,  the 
ray  fls.  pistillate,  the  disc  fls.  compressed  and  4-toothed, 
the  receptacle  gradually  enlarged  from  the  top  of  the 
peduncle,  and  hollow.  C.  turbinita,  Pers.,  is  a  common 
weed  in  Cape  Colony,  and  it  is  occasionally  seen  in  Amer. 
gardens.  It  is  annual,  diffusely  branched,  and  a  foot  or 
less  high,  with  tinely  dissected,  soft,  almost  moss-like 
foliage,  and  long-peduncled,  small,  yellow  heads.  Of 
easy  culture.  '  l.  H.  B. 

CENTAtTKfiA  (a  Centaur,  famous  for  healing). 
Compiisitw.  Centaury.  Dusty  Miller.  Bachelor's 
Button.  Corn  Flower.  Knapweed.  Annuals  or 
half-hardy  perennials  ;  fine  for  bedding,  vases,  baskets 
and  pots,  and  for  borders  and  edgings.  Differs  from 
Cnious  in  having  the  aohenes  obliquely  attached  by  one 
side  of  the  base  or  more  laterally.  Species  about -400, 
much  confused,  mostly  in  Eu.,  Asia  and  N.  Afr.,  1  in 
N.  Amer.,  3  or  4  in  Chile.  The  involucre  is  ovoid  or 
globose,  stiff  and  hard,  sometimes  prickly.  Receptacle 
bristly.  The  marginal  florets  are  usually  sterile  and 
elongated,  making  the  head  look  as  if  rayed.  Several 
Old  World  species  have  become  weeds  in  this  country. 

The  following  species  of  Centaurea  are  here  described, 
the  synonyms  being  in  italics  :  Americana,  7  ;  argen- 
tea,  2  ;  atropurpurea,  13  ;  Babylonica,  14  ;  £enedicta= 


CENTAUREA 


273 


Carbenia  benedicta;  calocephala,  13  ;  (.andidissima,  1; 
Cineraria,  1  ;  Clementei,  3  ;  Cyanus,  4  ;  dealbata,  12  ; 
declinata, 10;  flore-pleno,i;  gymnocarpa, 2;  imperialis, 
5;  leucophylla,  10;  macrocephala,  8  ;  Margarilacea,  6; 
Margarit(F,o;  montana,  11;  moschata,  .5;  nigra,  9;  odor- 
ata.a  ;  plumosa,  2  ;  splendens,  6  ;  suaveolens,  5;  varie- 


gata 


,4. 


A.  Dusty  TShL.i.EK.—  White-tomentose  low  plants,  used 
for  bedding  or  for  the  sakz  of  their  foliage. 
1.  Ciner4ria,Linn.  (C.candi(/i..si»ia,Lam.).  Fig. 404. 
Perennial  :  sts.  erect,  3  ft.,  brarched,  the  entire  plant 
white-tomentose  :  Ivs.  almost  all  bipinnate  (except  the 
earliest),  the  lower  petioled,  all  tie  lobes  linear-lanceo- 
late, obtuse  :  scales  of  the  ovate  involucre  appressed, 
with  a  ineiiil.i:uious  black  margin,  long-ciliate,  the  api- 
lers:  fls.  purple.   S.Italy, 


ised 


a  beciiiini:  i.l:iiit,  not  being 
allowed  to  bloom.  The 
first  Ivs.  of  seedlings  are 
nearly  entire  (as  shown  in 
Fig.  404),  but  the  subse- 
quent ones  become  more 
and  more  cut.  Grown  both 
from  seeds  and  cuttings. 
Seedlings  are  very  apt  to 
damp  off  unless  care  is 
taken  ' 


2.  gymnocarpa,  Moris  &  DeNot  (C.  argentea,  Hort. 
C.  plumosa,  'Hon.).  Fig.  405.  Perennial:  entire  plant 
covered  with  velvety  white  pubescence  :  sts.  1^-2  ft. 
high,  erect:  Ivs.  bipinnatisect;  segments  linear,  entire, 
acute  :  fi. -heads  small,  in  •<  close  panicle,  mostly  hidden 
by  the  Ivs.:  tls.  rose-violet  or  purple.  Caprea.-Very 
ornamental  on  account  of  its  velvety  finely  cut  Ivs. 
Much  used,  like  the  last,  for  low  foliage  bedding  ;  Ivs. 
more  compound,  and  usually  not  so  white. 

3.  Clementei,  Boiss.  Perennial,  the  entire  plant 
densely  white-woolly  :  sts.  erect,  branching,  with  few 
Ivs.:  root-lvs.  petioled,  pinnate,  the  lobes  ovale-trian- 
gular,  sharp-pointed  :  st.-lvs.  sessile  :  fl. -heads  termi- 
nal on  the  branches,  globose  :  involucre  scales  with 
scarious,  ciliate  margins,  scarcely  spiny  :  fls.  yellow. 
Spain. 

AA.  Corn  Flower,  or  Bachelor's  Button.  —  Tall- 
growing  annual,  with  very  narrow  Ivs.,  grown 
for  the  showy  fls. 

4.  CJanus,  Linn.  Bluebottle.  Bluet.  Bachelor's 
Button  (see  also  GoiiipAi-fiiu).  Corn  Flower  Ragged 
Sailor.    Fig.  406.    Annual,  slender,  branching,  1-2  ft. 


274 


CENTAUREA 


CENTAUREA 


high,  woolly-white  when  young  :  Ivs.  linear,  entire,  or 
the  lower  toothed,  sometimes  pinnatifld  :  fls.  blue,  pur- 
ple or  white,  the  heads  on  long,  naked  stems  :  involu- 
cral  bracts  rather  narrow,  fringed  with  short,  scarious 
teeth.  S.E.Eu.  Gt.  38,  p.  6«;  39,  p.  537.- One  of  the 
most  popular  of  garden  fls.,  running  into  many  v-arieties. 
It  is  perfectly  hardy,  blooming  until  frost  and  coming 
up  in  the  spring  from  self-sown  seed.   The  following  are 


i  pure  white  and  very  fragrant.    It  was 


406.   Ce 


.  Cyanus  {X  %). 


varieties  of  this:  Pure  Wliite  ;  Victoria,  a  dwarf,  for 
pots  and  edgings  ;  Emperor  William,  fine  dark  blue  ; 
flore  pleno,  with  the  outer  disc  fls.  converted  into  ray 
fls.;  nana  compacta,  dwarf. 

AAA.    Sweet  Svi^tavs.  —  Straight-growing,  smooth  an- 

nxalx   nr  perennials,  ivith  dentate   Ivs.,  grown 

for  the  large  fragrant  heads. 

5.  mosch^ta.  Linu.  {C.  suaveolens,  Linn.    C.  odordta 

Hort.    C -  Antberbdi,  MWl.    Amtierbda  moschdta,'Less.} 

Sweet   Sultan.     Fig.  407.     Annual  :  sts.  2  ft.   high. 

branching  below,   erect :  whole  plant   smooth,   bright 

green:  Ivs.  pinnatifld,  the  lobes  dentate  :  fl.-headslong 

pediuK-led;  invol.  round  or  ovate,  smooth;  only  the  in 

nermost  of  the  invol.  scales  with  scarious  margius:  fls 

white,  yellow  or  purple,  fragrant.     Orient.     Mn.4:U9. 

Gn.  54:119.5.    l.H.  42,  p.  106.    Gng.  4:147. 

Var.  Alba,  Hort.  (C.  Uargaritm,  Hort.).     Fls.  white. 
Gn.  19, p. 337;  54:1195.    A.G.  13:607.   This  form,  known 


as  C.  MargaHt 

int.  by  an  Italian  Arm  in  1891. 

Var.  rtbra,  Hort.  Fls.  red.  Gn. 54: 1195.-A  popular, 
old-time  garden  flower,  with  long-stalked  heads;  of  easy 
culture.    It  does  not  bear  transplanting  well. 

C  imperidlis,  Hort.,  is  the  offspring  of  C  moschata 
and  C.  Margarita!,  int.  into  the  American  trade  in  1899. 
Plants  are  said  to  inherit  the  vigorous,  free  growth  of 
C.  Hio«Aii/n,beingof  the  same  easy  culture  and  forming 
clumps  .J-l  ft.  high.  The  fls.  resemble  C.  Ifai-<7an7(p,  but 
are  twice  as  large  and  abundantly  borne  on  long  stems 
from  .luly  until  frost.  Theyrange  through  white,  rose, 
lilac  and  purple,  are  fra(;rant.  and  it  cut  when  first  open 
will  keep  10  days.  C.  JI<)riie,  Hort.,  int.  1899,  resembles 
('.  imperialis,  but  the  fls.  open  sulfur-yellow,  become 
lighter,  and  are  tipped  with  rose. 

AAAA.  Other  Centaureas  of  various  kinds,  occa- 
sionally grown  in  hardy  borders  for  their  fls. 
or  imposing  stature. 

B.   Foliage  green  on  both  sides. 
c.    l/vs.  pinnate  or  hipinnate. 

(!.  Bpl^ndens,  Linn.  (C.  margariticea.  Ten.).  Peren- 
nial :  sts.  erect,  branched  :  Ivs.  smooth,  the  lowest  bi- 
pinnate.  the  upper  pinnate,  all  with  very  narrow,  linear, 
entire,  acute  lobes  :  fl. -heads  subglobose  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  with  a  rounded,  almost  entire,  rather  lax  tip  ; 
Hs.  purple.   Spain,  Italy. 

cc.    Z/VS.  entire  or  dentate,  not  pinnatisect. 

7.  Americ&na,  Nutt.  {Plectocephnliis  Amei-icAmis, 
Don).  Basket  Flower.  Fig.  408.  Hardy  annual,  nearly 
smooth  :  sts.  stout,  simple,  2-5  ft.,  thickened  under  the 
naked  head  :  Ivs.  mostly  entire,  oblong-lance-shaped  : 
involucre  yi-1%  in.  in  diam.,  its  bracts  all  with  fringed, 
scarious  appendages  ;  fls.  rose  or  flesh-colored  ;  disc 
1-3  in.  diam.;    narrow   lobes  of  the    ray 

flowers  often   1   in.    long.     Ark.   to   Ariz. 
P.  S.  4:  ,127.  S.  H.2:  223. -Very  attractive. 

8.  macroc6phala,  Puschk.  Perennial : 
stems  simple,  erect,  swollen  below  the 
flower-head,  leafy,  2%-3  ft.  high  :  Ivs. 
ovate-lanceolate,  slightly  decurrent,  sca- 
brous, acute,  somewhat  serrate,  gradually 
diminishing  upwards  to  the  base  of  the 
siiii,-li-  feriuinal  head  :  head  subglobose, 
hitL-ii-  tliiiii  a  hen's  egg,  often  3-4  in.  in 
ili.nii,;  irivohicre  of  8-12  rows  of  ap- 
pn  -M  (1.  M-arious-margined,  rusty,  fringed 
sc:iles  :  lis.  yellow,  the  marginal  and  disc 
alike.  Armenia.  B.  M.  1248.  J.  H.  Ill, 
33:.331.  — Often  grown  from  seeds. 

9.  nigra,    Linn.      Knapweed.      Hard 
Heads.      Perennial,    1-2   ft,   high :      sts. 
branching,   rough  pubescent:   Ivs.  lance- 
shaped  and  entire  or  lower 
sparingly    toothed  :    invo- 
lucral    bracts   with   pecti- 
nate-ciliate-frdnged    black 
appendages:  fls.  all  alike, 
the  disc  and  marginal  ones 
of  the  same  size.   Europe. 
—Var.     varieg&ta,    Hort. 
Lvs.   edged   with   creamy 
white,  tufted.  A  very  strik- 
ing border  plant. 
BB.    Foliage   white   or  to- 

mentose,  at  least  be- 
neath   (often    green 
above). 
c.    Sten 


not  strict. 
10.  leucophyila,Bieb.((7. 
deoUnAta,  Bieb.).  Peren- 
nial :  stems  short,  decum- 
bent, with  very  few  lvs. : 
root-lvs.  petioled,  tomen- 


407.  Centaurea  moschata. 

(X  M.) 


tose-woolly  on  both  sides,  pinnate,  the  ovate  lobes  un- 
dulate, sparsely  cut-lobed  or  sinuate-toothed  :  fl.-head 
with  few  bracts,  solitary,  terminal ;  scales  of  the  ovate 
involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  brown,  long-ciliate : 
fls.  purple.    Caucasus. 


CENTAUREA 

11.  montflna,  Linn.  Mountain  Bluet.  Perennial  : 
sts.  low,  stoloniferous,  unbranched,  12-10  or  rarely  20 
in.  high  :  Ivs.  decurrent,  the  young  ones  silvery  %vhite, 
oval-lance-shaped  :  involucre  of  4  or  5  rows  of  scales, 
black-eiliate  along  the  margins;  fls.  blue,  the  marginal 
ones  1  in.  long,  disc-fls.  very  short,  becoming  purple. 
Europe.  B.  M.  77.  Var.  Alba,  Hort.  Pis.  white.  Var. 
rdsea,  Hort.  Fls.  rose-colored.  Var.  citxina,  DC.  (var. 
sulphurea,  Hort.).     Disc-fls.  brown,  rays  yellow.     Ar- 


cc.    Steins  fvc'ct,  simple  or  branched. 

dealbita,  Willd.     Perennial :  sts.  sub-erect,  8-24 

'v^\[  :     Ivs.  white-villous  beneath,  glabrous  above, 

the  lower  ones  1-lM  ft.  long,  pet- 

ioled,    pinnate,  the  obovate   lobes 

coarsely  cut-toothed  or  auricled  at 

,'     the  base ;  stem-lvs.  sessile,  pinnate, 

with  oblong-lance   lobes  :    fl.-head 

solitary,  just  above  the  uppermost 

leaf  :    fls.  red,   those   of  the    disc 

rosy  or  white  :  outer  scales  of  the 

involucre  with  lanceolate  tips,  the 

middle   rounded,    deeply    fringed, 

ciliate.  'Asia  Minor,  Persia. 

13.  atropurptirea,  Waldst.  &  Kit. 
(T.    ralore'pjinia,    Willd.).    Peren- 


CEPHALANTHUS 


275 


ft. 


the 


nate  ;  lowest  h-^.   |hii,  i.-i,   iii.j.ci-- 
most  pinnatifid :  .   .  '    iui 

bracts ;  invol.  ><■;  :  -.  l\ 

vhite  lanceolate  tips,  theinneriiMi~i  ,.,,.^.  rr.uii.i,  ,1, 
s-margined  :  fls.  black-purple,  ihinpiry. 
14.  Babyl6nica,  Linn.  Silvery  white  perennial  :  sts. 
simple,  stout,  erect,  (i-10  or  12  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  long,  coria- 
ceous, strongly  decurrent  on  the  stem,  the  radical  lyrate, 
the  lower  stem-lvs.  oval  or  oblong-acute,  entire  or  undu- 
late, the  upper  lance-acute  :  fls.  yellow,  the  globular 
heads  almost  sessile  in  the  axils  of  narrow  bract-like 
Ivs.;  }^-}^  of  the  stem  Uower-bearing:  involucre-scales 
with  a  short,  recurved  tip.  Asia  Minor,  Syria.  Gn.2,p.73; 
8,  p.  263.  B.  H.  1859,  pp.  540-1. -Tall,  stout  and  striking 
P'="'t-  Jared  G.  Smith  and  L.  H.  B. 

CENTAUElDIUM.    See  Xanthisma. 

CENTRADfiNIA  ( Greek  for  toothed  gland,  alluding  to 
the  anther  glands).  Melastomicece.  Four  species  in 
Mexico  and  Central  Amer.,  grown  in  warmhouses  for 
their  showy-colored  Ivs.  and  pretty  fls.  They  are  herbs 
or  shrubs,  with  angled  or  winged  branches,  petiolate, 
opposite  lanceolate  or  ovate-entire,  ribbed  Ivs.,  and  fls. 
with  4-lohed  calyx,  4  petals,  8  stamens,  and  a  4-Ioculed 
ovary.  The  blossoms  are  pink  or  white, in  axillary  or 
terminal  clusters.  Prop,  by  cuttings.  Very  showy  and 
desirable  plants.  Stems  often  colored.  Centradenias 
like  rich  leaf-mold  with  sharp  sand,  and  brisk  heat. 
Give  a  light  but  shady  position.  Strong  plants  are  much 
benefited  by  liquid  manure,  and  such  applications  give 
better  colors  in  both  flowers  and  fruit.  Monogr.  by 
Cogniaux,  DC,  Monographife  Phanerogamarum,  7:  116. 

grandiJoUa,  Endl.  Branches  4-winged  :  Ivs.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  strongly  3-nerved,  brilliant  red  beneath, 
long-pointed  and  curving  at  the  end:  cymes  many-fld., 
shorter  than  the  Ivs.,  the  fls.  light  rose,  rotate,  the 
petals  very  obtuse,  the  stamens  unequal.  B.M.  5228.— 
The  plantgrows  2  ft.  high,  and  blooms  in  winter.  Very 
showy.  The  cut  branches  hold  their  color  a  long  time, 
making  the  plant  useful  for  decorations. 

floribunda.  Planch.  Branches  obscurely  angled,  pu- 
bescent, red:  Ivs.  narrow-lanceolate,  tapering  below,  3- 
nerved,  red-nerved  below  :  fls.  pink,  in  terminal  pani- 
cles.   F.S.  5:453.-Smaller  than  C.  grandifolia. 

inaequilateraiis,  G.  Don  ( C.  rosea,  Lindl. ) .  Lvs.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  unequal-sided,  entire,  ciliate.  reddish  be- 
neath: fls.  pink,  in  terminal  corymbose  racemes:  dwarf. 
Mex.    B.R,  29:20.         l.  h.  B.  and  H.  A.  Siebkecht. 


CEHTRANTHUS  {Greek, spurred  flower).  Vaterian- 
etcew.  A  few  annual  and  perennial  herbs  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region,  with  dense  clusters  of  small  red  or 
white  fls.  terminating  the  branches,  and  opposite  entire 
or  cut  lvs.:  calyx  cut  into  5-15  narrow  divisions,  en- 
larging after  flowering;  corolla  slender-tubed,  5-parted, 
spurred  at  the  base;  stamen  1:  fls.  with  a  pappus-like 
crest.    Of  easiest  culture. 

rilber,  DC.  Red  Valerian.  Jupiter's  Beard.  Per- 
ennial, 1-3  ft.,  smooth  and  glaucous,  forming  a  compact 
and  floriferous,  bushy  plant  :  lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
some  of  them  toothed  at  base:  fls.  very  numerous,  deep 
crimson.— A  very  handsome  old  garden  plant,  too  much 
neglected.  It  blooms  all  summer.  Excellent  for  cut- 
ting. Increased  by  division;  also  by  seeds.  There  is  a 
white-fld.  form  (var.  dlhiis). 

macroBiphon,  Boiss.  Annual,  of  easy  culture  in  any 
good  soil:  1-2  ft.:  lvs.  ovate,  glaucous,  toothed:  fls. 
larger  than  in  the  last,  red.  Spain.  — There  are  white- 
fld.  (var.  dlbtis)  and  dwarf  (var.  ninus)  forms.  Excel- 
lent for  rockeries  and  borders;  also  good  for  lawn  vases. 
L.  H.  B. 

CENTROPOGON  (Greek  kentron.  spur,  and  pogon, 
beard,  referring  to  the  fringed  stigma).  Campanu- 
lilcew.  About  36  tropical  Amer.  sub-shrubs  or  shrubs, 
often  scandent,  with  alternate,  mostly  dentate  lvs.,  and 
long,  tubular  fls.  which  are  violet,  purple,  red,  or  orange, 
and  usually  borne  smgly  on  long  peduncles :  bracteoles 
very  small  or  wanting.  Warmhouse  perennial,  prop,  by 
cuttings. 

Lucyanus,  Honllet.  Height  1-2  ft. :  stem  somewhat 
wo.hIv:  lvs.  short-petioled,  finely  toothed:  fls.  rose,  win- 
ter; iiiTiiisiilierical,  with  lanceolate  segments  recurved 
at  the  tips.  K.H.  18G8:290.-Said  to  be  a  hybrid  of  C. 
fasltiosits  and  Siphocampi/tus  betulceformis,  but  seems 
to  show  little  influence  of  the  latter,  which  has  longer 
petioles  and  peduncles,  more  coarsely  toothed  lvs., 
longer  calj'x-segments,  and  a  yellow-tipped  corolla. 

fastubsus,  Scheidw.  Lvs.  peach-like,  oblong,  acute, 
bordered  with  glandular  teeth,  very  glabrous,  short- 
petioled:  fls.  rose-colored,  winter  ;  calyx  hemispherical, 
with  5  lanceolate,  denticulate  segments.  Mex.  R.H. 
1853:181.  -w.  jj. 

CENTROSfiMA  (Greek,  spurred-standard) .  Legu- 
mintsce.  Butterfly  Pea.  Twining  herbs  (at  least 
those  in  cult.),  with  pinnate,  .3-7-foliolate  lvs.,  and 
showy  white  or  reddish  fls.  in  the  axils.  Fl.  papiliona- 
ceous, the  standard  spurred  on  the  back,  the  keel  broad, 
and  the  style  bearded  at  the  apex.  Species  nearly  40  in 
tropical  Amer.  and  2  in  U.  S. 

Virginianum,  Benth.  Roughish,  climbing,  2-6  ft.: 
Ifts.  ovate  to  linear,  shining,  stipitate  :  fls.  1-4  in  the 
axil,  1  in.  long,  violet  and  splashed,  showy:  pod  straight 
and  long-pointed,  4-5  in.  long.  Md.  S.,  in  sandy  lands. 
A.G.  13:649. -Int.  to  cult,  niany  yenrs  ago,  but  again  in- 
troduced in  LSiU  las  ('.  ,ini ii.l i'flnni n,  I,  aii.l  iinii-h  adver- 
tised. Itisabar.h  an. I  .IrHral.l.-  | irrr nil ia I  vine,  bloom- 
ing the  first  s.-a-Mii  ii-,,iii  ~rr.].  'I'll,  i-r  i-  a  whit. --fld.  var. 
L.  H.  B. 

CENTURY  PLANT.     C.nsult  .l./,(r.  . 


CEPHALANTHERA    Minrk    f..r 

l„'.i,l    : 

,11.1    ai,ther). 

OrehiiliJC'ij.  1ri\'r  .\,,;ili,<i.     .\li..ut 

111  sp..,- 

i.s  „f  small. 

teniperate-rc-i..ti  ;.  t-r.  -ir,,.!  .ir,-l.:.l- 

,  :,lll.'.l 

1..  Kpipactis, 

Pogonia,  etc     -    i i 

s.  American, 

and  others  ar.    i      

';.U  . 

-inall,  ovate: 

lip    saccate  :    l\  -     ■  - '  im.  -    >■  ■"• 

1    l.J  1      1 

an.c.late    or 

oblong:  fls.  mostly  small  i  som.-tjme: 

s    ShOWV 

).  in  an  open 

spike.    The  species  are  scarcely  knc 

iwn  in  c 

:ult.,  but  two 

Japanese  species  have  been  offered  by  importers.  These 
are  E.  falcita,  Blume.  yellow,  and  E.  er§ota,  Blume, 
white. 

CEPHALANTHUS  (Greek,  head  and  flower:  fls.  in 
heads).  Rubiiceo!.  Button  Bush.  Shrubs  with  oppo- 
site or  whorled,  entire,  stipulate  lvs. :  fls.  small,  tubu- 
lar, white  or  yellowish,  4-merous,  with  included  stamens 
and  long,  exserted  style,  in  globular  heads :  f r.  dry,  sepa- 
rating into  2  nutlets.  Six  species  in  Amer.,  Africa  and 
Asia,  of  which  only  the  one  North  American  species  is 


276 


CEPHALANTHUS 


cult.  Hardy  ornamental  shrub,  with  handsome  glossy 
foliage  and  very  attractive  with  its  flower  balls  appear- 
ing late  in  summer.  It  thrives  in  any  good  garden  soil, 
best  in  a  sandy,  somewhat  moist  one.  Prop,  by  seeds  or 
by  cuttings  of  ripened  wood  in  fall,  and  also  by  green- 
wood cuttings  taken  from  forced  plants  early  in  spring. 
oooidentilis,  Linn.  Shrub,  3-12  ft. :  Ivs.  long-petioled, 
ovate  or  oval,  acuminate,  glossy  above,  glabrous  or 
slightly  pubescent  below,  3-6  in.  long:  heads  about  1  in. 
in  diam.,  long-peduncled,  3  or  more  at  the  end  of  the 
branches.  July-Sept.  From  New  Brunswick  south, 
west  to  Ontario  and  Calif .  Era.  394.  R.H.  1889,  p.  280.— 
Var.  angrustifdlia,  Andr^.  Lvs.  oblong,  lanceolate,  usu- 
ally in  3's.   R.H.  1889,  p.  281.  Alfred  Rehdee. 

CEPHfiLAEIA  (Greek  for  Jiead,  alluding  to  the  capi- 
tate flower-clusters).  Dips&eeoe.  Coarse  annual  or  per- 
ennial herbs  of  Europe,  Africa  and  Asia,  much  like 
Dipsacus,  but  the  heads  less  spiny.  The  heads  are  ter- 
minal and  globular,  bearing  manv  4-parted  yellowish, 
■whitish  or  bluish  florets. 

Tat&rica,  Schrad.  Perennial,  0  ft.,  rank,  with  striate 
stems,  suited  to  the  rear  border,  where  strong  effects  are 
desired,  with  showy  cream-white  flat  heads  in  July  and 
Aug.:  lvs.  pinnate,  the  Ifts.  broad -lanceolate  and  ser- 
rate. Grows  readily,  and  is  increased  by  seed  or  divid- 
ing the  clumps.  j^   jj   g 

CEPHALOTAXUS  (Greek,  Jicod,-  Taxics-like  plant, 
with  fls.  in  heads  or  clusters).  Conlferm,  tribe  Taxdcea. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  evergreen,  linear,  pointed  lvs. 
with   2   bro:,,],    l-Itmi.'.vti^-    liiv^  beneath,   arranged    in   2 

rows:   II-     !    ill)-      I  'i:i.    in  1-8-fld.,  short-stalked 

clusti  r-    I  '  _     I   a  small  cone  with  sev- 

eral 1'?:m  '  I     _  _    I  .    .  il  (i\-ules.    Seed  enclosed 

in  atlf^lij.  ■  II  ■  :  I-  .  .11  ip.  Ilk.  ,  about  1  in.  long,  reddi.sh 
or  greenish  br<iwii.  Fnini  allied  genera  it  may  be  easily 
distinguished  by  the  resin-canal  in  the  center  of  the 
pith,  and  by  the  glaucous  lines  beneath  from  Taxus, 
which  has  the  lvs.  yellowish  green  beneath,  and  from 
Torreya  by  the  glaucous  lines  being  broader  than  the  3 
green  lines,  while  in  Torreya  the  glaucous  lines  are 
narrower  than  the  green  ones.  Six  closely  allied  spe- 
cies from  Himal.  to  Jap.  Ornamental  evergreen  shrubs, 
in  appearance  very  like  a  yew.  hut  ..f  m  ,r,  L-nifcful 
habit.    Not  hardy  north,  or  only  in  I  j.osi- 

tions.    They  thrive  best  in  a  soin.     i       .  i  well- 

drained,  sandy   loam,  and  in  parti  .  iiions. 

Prop,  by  seeds,  stratified  and  sown  in  -|.iin_'.  imiiurted 
seeds  usually  do  not  germinate  until  the  scc-und  year ; 
increased  also  by  cuttings  in  August,  under  glass,  and 
by  veneer-grafting  in  summer,  on  one  of  the  species  or 


t 


^P 


.  Cepnalotus  lolUcularis  (XJi). 


on  Taxus  baccata.  For  cions  and  cuttings,  terminal 
shoots  should  be  selected,  which  form  regular  plants 
■with  whorled  branches  like  seedlings,  while  cuttings 
from  lateral  branches  grow  into  irregular,  low.  spread- 
ing shrubs. 


CERASTIUM 

A.    lyfS.  2-S  in.  long  :   branchlets  yellowish  green, 
pendulous. 

F6rtunei,  Hook.  Lvs.  tapering  gradually  into  a  sharp 
point,  usually  falcate,  dark  green  and  shining  above  : 
fr.  greenish  brown,  obovate.  N.  China,  Jap.  B.M.  4499. 
F.S.  B:  555.  R.H.  1878,  p.  117.  — This  is  the  most  grace- 
ful species,  with  long  and  slender  branches,  attaining  in 
its  native  country  50  ft.  in  height,  in  culture  usually  re- 
maining a  shrub. 

AA.    I/vs.  1-2  in.  long. 

pedunculata,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  With  spreading,  often 
somewhat  pendulous  branches,  dark  green  when  young: 
lvs.  to  2  in.  long,  narrowed  into  a  sharp  point,  shining 
and  dark  green  above:  fr.  ovoid,  rounded  at  both  ends, 
rarely  giobulat.  Jap.,  China.  G.C.  III.  18: 716.-In 
Japan,  tree  to  25  ft.  high,  usually  shrub  in  culture.  A 
remarkable  form  is  var.  fastigi^ta,  Carr.  (Podoeiirpus 
Koraidna,  Sieb.  &  Zucc),  of  columnar  habit,  with  tip- 
right  branches  and  spirally  arranged  lvs.  G.C.  II. 
21:112.    S.H.  2:450.    Gng.  2:341. 

drup&cea,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Branches  spreading,  stiff, 
usually  light  green  when  young  :  lvs.  about  1  in.  long, 
abruptly  pointed,  narrow  and  straight,  often  upturned: 
fr.  usually  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base.  Jap.  G.C. 
III.  18:717.  — This  is  the  dwarfest  species,  usually  form- 
ing a  low  bush  with  stiff,  spreading  branches. 

Alfred  Rehder. 

CEPHALOTUS  (Greek,  in  a  head,  referring  to  the 
crowded  stamens).  SaxifragcLcea.  One  species  in 
Australia.  Lvs.  all  radical,  of  two  kinds,  the  ordinary 
foliage  lvs.  being  spatulate  or  elliptic,  hairy,  and  entire, 
the  others  being  pitchers  with  purple  tints  and  a  netted 
and  veined  lid.  The  fls.  are  borne  in  an  interrupted 
spike,  on  an  erect  scape;  they  are  apetalous,  and  have 
»  white,  6-parted  calyx,  12 


tivorous  pitchers,  which  are  1-3  in.  long  and  beautifully 
lined  and  shaded  with  purple  and  green.  The  plant  is 
grown  in  peat  and  moss,  after  the  manner  of  Drosera 
and  Dionsea.  Delights  in  plenty  of  moisture,  mounted 
on  sphagnum  moss.  Give  a  cool  and  shady  position. 
Prop,  by  seeds  (allow  only  one  seed  vessel  to  mature) 
and  also  bv  division.  A  most  interesting  plant.  R.B. 
23:2.33.    I. H.  27:391.    J. H.  III.  35:260. 

L.  H.  B.  and  H.  A.  Siebreoht. 
CEEASTIUM  (Greek  for  ftor«,  alluding  to  the  shape 
of  the  pod).  Caryophyll&cea.  Decumbent  annuals  or 
perennials,  with  weak,  slender  stems,  small,  opposite 
lv3.  and  small  white  fls. :  differs  from  Arenaria  in  the 
shape  and  dehiscence  of  the  capsule:  sepals  5  or  4; 
petals  as  many,  often  2-cleft;  stamens  10  or  less.  Valu- 
able in  rockeries  or  for  bedding  and  borders.  Species 
about  100,  of  world-wide  distribution. 

A.    Lvs.  green,  merely  pubescent. 

arv^nse,  Linn.  (var.  oblongifdlium,  Holl.  &  Britt.). 
Sx.vKRy  Grasswort.  Fig.  410.  Perennial,  low,  much 
branched  and  matted;  stems  8-12  in.  long;  lvs.  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  pale  green,  pubescent,  obtuse,  %-\}^  in.  long, 
]4  in.  wide:  fls.  very  numerous,  appearing  in  April  and 
May;  petals  5,  deeply  bifid  :  capsules  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx.  On  magnesian  rocks,  N.  Y.  to  Va.  and  west- 
ward. Bui.  74.  Ind.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  from  which  Fig.  410 
is  adapted.  — Recommended  as  a  bedding  plant,  for  its 
.aat-like  habit,  covered  with  white  bloom. 
AA.  I/vs.  silvery  or  grayish. 
B.    Capsule  equaling  the  calyx. 

grandlildrum,  Waldst.  &  Kit.  Creeping  perennial  : 
lvs.  linear,  acute,  the  margins  reflexed  ;  inflorescence 
dichotomous  :  fl. -stems  6-8  in.  high  :  petals  oval,  2- 
parted,  transparent  white,  twice  as  long  as  calyx.  E. 
Europe. 

BB.    Capsule  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Biebersteinii,  DC.  Stems  6  in.,  creeping,  diffuse, 
branched  :  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  tomentose-wooUy  ;  pe- 
duncles erect,  dichotomous  ;  capsule  ovate-cvlindrical. 
Tauria.  B.M.  2782.  — Like  C.  tomentosum,  but  with 
larger  lvs.    Fine  for  edgings. 


CERASTIUM 


,  Gren.  Low:  Ivs.  silvery,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  entire,  sessile;  peduncles  4-12  in.  high  ;  inflores- 
cence a  dichotomous  cyn\e  :  fls.  large,  white.    Spain. 


tomentbsiun,  Linn.  Low,  creeping,  branched :  Its.  ob- 
long, spatulate,  grayish  woolly,  upper  Ivs.  lanceolate  ; 
peduncles  6  in.  high,  erect,  dichotomous:  capsule  cylin- 
drical.   Eu. -Much  used  for  edgings. 

Jared  G.  Smith. 

CfiEASUS.    Consult  P™h»s. 

CEKATIOLA  (Greek,  «  lilfle  horn,  referring  to  the 
4-branched,  serrate  stigma).  Umpetrdcew.  A  heath- 
like evergreen,  much-branched  shrub  from  the  sand 
barrens  of  Ga.  and  S.  C. ;  rarely  cult.  N.,  but  not  hardy. 
Only  1  species. 

ericoldes,  Michx.  Height  2-8  ft. :  branches  subverti- 
cillate,  marked  with  scars  of  numerous  fallen  Ivs.,  the 
younger  and  upper  ones  only  retaining  foliage  :  Ivs. 
crowded,  almost  whorled,  yi-%  in.  long,  linear,  rigid, 
shining,  pale,  rounded  above,  grooved  beneath:  fls.  in- 
conspicuous, dioecious,  of  peculiar  structure  :  berries 
round,  orange-yellow.    B.M.  2758. 

CEEATOLOBTJS  (Greek  for  homed  pod).  Palmdcew. 
Spiny  Javanese  palms,  with  pinnate  Ivs.,  sometimes 
seen  in  fine  collections,  but  not  in  the  Amer.  trade. 
The  species  are  C.  cdncolor,  Blume  ;  C.  glauciscens, 
Blume;  C.  jlfic/ioh/zidna,  Hort.  G.C.  III.  23:251;  C. 
Findley&mis,  Hort.,  A.G.  15:169.  Treated  the  same  as 
Calamus. 

A  small  genus  of  warmhouse  palms,  natives  of  Java 
and  Sumatra.  The  members  of  this  genus  are  slender- 
growing,  spiny  palms,  with  pinnate  leaves,  one  of  the 
best  being  C.  MichoWsiana,  which  has  rather  short 
pinnffl  irregularly  grouped  along  the  rachis.  A  shaded 
house,  with  a  night  temperature  of  65°  to  70°,  a  moist 
atm'osphere,  and  plenty  of  water  at  the  root,  are  the  most 
essential  points  in  their  culture. 

L.  H.  B.  and  W.  H.  Taplts. 


CERATOZAMIA  277 

CERATdNIA   (Greek   for  horn,  in  reference  to  the 

»rgcp..dl.    if;7»»ii»o.s,r.    A  tree  of  the  Mediterranean 
asin.    li,l,inffin-   tr.   tin-    r:iNsia    Iril.r.     Tlir    n.-tals    are 


tlic 


lilu 


hiiKht 


of  40-50  ft.  It  is  evergreen.  Lv.s.  pinnate,  shining,  the 
Ifts.  oval  and  obtuse.  It  thrives  well  in  S.  Calif,  and  S. 
Pla.  The  pulp  about  the  seeds  is  sweet  and  edible,  but 
the  fruit  is  used  chiefly  for  feeding  stock.  In  Europe 
these  pods  are  much  prized  for  the  fait,  nin-  ..i  -w  m,  . 
The  dry  pods  are  occasionally  seen  in  tin  !i,i  ij- 
in  northern  markets.  Var.  longissima  .!  :.  .  I  m 
having  very  long  pods.  The  Ceratonia  i-  In-  i  n  :■-  Al- 
garoba,  Carob,  Karoub,  Caroubier,  and  !^t.  Joim  s  Bread. 
The  last  name  records  the  notion  that  the  seeds  and 
sweet  pulp  are  respectively  the  locusts  and  wild  honey 
which  .St.  John  found  in  the  wilderness.  The  dry 
valves  or  pods  have  been  supposed  to  he  the  husks 
which  liecanie  the  subsistence  of  the  prodigal  son.  See 
G.F.3:;US.323.  L.  H.  B. 

CEEATOPTEEIS  (Greek,  horn  fern).  Ceratopteri- 
ilitcetc.  A  genus  of  aquatic  tropical  ferns,  forming  the 
type  of  a  distinct  family.  The  plants  root  in  mud,  and 
the  sterile  Ivs.  either  float  on  the  surface  or  are  carried 
above  the  surface  of  the  water.  The  sporophylls  are  bi- 
tripinnate,  with  pod-like  ultimate  segments,  entirely 
unlike  the  sterile  Ivs.  Only  a  single  species  is  known. 
C.  thalictroides,  Brongn.  Tropical  waters  of  both  hemi- 
spheres, rare  in  Florida.  — Useful  in  ponds  and  aquaria. 
Must  be  taken  indoors  on  approach  of  cold  weather. 
Best  grown  when  planted  in  loam  and  leaf -mold  topped 
with  spagnum,  and  tied  in  a  pan  or  crib  and  set  into  a 
tub  in  medium  temperature,  with  the  crown  on  top  of 
the  water.  To  propagate,  pull  out  several  of  the  center 
leaves,  and  new  crowns  will  form;  these  can  be  divided. 
L.  M.  Underwood  and  H.  A.  Siebrecht. 

CEEATOSTlGMA  (Greek, /lornerf  stiqmn).  Plumbagi- 
nicea.  Different  from  Plumbago  in  having  no  glands 
on  the  calyx,  stamens  adnate  to  the  corolla  tube,  fls.  in 
dense  clusters  rather  than  spicate,  and  other  technical 
characters.    There  are  3  or  4  s]ifoies  in  warm  regions  of 


^vith  alternate. 


plumbaginoldes,  BiiiiL  / 
Vulorddia  plumba,i,„<  - 
6-12  in.,  the  stem  red  ami  l.ia 
ciliate  on  the  edges  :  IN.  si, 
spreading,  deep  blue  liinl..  tln^ 
collected  in  dense  heacN  .t  ui 
P.S.  4:  307.-A  hardy  luddiii^' 
of  its  deep  blue  fls.  late  in  fa 
covering  in  winter  in  the  N. 


minutely  toothed, 
■liina.  B.M.  4487. 
■oducing  profusely 
vahKiMi-.  Needs 
L.  H.  B. 


CEEAT0THi;CA(Greekfor7,..,H..;r.(/..s»/,  i.  Pedalid- 
cew.  Tropical  African  herbs  of  3  or  4  kinds,  with  usually 
opposite  Ivs.  which  are  ovate,  5-parted  calyx,  2-lipped 
corolla,  fls.  solitary  in  the  axils,  and  a  2-horned  capsule. 
C.  triloba,  Meyer,  is  occasionally  grown  in  S.  Pla.,  and  it 
may  be  adapted  to  glasshouses.  It  is  a  tall  herb  (5  ft.), 
with  the  habit  of  foxglove,  probably  biennial,  hairy:  Ivs. 
stalked  and  crenate-dentate :  fls.  3  in.  long,  blue,  pubes- 
cent, deflexed,  the  lower  lobe  prolonged.     Handsome. 


CEEATOZAMIA  (Greek,  horned  Zamia  ;  referring  to 
the  horned  scales  of  the  cones,  which  distinguish  this 
genus  from  Zamia),  Ci/caddcete.  Handsome  Mexican 
foliage  plants,  with  Cycas-like  Ivs.,  but  less  commonly 
cultivated  in  American  palm-houses  than  Cycas.  Best 
raised  from  young  imported  plants,  but  rarely  prop,  by 
seeds,  or  by  offsets  from  the  slow-growing  trunk.  Bum 
out  the  center  of  the  plant  with  a  hot  iron,  and  a  num- 
ber of  offsets  will  spring  from  the  trunk  and  the  crown; 
these  may  be  used  for  propagation. 

Mexic&na,  Brongn.  Trunk  thick,  short,  covered  with 
the  remains  of  fallen  leaf-stalks  :  Ivs.  rich,  dark  green, 
pinnate,  on  prickly  petioles  5-6  in.  long,  which  ar& 
shaggy  when  young ;  leaflets  very  numerous,  6-12  in. 


■278  CERATOZAMIA 

long  or  more,  lanceolate  :  cones  produced  annually  on 
separate  plants;  female  cones  9-12  in.  long,  4—6  in.  thick, 
the  scales  2-horned  ;  male  cones  narrower,  longer,  on  a 
hairy  stalk,  the  scales  with  two  small  teeth.  Mex.  Gn.9, 
pp.  308,  309.— An  excellent  decorative  plant,  best  grown 
in  sandy  loam.  Give  freely  of  water  and  heat  in  spring 
■»nd  summer,  but  keep  cooler  and  dryer  in  winter. 

H.  A.  SiEBKECHT  and  W.  M. 

CEKCIDIPH^LLUM  {Ceieis  and  phyllon  leaf  the 
Ivs  resemble  those  of  Cti.  is)  Tiotlwdtndriiea  Trie 
with  deciduous  n  u  ilh  \\  it  ]  ti  1  1  in  1  i  Uiii  it  h 
nerved  Ivs  fls  di  in  n  i  i  i  u  n  i]  til  u  Ii 
tary  staminaten    ulv  il      I     nii^nuiii   i    n      t   in   n 

with  slender  fil  iiii(  III  [i  iillii  i  li  II  1  n  i  tin.,  1 
3-5  carpels  endiu^  ml  n..  1  uii  h  h  t\  ksauddn  ik]  iii;, 
into  about  •*4in  lou^  dLhisceut  pods  with  many  seeds 
One  species  in  lapan  Hardv  ornamental  shrubby  tree 
of  pyiamidal  and  when-voung  almost  fastigiate  habit 
with  handsome,  light  gr<  en  foliage  purplish  when  un 
folding,  turning  bright  j  ellow  or  partially  scarlet  m  fall 
It  prefers  rich  and  moist  soil,  and  grows  rapidly  when 
young.  Prop,  by  seeds,  sown  in  spring,  and  by  green- 
'wood-cuttings,  taken  from  forced  plants  in  early  spring, 
or  by  layers  ;  cuttings  from  half -ripened  wood  in  sum- 
mer, under  glass,  grow  also,  but  not  very  well. 

Japdnicum,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Bushy  tree,  usually  20-30  ft., 
but  sometimes  rising  to  100  ft.,  with  slender,  glabrous 
"branches  :  Ivs.  opposite,  occasionally  alternate,  slender 
petioled,  cordate,  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  cre- 
nate-serrate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  2-3  in.  long. 
Japan.  G.P.  7:106, 107,  and  G:  53.  Mn.  3:74.  Gng.  5:1.35. 
—  A  very  desirable  tree,  one  of  the  best  of  the  newer 
introductions  from  Japan.  Alfred  Rehder. 

C£BCIS  (A'ci-ii's,  ancient  Greek  name).  Legnminisa-. 
Judas  Tree.  Red  Bud.  Trees  or  shrubs  :  Ivs.  decidu- 
ous, alternate,  petioled,  palmately  nert'ed,  entire  :  fls. 
papilionaceous,  pedicelled,  pink  or  red,  appearing  before 
or  with  the  Ivs.,  in  clusters  or  racemes  from  the  old 


411.  Cercis  Canadi 


-wood:  calyx  5-toothed,  red:  petals  nearly  equal,  the  up- 
permost somewhat  smaller  :  pod  compressed,  narrow- 
oblong,  narrow-winged  on  the  ventrical  suture,  many- 


CERCOCAEPUS 

seeded.  Seven  species  in  N.  America,  and  from  S.  Europe 
to  Japan.  Very  ornamental  trees  or  shrubs,  with  hand- 
some, distinct  foliage  and  abundant  showy  fls.  in  spring, 
very  effective  by  their  deep  pink  color.  They  are  well 
adaped  for  shrubberies  or 
as  single  specimens  on 
the  lawn,  and  attain  rarely 
more  than  20  or  30  ft.  in 
height  forming  a  broad 
irregular  head  when  older 
Onl\  C  Canadensis  is 
]i  u  h  II  ith  while  none  of 
I'l  Till  <  an  be  grown 
11  lulh  farther  north 

111  \  'Vork       Thev 


SUM,  s  \<uii„  plants,  4 
or  5  years  old,  produce  fls. 
freely  and  may  be  recom- 
mended for  forcing,  espe- 
cially C.  Chinensis,  which 
is  the  most  beautiful  of 
all.  Prop,  by  seeds,  sown 
in  spring,  best  with  gentle 
bottom  heat  ;  sometimes 
increased  by  layers,  or  by 
greenwood  cuttings  from 
forced  plants  in  early 
spring;  C.(77i/HeH«!«  grows 
also  from  greenwood  cut- 
tings in  summer  under 
glass. 

A.  Lvs.  abruptly  and  short 
acuminate,  usualln 
iilightly  pnhearent 
near  the  base  beneath. 

Canadensis,  Linn.  Fig. 
411.  Tree,  to  40  ft.:  Ivs. 
roundish  or  broadly  ovate, 
usually  cordate,  3-5  in. 
long  :  fls.  rosy  pink,  J^in. 
long,  4-8  in  clusters:  pod 
2M-3Min.  long.  From  New 
Jersey  south,  west  to  Mis- 
souri and  Texas.  S.  S.  Vatural  size 
3:  133-34.    A.  F.   13:  1370. 

Gng.  6:  290.  P.E.  9:  593.— A  very  desirable  ornamental 
tree  for  the  northern  states.  There  is  also  a  variety  with 
double  fls. 

Chin^nsis,  Bunge  (C  Japdjjjca,  Sieb.).  Fig. 412.  Tree, 
to  .'(1  ft.,  slirul)  ill  culture:  lvs.  deeply  cordate,  roundish, 
witli  a  wliit.-,  transparent  line  at  the  margin,  subcoria- 
i-i-ous.  sliiiiiiiL-iilH.v./,  3-5  in. long:  fls.  5-8,  purplish  pink, 
'^ill.  liiiL- .  i"'.!  .;-.">  in.  long,  narrow.  China,  Japan. 
F.S.  s:,si!i,  Mi,.2:l.i9.  G.P.  6:  476. -The  most  beautiful 
sp.ri.-,  V.  it),  ii,,.  lis.  nearly  as  large  as  those  of  C.  Sili- 
qitii^t ,-nt,i  ;nHl  iiiuri*  abundant. 
AA.  Lis.  ruioiJed  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  usuajty 
broader  than  long. 

occident&lis,  Torr.  (C.  Califdmica,  Torr.).  Shrub,  to 
15  ft. :  lvs.  cordate,  roundish,  glabrous,  about  2  in.  wide: 
fls.  rose-colored,  Kin.  long:  pod  2-2Kin.  long.  Calif.— A 
closely  allied  species  is  C.renifdrmis,  Engelm.  (C.  Tei- 
hisis,  Sarg. ).  SmaU  tree:  lvs.  subcoriaceous,  3-5  in. 
wide,  sometimes  pubescent  beneath  :  pod  2^  in.  long. 
Texas,  N.  Mexico.    S.S. 3:135. 

Siliqu&stnun,  Linn.  Tree,  to  40  ft.:  lvs.  roundish, 
deeply  cordate,  glabrous,  3-5  in.  wide  ;  fls.  3-6,  purplish 
rose,  %\n.  long  :  pod  3-4  in.  long.  S.  Europe,  W.  Asia. 
B.M.  11.38.  Gn.  42:  879,  and  52,  p.  5.  — There  is  a  variety 
with  white  fls.  Alfred  Rehder. 

CEBCOCAEPUS  (Greek,  tail  and  fruit;  the  fruit  with 
a  long,  hairy  tail).  Ros&cem.  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with 
alternate,  persistent,  rather  small  lvs.:  fls.  inconspicu- 
ous, apetalous,  whitish  or  reddish,  in  the  axils  of  fas- 
cicled [vs.:  fr.  an  akene,  surmounted  by  the  persistent, 


412.   Cer 


CERCOCARPUS 

long  and  hairy  style.  Small  genus  of  about  4  species,  in 
the  Rocky  Mts.  from  Montana  south  to  Mexico;  without 
decorative  value,  but  probably  valuable  for  covering  dry, 
rocky  or  gravelly  slopes  in  arid  temperate  regions,  as 
they  thrive  under  very  unfavorable  conditions.  The 
very  heavy  and  close-grained  wood  is  manufactured  into 
small  arti.-Irs.  and  VMliir.l  us  fii.-l  and  for  nialiins  char- 
coal. Th.v  m:iv  I,.-  niUivar.  a  in  a  peaty  and  sandy,  well 
draine.i  soil  m'-unny  i,Msiiio„s,  and  pn.p.  I.y  s,.,-,N  or  by 
cuttings  ut'  lialf-riptniil  w.n.d  nndir  glass.  C.  ledifdlius, 
Nutt.,  is  the  hardiest,  and  stands  frost  to  zero.  It  has 
narrow,  entire  Ivs.,  while  the  Mexican  C.  fothergiUoldes, 
HBK.,  has  the  Ivs.  somewhat  larger,  serrate  and  tomen- 
tose  beneath,  and  clustered  fls.  C.  parvifdlius,  Nutt.,  has 
cuneate-obovate,  coarsely  serrate  Ivs.  D.  M.  Andrews,  of 
Colorado,  who  handles  this  shrub,  writes  of  it  as  follows : 
"  Mountain  Mahogany,  6  feet.  A  nearly  evergreen  rosa- 
ceous shrub  of  peculiar  and  attractive  habit  of  growth. 
Flowers  white,  early,  followed  by  the  long,  plumose 
akenes,  which  are  3-5  in.  long,  strangely  curled  and 
twisted,  arranged  above  and  on  each  side  of  the  slender 
branches,  so  that  at  a  little  distance  they  have  an  appear- 
ance suggestive  of  ostrich  plumes.  Easily  transplanted, 
and  thrives  anywhere."  Alfred  Rehder. 

CfiBEUS  (from  the  Latin  ;  some  think  it  comes  from 
the  word  toi  candle,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  stem; 
others  that  it  comes  from  the  word  for  pUa)it\,  Cactd- 
cece.  A  genus  of  varying  habit,  from  stout-columnar  to 
almost  globular,  deflexed  or  creeping  or  slender-climb- 
ing, generally  ribbed.  The  fls.  are  borne  singly  on  the 
side  of  the  stem  ;  they  have  a  long  tube  which,  with  the 
ovary  below  it,  is  beset  with  scales  or  bracts  ;  petals 
numerous  and  spreading.  The  sts.  bear  numerous  tuber- 
cles or  woolly  tufts,  which  bear  spines  ;  these  spines 
are  usually  of  two  kinds  or  groups,  — the  interior  ones, 
or  "centrals,"  which  stand  at  nearly  right  angles  to  the 
stem,  and  the  outer  ones,  or  "radials,"  which  are  vari- 
ously spreading.  The  largest  Cacti  are  Cereuses.  A 
genus  of  about  100  species,  extending  from  the  arid 
regions  of  southwestern  U.  8.  southward  through  Mex. 
and  Cent.  Amer.  into  S.  Amer.  Formerly  the  genus  was 
made  to  include  the  ntunerous  species  of  Echinocereus, 
but  these  are  now  regarded  as  forming  a  distinct  genus. 
Those  who  miss  well  known  Cereus  forms  from  the 
following  list  should  look  under  Echinocereus.  Not  all 
of  the  specific  names  to  be  found  in  the  trade  cata- 
logues can  be  accounted  for  at  present,  but  the  following 
synopsis  contains  the  most  important  in  the  Amer. 
trade  ;  and  the  unidentified  names  will  be  found  in  the 
supplementary  list.    See  Cactus. 

John  M.  Coulter. 

The  Night-blooming  Cereuses  are  the  only  species 
(except  C.  flageUiformis)  which  are  generally  culti- 
vated. The  sts.  of  the  Night-blooming  Cereus  are  either 
cylindrical  or  angled,  and  are  trailing  or  climbing  in 
habit.  Some  species  grow  to  a  great  height.  They  are 
excellent  for  growing  against  pillars  or  rafters  in  the 
greenhouse.  They  grow  most  luxuriantly  where  they 
receive  abundant  light  and  a  good  circulation  of  air. 
They  are  not  particular  about  soil,  but  do  well  in  any 
open,  porous  compost.  Great  care  should  be  taken  that 
the  drainage  is  perfect,  as  stagnation  at  the  roots  of 
sueh  fleshy  succulent  plants  is  sure  to  prove  disastrous. 
During  the  summer  months  the  stems  should  be  syringed 
twice  a  day  ;  but  during  the  winter  they  require  no  syr- 
inging and  very  little  water.  Good  plants  can  be  grown 
in  pots,  using  a  compost  of  one-half  good  fibrous  loam 
and  the  other  half  lime  rubbish,  broken  brick  and  sand. 
The  best  species  are  C.  qninrliflorna.  C.  MncDonaldw, 
C.    titjclirnliix.   and   C.   fr!a„r,„l,irix.     At  the   Harvard 


CEREUS 


279 


vhich  1 


They 


lapse 


Robert  Cameron. 
The  following  Cereuses  are  here  described  :  Alacri- 
portanus,  22  ;  Alamosensis,  8  ;  atropiirpiireus,  45  ; 
azureus,  34  ;  Baumanni,  27  ;  Belienli,  24  ;  Bonplandii, 
44;  Baxaniensis,  i3;  Bridgesii,  33  ;  ctesius,  35;  can- 
delabrum, 24  ;  candicans,  4  ;  Cavendishii,  29  ;  cha- 
lybaeus,  25;  ChUensis,  7;  ChiotUla,  10;   coccineus,  37  ; 


Cochal,21;  cffinilescens,  32;  colubrinus,2~;   Donkel^ri, 

49  ;   Dumortieri,  IG  ;  Dijckli,  11  ;  ebumeus,  19;  edulis, 

19;    Emoryi,  39;  eriophoriis,  30;  eruca,  41 ;  euphorbl- 

oides,  12  ;  extensus,  59  ;  Femambucensis ,  42  ;  flagelli- 

form        4        for    0     s    4'      ge  n  nat  is    15      geometn 

zans   ''0     g  ganteus    1      grand  flonis      0  1       4'' 

Greg       Sb      gummosus    40      ham  IT      1 

nu       1  nerm  s    5o      isogonus 

lagen  form  s     33      lamprocl  lorus  / 

leptoph         4         MacDonald  «e     01 

Mall    on      48      marg  nat   s    lo      M 

tin      4b     Mavnard      ol     Mex  canu 

46         nolo      '^        \d\  oleon 

Olf  1         Pa     cana     3       Pe  t 

P      a     b  si         1 

platy     nu      31    4b      i  1 

s,       19     ;    <7  o     r 

57    repand        ^0     1 

37     t,     I  I      3i  ]  f      1 

an        6        ;       OS  ,  ,      ulo 

su      0         plenden        4       tell  t         11      teph  a  an  hus 

14      Thurler     •>      To     I  a  11      tort   osus    45     tn 

angular  s     60      urano      50  Id         ''')        a    nb  I  s 

42   43 

A.    Sts.  erect,  2  in.  or  more  in  diameter. 

B.    yew  groicth  green,  not  pruinose  (i.  e.,  not  covered 

with  a  bloom  or  gluucitm). 

c.    Bibs  of  stem  10  or  more. 

1.  giganteus,  Engelm.  Sil-warro.  Fig.  413.  A  stout 
form,  25-60  ft.  high,  simple  or  with  a  few  erect  branches 
shorter  than  the  main  st. :  ribs  12-1.')  below,  18-21  above, 
often  almost  ..lilitnai'  ]  ii  i  -;.!■.  I. ss  on  older  parts: 
spines  strait'l It.  lull  i  i- or  straw-color,  be- 
coming ashv  .ir  ,l:iii..                             -i.ut,  the  11-17  outer 

ones  setaceous  :    ll>.    wn.>M- uhitish:  fr.  oval  or 

pear-shaped,  --;i  in.  luii>i  aiid  i-J  iu.  in  diam.  In  rocky 
vallevs  and  on  m.:.untain  sides  from  Ariz,  into  Sonora 
and  L.  Calif.  B.M.  7222.  A. G.  11:451,  528. -The  best 
known  of  the  tree  forms.  The  young  plants  are  globu- 
lar for  several  years.  Forms  the  cordon  forests  of  the 
Sonoran  region.    Runs  into  crested  or  cristate  forms. 

C.  Pringlei,  Wats.,  is  one  of  the  cordon  Cereuses  of 
N.  Mex.  Not  so  tall  as  C.  gigantens,  ribs  fewer,  and 
fls.  scattered.    Not  in  cult.    G.F.  2:65. 

2.  TMrberi,  Engelm.  Several  stems  arising  from  the 
same  root,  becoming  10-15  ft.  high,  fasciculate-jointed: 
ribs  13-16,  very  slightly  prominent :  spines  7-16,  slender 
and  rigid  or  almost  setaceous,  very  unequal  in  length  : 
fls.  greenish -white  :  fr.  globose,  1-3  in.  in  diam.,  olive- 
color,  with  crimson  pulp.  Southwestern  Ariz.,  through 
Sonora  and  L.  Calif. 

3.  Fasac4na,  Weber.  A  gigantic  species,  reaching  a 
height  of  20-30  ft.,  and  sometimes  even  50  ft.,  and  a 
diam.  of  12-16  in. ;  sparingly  branching  above  ;  in  new 
growth  dark  green,  becoming  gray  or  bluish:  ribs  15- 
20,  or  in  young  plants  only  9-10:  areolaa  %-%  in.  apart, 
large,  brown,  becoming  yellowish  and  finally  gray:  ra- 
dial spines  10-13,  about  1  in.  long,  the  under  one  or 
lowest  pair  straight,  subulate,  the  others  curved  ;  cen- 
trals mostly  4,  the  under  and  upper  ones  the  longest, 
reaching  2  "in.  in  length,  straight  or  curved ;  the  young 
spines  are  clear  brown,  often  with  alternating  rings  of 
light  and  dark  tissue,  later  gray,  bulbose  at  the  base  : 
fls.  from  the  lateral  areolse,  about  6  in.  long,  white. 
Argentine  Republic. -This  is  the  giant  Cereus  of  the 
Argentine  desert,  as  C.  gigantens  is  of  the  Mojave 
desert. 

4.*c4ndlcan3,  Gillies.  Stems  upright,  low,  cylindri- 
cal, bright  green,  2K-3  ft.  high  by  6-8  in.  in  diam.; 
freely  branching  from  the  base:  ribs  10,  obtuse  angled: 
areolae  %-%m.  apart,  large,  depressed,  white,  becoming 
gray  :  radial  spines  11-14,  spreading,  at  first  thin, 
needle  form,  later  stronger,  stiff,  straight,  about  %  in. 
long  ;  central  solitary  or  later,  3-4  additional  ones  ap- 
pearing above,  stronger,  reaching  a  length  of  l^in., 
sometimes  somewhat  curved  ;  all  the  spines  horn-col- 
ored, with  tips  and  bases  brown,  later  becoming  gray: 
fls.  long,  funnel  form,  resembling  those  of  Echinopsis, 
10  in.  long  by  6  in.  in  diam. :  fr.  spherical  to  ellipsoidal, 
about  3  in.  in  diam.,  red,  somewhat  spiny,  flesh  white. 
Argentine  Republic. 


280 


CEREUS 


5.  lamproclU6rus,  Lem.  Related  to  C.  candicans  .  vt  a 
taller  growth,  cylindrical.  3-6H  ft.  high  by  about  3  in. 
in  diara.,  at  first  simple.  Imt  later  brfuiciiing  at  the  base; 
in   new    L'n.wtli    t.ri-lit    lt.-.-ii.  Int.-r    .lirty    green:  ribs 

10-11  or  i..-i-;i-i.iii:[||y    1 :. ;   i -i.i.'u. .u^ly    i-ri-nate,   later 

blunt  aiKl  l.ut  li:tl,- ,  ivii,ii'>:  ar."l:i- in.-.liinii  size,  about 
3^in.  apart,  yrlli.wish  whitr.  iMrniiiini,'  irruy  ;  above  each 
areola  two  'radiating  grooves  form  a  letter  V:  radial 
spines  11-14,  spreading,  straight,  sharp-pointed,  about 
%in.  long,  clear  to  dark  amber  color;  some  are  strong 
and  rigid,  while  others  are  bristle-form ;  centrals  mostly 
4,  somewhat  longer,  stronger  and  deeper  colored,  with 
brown  bases,  becoming  dark  gray,  about  Kin.  long  :  fls. 
from  the  previous  year's  growth,  about  8-10  in.  long  by 
6  in.  in  diam.,  white.   Argentine  Republic. 

6.  Spachi4ims,  Lem.  Stems  upright,  at  first  simple, 
later  profusely  branching  at  the  base,  branches  ascend- 
ing parallel  with  the  main  stem,  2-.*^  ft.  high  by  2-23^  in. 
in  diam.,  columnar:  ribs  10-15,  obtuse,  rounded  :  areolie 
about  Kin.  apart,  large,  covered  with  curly  yellow  wool, 
becoming  white  :  radial  spines  8-10,  ^4-%  in.  long, 
spreading,  stiff,  sharp,  amber-yellow  to  brown;  central 
solitary,  stronger  and  longer;  all  the  spines  later  be- 
coming gray:  fls.  about  8  in.  long  by  about  6  in.  in  diam., 
white.   Argentine  Republic. 

7.  Chilinsis,  Colla(C.C;iiZoi?n«i«,DC.).  Stems  strong, 
upright,  simple  (so  far  as  known),  about  2>2  ft.  high  by 
3H-5  in.  in  diam.,  cylindrical  to  somewhat  clavate, 
bright,  clear  green:  ribs  10-12,  obtuse:  areolae  about  an 
inch  apart,  large:  radial  spines  straight,  sharp,  rigid,  at 
first  9,  but  later  4  others  appear  above  these;  centrals 
mostly  4,  seldom  but  a  single  one,  bulbose  at  the  base; 
the  young  spines  are  brown  honey-yellow,  becoming 
white,  with  dark  tips,  and  finally  gray  :  rts.  from  the 
upper  lateral  areoIie,  about  6  in.  long,  white,  resembling 
those  of  Echinopsis.    Chile. 

CC.    Bibs  of  stem  7-9. 

8.  AlamOB^nsis,  Coult.  Upright  columnar,  about  2  ft. 
high  by  about  2  in.  in  diam.,  several  stems  arising  from 
a  common  root-crown:  ribs  7-9,  compressed  and  slightly 
crenate:  areolae  prominent,  about  1-1 K  in.  apart,  hemi- 
spherical, .densely  covered  with  short,  reddish  brown 
wool:  radial  spines  15-18,  slender  but  rigid,  rather  un- 
equal, spreading,  straight  or  curved,  %-l  in.  long,  ashy 


luich  stouter  and  longer, 
^■'■iit,  the  lowest  (usu- 
!  ittened),  porrect  or 
^i>metimes  teretish, 
i-li,  vrith  dark  brown 
rom  the  upper  lateral 
long,  red.     Northern 


gray;  centrals  comnm 

the  three  upper  on.  • 

ally  the  longest  n 

deflexed,  all  mor. 

lX-2  in.  long,  win  n 

base,  finally  beconimL;  i;ray 

areola,  funnel-form,  about 

Mexico. 

9.  Queretar^nsis,  Weber.  Arborescent,  with  a  trunk 
about  3  ft.  high  by  about  14  in.  in  diam. ;  the  much- 
branched  crown  has  a  diameter  of  12-16  ft.,  the  total 
height  of  a  plant  being  about  20  ft.;  branches  dark 
green,  in  young  growth  frequently  of  a  peculiar  violet- 
brown:  ribs  6-7,  separated  by  sharp  grooves,  which  later 
become  much  flattened,  and  tin'  stmi  i-,,iis(([uently  more 
cylindrical:  areolte  depri-s.-.M|.  duk  l.r.nvn:  radial 
spines  6-9,  the  lower  ones  rhe  I-'Iilt'-t.  rihout  IH  in. 
long;  centrals  4  (often  but  L' * ,  r.ac-iiiiii:  !'_.  in.:  fls.  nu- 
merous from  the  upper  part  of  the  branches,  about  4-5 
in.  long  :  fr.  yellow  to  red,  about  2  in.  long,  covered  with 
dark  yellow  to  brown  spines,  about  1  in.  long,  and  bul- 
bose at  the  base.   Mexico. 

10.  Chiotllla,  Weber.  Arborescent,  stem  reaching  a 
diameter  of  16  in.,  freely  branching  from  the  base  up- 
ward, the  whole  plant  reaching  a  height  of  16  ft.,  with  a 
crown  12-14  ft.  in  diam.,  branches  8  in.  in  diam.,  dark 
green:    ribs   mostly   7   (seldom    8):    areote  elliptical, 

"il  spines 
ng  ;  cen- 
trals 1-2,  rarely  3-4,  the  under  one  long  and  very  strong, 
about  2  in.  long,  curved  downward,  and  either  to  the 
right  or  to  the  left,  the  others  about  half  as  long  ;  all 
the  spines  are  horn  colored  ;  the  narrow  groove  con- 
necting the  areoliB  bears  a  few  bristles  :  fls.  from  the 
lateral  areolse,  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  lM-13'2  in. 
long,  sulphur-yellow:  fr.  spherical,  little  more  than  an 
inch  in  diameter,  scaly,  brown-red,  with  a  violet  flesh 
within.   Mexico. 


CEREUS 

11.  stell4tus,  Pfeiff.  (C./).vcia,Mart.  C.TonelHcinut, 
Lem.).  Stems  upright,  columnar,  10-14  ft.  high,  light 
green  ;  branches  upright,  2-3  in.  in  diam. :  ribs  7-10, 
rarely  15  :  areolae  J^-1  in.  apart,  sunken  between  adja- 
cent swellings  of  the  rib:  radial  spines  8-10,  about  %in. 
long;  centrals  3-5,  the  upper  ones  upright  or  divergent, 
the  under  one  porrect,  about  %-%  in.  long  ;  all  the 
spines  bulbose  at  the  base,  rigid,  white,  and  sometimes 
with  dark  tips,  turning  gray  with  age  :  fls.  forming  a 
crown  at  the  end  of  the  stem,  about  2  in.  long,  light 
pink  :  fr.  spherical,  \}4  in.  in  diam.,  red  outside  and 
carmine-red  within.  Central  Mexico.— Fruit  edible  and 
common  in  the  Mexican  markets. 

12.  euphorbioldes,  Haw. (C  6;/^er.9!(,  Otto).  Columnar, 
simple,  10-16  ft.  high  by  about  iM  in.  in  diam.,  in  young 
growth  pale  green,  changing  with  age  to  gray-green  : 
ribs  8-10,  separated  by  sharp  grooves,  sharp-angled,  be- 
coming flattened  in  older  growth  :  areolae  about  %in. 
apart,  small,  white  to  gray:  radial  spines  mostly  6,  the 
under  one  the  longest,  reaching  a  length  of  over  an 
inch,  strong,  yellowish  brown  to  black,  the  upper  ones 
shorter  and  bristle  form  ;  central  solitary,  in  young 
plants  twice  as  long  as  the  radials;  all  the  spines  finally 
become  gray:  fls.  from  near  the  crown,  3}^-4  in.  long, 
beautiful  flesh-n-.l.  nniaining  open  for  24  hours.  Brazil. 
K.H.  1885,p.L>7:i. 

13.  BoBzlii,  Haaur.  l"|.ri-lit,  columnar,  about  3  in. 
in  diam.:  ribs  I),  sii.arattd  by  sharp,  somewhat  serpen- 
tine grooves,  obtuse;  above  the  areolae,  two  radiating, 
slightly  curved  grooves  form  a  letter  V :  areolae  ]4Si 
in.  apart,  comparatively  large,  slightly  sunken,  yellow- 
ish, later  gray:  radial  spines  9-12,  radiate,  nearly  Kin. 
long,  straight,  subulate,  tolerably  sharp,  slightly  thick- 
ened at  the  base,  clear  brown,  with  darker  stripes;  cen- 
tral solitary,  reaching  IK  in.  in  length,  straight,  porrect, 
later  somewhat  deflexed,  clear  brown ;  later  all  the  spines 
become  gray.    Andes  of  Peru  or  Equador. 

14.  tetrao4nthus,  Lab.  Upright,  arborescent  or 
bushy,  freely  branching,  young  branches  leaf-green, 
later  srray-erpen  :  ribs  8-9,  low,  arched  :  areolae  me- 
dium si7,.,i,  s|iir|,tlv  sunken,  about  Kin.  apart,  white  to 
gray:  ri.li  ,'-  ",  hiT.  ,•  7,  radiate,  about  %in.  long,  straight, 
suIhi  I  1 1,  with  brown  tips  and  bases,  later 
a.sh>  .  .  i-:{,  under  one  largest  and  porrect, 
wli'-n  .'■iiii^'  \ri;>.\v  and  translucent,  later  gray:  fls.  re- 
semble thiisi-  of  ('.  tnrtuosus.    Bolivia. 

ccc.    Uibs  of  utem  S-G. 

15.  marginatus,  DC.  (C.  gemmiltiis,  Zucc).  Simple 
or  branching  at  apex,  2-3  in.  in  diam.,  with  5-6  obtuse 
ribs,  which  are  woolly  their  whole  length:  spines  short- 
conical,  rigid,  7-9,  all  nearly  alike:  fls.  brownish  purple, 
about  IK  in.  long  :  fr.  globular  and  spiny.  Mexico.— 
Frequently  used  for  hedges  in  S.  Mexico.  The  stem  is 
often  covered  with  a  woody  crust. 

16.  Dtunorti^ri,  Salm-Dyck.  Tall,  strong,  6-angled, 
columnar  stems,  much  resembling  C.  marginatus,  but 
with  the  confluent  areolae  armed  with  slender,  needle- 
form,  yellow  spines:  radials  about  9-15,  radiating,  about 
%-%  in.  long  ;  centrals  1^,  the  under  one  longest, 
reaching  IK  in.  in  length  :  fls.  numerous,  funnel-form, 
about  2  in.  long,  opening  to  about  1  in.  in  diam.,  white. 
Mexico. 

17.  Hanke&nus,  Weber.  Upright,  robust,  not  branch- 
ing (so  far  as  known),  young  growth  bright  green,  later 
dark  green,  about2  in.  in  diameter:  ribs  4-3,  euniprf  ssed. 
about  1/4  in.  high,  conspicuously  crenati.  \\  iMi  anS  f-.nn 
line  passing  from  each  areolae  toward  tin  .  ■.  :  .  i  M  . 
stem:    areolae   %-l  in.  apart,  horizontal 

heart-shaped,  brown,  becoming  gray  1"  I ■.    ..;,.a 

above:  radial  spines  3,  needle-like,  stout,  .^Laip  puiutci. 
about  %in.  long,  amber-colored  when  young,  turning  to 
brown  ;  central  solitary,  straight,  porrect,  %in.  long, 
stronger  than  the  radials,  horn-colored  ;  later  all  the 
spines  become  gray:  fls.  4-5  in.  long,  white.    S.  Amer. 

BB.    Tfew  growth  blue,  white-  or  gray-pruinose 

(i.e., covered  with  a  bloom). 

c.   nibs  of  stem  comparatively  broad  and  low  ;  more  or 

less  triangular  in  transverse  section. 

18.  macrfigonus.  Otto.  Arborescent,  sparsely  branch- 
ing, reaching  a  heigh  of  20  ft.  (in  cultivation,  6  ft.  high 


CEREUS 

by  3-5  in.  in  diam.),  brin  1 
columnar  :   ribs  mostl\ 
dom  8-9,  thick,  slightly  un  ] 
late,  obtuse  and  with  conv 
faces,  about  1  in.  high  blu 
green,  frequently  having  a 
pressed  line  near  the  areol 
areolae  about  >2in.  apart  Hr 
gray:  radial  spines  6-9    ra 
ate  or  spreading,  strong 
ulate,  Hm.  long,   horn  col 
later  black  ;     central   "sp  r 
1-3,  somewhat    stronger    a 
longer  than  the  radial 
or  less  conspicuously  porrect 
lis.    from    the    lateral     reolt- 
ncar  the  end  of  the  In   i    1 
2V^-3iu.  long.tolerabl    fle  1 
white  :  fr.  depressed-f,lob 
2  in.  in  diam.  by  little 
than  1  in.  long.    Braz  1 
C.    Picten    -  aboi  g 
Wats.,  is  closely  allie  i  i 
above.    It  is  Sonoran,  b 
known  to   be  in    cult 
7:335. 

19.  ebiSrneus,     Sain  D    k 
((;.  p«<i«d.s-«s,  Otto.    (     ^1 
?is,  Hort.).    Stem  simple  an! 
glaucous,    with     7-10      r  I  b 
spines  subulate,  rigid    i   orj 
white,  with  black  tip  (purpl  sh  when  young) 
radials  8-10,  central         ally  solitary  ( 
times  3-4):    fls.    purpl    1       W     Ind      Mex 
Cent  Amer.,  S.Amer 

20.  geometrizana, Mart  {C  p  iq  m  fer  s  Lem  )  S  m 
pie,  4  in.  in  diam.,  with  o-9  obtuse  ribs  with  1  roal  in 
tervals  :  spines  3-6,  ui  eq  lal  stout  and  black  h  the 
solitary  central  one  (somet  lues  want  ng)  verj  long  and 
stout:  fls.  pinkish  wh  te  abo  1 1  m  long  and  in  broad 
Mexico. 

21.  CAchal,  Orcutt.  Stout  at  base,  and  repeatedly 
forking  above,  becoming  4-10  ft.  high:  ribs  4-8,  obtuse, 
with  wide,  shallow  intervals  :  spines  few  and  stout,  the 
solitarv  central  one  «t..iit."Jt  :  tl^.  purplish  green,  1-1 H 
in.  long  :  fr.  the  siz-  hhI  -Ii  h^  ^f  an  olive,  not  spiny, 
red  (frequently  gra}  I  ;  ■  ;  liUrown).  L.  Ualif.— 
The  short  and  stc.iit  i  ,  ;^  often  1ft.  in  diam., 
the  long  branches  _--  m.  ;ii    iMn.. 

CC.    Hihs  of  stem  struH'jly  compressed  lateralUj. 

22.  Peruvianus,  Haw.  (C.  monocldnos,T>C.).  Hedge 
Cactus.  Tall,  30-50  ft.,  branching  freely  toward  the 
base,  columnar,  J^8  in.  in  diam.,  new  growth  dark  green 
and  glaucous,  becoming  a  dull  green  with  age,  and,  in 
old  stems,  becoming  corky:  ribs  5-8,  compressed  :  are- 
olte  K-1  in.  apart,  in  new  growth  covered  with  con- 
spicuous, curly  brown  wool,  becoming  gray :  radial  spines 
about  6-7,  about  %-%  in.  long  ;  central  sMlitary,  narh- 
ing  a  length  of  2%  in.;  the  number  i.f  -iiiii.  -  in.  i,a-es 
with  age  to  as  many  as  20.  all  are  ri-i.l.  liiiwn  :  tls. 
abundant,  from  the  lower  part  of  th.-  ^ 
turnal,  6-7  In.  long  bv  5  in.  in  diam.  Flc 
and  S.  Amer.    G.C.  Ill,  24: 175  (var.  mo, 

Vtff.  Alacriportanus,  K.  Sch.  (C.  AlacriportAmis, 
Mart. ) .  Of  somewhat  weaker  growth,  low,  and  less  con- 
spicuously pruinose  in  the  new  growth,  which  is  con- 
sequently nearly  clear  green.    S.  Brazil. 

23.  Janiaoa.ru,  Salm-Dyck  (C.  ™'h(f«s.  Haw.).  Stems 
upright,  robust,  rigid,  12-16  ft.  high  by  as  much  as  6  in. 
in  diam.;  young  growth  azure-bhic.  Tnriiiiv.-  ilarlc  ^rreen 

with  age,  glaucous:  ribs  4-0.  thin.  imh,... !    .  i .  ..  ,t(-: 

radial    spines  5-7,  stiff,  neqdie-lili' ,   .       .  Aitli 

brown  points,  or  brown  and  linally  I'll   I  .  liii. 

long;  centrals  2-4,  somewhat  stronj,"  r,  ["ii.t.  i  :i  in. 
long:  fls.  large,  10  in.  long  by  8  in.  in  diam.,  white  noc- 
turnal.   Braz.,  Venezuela. 

24.  candelabrum,  Weber  (C.  BeUeicU,  Hort.).  Tall, 
columnar,  simple  or  branching  only  at  the  base,  dark 
green  with  a  faint  trace  of  blue,  30  ft.  high  by  4  in.  in 
diam.:  ribs  9,  blunt,  strongly  compressed,  %in.  high, 
slightly   crenatp  :     areolae    1-2    in.   apart,  ovate,  large. 


,  Mes. 


white:  radial  spines  mostly  9,  the  under  ones  longest 
and  about  an  inch  long,  laterally  compressed,  the  upper 
ones  shorter,  round,  all  bulbose  and  black  at  the  base, 
ivory-white  above  ;  central  solitary,  very  large,  3-4  in. 
long,  dagger-like,  laterally  compressed  and  faintly  an- 
gled, porrect,  ivory-white  to  gray,  base  black  and 
strongly  bulbose  :  fls.  from  the  lateral  areolae,  3-4  in. 
long,  white:  fr.  the  size  of  a  small  orange,  covered  with 
small  scales,  in  the  axils  of  which  are  wool  and  bristles 
Mexico. 

25.  ohalybsus,  Otto.  Stems  upright,  branching  above, 
arborescent,  azure  blue  and  pruinose,  later  dark  green, 
ly^-i  in.  in  diam.:  ribs  6,  in  young  growth  very  much 
compressed,  later  depressed  till  the  stem  is  nearly  cy- 
lindrical :  areolae  about  %in.  apart,  dark  gray-brown  ; 
radial  spines  mostly  7,  about  Kin.  long;  centrals  3-4, 
similar  but  somewhat  stronger  and 
the  spines  are  pointed,  stiff,  wlieu 
later  brown  to  gray  with  black  tip<.  1 
fls.  very  similar  to  those  of  C.  c"  /" 
Republic. 

AA.    Stems  erect,  less  fluiii  J 
B.    Sibsofstem  10  '■,- 

26.  serpentinus,  DC.  Stems  <"hii 
flexuose.  5-8  ft.  high  by  l-lJ„in.  iu 
the  point  :  ribs  10-13,  low,  obtuse 


all 
re  black, 
the  base: 
Vigentine 


slender, 


ubout  %i: 


.part:  radial  spines  10-12,  slender.needle  form,  stiff,%ln. 
long  ;  centrals  1-1,  pink  and  white  when  young,  later 
gray ;  the  number  of  spines  increases  by  new  ones  ap- 
pearing later  :  fls.  from  the  upper  lateral  areolae,  slen- 
der, green,  spiny  tube  with  funnel-shaped  corolla,  about 
6  in.  long  by  3  in.  in  diam.,  white,  nocturnal:  fr.  ovoid, 
red,  covered  with  deciduous  spines.  Cent.  Mex.  B.M, 
3566. 

27.  Bailmannii,  Lem.  (C.  colubrlnus,  Otto).  Stems 
dark  green,  slender,  flexuose, columnar,  reaching  a  height 
of  6  ft.  and  a  diam.  of  1-lK  in.,  the  few  branches  ascend- 


282  CEREUS 

ing  slender,  parallel  with  the  main  stem  :  ribs  12-16, 
rounded:  areolae  close  together,  brown ;  spines  tine,  slen- 
der, very  sharp,  15-20,  fascicled,  white  to  yellow  or  darli 
brown,  about  i4  in.  long ;  sometimes  a  single  one  from  the 
center  reaches  a  length  of  %  in. :  fls.  numerous,  tubular, 
zygomorphous,  2K-3  in.  long  by  about  Kin.  in  diame- 
ter throughout,  red  or  sometimes  with  orange-red  petals 
and  red  tube.  Uruguay,  Paraguay  and  Argentine  Re- 
public. 

28.  iabgonua,  K.Seli.  Stem  upright,  columnar,  about 
1-lK  in.  indiam.,  in  young  growth  light  green  to  yellow- 
green,  later  darker  ;  ribs  15-16  :  areolae  approximate, 
white,  turning  gray:  radial  spines  as  many  as  20, 
spreading,  at  first  clear  or  darlc  yellow,  becoming  white, 
and  finally  gray,  bristle  form,  flexible,  about  %in.  long; 
centrals  6-8;  two  of  these  are  somewhat  stronger  and 
stiffer,  about  %  in.  long,  one  directed  upward  and  one 
downward,  yellowish  brown  to  dark  honey-color  ;  later 
gray,  as  in  the  radials.    S.  Amer. 

29.  spl^ndens,  Salm-Dyck.  Columnar,  slender,  short, 
rigid,  more  or  less  branching  from  the  base,  reaching  a 
height  of  about  2  ft.  and  about  1-lKin.  in  diam.,  light 
to  yellowish  green  :  ribs  about  10-12,  rouiiib'd  ;  areolae 
prominent,  about  Ji  in.  apart,  tawin  ,  lH,,.ii,iif-  wliite. 
tomentose  :    radial    spines  8-12.   ii!     •    i  .\\    and 

light    brown,   becoming   gray;    • !  nci-ly 

larger  than  the  radial,  yellowisli  I"  :\\^>\'  ]<■   -pines 

slender,  bristle  form,  about  ^-.'4  m-  lui.s;-  -I  In-  may 
be  but  a  lower,  stouter  form  of  C.  rcpandus.  C.  Caven- 
dishii  has  been  referred  to  this  species,  but  with  some 
question. 

BB.    Bibs  S-10. 

30.  repflndus,  Haw.  (C.  eridphorus,  Pfeiff.).  Stem 
simple,  20  ft.  high,  tapering  at  summit  and  jointed, 
with  8-10  obtuse  ribs:  spines  9-12,  needle-,shaped,  white 
with  black  tips  :  large  white,  funnel  form  flowers,  the 
calyx-tube  covered  with  long  wool.    W.  Indies. 

31.  plat^gonus,  Otto.  At  first  upright,  later  some- 
what reclining,  branching,  at  the  base  about  1  in.  in 
(liam,.  tapi-ririL- in  th<-  new  growth:  ribs  8,  low,  archedi 
■ii'cii.  ,,Im,,,,  I,  ,,,  ,;,:irt.very  small,  yellow,  becoming 
i-'i.i,.  I-  !  ,1  small  3-angled  bract;  radial 
-I'll"  -  IJ  r.  I  'iL.'.  bristle  form,  little  more  than 
's  ill.  I"ii4:  '.lit  111  iMiary,  slightly  longer  and  stronger; 
all  till-  si.in.s  at  first  yellow-brown,  changing  to  white 
or  gray  with  age. 

32.  C8erul6scen8,  Salm-Dyck  (O.  Ldndbeekl,  Phil.). 
Arborescent  or  shrubby,  3-5  ft.  high:  stems  1-1 V2  in.  in 
diam.:  ribs  usually  8,  obtuse:  areolffi  approximate,  white 
bud  soon  becoming  black  :  spines  rigid  ;  radials  9-12, 
H-i4  in.  long,  black  ;  centrals  4,  %  in.  long,  stronger, 
black  or  white  :  fls.  from  the  si3e  of  the  stem,  slightly 
curved,  6-8  in.  long  by  6  in.  in  diam.,  tube  bronze-green, 
corolla  white  or  occasionally  rose-pink:  frs.  ellipsoidal, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  about  3  in.  long  and  half  that  in 
diam.,  bright  red,  with  blue  glaucous  covering.  Argen- 
tine Republic.     B.M.  3022. 

33.  Bridgesii,  Salin  Dyck.  Upright,  tall,  columnar, 
simple  in-  lattr  l.iaiHhiii!;  at  the  base,  bright  green  when 
young,  be.-uimiii,'  l.hir  to  gray-green,  lK-2  in.  in  diam.: 
ribs  5-7,  very  Itrojul  and  low  :  areola  ^-^in.  apart, 
yellowish  to  gray:  spines  3-5,  radiating,  the  under  one, 
or  seldom  the  upper  one,  the  longest,  i%  in.  long,  stiff, 
sharp,  straight,  dark  honey-yellow,  with  brown  tips,  be- 
coming gray  with  age.    Bolivia. 

Var.  lagenifdrmis,  K.  Sch.  ( C  lagenifdrmis,  Forst.). 
Spines  more  numerous,  somewhat  longer, 

34.  azCireuB,  Parm.(C.Se)dehi,  Lehm.).  Stem  upright, 
tall,  slender,  columnar,  branching  from  the  base,  in  the 
young,  fresh  bluish  green,  later  dark  green  with  gray, 
glaucous  covering,  about  3-4  ft.  high  and  about  1  in.  in 
diam. :  ribs  5-7,  rounded,  enlarged  at  the  areolae  : 
areolffi  about  %-l  ft.  apart,  elevated,  large,  abundantly 
woolly  when  young  :  spines  8-18,  nearly  alike,  about 
%-ya  in.  long,  stiff,  slender,  needle-form  to  bristle-like, 
black;  the  2-4  central  ones  somewhat  longer:  fls.  8-12 
in.  long,  obliquely  attached  to  the  stem,  slightly  curved, 
white.    Braz. 

35.  CEBsius,  Otto.  Upright,  columnar,  branching  at  the 
base,  somewhat  tapering  above;  in  new  growth,  beauti- 


CEREUS 

ful  light  blue,  pruinose  ;  later,  light  green  to  slightly 
bluish,  about  l>^in.  in  diam.:  riijs  5-6,  separated  by 
sharp  grooves,  about  %  in.  high,  compressed,  faintly 
crenate,  becoming  depressed  in  older  growth  :  areolae 
about  %  in.  apart,  small,  yellow  at  first,  later  becoming 
white  and  finally  gray  :  radial  spines  8-10,  sometimes 
more  appear  later;  radiate,  litrht  ambfr-rolnr,  brown  at 
the  base,  the  lower  pair  the  lunLiPst.  iri'tstiv  about  J^  in. 
long;  centrals  4-7,  like  the  railiaK  l.nt  usually  some- 
what stronger,  longer  and  ilaik-i-  ;  all  tlit-  .spines  thin, 
needle-form,  flexible,  sharp  ;  latt-r,  liyht  horn-color, 
finally  gray.    S.  Amer.  {  '.}. 

36.  Greggii,  Engelm.  Slender  and  branching,  2-3  tt. 
high  and  %-l  in.  in  diam.,  from  an  extraordinarily 
large,  tuberous  root  (often  6-10  in.  long  and  4-6  in.  in 
diam.):  ribs  ,;-i;.  a.nt.-  :  s))ines  subulate  from  bulbous 
base,  very  si,., it  an. I  -harp,  7-11,  1  or  2  being  central: 
fls.  white  or  V.  llo\vi.|i.  i;-.s  in.  long;  fr.  ovate,  alternate 
at  base  ami  apex.  I.riu'ht  scarlet,  fleshy  and  edible,  1-2 
in.  long.  Southwestern  Tex.  to  Ariz.,  and  south  into 
Chihuahua  and  Sonora.  Generally  in  gravelly  or  hard, 
clayey  soil. 

37.  specidBUS,  K.  Srh.  (C.  rorrhims,  Salm-Dyck.  0. 
Schrdnkii,  ZunQ.  c .  /'-'"  .■^  '"././(.■,■,  DC).  Slender, 
much  branched  from  ,  i  '.  ■:,-,•;  stems  about  2  ft. 
iQ  length  by  about  1  .  .  1  .:  .  sometimes  having 
aerial  roots  near  tl.i  ,.  un-  -f-v,ili:  ribs  3-5,  serrated: 
areolae  occupy  the  .sli..ii  uppn  side  of  the  serrations, 
large,  copiously  white,  woolly  ;  spines  fascicled,  5-8, 
more  in  age,  spreading,  slender,  stiff,  sharp-pointed,  the 
under  one  bristle-form,  about  K  in.  long,  yellow  :  fls. 
appearing  from  the  older  growth  of  the  stems  ;  large, 
6  in.  in  diam.,  remaining  open  several  days,  purple-red, 
with  irridescent,  bluish  center  :  fr.  ovoid,  with  a  few 
scattering  scales,  lK-2  in.  long.  Mex.  and  Cent.  .\mer. 
B.M.  3822.  I.H.  32:548.  Gn.  53,  p.  153.-This  species  is 
commonly  hybridized  with  other  species  of  Cereus  and 
of  Phyllocactus,  giving  rise  to  numerous  horticultural 


38.  Mexic&nus,  Lem.  Said  by  Lemaire  to  be  a  garden 
hybrid  between  C.  speciosiis  and  some  other  species  not 
mentioned. 

AAA.    Stems  prostrate. 

39.  £mOTyi,  Engelm.  Prostrate,  cylindrical,  2-4  ft. 
long,  with  ascending  or  erect  branches  6-10  in.  high  and 
1-2  in.  in  diam.:  ribs  15,  tuberculate  :  spines  slender 
and  rigid,  interlocked,  yellow  ;  radials  40-50,  very  slen- 
der; central  usually  solitarj',  stouter  and  much  larger  : 
fls.  greenish  yellow,  1-2  in.  broad  :  fr.  globose,  very 
spiny,  1-1 J^  in.  in  diam.  Rocky  hills,  S.  Calif,  into  L. 
Calif,  and  adjacent  islands.—  Grows  in  thick  masses, 
covering  patches  10-20  tt.  square. 

40.  gummbeus,  Engelm.  (f.  giimmindsus ,  Hort.). 
Prostrate  and  assurgent,  1-1  ft.  long,  3-4  in.  in  diam.. 
dull  purplish  green:  ribs  (on  young  branch)  7-a,  tiilier- 
culate:  spines  stout  and  rigid,  black,  from  a  strong, 
bulbous  base;  radials  about  12;  centrals  3-6,  stout  and 
angled:  fls.  purple,  4-5  in.  long:  fl.  subglobose.  about  3 
in.  in  diam.,  spiny,  bright  scarlet  with  purple  pulp 
("color  of  ripe  watermelon"),  acid  and  pleasant.  L. 
California. 

41.  eiiica,  Braudegee.  Prostrate  and  stout,  .suigle  or 
slightly  branched,  2-t  ft.  long,  3-7  in.  in  diam..  rooting 
from  the  under  surface,  generally  in  patches  of  20-30  : 
ribs  13-21:  spines  stout,  ashy,  interlocked;  centrals  ,5-8, 
stouter,  the  lowest  flattened  and  strongly  deflexed  :  fls. 
4-5  in.  long,  reported  to  be  yellow:  fr.  globular,  2  in.  in 
diam.,  somewhat  spiny,  dull  red,  with  purple  pulp.  Sandy 
plains,  coasts  of  L.  Calif,  and  adjacent  islands.  — A  plant 
of  curious  and  uncouth  habit,  often  in  large  masses,  and 
from  a  distance  "  looking  like  a  lot  of  firewood  thrown  at 
random  on  the  ground." 


42.  Fitaid,ya,  DC.  (C.  Pernambiicinsis  [Fernambu- 
censis],  Lem.  C.  formdsus,  Salm-Dyck.  C.  variibilis, 
Pfeiff. ) .  Stems  at  first  simple,  later  branching,  in  young 
growth  light  green,  turning  grayish  green  with  age, 
pointed,  5i-lKin.  indiam.:  ribs  3-5,  commonly  4:  areolw 
about  1  in.  apart,  large,  bearing  a  conspicuous' amount  of 


CEREUS 

curly  hair,  about  Kin.  long,  in  new  growth :  radial  spines 
0-7  and  a  solitary  central  one,  uniform,  about  ^-^gin. 
long,  amber  color  to  brown  and  finally  gray :  ils.  from  the 
older  growth,  large,  about  8  in.  long,  slightly  curved, 
white,  nocturnal.  Uruguay,  Brazil,  Columbia.  15. M.  4084. 
—  C.  grandis,  Haw.,  according  to  Dr.  Weber,  is  but  a 
larger  form  of  this  species. 

4.3.  princeps,  Pfeiff.  ( C.  BaxanUnsis,  Karw.  C.  varid- 
bilis,  Engelm.).  Erect,  3-10  ft.  high,  2  in.  in  diam.,  and 
3-or  4-angied:  spines  4-6,  stout  and  radiiint,  iiiitMiual,  the 
larger  1-1  }^in.  long:  fls.  white,  long-tnl.iil:ii ,  7  ^  in.  I  ii:;: 
fr.  oval,  spiny,  2-3  in.  long,  scarlet,  ill  M I      ili  !i.  fc<l 

pulp.     Lower  Rio  Grande,  on  Mex.  I ni; 

shoots  are  said  to  have  8  ribs  and  Hi .-  len- 
der spines,  and  in  cultivated  foi-nis  iLl  .^pui^.-.  ay^  ullun 
much  longer  than  given  above. 


commonly  run  spirally  arouud  the  axis  of  tlir  -t. ui  : 
areolag  K-lMiu.  apart,  at  first  considerably  dr[.rr>-.,l. 
later  shallower,  white,  becoming  gray  :  radial  .^pinrs 
4-G  (later  1-4  more  appear),  straight,  spreadiiiir,  tin' 
largest  about  K-1  in.,  stout,  subulate,  pointed,  the  unler 
one  needle  form  and  shorter  ;  central  solitary,  straight, 
stronger,  1  in.  long,  deflexed  or  porrect  ;  the  stronger 
spines  are  white,  with  tips  and  bases  brown,  when  young 
beautiful  ruby-red,  later  all  are  gray,  with  black  tips  and 
bulbous  bases:  fls.  from  the  lateral  areola,  about  10  in. 
long,  white,  nocturnal  :  fr.  nearly  spherical,  about  2  in. 
in  diam.,  mamraate,  dark  carmine-red.  Paraguay,  Brazil, 
and  Argentine  Republic. 

45.  tortubsus,  Forbes  (C.  atropurpiireus,  Haage). 
Stems  slender,  weak,  at  first  upright,  but  later  reflexed, 
reaching  a  length  of  3— t  ft.,  and  1-lKin.  in  diam.:  ribs 
commonly  7,  sometimes  l>ut  .i.  rounded,  low,  soj^arated  by 

brown  when  young,  becoming  ashy  with  age  :  Hs.  from 
the  previous  year's  growth,  aliotit  (i  in.  in  length,  trum- 
pet-shaped, tube  olive,- green  and 
spiny,  in  the  axils  of  "the  reddish 
green  scales;  outer  petals  pale  green, 
tinted  with  brown  ;  inner  petals 
clear  white  :  fr.  spherical,  bril- 
liant red  without  and  white  within, 
raammate,  bearing  a  few  spines  on 
the  summits  of  the  lower  mammas. 
Argentine  Republic. 

46.  Martinii,  Lab.  (C.  monacdn- 
thas,  Hort.).  At  first  upright,  later 
requiring  a  support;  freely  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  branches  long, 
reaching  nearly  5  ft.,  %-l  in.  in  diam., 
slightly  tapering,  dark  green :  ribs 
5-6,  separated  by  serpentine  grooves, 
contracted  between  the  areolae;  some- 
times the  ribs  are  not  evident,  when 
the  stem  is  cylindrical:  areolas  about 
1-1^^  in.  apart,  white:  radial  spines 
5-7,  reddish,  short,  bristle-form,  with 
bulbous  bases  or  short  conical,  usu- 
ally about  ^8  in.  long  ;  central  soli- 
tary, mostly  deflexed.  'o-l  in.  long 
(in    young    growth,    frequently    not 

longer    than   the    radial),    subulate,  414.  Cereus 

robust,  light  brown  or  white,  with 
bases  and  tips  black  :  fls.  from  the 
older  growth  stems,  8-9  in.  long,  clear  white,  noc- 
turnal :  fr.  sjdierical  (very  similar  to  C.  tortuosus)^ 
pointed,  dark  carraine-red,  about  2  in.  in  diam.,  mam- 
mate,  a  few  spines  on  the  mammas,  toward  the  base 
of  the  fr.  Argentine  Republic.  R.  H.  1860,  pp.  658-9. 
—  This  species  is  commonly  sold  under  the  name  of 
C.  platygonus 


B.   Bibs  of  stem  5  or  more. 

47.  Ilagellifdrmis,  Mill.  Rat-tail  Cactus.  Creeping 
or  pendent,  slender  and  very  branching,  cylindrical, 
K-1  in.  in  diam.,  branches  1  ft.  long  or  more :  ribs  10-12, 
tuberculate  :  spines  short,  rather  rigid  ;  radials  8-12, 
reddish  brown  ;  centrals  3  or  4,  brown,  with  golden  tip: 
fls.  funnel-form,  crimson,  2-3  in.  long :  fr.  globose, 
J^in.  in  diam.,  reddish  and  bristly,  the  pulp  greenish 
yellow  ("with  the  taste  of  a  prune").  W.  Ind.,  Mex., 
Cent.  Amer.,  S.  Amer.-This  is  commonly  hybridized 
with  other  species.    It  is  a  very  common  window  plant. 

Var.  Uptophis,  K.  Sch.  (C.  Uptophis,  DC).  Of  more 
handsome  appearance  :  new  spines  on  the  growing  point 
carmine-red  :  ribs  at  the  most  8:  fls.  somewhat  smaller 
and  lighter. 

4H.  Mallisoni,  Hort.  (C.  Smlthii,  Lindl.).  This  is  a 
canlrii  liyl.rid  of  C.  flageUitormis  on  C.  speciosus.  Habit 
oi  ( •.  ii,i./,  Iliformis,  but  stouter  :  fls.  more  like  those  of 

C.xi„',-i„siis.    B.M.3822. 

t'i.  Donkel4eri,  iSalm-Dyck.  A  bushy  epiphyte,  richly 
iH-aiiching,  clinging  to  the  bark  of  trees  by  aerial  roots, 
.ouinionly  in  company  with  orchids  :  branches  very 
long  and  thin,  scarcely  %in.  in  diameter,  cylindrical  or 
inconspicuously  6-angled,  or  rarely  7-8-angled  :  areolee 
very  close  together,  small,  white  :  spines  10-15,  very 
.short,  snow-white ;  sometimes  2-3  short,  stronger 
spines  appear  in  the  center  of  each  cluster  :  fls.  resem- 
bling those  of  C.  gmnditlorus.    Brazil. 

50.  grandifldruB,  Mill.  Fragrant  Night-blooming 
Cereus.  Fig.  414.  Diffusely  creeping,  with  very  long 
and  flexuous  climbing  5-7-angled  branches,  K-1  in.  in 
diam.,  with  bunches  of  wliiti-  l.risil.v  associated  with  the 
5-12  short  spines:  fls.  wiiii.  :ni.l  ii.mrant,  6-8  in.  broad. 
W.  Ind.,  Mex.  B.M.  lilisl .  -  I  ."Ui:  .uli  ivated  in  gardens  as 
the  "Night-blooming  IVnii-.,"  and  made  to  vary  widely. 
C.  Uranos,  Hort.,  is  but  a  form  of  this  species. 

51 .  Miynardii,  Lem.  ( C grandifldrus,va,T.  MAynardii, 
Hort.).  A  garden  hybrid  of  C.  grandiflorus  on  0.  spe- 
ciosus.   Habit  of  C.  grandiflorus,  but  red  colors  of  C. 

speciosus. 


"^^ 


\  f  // 


-/ 


'^'iif^' 


ling  Cereuses  (X  ] 


52.  spinuldBUS,  DC.  Stems  slender,  climbing,  reach- 
ing a  height  of  8-10  ft.,  %-l  in.  in  diam.,  branches  more 
slender  :  ribs  commonly  5,  sometimes  6,  sharp,  becom- 
ing obliterated  with  age  :  areolie  small,  about  }^in. 
apart  :  radial  spines  about  8,  very  short,  bristle-form, 
brown,  becoming  gray  ;  central  solitary,  somewhat 
longer:  fls.  5-6  in.  long  by  3-4  in.  in  diam. .white,  flushed 


Zbi  CEREUS 

with  pink,  nocturnal.  W.  Ind.  and  Mex.— The  plant 
much  resembles  C.  grandifloru.i,  but  is  easily  distin- 
guished by  its  smaller  and  different  colored  fls. 

53.  Martitaus,  Zucc.  Of  bushy  growth,  branching, 
reaching  a  height  of  3  ft.  and  more  ;  branches  slender, 
provided  here  and  there  with  aerial  roots,  cylindrical, 
about  %m.  in  diam  :  ribs  commonly  8,  straight,  sepa- 
rated by  sharp  grooves,  very  low  :  areolae  %-%  in. 
apart,  small,  white  :  radial  spines  6-10,  bristle-form, 
spreading,  clear  honey-yellow,  at  base  brownish,  later 
whitish  and  becoming  gray,  about  Min.  long  ;  centrals 
3-4,  similar,  only  somewhat  stouter  and  darker  :  fls. 
usually  abundant,  straight  or  slightly  S-shaped,  4-5  in. 
long,  scarlet-red  :  fr.  spherical,  reddish  green,  covered 
with  bristles.    Southern  Mex.    B.M.  3768. 

BB.   Jiibs  of  stem  3-o. 

54.  nycticilus,  Link.  Night-bloomdjg  Cereus.  Sub- 
erect,  very  long-jointed,  %-l  in.  in  diam. :  joints  vari- 
able, some  cylindrical,  others  4-ti-angled  :  ribs  acute 
at  first,  obtuse  later :  spines  1^,  and  very  small :  fls. 
white  and  fragrant,  about  7  in.  long.  Mex.  — The  com- 
monest Night-blooming  Cereus. 

55.  in^rmis,  Otto.  Sts.  branching,  climbing,  branches 
4-5-angled,  sharp-winged,  yellowish  green,  later  darker, 
slightly  crenate :  areolae  in  the  depressions,  small, 
bearing  a  few  bristles  when  young,  but  soon  naked. 
Venezuela. 

56.  hamitus,  Scheidw.  (C.  rostr&tus,  Lem.).  Stems 
slender,  weak,  climbing,  bright  green,  less  than  1  in.  in 
diam. ,  reaching  a  length  of  10  ft. :  ribs  remotely  serrate, 
the  serrations  repand,  and  bearing  on  their  anterior 
edge  the  small  areolae:  spines  5-6,  bristle-form,  whitish 
to  brown  very  short  and  partly  deciduous  fls  large, 
10  16  m  long  and  nearly  the  same  m  diauneter,  white, 
nocturnal     f  entral  Mexico 


CEROPEGIA 

58.  Napolednis,  Graham.  Suberect  and  long-jointed, 
the  joints  3-angled  and  with  flat  sides,  12  in.  or  more 
long,  %-l  in.  in  diam. :  spines  3  or  4,  subulate,  unequal, 
black;  sometimes  a  few  white  bristles:  fls.  snowy  white, 
8  in.  long  and  6  in.  broad:  fr.  bluish  and  spiny,  3  by  4 
in.    W.  Ind.,  Mex.    B.M. 3458. 

.'i9.  ext^nsns,    S.ilm  Dvi'k.     f'liml)  lur  •     ^tom^    rir-bly 


and  strong,  straight  or  very  slightly  curved,  dark  brown, 
becoming  gray  with  age  :  fls.  from  the  sides  of  the 
branches,  8-9  in.  long,  rose-red.    Trinidad.    B.M.  4060, 

60.  triangularis,  Haw.  Stnn^  joint.-.l.  I,.ii-  :,ii,l  >li-n- 
der,  climbing  :  ribs  :;.  r,.ni|.r.--r(i,  thin,  an.i  aliMUt  i  in. 
or  more  high,  creuat.',  wuli  a  r,,nirMiis  i]ia]-i;iii  (  c.iiin-i-t- 
ing  the  areolae:  arc. la-  al."iit  1-1'..  in.  apait  :  radial 
spines  2-4,  bristle-form,  shuit.  sii,m  ili.-ciduou.s  ;  (■(•mrals 
1-3,  conical  from  a  bulbous  base,  dark  colored  :  fls. 
large,  about  1  ft.  long  by  about  the  same  diameter  when 
fully  open,  white,  nocturnal,  tube  covered  with  large, 
leaf-like  scales  :  fr.  large,  covered  with  the  persistent 
large  scales.  Mexico  and  West  Indies.  B.M.  1884  Sin. 
6:5.— The  fruit  is  edible  and  very  refreshing,  and  is 
common  in  the  Mexican  markets. 

BBB.    ffibs  inconspicuous  or  wholly  absent. 

61.  MacD6naldiae,  Hook.  Climbing,  and  of  rapid 
growth,  richly  branching,  branches  very  long,  cylindri- 
cal or  with  here  and  there  very  obtuse  and  not  continu- 
ous angles,  dark  green  :  areolae  elevated  on  tubercles 
which  are  arranged  spirally  on  the  branches  small 
spine  sol  tary  ( or  rarely  2 )  short  porrect  brow  n  or 
black  inconspicuous    fls  lateral   about  14  in  long  white, 

urcturnd     Htnduiis     B  AI  4  0 

1  g   S\T10p 

f  <     <        t  (  panus    C 


C  conoideus    C 


\ 


57.  B^gelii,  Hort.  This  form  is  very  common  in  the 
trade;  is  a  very  excellent  plant,  with  good,  fixed  char- 
acters ;  is  a  slender  climbing  plant.  Its  origin  is  ob- 
scure, but,  from  its  vegetative  characters,  as  well  as 
floral,  it  is  apparently  closely  related  to  either  C.  hnma- 
tus  or  C.  MacDonaldice,  with  one  of  which  it  may  be  a 
hybrid. 


CERlNTHE    (  nek    keyot   wax 
the   ancients  be 
bees  visited  the 
\         BoragmdcetB 
Ij  t  annual  or  per 

^^*  1  Europe  and  Asia 

Minor   with  alteri  nd   showy  purple 

1  ratts.   The  best  >-i  which  has  a  unique 

appearance  in  the  gard*  n,  aiid  i.>  .suungly  recommended 
for  more  general  cultivuliuu.  It  is  a  hardy  annual  of 
easy  culture.  For  a  garden  review  of  the  other  Honey- 
worts,  see  Gn.  41,  p.  212. 

ret6rta,  Sibth.  &  Sm.  Honeywort.  Fig.  415.  Height 
VA-2  ft.:  Ivs.  glaucous,  often  spotted  white  or  red; 
lower  Ivs.  obovate-spatulate  ;  upper  Ivs.  amplexicaul, 
with  2  round  ears,  on  the  flowering  branches  gradually 
becoming  smaller  and  closer  together  until  they  pass  into 
purple  bracts,  which  form  the  chief  attractive  feature  of 
the  plant :  fls,  when  full-blown  protruded  beyond  the 
bracts  :  corolla  tubular-club-shaped,  yellow,  tipped  pur- 
ple, with  5  small,  spreading  teeth.  Greece.  B.M.  5264. 
On.  41:  847.  w.  M. 

C£B0F£6IA  (Greek,  wax  and  fountain,  Ihe  flowers 
having  a  waxy  look).  Asclepiaddcew.  Greenhouse  vines 
of  Africa  and  Asia,  not  in  the  Amer.  trade.  A  dozen  spe- 
cies are  known  in  Old  World  collections.  Many  of  them 
have  tuberous  roots,  and  need  a  season  of  rest  and  dry- 
ness.   Prop,  by  cuttings.    Odd  and  handsome. 


CKROXYLON 
CER6XYL0N  NIVEUM,  Hort.=  DipIotheraium. 

CfiSTEUM  (old  Greek  name).  Syn.,  Habrolhdmnus. 
Solandeece.  Greenhouse  shrubs  of  many  species,  in  trop- 
ical Amer.  Some  of  them  have  a  climbing  habit.  The 
tubular  fls.  are  in  axillary  or  terminal  cymes,  red,  yellow, 
greenish  or  white,  often  very  fragrant.  Lvs.  alternate 
and  entire,  usually  rather  narrow.  Fruit  a  berry.  Oes- 
trums are  among  the  most  useful  of  bright-flowering, 
shrubby,  greenhouse  plants,  and  they  may  be  grown 
either  as  pot  plants,  or  planted  out  against  the  back  wall 
or  supports  of  a  greenhouse,  where,  if  given  a  light  po- 
sition, they  will  produce  an  abundance  of  flowers  from 
January  to  April.  The  Mexican  species  will  do  well  In 
a  winter  temperature  of  45°  to  50°,  but  the  species  from 
Central  America  require  stove  temperature.  They  are 
propagated  bv  cuttings  taken  in  February  or  early  in 
March,  and  inserted  in  sand  in  a  warm  temperature, 
keeping  them  somewhat  close  until  rooted,  when  they 
should  be  potted  in  a  light  soil,  after  which  they  may  be 
grown  in  pots,  shifting  on  as  often  as  required,  or  planted 


CHAM^BATIA 


285 


416.  Cestrum  elegans  (X  ii 


out  m  the  opt  n  gioum 
position  wli.  1'  it  1m 
growth  and  iTtt  nti'  ti 
fineplant^-  I  \  tli,  tu- 
be hfted  111  1  p  tti  1 
and  shadi  d  t    i    i  U  w 


in  die 


h  1  111  1  li„lit,  ink  -oil  and  k.  pt  ilose 
t.  ^^  .1  IN  -  Hid  then  transfeued  to  their 
\tti  1  ll(.wering,  the  plants  should  he 
given  a  rt -^t  1  i  i  in  iiili  ni  six  weeks,  gradually  reducing 
the  supph  t  w  iti  1  t  ■  induce  the  leaves  and  wood  to 
ripen,  attn  whn  h  the\  should  be  cut  well  back,  the  old 
soil  shaken  oil  and  the  routs  trimmed  back,  and  then 
either  pottid  again  or  planted  out  for  the  summer  While 
in  the  gieenhouse,  Oestrums  aie  very  subject  to  the 
attacks  of  insects,  especialU  the  meah  bug  ( Coccus 
adoiiidum  )  To  keep  these  m  check  thej  should  be  given 
an  occasional  spraA  ing  of  kerosene  emulsion.  The  Oes- 
trums are  much  grown  m  warm  countries,  and  they 
bloom  continuously.  Following  are  the  only  species 
known  to  be  in  theAmer.  trade  : 

A.    FU.  red. 
61egans,  s,-lil,-i'ht.  tnal,ron,,!min,s  rhinnis.  BiMiiiin.). 

Fig.41G.  Tall  and  sl.Mia.T.l.alf-Hinil.inuMh.-  l.raii.-hes 
pubescent:  hs.  ..vatc  hiii.'.-.,|ati\  lni,:.-.arunnnati',  of 
medium  size,  inilirsc.nt  bi-math;  tls.  rrd-purplr.  swollen 
near  the  top  of  the  tube,  iu  louse  clusters,  which  nud  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  the  lobes  ciliate.  Mex.  F.S. 
2:82.  — One  of  the  commonest  and  best  of  greenhouse 
shrubs,  blooming  almost  continuously.  There  is  a  form 
■with  variegated  lvs. 

fasciculitum,  Miers.  Spring  bloomer,  with  larger  fls. 
than  those  of  (.'.  eleganx,  and  more  compact,  nearly 
globular  fl. -clusters,  the  cluster  subtended  by  small  lvs. 
as  if  an  involucre  :  lvs.  ovate.  Mex.  B.ai.  4183  (and 
probably  the  C.  elegans,  B.M.  5659.) 

NfiwelU,  Hort.  (B.  Nhoelfi,  Veitch).  Fls.  bright 
crimson,  larger  and  more  brilliant  than  those  of  C.  ele- 
gans and  C.  fasciculatum.  Gn.  34:  660.  — A  free-growing 
plant,  originating  from  seed  by  Mr.  Newell,  Downham 
Market,  Eng.  Evidently  an  offshoot  of  one  of  the  pre- 
ceding species. 


AA.    Fls.  Orange. 

aurantlacum,  Lindl.     Of  half-clirabing   habit  :    lvs. 
oval  to  ovate,  more  or  less  undulate  :    fls.  sessile,  in  a 
panicle,  orange-yellow.    Guatemala.    R.H.  1858,  p.  238. 
AAA.  Fls.  white,  greenish,  orcream-yelloiv. 

Pirqui,  L'Her.  Shrub,  half-hardy  :  lvs.  lanceolate, 
petioled,  short,  acuminate:  fls.  long,  tubular,  with  a  wide- 
spreading  limb,  in  an  open  panicle,  greenish  yellow,  very 
fragrant  at  night.    Chile.    B.  M.  1770. 

diiimum,  Linn,  i  nn.i  _i,,u  ing  evergreen  shrub:  lvs. 
oblong  and  -hi  ^i-h  and  glabrous,  shining 

above:  fls.  whn  -rrnted  by  day,  in  axillary 

long  peduncli-il  -[.il..-:  ir.  ,\liiti-.    W.  Ind. 

noctumum,  Linn,  .Shrub  (>-I>  ft.:  branches  brownish, 
very  slender  or  flexuose,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  lvs. 
thinner,  ovate  or  elliptic,  prominently  acuminate  :  fls. 
creamy  yellow,  very  fragrant  by  night.    Jamaica. 

E.  J.  Canning  and  L.  H.  B. 

CH^NACTIS  (Greek,  gaping  ray:  the  marginal 
corollas  often  ray-like).  Compdsitm.  West  American 
herbs  or  under-shrubs,  with  alternate  and  mostly  dis- 
sected lvs.,  and  yellow,  white  or  flesh-colored  fls.  on 
solitary  peduncles  or  in  loose  cymes.  Florets  of  one 
kind,  but  the  marginal  ones  with  a  more  or  less  en- 
larged limb:  involucre  campanulate:  receptacle  flat  and 
generally  naked  :  painnis  uf  scales  (wanting  in  1  spe- 
cies).   Three  .sj ins  liavn  l),.en  introduced  as  border 

plants,  but  they  ar.'  Iittir  knuwn  to  gardeners.    Of  easy 

culture.    Prop,  liy  snnds  ur  division. 

A.    Pappus  of  entire  or  ii.-irh/  .iilln:  persistent  scales. 

tenuifdlia,  Nutt.  Small,  tuftnd  annual,  white  pubes- 
cent when  young  but  bi-cuiiiim;  marly  ur<iuite  glabrous: 
1  ft. :  lvs.  once  or  twice  piiiuatulv  parted,  the  lobes  linear 
or  filiform:  heads  Jain.  high,  le'mou-yellow.    S.  Calif. 

Dotiglasii,  Hook.  &  Am.  Biennial  or  perennial,  3-15 
in.  high,  usually  white-woolly  when  young:  lvs.  broad, 
pinnately  parted  into  short  and  crowded,  obtuse  lobes: 
heads  K-Min,  high,  white  or  whitish.  Mont.  S.  and  W. 
-Variable. 
AA.   Pappus  of  fimbriate  and  deciduous  scales,  or  even 

artemisiaefdlia,  Gray.  Tufted  annual,  1-2  ft.,  rusty- 
pubescent  and  somewhat  sticky  :  lvs.  2  or  3,  pinnately 
parted  into  short-linear  or  oblong  lobes  :  heads  %  in. 
high,  the  involucre  viscid,  the  florets  white  or  cream- 
color.    S.  Calif.  L.  H.  B. 

CHJENOMfiLES.     Cydonia. 

CH.SNOSTOMA  (gaping  mouth,  in  allusion  to  the 
shape  of  the  corolla).  Scrophulari^cete.  About  30 
African  herbs  or  sub-shrubs,  with  simple  lvs.  mostly 
opposite,  and  axillary  or  terminal-racemose,  showy  fls. ; 
stamens  4,  iu  2's,  attached  to  the  throat  of  the  corolla, 
more  or  less  exserted:  style  filiform  and  club-shaped, 
and  obtuse  at  the  apex  :  corolla  tubular,  swollen  in  the 
throat,  with  a  5-lobed  spreading  limb. 

hispidum,  Benth.  Small  perennial,  with  opposite,  oval 
or  oblong-toothed  lvs.,  and  blush-white,  star-like  fls. 
%  in.  across,  in  dense  clusters.  S.  Afr.  J.H.  III.  33:636. 
—An  old  and  deserving  greenhouse  or  pot  plant,  but 
rarely  seen  at  present.  It  blooms  almost  continuously, 
the  fls.  sometimes  hiding  the  foliage.  Prop,  by  seeds  or 
cuttings,  either  in  fall  or  spring.  Begins  to  bloom  when 
4-6  in.  high.  To  be  recommended  for  windows,  and  for 
summer  vases. 

CHAMSBATIA  (Greek,  dwarf,  and  bramble,  allud- 
ing to  its  bramble-like  fls.).  MosAcew.  Low  shrub, 
clothed  with  glandular  pubescence:  lvs.  alternate,  stipu- 
late, tripinnatifld,  persistent  :  fls.  in  terminal  corymbs, 
white,  with  5  petals  and  numerous  stamens:  fr.  a  small 
akene.  One  species  in  Calif.  Ornamental  shrub  of 
agreeable  aromatic  odor,  with  graceful  foliage  and 
showy  white  fls.  in  June  and  July;  hardy  only  in  warmer 
temperate  regions.  It  thrives  best  in  sandy,  well- 
drained  soil  and  sunny  position.  Prop,  by  seeds  sown 
in  spring  and  by  greenwood  cuttings  under  glass. 


286 


CHAM^BATIA 


!oliol6sa,  Benth.  Two  to  3  ft.:  Ivs.  nearly  sessile, 
oval  or  ovate-oblong,  closely  tripinnately  dissected, 
iy.-2y^ui.  long:  fls.  white,  %m.  wide,  in  4-8-fld. 
corymbs.    B.M.  .WTl.  Alfred  Rehder. 

CHAM.iEBATlAEIA.     See  Sorbaria. 

CHAM.ffiCfiKASUS.    See  Lonicera. 

CHAMa;CtPAEIS  (ehamai,  dwarf,  and  kuparissos, 
Oypress;  referring  to  its  affinity).  Conifene.  Evergreen 
trees,  with  opposite,  scale-like  Ivs.  in  4  rows,  densely 
clothing  the  compressed  branchlets  :  fls.  monoecious, 
small ;  pistillate  inconspicuous,  globose  ;  staminate  yel- 
low or  red,  oblong,  often  conspicuous  by  their  abun- 
dance :  cones  small,  globular,  with  6-8  bracts,  each  bearing 
2  or  rarely  5,  winged  seeds,  ripening  the  first  season. 
Closely  allied  to  Cupressus,  which  differs  by  its  larger 
cones  maturing  the  second  year,  the  bracts  containing 
4  or  more  seeds,  nii.1  I'v  it<  .piMilrriTiL'iilnr  ItmivIh-s  and 
minutely  dentii-u  I:.'.  !•■  ■  IL.  -t,,,.,-ii,  \  \i.iir.and 
Japan,  all  very  \;i'  ''am- 

tries.    Highly  oni  ,       iiuidal 

habit,  of  which  oil  I..  (■..;:/..',",./...  i-  inilylMi-.l;  mirth, 
while  the  Japanese  species  are  hanly  in  siii-ltered 
positions  north  to  New  England,  and  C.  Lmrsioni- 
ana  only  from  New  York  south.  They  grow  best  in 
somewhat  moist  but  well-draim-d.  stiiuly  loam  and  in  a 
partly  shaded  position,  sli.  li.  r.  .1  :i^:iiii^t  drv 
C.Lawsoniana  a.nA  C.I'' '•  '  i  ■  Iry.the 
more   moist   situations,  .in      '  ■  -'   grow 

even  in  swamps.  Prop.  !->  ->  m-,  -.>  n  m  spring;  in- 
creased also  by  cuttings  li\,iii  nmiiui-  u.mhI  in  fall,  in- 
serted in  a  sandy  soil  and  kept  in  a  coolframe  or  green- 
house during  the  winter;  if  in  early  spring  gentle  bottom 


inds 


well 


417.  Chamaecyparis  pisifera. 

heat  can  be  given,  it  will  hasten  the  development  of  roots 
considerably.  All  the  so-called  Retinosporas  and  the 
dwarfer  forms,  and  most  of  the  varieties  of  C.  Lawsoni- 


CHAM^CYPABIS 

(tna,  are  readily  increased  in  this  way,  while  the  typical 
forms  of  U.  Nutkaensis,  ohtusa  and  sphmroidea  do  not 
grow  well  from  cuttings;  therefore  for  most  varieties 
veneer  grafting  on  seedling  stock  during  the  winter  in 


-^.i.« 


greenhou 
be  grown 
habit  if  f,i 


plumosa 


M  1  1  111  dwarf  forms  alwavs  should 
tlit%  often  lose  their  dwarf 
I  1  Retinosporas  of  the  gar- 
dens witliln  I  l\  are  Tuvenile  forms  which 
liar  ]  t  n  II  I  II  i^  1  the  seedling  statt  There 
ar  II  il  I  I  II  111  Ihina  For  their  distinguishing 
fti  II  I  I  /  'ni^'ipoKt  For  the  numerous  garden 
tiiiii  I  1  n  I  Handb  der  J^adelholzk  pp  b4-99. 
i     J  I     rjinn  on  both  sides  0}  paler  beneath 

sphaeroidea,  Spach  {Ciipr^sius  thuyoldei  Lmn.). 
\\  HiTi  (  toAR  Tree,  to  70  or  80  ft  ,  with  erect  spreading 
l»r<iiRhts.  branchlets  irregularly  arranged,  spreading, 
not  pendulous,  very  thin  and  slender,  flattened  :  Ivs. 
closely  imbricate,  glaucous  or  light  green,  with  a  con- 
spicuous gland  on  the  back,  fragrant:  cones  small.  Jiin. 
in  diam.,  bluish  piirjile,  with  glaucous  bloom.  From 
MainetoFI.Mil:,,  M  -fi-^Ii-sissippi.  S.S.  10:  529.-Var. 
ericoides,  1 '•  i         a  ll     '    i    i  ('.ericoldes,Ca,rr.  Hetinis- 

pora  erir,./,!        ;l  •  pact  shrub,  of  erect,  dense 

habit:  lv>.  i,i.,. 1 1,  spreading,  with  two  glau- 
cous lint-s  hriir.L'.ii,  .  mIui.ii^'  lu  wluter  usually  reddish 
brown.  Var.  Andely^nsis,  Carr.  (Rethinspom  h  plurlaila, 
Hort.).  Intermediate  form  between  tbi-  f.iniiir  iumI  the 
type;  bluish  green,  and  of  erect  growth.  \\  irli  li.,.^.  ly  op- 
pressed, lanceolate  Ivs.;  often  some  bniiulilcts  with  Ivs. 
of  the  type  and  some  with  Ivs.  of  the  var.  ericoides. 
R.H.  1809,  p.  32,  and  1880,  p.  .36.  Var.  glailca,  Endl.  (var. 
h'l-ife'nsix,  Hort.).  Of  compact  habit,  very  glaucous,  with 
silvery  hue.  Var.  varieg4ta,  Hort.  Branchlets  partially 
colored  golden  yellow. 

Nutkafensis,  Spach  {Cuprissus  Nootkatfnsis,  Lamb. 
Thuydpsis  boreAUs,UoTt.).  Yellow  Cedar.  Tree,  to 
120  ft.,  with  ascending  branches,  pendulous  at  the  ex- 
tremities :  branchlets  distichously  arranged,  slightly 
flattened  or  nearly  quadrangular,  pendulous :  Ivs.  densely 
imbricate,  usually  dark  green,  acute,  mostly  without 
glands  :  cones  subglobose,  nearly  Hiu.  in  diam.,  dark 
red-brown,  with  glaucous  bloom.  From  Sitka  to  Oregon. 
S.S.  10:  530.  R.H.  1869,  p.  48. -Var.  glaiica,  Hort.  With 
very  glaucous  foliage.  Var.  pfendula,  Hort.  Distinctly 
pendulous.    There  are  some  forms  with  variegated  Ivs. 


CHAM^CYPARIS 

about  as  hardy  as  the 

AA.  Lvs.  witli  glaucous  or  whitish  marks  beneath  : 
branches  with  horizontally  spreading  ramifications  * 
Lawsoniina,  Pail.  (Cupr4ssus  liawsoni&na,  Murr.). 
Tree,  to  200  ft.,  with  horizontally  spreading  and  usually 
pendulous  branches :  branchlets  frond-like  arranged, 
flattened  :   Its.  closely  appressed,  obtuse  or  somewhat 


acute,  usually  bright  green,  with  a  gland  on  the  back  : 
staniinate  catkins  bright xed  ( yellow  in  all  other  species ) : 
cone  globose,  about  Jain,  across,  red-brown  and  often 
glaucous.  From  Oregon  to  Calif.  S.S.in:.',:il.  (;\ii:.2:'.V2, . 
—  This  is  one  of  the  most  beauiilul  (■"nitVr.  :,,<•]  \ .  w 
variable,  about  00  garden  form-  li.  ini.'  ciiltivati^i  in 
European  nurseries  and  colIerTions.  'rii.-  iMlhiwin:;  ,iri- 
some  of  the  best:  Var.  41bo-spica,Hort.  Tii.s  uf  biaii.h- 
lets  creamy  white,  of  slender  habit.  Var.  Alumi,  Hurt. 
Of  columnar  habit,  foliage  very  glaucous,  with  a  bluish 
metallic  hue.  The  best  blue  columnar  form.  Var.  ar- 
gtotea,  Hort.  Of  slender  habit,  with  very  glaucous, 
almost  silvery  foliage.  Var.  erecta  vlridis,  Hort.  ninsi-, 
columnarhabit  and  bright  green  loliairr.  ( >ue  "f  tlnMnnst 
beautiful  varieties,  but  somewliat  t.  n.l.  r.  Vai-.  erecta 
glatica,  Hort.  Similarin  habit,  but  witli  irlaiin.u-  f..liaL'r. 
Var.  amarmis,  Hort.  Branches  el..n-atr.l,  snm.  what 
pendulous,  with  few  lateral  branchlets,  ..f  I'.w.  irlolmhir 
habit.  Var.  glauca,  Hort.  Foliage  of  in.  talli.-  -iaiimus 
tint.  One  of  the  hardier  forms.  Var.  gracilis.  Il.irt. 
(vaT.ijracilis  peiHlnla.Hort.).  VAi-^:jnt  li-lif  -r.^ii  f.irm, 
with  graceful,  pendulous  bran.lil.  i-.  \  ar.  intertexta, 
Hort.  Glaucous  form,  of  vigor.. u,  i.-r..\\tli.  wiih  r.in..t.-, 
pendulous  branches  and  distant.  thi.kUli  l.ran.lil.l^. 
Var.  Idtea.Hort.  Of  compact  hal.it.  v..unL;  -r..\vtli  d.  ar 
yellow.  G.C.m.  20:721.  Var.  nana,"  Hort. '^ Dwarf,  glo- 
ijose  habit ;  with  some  variegated  and  glaucous  forms. 
There  are  also  different  variegated  forms  with  the  habit 
of  the  type. 

obtiisa,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (CKpn'ssiis  obfiisa,  Koch.  IM- 
iiidspora  obti(sa,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  I .  HiNOKI  Ctpkess. 
Tree,  to  120  ft.,  with  horizontal  branches  :  branchlets 
frond-like  arranged,  flattened,  pendulous  :  lvs.  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  with  whitish  lines  beneath, 
thickish,  obtuse,  and  very  closely  appressed,  with  a  gland 
on  the  back:  cones  globose,  nearly  J^in.  in  diam.,  brown. 
Japan.     S.Z.  121.     G.C.  11.5:236      R  H.  1869,  p.  97.- 


CHAM^DAPHNE  287 

Var.  41bo-spica,  Hort.  Tips  of  branchlets  whitish.  Var. 
aurea,  Hort.  Golden  yellow.  Var.  breviriniea,  Rehder 
iC.  brevirdmea.  Max.  Y&t.  filicoldes,  Hort.).  Of  slow 
growth,  with  short  and  densely  frond-like  arranged 
branchlets.  G.C.  11,5:235.  Var.  grAciUs  atirea,  Hort. 
Graceful  form,  foliage  bright  golden  yellow  when  young, 
changing  later  to  greenish  yellow.  Var.  lycopodioldes, 
Carr.  Low  form,  of  somewhat  irregular  habit,  with 
spreading,  rigid  branches  and  thick,  nearly  quadrangu- 
lar, dark  green  branchlets.  Var.  nina,  Carr.  Low  form, 
of  slow  growth,  with  short,  deep  green  branchlets.  Var. 
p^ndula,  Beissn.  (C.  pemliiln .  Maxim.).  Bran.li.s  elon- 
gated, thick  and  thread-lik.-.  p.  ii.inl..us.  wiili  f.-w  .listant 
branchlets.    Var.  pygmaea,  ( 'arr.  Very  ihvarf  f.irni,  with 


horizontal,  almo: 
branched.  Exce 
pisifera,  Sieb 
Retindsporu  ;./.• 
PRESS.  Fig.  4 
branches  :  bran 
and  somewhat  p. 
shining  above,  v 
lar.  M-K  in.  in  . 
-This  is,  next  tn 


l.ran.-hcs,  densely  frond-like 

I  r.  -ting  form  for  rockeries. 

I  I'liliresstts  pisifera,  Koch. 

..  ,'v    Zucc).     Saw  ABA     Cy- 

I..     mil    ft.,   with    horizontal 

-  1,.  .!,  .l:-i).  li..usly  arranged 

.  ..late,  pointed, 

'■.\:   cones  globu- 

,     -  ,:    I  :.:.    ix.G.  II.  5:237. 

'/.....  III.-  Iiar.jii-stspecies,  and 

iiltntit.'.l,    while  the  type  is 

II. .ft.     V.  1I..W  foliage.     Var. 

/'/./.-./.  II. .rt.  C.obtusaflli- 

."     It.  .1  and  slender,  thread- 

h  .listant  branchlets  and 

..,(".11.5:237.     Var.  plu- 

.lense,    conical     habit  : 

I  !.     slender    branchlets     of 

tibnhite,  pointed  and  slightly 

Intermediate    between    the 

G.C.  II.  5:236.    Var^plumosa 

■.  plu- 


some  varieties  ar.-  njii.  li 
less  planted.  V:ir.  aiirea 
fiUfera,  Hort-.  (7,'. /;..-. n,.-; 

fera,  Hort.).     Bi '-.  -   . 

like,  gracefully  |-   '- 
lvs.    Very  de<-..r.-  !    i- 

mdsa,  Hort.  1; 
branches  alnn.-t  .  i.  .  :. 
feathery  appearain-e :  lvs. 
spreading,  bright  green, 
type  and  var.  squarrosn. 
arg^ntea,  Hort.  Tips  of  branchlets  whitish 
mdsa  aiirea,  Hort.  Young  growth  of  golden  yell 
A  very  showy  form.  Var.  squarrdsa,  Beissn.  &  Hochst. 
(Setiiiospora  s/iiKirrosn,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  S.  leptochicla, 
Zucc).  Fig.  419.  Densely  branched,  bushy  tree  or 
shrub,  with  spreading,  feathery  branchlets :  lvs.  linear, 
spreading,  glaucous  above,  silvery  below.  A  very  dis- 
tinct and  beautiful  variety.  S.Z.  123.  R.H.  1869, "p.  95, 
and  1880,  p.  37.  Alfred  Rehder. 

CHAM^DAPHNE  (vhamai,  dwarf,  and  daphne,  the 
lam-el  in  ancient  Latin,  alluding  to  its  dwarf  habit  and 
evergreen  lvs.).  Syn.,  Cassandra,  ^'ricdceie.  Leather 
Leaf.  Low  shrub  with  evergreen,  alternate  small  lvs.: 
fls.  nodding  in  terniitiiil.  l.-;ify  ract-mes: 
corolla  urceolatc-.i' 
5  Included  stamen- 


speci 


the 


northern    hemisphere.      Low,    hardy 
ornamental    shrub,   valuable    for    th. 
earliness   of  its  pretty  white    fls.     I 
thrives   best    in   a  peaty   and    sandy 
moist  soil.     Prop,  by  seeds 
S..W11    in    sandy   peat,    only 
sliu^htly  or  not  covered,  and 
k.-pt  nioist  and  shady  ;  also 
l.y  layers  and   suckers  and 
by    cuttings    from    mature 
wood  in  late  summer  under 


calyculita,  Moench  {Cas- 
sandra calyculdta,  Don). 
Fig.  420.  Shrub  with  spread- 
ing or  horizontal  branches, 
1-3  ft.:  lvs  short-petioled, 
olilontr.  obtuse,  slightly  ser- 
riihit.-  tind  revolute  at  the 
nitirL'iii-.  .Inll  green  above 
tin.l  i-u-t\--l.-|.i.lote  beneath: 
Us.  sli..rt  ]..-iluncled,  nod- 
ding; corolla  white,  oblong, 
about  K  in.  long.  B.M.  1286. 
L.  B.  C.  6:  530;  15:  1464; 
16:1582.  Em.  423.  -  Var. 
angustiiblla,  Gray.  Lvs.  lin( 
crisped  at  the  margin.  Var 
less  high,  with  horizontal  branches.    L.B.C.  9:862. 

Alfred  Rehder. 


420.  Chamasdaphne 

calyculata  (X  Ja). 

ir-lanceolate,  undulate  and 

n4na,  Lodd.     One  foot  or 


Za8  CHAM^DOEEA 

CHAMfflDOEfeA  (Greek,  divarf  and  gift).  PalmAcem, 
tribe  Arecew.  Spineless,  erect,  procumbent  or  rarely 
climbing  palms,  the  trunks  solitary  or  cespitose,  slen- 


der  or  reed-like.    Lvs.  s 

imple,  bifid  at  the  apex  or  va- 

riously    equally-pumatis 

ect  :    lobes    broad    or    narrow, 

straight  or   oblique,  acu 

rain.itc.  plicate-nerved,  usually 

callous  at  thn  hn«o.  thf 

h:,-,,]  ,„ar^-ins  fnlrlorl  back  or 

V  .'  !.-Mriral:    .s|„.atli  tubular. 

obliquc'-M  u'r  [■''    ''   ''''i. 

simpk-  Mi-   |i.H,,  ■  i.:.-    : 

.;,.:r  ;,-.!;    .|<,tl,rs  :;  „i-  many! 

alternutr,  hhratkmy,  -1- 

ii-aUal,  split  at  the  apex,  mem- 

branous  or  coriacc-i.us,  u 

sually  persistent  :  pistillate  fls. 

very  small :  fr.  small,  of  1-3  globose  or  oblong-obtuse 
carpels,  coriaceous  or  fleshy.  Species  about  GO.  Mex. 
to  Panama. 

Peat  or  leaf -mold,  loam  and  sand  in  equal  parts,  with 
a  little  charcoal  added,  form  the  best  soil.  The  species 
common  in  cultivation  are  quick-growing.  They  are 
well  suited  for  planting  out  in  greenhouse  borders. 
The  sexes  are  on  different  plants,  therefore  several 
should  be  planted  in  a  group  if  the  handsomely  colored 
fruit  is  desired.  All  of  the  kinds  require  warm  tempera- 
ture in  winter.  Increased  from  seeds.  Of  the  many 
species,  only  the  following  appear  in  the  Amer.  trade: 
A.   it's,  simple. 

61egans,  Mart.  Stem  strict,  C  ft.,  closely  ringed:  lvs. 
narrowlv  lanceolate,  acuminate,  straight  :  fr.  globose. 
Mex.    G.C.  1.33:508. 

Emesti-Augusti,  Wendl.  Stem  3-4  ft.,  reedy,  erect, 
radicant  at  base  ;  blade  obovate,  cuneate  lat  the  base, 
deeply  bifid,  coarsely  serrate  along  the  margins;  petiole 
shorter  than  blade;  sheath  amplexicaul ;  sterile  spadlx 
8-9  in.,  the  simple  branches  6-8  in.,  attenuate,  slender  : 
fertile  spadix  simple  :  fls.  red.  Venezuela.  B.M.  4837. 
G.C.  1.33:,508. 

AA.    Lvs.  pinnate. 
B.    Plant  becoming  of  climbing  habit. 

desmoncoides,  H.  Wendl.  Lvs.  2-.'?  ft.  long,  with 
drooping,  narrow  Ifts.  a  foot  long,  and  glaucous 
petiole  :  plant  tending  to  climb  after  it  becomes  a  few 
feet  high.    Mex. 

BB.    Plant  not  climbing. 


Ste 


■trunk 


Sirtorii,  Liebm.  Stem  8-14  ft..  liii-.  ,|,  ,-l.iil,rd  above 
with  leaf-sheaths:  lvs.  3-:iH  ft.  l"ii-- :  p.  iii.lr  ti-rete, 
sulcate,  dilated  at  the  base;  sb./aili.  p.  i  i.;lr  aiul  rachis 
white  on  the  back:  Iffs.  12  in.  Ion;,-.  1',-:;  m.  wide,  alter- 
nate,   falcate,    acuminate,  narrowed  at  tlie  base.    Mex. 

Tepejil6te,  IJ.-bm.  Stem  4-6  ft.  high,  closely  ringed: 
lvs.  4  it. :  His.  1-nt.Tvi-il.  close,  alternate,  falcate,  acute, 
narrowly  laiicenlate.  Ui-15  in.  long,  IV^  in.  wide:  rachis 
convex  on  the   back,    canaliculate   above.    Mex.     B.M. 

glaucifdlia,  H.  Wendl.  Stem  20  ft. :  lvs.  long,  pinnate ; 
Ifts.  narrowed,  long  and  slender,  dark  green,  glaucous. 
Guatemala.    Q.F.  8:507. 

Arenbergiina,  H.  Wendl.  (C.  latifdlia,  Hort.).    Stem 

slender,  5-6  ft.,  green  :  lvs.  erect-spreading;  Ifts.  10-15 

pairs,  alternate  and  drooping,  very  long-pointed,  plicate 

and  many  ribbed.    Guatemala.    B.M.  6838. 

CC.    Stem  or  trunk  none. 

Fringlei,  Wats.  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so  ;  lvs.  erect, 
pinnate,  3  ft. ;  Ifts.  12-15  on  each  side,  linear-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  6-8  in.  long,  K-.H  in.  wide  ;  rachis  tri- 
angular ;  spadix  simple.  8  in.  long.  San  Louis  Potosi, 
M<?x  Jared  G.  Smith  and  G.  W.  Oliver. 

CHAMffiPEtCE.    Xow  referred  to  Cnicus. 

CHAMffiRANTHEMUM  (divarf  and  flower,  from  the 
Greek).  Acanthacew.  Three  or  4  Brazilian  small  herbs, 
allied  to  Eranthemum,  but  readily  distinguished  by  the 
4  ( instead  of  2 )  stamens.  Lvs.  large  and  membranaceous, 
entire,  variously  marked.  Pis.  showy,  white  or  yellow, 
in  bracteate  clusters.  Grown  chiefly  for  the  beautiful 
foliage.  C.  ignetun,  Kegel  (Eranthemum  ii/neMm,  Lind.), 
is  in  the  Amer  trade.  It  is  a  low,  spreading,  warmhouse 
plant  (culture  of  Eranthemum  and  Justicia),  with  dark 


CHAH.SBOFS  (Greek  for  dwarf  hush).  Palmdcea, 
tribe  Corypheui.  Low,  fan-leaved  palms,  with  cespitose 
caudices  branched  from  the  base  and  clothed  with  the 
bases  of  the  leaf-sheaths.  Lvs.  terminal,  rigid,  semi 
orbicular  or  cuneate-flabillate,  deeply  laciniate,  the  lobes 
narrow,  bifid,  plicate  ;  no  rachis  ;  ligule  very  short ; 
petiole  slender,  bi-convex,  the  margins  smooth  or 
rough;  sheath  split,  reticulate,  fibrous;  spadices  short, 
erect  compressed  :  branches  short,  densely  flowered  : 
spathes  2-4,  broad,  thickly  coriaceous,  the  lower  ones 
split,  the  upper  entire;  bracts  small,  subulate;  bractlets 
none  :  fls.  small,  yellow  :  fr.  globose  or  ovoid,  3-sided 
toward  the  base,  brown  or  yellow.  Species  2.  Mediter- 
ranean region.  The  common  C.  hiimilis  is  widely  cult., 
and  very  variable.  Many  of  the  specific-made  names  of 
the  genus  are  forms  of  this  species.  Of  such  cases  are 
evidently  the  garden  names  C.  arborescens,  argentea, 
C'anariensis,  elata,  elegans,  farinosa,  gracilis,  litto- 
ral is,  nivea. 

Fibrous  loam  two  parts,  leaf-mold  and  sand  one  part, 
with  good  drainage.  Prop,  by  suckers  and  by  seeds. 
These  are  among  the  hardiest  of  all  palms,  and  are  well 
suited  to  greenhouses  where  a  high  temperature  is  not 
kept  up. 

hiiinilis,  Linn.  {Phoenix  Rancehna,  Hort.).  Fig.  421. 
Stem  1-1}^  ft.  high  :  lvs.  ragged,  fibrous;  margins  of 
the  petioles  armed  with  stout,  straight  or  hooked  spines; 
blade  suborbicular,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  the  base, 
rigid,  palmately  multifld  ;  segments  acuminate,  bifid. 
Mediterranean.  B.M.  2152.  R.H.  1892:84  (showing 
habit  and  a  colored  plate  of  the  fruit).   Beaches  20  ft. 


421.    ChamEerops  humilis. 


0.  Biroo,  Sieb.=Livistona  rottmdifolia.—  C.  Birrho.  Hort.= 
Livistona  rotundifolia.— C  excelsa,  Thunb.=Trachycarpus  es- 
neUvLS.— C.  FoTtunei,  Hook.=Trachycarpus.— C  humilisX 
Systrix,  Hort.  Said  to  be  a  "choice  garden  hybrid  of  Florida 
origin,"—  O.  Bystrix,  Fras.=Rhapidophyllum  Hystrix.—  C. 
stauTocantka,  Hort.=Aeanthorhlza  aeuleata. 

Jared  G.  Smith  and  G.  W.  Oliver. 

CHAMOMILE.    Consult  Anthemis 

CHAPMAN,  JONATHAN.     See  Appleseed,  Johnni,. 

CHAPTALIA  (J.  A.  C.  Chaptal,  agricultural  chemist). 
CompdsilcE.  American  low  perennial  herbs,  with  white 
or  purplish  fls.  on  naked  scapes,  blooming  in  spring  and 
summer.  Heads  radiate,  the  ray-fls.  pistillate,  and  the 
disk-fls.  perfect,  but  some  or  all  of  them  sterile:  invo- 
lucre campanulate  or  turbinate,  of  appressed  and  imbri- 
cated bracts:  pappus  of  soft  capillary  bristles:  akenes 
oblong  or  fusiform,  narrowed  above,  5-nerved.  The  only 
species  in  the  Amer.  trade  is  C.  tomentdsa,  Vent.,of  N. 
Car.  and  S.  Of  this  the  .scapf  is  1  ft.  or  loss  high,  and 
the  heads  are  purple-rayed:  lvs.  sj.atiilafc  or  lanceolate, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  rather  Thick,  wititi-  toinentose  be- 
neath.    Introduced  as  a  bord.  r  [daut. 

CHABD  (ch  pronounced  as  in  charge).  A  form  of  the 
plant  (Beta  vulgaris)  which  has  produced  the  common 
beet.     Often   known  to  horticulturists  as  Beta  Cycla. 


CHARD 

See  Beet  and  Beta.  The  beet  plant  has  given  rise  to  two 
general  types  of  varieties :  those  varieties  with  thickened 
roots  (the  beet  of  America,  the  beet-root  of  European 
literature) ;  and  those  with  large  and  pulpy  or  thickened 
leaves  (but  whose  roots  are  small  and  woody).    The  lat- 


422.   Chard,  or  Sea-Kale 


ter  type  is  known  under  the  general  name  of  leaf -beets. 
These  leaf -beets  may  be  ranged  into  three  sub-groups: 
(1)  common  or  normal  leaf -beets,  or  spinach  beets,  in 
which  the  leaf -blade  is  large  and  pulpy,  and  is  used  as 
spinach  is;  (2)  Chard,  in  which  the  petiole  and  midrib 
are  very  broad  and  thick  (Fig.  422);  (3)  ornamental 
beets,  of  which  the  foliage  is  variously  colored. 

Chard  is  of  the  easiest  culture.  Seed  is  sown  in 
spring,  as  for  common  beets.  The  broad  petioles,  or 
Chards,  may  be  gathered  from  midsummer  until  frost. 
These  broad  white  stalks  or  ribs  are  used  as  a  pot-herli; 
and,  if  desired,  the  leaf -blades  may  be  cooked  with  them. 
The  dish  is  usually  more  attractive,  however,  if  only  the 
Chards  are  cooked.  This  vegetable  is  also  known  as 
Sea-kale  Beet  and  Swiss  Chard.  L   H.  B. 


CHARLOCK.    Consult  Bras 
CHASTE  TREE.    See  Vitex 


CHEAT,  or  CHESS.   Bromus 
CHECKERBERRY.    GauUhe 


CHEESES.    Vernacular  for  Mali: 


also  Baphanns. 


iidifolit 


CHEILANTHES  ( Greek.  ?i>-«OH'er,  alluding  to  the  in- 
dusium).  7'"////""/(.(.  r  ,1 .  Semi-hardy  or  hothouse  ferns 
of  small  size,  ufri-ii  iKiiry  or  woolly,  with  the  sori  termi- 
nal on  the  viiiis  and  i-uvircd  with  a  roundish  indusium. 
Some  (iO  or  70  species  are  known,  nearly  a  third  of 
which  are  natives  of  the  west  and  southwest,  one  spe- 
cies as  far  east  as  Connecticut.  They  are  of  easy  cul- 
ture, enjoying  a  position  near  the  glass,  and  disliking 
strong,  close  heat  and  syringing  or  watering  overhead. 
A.  Lvs.  pentagonal-deltoid,  the  indusium  confined  to  a 
single  veinlei. 

Califdmica,  Mett.  (Rypdlepis  Califdmica,  Hook.). 
Lvs.  densely  cespitose  from  a  short  creeping  rootstock 
2-4  in.  each  way,  on  stems  4-8  in.  long,  quadripinnatifid; 
ultimate  segments  lanceolate,  incised  or  serrate.    Calif. 


CHEILANTHES  289 

meifdlia,  D.  C.  Eaton.  Lvs.  cespitose,  with  slender 
brown  stems  5-7  in.  long,  the  lamina  2-3  in.  each  way, 
3-4-pinnatifld,  with  finely  cut  segments  1-10  of  an  in. 
wide.    Mex. 

AA.    Lvs.  ternatehj  divided,  tvith  dark  polished  stems. 

pedita,  A.  Br.  Lvs.  cespitose,  on  long  (9-12  in. )  stems, 
about  6  in.  either  way,  the  3  divisions  bipinnatifld  ; 
sori  numerous,  placed  on  both  sides  of  the  segments. 
Jamaica,  Cuba. 

AAA.    Lvs.  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

B.    Segments  flat:  indusia  extending  over  the  apices  of 

several  veinlets,  but  not  contimwus. 

c.    Surface  of  lvs.  smooth. 

microph^lla,  Swz.  Lvs.  4-10  in.  long,  on  stems  nearly 
as  long,  from  a  short,  creeping  rootstock,  bi-tripinnate : 
stems  glossy,  rusty-pubescent  on  the  upper  side.  Fla. 
and  New  Mex.  southward. 

cc.    Surface  of  lvs.  viscid-glandular. 

viscida,  Davenp.  Lvs.  3-5  in.  long,  on  stems  of  the 
same  length,  tripinnatifld  ;  segments  toothed,  every- 
where glandular.    Calif. 

ccc.    Surface  of  lvs.  hairy,  not  woolly. 

hirta,  Swz.  Lvs.  densely  cespitose,  with  short,  scaly 
stems  which  are  brownish,  like  the  rachides;  pinnae  nu- 
merous, rather  distant  bipinnatifld,  the  segments  with 
much  incurved  margins.  The  lvs.  are  usually  6-15  in. 
long.  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  — Var.  ElliaiAna  is  more  com- 
monly cult. 

landsa,  Wats.  (C.rf«(»a,  Swz.).  Fig.  423.  Cespitose, 
with  stems  2-4  in.  long,  slightly  hairy,  as  are  the  seg- 
ments :  lvs.  tripinnatifld,  4-10  in.  long,  1-2%  in.  wide, 
the  pinnse  lanceolate-deltoid  :  indusia  formed  of  the 
ends  of  roundish  or  oblong 
lobes.  Conn,  to  Kan.  and 
Ala. -Hardy. 

CodpersB, D.C.Eaton.  Lvs. 
3-8  in.  long,  bipinnate,  the 
stems  covered  with  nearly 
white  hairs,  each  tipped  with 
a  gland;  pinnules  roundish 
ovate,  crenate  and  incised.  ' 
Calif,  to  Mex. 

BE.  Segments  bead-like,  mi- 
nute :  indusium  usu- 
ally continuous. 

D.  Lvs.  hairy  or  woolly 
beneath,  but  not  scaly. 

E.  Upper  surface  of  seg- 

ments smooth. 

graclllima,  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Lace  Fern.  Lvs.  cespitose, 
1^  in.  long,  besides  the 
nearly  equal  dark  brown 
stems,  bipinnate  ;  pinnse 
with  about  nine  pinnules, 
finally  smooth  above.  Idaho 
to  Calif. -Hardy. 

Cldvelandil,  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Lvs.  4-8  in.  long,  tripinnate, 
dark  brown  beneath,  with 
closely  imbricate,  ciliate 
scales,  which  grow  on  both 
the  segments  and  the  rach- 
ides ;  segments  n^rly 
round,  the  terminal  larger. 
Calif. 

ee.    Upper  surface  of  segments  pubescent. 

tomentdsa,  Link.    Lvs.  8-15  in.  long,  on  stems  4-6  in. 
long,  everywhere   covered  with  brownish  white  hairs, 
tripinnate  ;    terminal  segments  twice  as   large   as   the 
lateral.    Va.  to  Ariz. 
DD.    Lvs.  covered  beneath  with  scales,  but  not  woolly. 

F^ndleri,  Hook.  Lvs.  3-6  in.  long  besides  the  chaffy 
stems,  rising  from  tangled,  creeping  rootstocks,  tripin- 
nate :  rachides  with  broadly-ovate  white-edged  scales, 
which  overlap  the  subglobose  segments.  Tex.  and 
Colo,  to  Calif. 


"^.r- 


290 


CHEILANTHES 


DDD.  -Z/is.  covered  ieneath  •fith  both  scales  and  wool. 
myriophJUa,  Desv.  (C.  (legans,  Desv. ).  Lvs.  densely 
cespitose  from  short,  erect,  scaly  rootstocks,  3-9  in. 
long,  beside  the  chestnut-colored  scaly  stems  ;  tri- 
quadripinnatifid  :  ultimate  segments  minute,  innumer- 
able.   Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Trop.  Amer. 

Another  native  species  worthy  of  cultivation  is  C. 
teucopdda.  Link,  from  Tex.,  with  broadly  deltoid-ovate 
leaves.  L.  M.  Underwood. 

CHEIBANTHUS  (derivation  in  dispute,  but  probably 
from  Greek  for  Aa«d  and  rtoicer).  Cruciferw.  A  dozen 
or  more  Old  World  herbs,  with  large  purple  or  yellow 


fls.,  entire  lvs.,  and  a  strict  or  upright  habit.  Lateral 
sepals  sac-like  at  the  base  :  valves  of  the  pod  with  a 
strong  midnerve.  Much  confounded  with  Matthiola,  and 
the  genera  are  not  sitfiiciently  distinct.  In  Cheiranthus, 
the  lvs.  are  acute,  stigma  more  spreading,  pod  more 
flattened  and  seeds  not  thin-edged. 

Chelri,  Linn.  Wallflower.  Fig.  424.  Perennial, 
slightly  pubescent,  l-2}4  ft. :  lvs.  lanceolate  and  entire, 
acute  :  fls.  large,  mostly  in  shades  of  yellow,  in  long, 
terminal  racemes.  S.  Eu.— An  old  garden  favorite, 
blooming  in  spring.  Although  a  woody  perennial,  it  is 
best  to  renew  the  plants  from  seed,  for  they  begin  to 
fail  after  having  bloomed  one  or  two  years.  Seedlings 
should  bloom  the  second  year.    There  are  dwarf  and 


CHENOPODIUM 

double-fld.  varieties,  and  innumerable  forms  in  various 
shades  of  yellow,  brownish,  and  even  purple.  Not 
prized  so  much  in  Amer.  as  in  Eu.  It  thrives  in  any 
good  garden  soil. 

C.  dnnuxis,  Hort.-^Matthiola,  but  early-blooming  forms  of 
C.  Cheiri  seem  to  pass  under  this  name. — C.  Menziesii,  Benth. 
&  Hook.=Parrya.  l^  jj^  g^ 

CHELIDdNIUM  {Greek  for  the  swallow:  the  fls. 
appear  when  the  swallow  comes).  Piipaverdcece.  Cel- 
andine. One  or  two  loose-growing  herbs,  with  fl.-buds 
nodding,  and  small  yellow  fls.  in  small  umbel-like  clus- 
ters :  sepals  2  ;  petals  4  ;  stamens  16-24  :  style  very 
short,  the  stigma  2-lobed:  pod  slender,  2-valved,  open- 
ing first  at  the  bottom.  C.  mijus,  Linn.,  is  a  European 
plant,  now  run  wild  in  waste  places,  and  often  seen  in 
old  gardens.  It  is  biennial  or  perennial,  with  brittle, 
hairy  stems  and  pinnately-parted  lvs.,  the  lobes  rounded 
and  toothed  (or,  in  var.  lacinidlum  again  dissected). 
The  plant  has  yellow  juice.  Lvs.  light-glaucous  under- 
neath. 

CHELONE  (Greek  for  tortoise  or  turtle:  the  corolla 
fancied  to  resenilde  a  reptile's  head).  Scrophulariacere. 
Turtle  Head.  Several  North  American  perennial  herbs, 
some  of  which  are  now  sold  by  dealers  in  native  plants. 
Allied  to  Pentsteraon.  Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped  or 
gaping,  white  or  red:  anthers  4,  woolly,  and  a  rudiment 
of  a  fifth  stamen  :  seeds  winged:  lvs.  opposite,  serrate: 
fls.  large  and  showy.  Half-slKi<l' .1  plin.  -  i  ir  ]. referable 
forthese  easily  cultivated  pl:ni- -     \  _■  "iiiid  should 

be  avoided,  from  the  fact  tl], I ■  in  swampy 

places.    In  the  ordinary  bor.l.i   I  iH      -i ii:ive  a  very 

liberal  mulch  of  old  manure  in  ilit- ir  k1"«  h'K  -season  :  4 
to  5  in.  thick  is  none  too  much  ;  the  surface  roots  will 
feed  in  this  compost,  and  the  plants  are  not  so  liable  to- 
suffer  from  drought  when  thus  protected. 

A.    Fls.  in  terminal  and  axillary  close  spikes. 
B.    Ik-s.  broad-ovate,  long -pet  ioled. 

L^oni,  Pursh.  Plant,  about  2  ft.  high:  lvs.  often  cor- 
date at  base,  thin,  evenly  serrate:  fl.-bracts  minutely  cili- 
ate;  fls.  rose-purple.    Mts.,  N.  Car.  and  S. 

BB.    Z/vs.  lanceolate  or  oblong,  short-petioled. 

obliqua,  Linn.  Two  ft.  or  less:  lvs.  2-5  in.  long,  broad- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  very  veiny,  sharp-  or  deep-serrate: 
fl.-bracts  ciliate:  fls.  deep  rose.  Damp  grounds,  111.  and 
Va.,  S. 

gl&bra,  Linn.  {C.  obliqua,  var.  dlba,  Hort.).  Une-2 
or  more  ft.  high  :  lvs.  narrower,  acuminate,  appressed- 
serrate,  nearly  sessile,  not  very  veiny:  fl.-bracts  not 
ciliate  :  fls.  white  or  rose-tinged.  Wet  grounds  ••  com- 
mon. 

AA.    Fls.  in  a  loose  thyrse  or  panicle. 

nemorOsa,  Dough.  Two  ft.  or  less  high,  of  unpleasant 
odor  :  lvs.  ovate  and  acute,  sharp-dentate,  sessile  or 
nearlv  so:  fl.-bracts  none;  corolla  1  in.  long,  vio'et-pur- 
ple.    Calif,  and  N. 

C.  barbata  of  gardens  is  Pentsttmon  barbatus. 

J.  B.  Keller  and  L.  H.  B. 


CHENOPdDIUM  {goose-foot,  alluding  to  the  shape  of 
the  lvs.).  Ch>  H'lpodidceof.  Widely  dispersed  weedy 
herbs,  with  very  inconspicuous  greenish  fls.  in  glonie- 
rules  or  spikes.  Spinach,  beet,  and  orach  are  allied 
plants.  Fls.  perfect;  calyx  4-5-parted ;  petals  wanting; 
stamens  usually  5;  styles  2  or  3.  The  calyx  sometimes 
enlarges  and  becomes  succulent  and  colored,  enclosing 
the  fr.,  and  the  glomerules  may  then  look  like  berries, 
as  in  the  common  Strawberry  Blite  ( C.  eapifafum,'Wiits., 
or  Blittim  capitatum,  Linn.).  This  plant  has  been  in- 
troduced to  the  trade  as  a  pot-herb.  It  is  an  annual  of 
easiest  culture,  with  hastate-ovate  toothed  lvs.  and 
fleshy  red  glomerules.  The  common  pigweeds  are 
Chenopodiums  of  several  kinds,  the  commonest  being 
C.  album,  Linn.  This  species  and  others  are  used  as 
pot-herbs  or  greens  in  the  country.  The  Good-King- 
Henry  is  C.  Bonus-Henricus,  Linn.  It  is  a  perennial, 
often  cult,  for  its  succulent  spring  shoots  and  lvs.,  which. 


Plate  V.     Cherries 


CHENOPODIUJI 

are  used  as  greens.  In  American  gardens  it  is  usually 
known  as  Mercury  (the  name  is  sometimes  corrupted  to 
Markery).  Lvs.  triangular-ovate,  with  very  long,  wide- 
spreading  basal  lobes  ;  margins  entire  ;  plant  mealy. 
The  plant  is  of  the  easiest  cultuie,  1-2  ft  high  Other 
CKenopodiums  of  economic  interest  are  the  Qumoi  (C. 
Quhwa,  Willd  ),  of  S  Amer  ,  of  which  the  Hr^-c  m  f  ds 
are  used  as  food  (it  is  an  annual  with  i-.i  t  t  the 
common  pigweed,  O  album,  seeds  s  11  1\  I  iii  j  i  ui 
dealers.  B.M  3641),  C  ambroiwirh^  1  itiii  M  \i  m 
Tea,  affords  a  medicinal  extriit  (  iitl  luinli  iiiii, 
Linn.,  Wormseed,  affords  a  \    iiinlu^  I  In     Feither 

Geranium  or  Jerusalem  Oik  I  11  ii  I  i  ('  Botiys, 
Linn.    It  is  annual,  glandul  u  |   il  it     r   1    iromatic, 

1-3  ft.  high,  with  pinnatifld  hs  ml  1  lu  t  ither  like, 
enduring  spikes,  for  whuh  it  is  useil  in  %ases  and 
baskets.    Prettv  L  H   B 


CHERRY 


291 


^/,<?=^=^ 


+h 


CHERIMOYA,  CHEKIMOYER  {Anoni,  Cherimolia, 
Mill.).  Pig.  425.  Th..  ('li.Tiiii..>:i  i-  .■..ii-i.U-r.-d  by  many 
to  be  the  finest  of  tin-  siil.i  r..|.ir:,  i    immi^.  .in.l  that  not 

only  by  the  natives  .■('  fin r :jniws,  but 

also  by  Europeans.     It  i^  v,,fii  i  i>    Sweet  Sop 

mates  that  suit  them;  but  the  (.'lu-rimoya  has  a  decided 
acidity,  which  is  most  agreeable  and  grateful  to  the  taste. 
See  Anoxa .  The  fruit  is  rounded,  but  irregular  in  shape, 
weighing  from  3  to  5  lbs.,  and  even  double  that  under 
cultivation.  There  is  a  thin,  greenish  rind,  marked  off 
by  somewhat  raised  lines  into  pentagonal  or  hexagonal 
spaces.  Beneath  is  a  white  pulp,  embedded  in  which  are 
the  black  seeds,  radiating  from  an  internal  central  stalk. 
The  white  pulp  is  the  edible  portion  ;  it  is  of  the  con- 
sistence of  a  corn-flour  pudding.  If  picked  when  full- 
grown,  they  will  ripen  gradually,  and  can  be  kept  7  or 
8  days  before  eating. 

The  tree  is  from  15  to  30  feet  in  height,  with  a  broad 
spreading  head  and  pendent  branches.  The  leaves  are 
oblong,  with  velvety  down  on  the  under  surface.  The 
flowers  have  3  outer  petals,  which  are  oblong-linear 
in  shape,  and  keeled  on  the  inner  side  ;  the  3  inner 
petals  are  minute,  alternate  with  the  outer.  It  is  found 
growing  spontaneously  at  certain  elevations  in  Central 
America,  and  western  South  America,  as  far  south  as 
Chile,  but  it  is  (|uite  uncertain  where  it  is  truly  wild  in 
all  this  r.-si-n  1>.  ('•■.. r,.].^]f.  in  his  "Origin  of  Cultivated 
Plants, "cnii     .'.  !       •  ■  luMbable  that  it  is  indigenous 

in   Equ:id"r,  ;      !     i       in   the  neighboring   part  of 

Peru.     It   ^^,,  :    into  .Tamaica  in  ITSC,  by  Jlr. 

Hinton  Ea.-:...iil    S  -f  -ii.o„t-..i.-..n-.   LT..„tl,'  in   a 

limited  area  at  a  crri:,      .    •     :i i  ..n  i  hr -.uii  h-  i  n  -I 's 

of  the  Blue  mount,,:      ,  .        ,  ith 

the  district  in  whi. 'Ill  I  ■  .      i:    ,.    M     ,:         ,  ,     il.c 

is  cultivated.     Tin- ali  n  ml-  n'  » h   ii    i-    i.iim.l   i-  l.e- 

tween  2,500  and  5,000  feet.  In  Jladeira,  the  C'horimoya 
has  taken  the  place  of  the  grape  vine  on  many  of  the 
estates  on  the  warm  southern  slopes  of  the  island.   The 


cultivation  is  systematic.  The  2-year-old  seedlings 
are  grafted.  The  trees  are  pruned  and  trained,  and 
manure  is  regularly  supplied.  The  result  of  careful 
selection  is  that  there  are  varieties  with  scarcely  any 
seeds,  and  weighing  12  to  IG  lbs.  Ordinary  fruits, 
weighing  3  to  8  lbs.,  are  sold  in  the  London  market  at 
$1.50  ;  large  ones  are  sold  at  $2.50,  and  even  $3. 

W.  Fawcett. 

CHERKY.  Cultivated  tree  Cherries  have  probably 
sprung  from  two  European  species.  Primus  Avium, 
Linn.,  and  Primus  Cenisus,  Linn.  ' 
forms  of  Prunus  Avium  are  charac- 
terized by  a  tall,  erect  growth  (Fig. 
426);  reddish  brown,  glossy  bark, 
which  separates  in  rings ;  flowers 
generally  in  clusters  on  lateral  spurs, 
appearing  with  the  limp,  gradually 
taper-pointed  leaves  ;  fruit  red,  yel- 
low, or  black,  generally  sweet,  spher- 
ical, heart-shaped,  or  pointed  ;  flesh 
soft  or  firm.  Sour  Cherries  are  low- 
headed  and  spreading  (Pig.  427) ; 
flowers  in  clusters  from  lateral  buds, 
appearing  liefore  the  hard,stiff,rather 
alini|itlv  pointed,  light  or  grayish 
iiririi  l.avi-s.  The  following  is  the 
latest  classification  (Bailey,  Bull.  98, 
Cornell  Exp.  Sta. ) : 

Prtimis  Avium  has  four  represent- 
atives in  the  United  States : 

I.  The  Mazzards,  or  inferior  seed- 
liii(,'s;  fniit  of  various  shapes  and 
(■..i.irs;  <Mnini<in  along  roadsides.  In 
tlir  nii.lill.-  Atlantic  states,  the  wild 
.Mazzarcl  trees  often  attain  great  age 
and  size,  particularly  in  the  Dela- 
ware-Chesapeake peninsula  (Fig. 
428). 

II.  The  Hearts,  or  heart-shaped, 
soft,  sweet  Cherries,  light  or  dark, 
represented  by  Black  Tartarian  and 
Governor  Wood. 

III.  The    Bigarreaus,   or  heart-shaped,   flrm-fleshed, 
sweet  Cherries,  like  the  Napoleon  and  Windsor. 

IV.  The  Dukes  ;    light-colored,  somewhat  acid  flesh, 
such  as  May  Duke  and  Reine  Hortense. 

From  Prunus  Cerasns  two  classes  have  sprung: 

I.  The  Amarelles,  or 
light  -  colored  sour 
Cherries,  with  color- 
less .iuice,  represented, 
by  Early  Richmond 
and  Montmorency. 

II.  The  Morellos,  or 
dark -colored  sour  Cher- 
ries, with  dark-colored 
juice,  like  the  English 
Morello  and  Louis 
Philippe. 

The  following  spe- 
cies also  have  horticul- 
tural value  :  Prvntis 
Mahaleb,  an  Old  World 
type,  hardier  and 
smaller,  on  which  other 
Cherries  are  largely 
worked;  Prmms  Penn- 


427. 

Low-headed  £ 
growth  of  Sot 

nd  spreading 
r  Cherry. 

wild 

red.pii 

,  or  lii 

•d  Ch 

rry.  wh 

it  as 
Pn, 
forii 
Mou 
Tl 

e  Chen 

for  tl 

n  l-l->  . 

y  is  iiu 

■  Ph, 

I  cult 

the'     Il 
vated  a 

s'lU- 


the 


whose  hardiness  may  adapt 
?s;  Prunus  Besseyi  and 
1  or  dwarf  Cherries,  the 
nproved    Dwarf    Rocky 


as  a  leading  industry  east 
ept  in  western  New  York, 
where  the  sour  varieties  are  grown  for  canning.  The 
sweet  Cherry  is  confined  mostly  to  door-yard  and  fence- 
comer  plantings.  Sour  kinds  are  found  in  orchard  blocks 
in  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Michigan, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  Sweet  Cherry 
culture,  however,  is  adapted  to  the  states  between  the 


of  the  Rocky  mounta 


292 


CHERRY 


39th  and  44th  degrees  of  latitude  and  the  68th  and  86th 
degrees  of  longftude,  and  to  contiguous  areas  having 
similar  climatic  conditions.  Spontaneous  forms  of  it 
attain  great  size  on  the  Chesapeake  peninsula  ( Fig.  428 ) . 
The  sour  Cherry  may  be  grown  with  profit  between  the 
35th  and  45th  degrees  of  latitude  and  the  68th  and  100th 
■degrees  of  longitude. 

The  Mazzard  is  the  best  stock  for  both  sweet  and  sour 
Cherries  in  the  east.  The  Mahaleb  is  more  widely  used 
for  the  sour  kinds,  however,  as  It  is  easier  to  bud,  and 
it  is  free  from  leaf  blight  in  the  nursery.  The  Mazzard 
forms  a  better  root  system,  stronger  union,  a  longer 
lived  tree,  and  is  sufiBciently  hardy.  For  the  Plains 
states  the  hardier  Mahaleb  stocks  should  be  used. 

The  Cherry  likes  an  elevated,  naturally  light,  dry, 
loamy,  retentive  soil.  The  sour  kinds  need  more  mois- 
ture, and  will  thrive  in  heavier  land.  A  soil  not  natur- 
ally dry  may  be  corrected  by  under-draining,  and  on 
light,  dry  knolls,  the  moisture  capacity  may  be  increased 
by  green  manures  and  surface  tillage. 

The  sweet  Cherries  should  be  set  28  feet  to  30  feet 
-apart  each  way;  the  sour  kinds,  from  16  feet  to  18  feet. 
The  trees  are  generullv  set  at  two  years  from  the  bud. 

The  sweet  kinds  :ir>-  siaitr.l  with  3  to  5  main  arms, 
-with  no  central  ].  ;i.|.  r.  :,\u.,n  :!'.,  feet  high,  and  the 
branches  are  pram  '1  ti.  vi,|,.  I.ii.ls  for  a  few  years  to  in- 
duce a  spreadini;.  rathii-  than  a  spire-like  form.  The 
top  of  a  sour  Cherry  is  made  like  that  of  a  peach  tree. 

Plow  the  Cherry  "orchard  lightly  in  the  early  spring, 
and  cultivate  it  every  ten  days,  or  after  every  rain,  till 
the  middle  of  June  or  the  first  of  July.  Seed  at  the  last 
cultivation  with  a  winter  cover-crop.  Stimulate  the 
trees  with  leguminous  cover-crops  when  needed,  but 
the  sweet  Cherry  is  a  gross  feeder  and  a  rapid  grower, 
and  undue  stimulation  must  be  avoided.  Keep  the 
orchard  in  sod  and  pasture  it  with  sheep,  along  the 
southern  and  western  limits  of  profitable  sweet  Cherry 
culture,  and  withhold  nitrogenous  manures. 

Nitrogen,  potash,  and  phosphoric  acid  are  the  three 
essential  fertilizers.  Nitrogen  may  be  supplied  in  legu- 
minous crops;  potash  as  muriate,  at  150  lbs.  to  300  lbs.; 
and  phosphoric  acid  in  dissolved  rock,  at  300  lbs.  to 
500  lbs  per  acre. 

Cherries  should  be  picked  by  the  stems  into  small 
baskets  a  few  days  before  ripe.  Sort  out  all  stemless, 
small  and  imperfect  fruits.  Face  the  perfect  Cherries 
in  small,  attractive  boxes  or  baskets,  and  pack  these  in 
small  cases  or  crates.  The  choicer  the  fruit,  the  more 
strikingly  it  should  be  displayed.  Guard  against  break- 
ing the  fruit  spurs  in  picking  the  sweet  Cherries.  Fruit 
for  canning  is  less  laboriously  packed,  but  may  be  as 
carefully  picked. 

The  profits  depend  on  the  varieties  and  markets,  but 


CHERRY 

largely  on  the  personality  of  the  grower,  and  on  his  skill 
as  a  salesman.  The  range  of  profit  for  the  sour  Cherry 
is  from  $30  to  $100  per  acre,  and  from  $50  to  $300  or 
more  for  the  sweet. 

The  varieties  adapt  themselves  to  a  wide  range  of 
territory.  An  imperative  need,  however,  is  the  develop- 
ment of  varieties  with  striking  features  for  local  adapta- 
tion. In  the  prairie  states  and  the  extreme  north,  the 
hardier  Amarelles  and  Morellos  comprise  the  profitable 
kinds.  Foriiiallv  tlic  dark-colored,  more  acid  Morellos 
wir.  iii...t  -,,:ijlii  iiii.  I  :  now  the  milder  Amarelles  are 
d.ii,:>     :     :  and  consumcrs.     In  the  fol- 

l.mii:  II.- named  more  for  the  pur- 

pusi-  "I    ilin-i  r.ii  :n_-  ilh    .liii.n-ut  types  than  for  recom- 

Amongst  Amarelles,  the  Early  Richmond  and  Mont- 
morency are  the  leading  types. 

Early  Richmond  {Fig.  429).— Size  medium;  pit  large:  light 
red;  poor  quality:  \igorous  growth.  Ripens  June  20  in  New 
York. 

Montmorency.— Ijurge,  broad,  flattened  ;  pit  medium;  light 
red  ;  flesh  nearly  colorless  :  juice  moder.HteIy  sour :  vigorous 
growth  :  generally  productive.  Two  weeks  after  Early  Rich- 
mond.   Most  valuable  Amarelle  for  the  east. 

Among  the  Morellos,  Ostheim.  Louis  Philippe  and 
English  Morello  are  important  types. 

Ostheim  (Fig.  430).— Dark  red:  roundish;  flesh  dark,  tender; 
juice  mild,  dark;  productive:  hardy;  growth  slender.  A  week 
after  Early  Richmond,  smaller.    Too  early  for  the  east. 

Louis  Philippe.— Size  ot  Montmorenoy,  .ind  ripens  with  it: 
round:  acid:  skin  and  flesh  dark.  Rather  shy  bearer  in  the 
east,  but  valuable  in  the  west. 

English  Morello.— Two  weeks  later  than  Montmorency;  more 
open,  drooping  habit:  fruit  medium,  roundish:  red-black;  very 
sour,  sligiitly  astringent  :  flesh  and  juice  dark,  purplish 
crimson. 

Among  the  sweet  Cherries,  the  firm-fleshed  red  or 
black  Bigarreaus  are  the  most  profitable.  The  light 
Bigarreaus  and  Hearts  are  more  susceptible  to  the  fruit- 
rot,  and  sell  !rs«  rindily.  Representative  types  of 
Heart  and  liirli'  l'.i-;:i!  r.  an  i  berries  are  the  following: 

Black  Tarti,,^  II  ■■■  -i  valuable  Heart  Cherrj-.  Produc- 
tive; vlgor.Hi-,  ii.ii.,,.  ..,L,>  ,  laiije;  dark  red  or  black;  flesh 
dark  purpli&h .  \-.i.\  jua-i,  sull-i. 

Napoleon  (Fig.  431) . — One  of  the  best  light  Bigarreaus.  Fruit 
large:  flesh  hard,  brittle,  colorless:  liglit  lemon  yellow,  with 
reddish  cheek;  heavy  bearer;  rots  if  not  picked  before  ripe; 
splits  iu  wet  weather.    A  week  before  Black  Tartarian. 

rr.mi  iln  daik  I;iL'arn:nis  tin-  fi.lli>wing  are  among  the 

;.■.'■''-   A'.;  ;/•'/, r  -  l;ri:.-lii,  dark  1.'.  I,  with  an  under  mot- 
tling:   a-  lata:'' a^  NapMl,  ,,11     il''-li  pni  1. 1  sh  ;  juice  nearly  color- 
I'l     a   Hudson  river  valley. 


ened  at  both  sides; 
heart-like ;  juicy : 
•.ivy  bearer  locally. 


skiiriark'rJ.l  .' 


428    Old  Sweet  Ch 


Ripens  with  Xapoleoii 

Windsor.  — harge:    rm,!    ...    .,     ..    _       :lim;    juicy:    mottled 

dark  red:   flesh  pinki-l;  lium.  set  in  slight, 

broad  depression:  \v-.i:\  i'  .  i '  a  ■■  i- Tnus.  upright.  Ripens 
two  weeks  after  Xapoieun.     \  cry  jirulitjible. 

Dikeman.—'LATge,  heai^-shaped.  obtuse,  flattened  on  one  side: 
black,  with  e.xtremeb"  firm,  reddish  flesh  :  subacid,  reddish 
juice  ;  stem  medium,  in  a  slight,  broad  depression  ;  \igorous. 
Ripens  three  weeks  or  more  after  Windsor.    A  variety  of  great 

DisiEASES  AND   INSECTS.  — The   brown    rot   {Monilia 

fiuttigena],  -which  attacks  the    fruit   at  the   ripening 

period    and  particularly  during  sultry  weather,  can  be 

largely  avoided  by  picking  the  fruit  a  few  days  before 

ripe.     It  may  also  fatally  attack  the  flowers, 

leaves    and    twigs.     In    localities    where    the 

'  r  ,         Cherry  blooms,  but  does   not  fruit,  the  trees 

■"  -hould  be  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  mixture  be- 

t''>re  the  buds  unfold,  again  when  the  fruit  is 

It,  and  two  or  three  times  thereafter,  with  a 

'olorless  fungicide. 

Black    knot    {Plowrightia    morbosa,   Sacc). 
See  under  Plum. 
Leaf  blight  iCylindrosporium  Padi,  Kurst). 

'  See  under  Plum. 

Powdery   mildew    {Podosphara    oxycantha. 


CHERRY 


293 


De  Bray)  is  often  severe  in  the  sour  Cherry,  but   can 
be  checked  by  thorough  applications  of  a  fungicide. 

The  aphis  (Myzus  cerasi,  Linn.)  appears  in  the  early 
part  of  the  season  on  the  young  shoots,  the  leaves,  the 
stems,  and  less  frequently  on 
the  body  of  the  fruit  of  the  sweet 
Cherries.  It  excretes  honey-dew 
abundantly.  The  leaves  curl  up- 
ward and  inward.  Spray  with 
kerosene  emulsion,  1  part  to  G 
<.f  water;  or  with  fish-oil  soap, 
1  pound  to  6  gallons  of  water, 
before  the  leaves  curl. 

The  cureulio  {Conotrae7ieh(S 
nenuphar).   See  same  on  P?h»i. 

Climatic  injuries.  —  Stin- 
M  nld  and  bursting  of  the  bark. 
-  The  sweet  Cherry  is  liable  to 
I  fatal  injury  from  sun-scald  in 
the  south  and  prairie  states. 
The  trouble  occurs  in  the  spring, 
when  the  rays  of  the  sun  cause 
alternate  freezing  and  thawing 
of  the  growing  tissues  on  the 
south  and  west  sides.  In  these  localities,  the  bark 
of  the  tree  frequently  bursts  open,  and  large  quantities 
of  gum  exude.  A  rich  garden  loam,  a  summer  drought 
followed  by  fall  rain,  excessive  wood  stimulation,  violent 
changes  of  temperature  in  the  winter,  or  other  factors 
unfavorable  to  the  maturing  of  the  wood,  aggravate  the 
difficulty.  The  bursting  of  the  bark  is  probably  caused 
by  the  freezing  and  thawing  of  the  tissues  under  these 
unfavorable  conditions.  Both  troubles  are  more  injuri- 
ous to  trees  with  exposed  trunks.  A  low-headed  and 
spreading  top,  soils  not  too  rich,  and  cultural  methods 
which  favor  the  early  maturity  of  the  wood,  lessen  the 
danger.  The  trunks  "may  also  be  protected  by  a  board, 
matting,  or  screen  of  some  kind  on  the  sunny  side  dur- 
ing the  spring  montns.  G.  Harold  Powell. 

The  Cherry  in  California.— In  commercial  impor- 
tance, the  Cherry  is  least  of  the  fruits  of  the  temperate 
zonegrowninCalifomiaonacominrri'ial  scale.  This  is  not 
because  the  finestCherrie.s  raiiiKii  I.,  ^i.mi,.i  :ii  i.r,ause 
the  avenues  for  the  disposiii^Mi  !'!;  !i  t  as 


)t,  t}i(MiL')i  td'-n-  is  j^lfiitA-  of  ixood  land  upon  which 

111  It  I  I.I  s   I  In-  |.r,  ,,  ,,i  t,,(.,i  ■,,!'  i,;iif  ;,  niilUon  trcos,  the 

I,       I.  _     .:   -   .       I  ..         ,   :,I.     ,:  -Ilji'ted.      It  is  ouo  of 

ill'  I     ,  ml  I- oiilyprofitablewhen 

•riiuii-i  nil  111-  ill.  11  -i"  .  iiM.  Alii.ut  one-half  of  the 
iont  acreaicf  lirs  in  valleys  opening  upon  the  bay  of 

Francisco,  where  deep  and  moist,  but  well  drained 
vial  soil  fosters  strong  and  sound  root-growth,  and 
ified  atnuisjihoric  aridity  favors  leaf  and  fruiting. 
-iiiiilar  ill  .  |i  nil  iini-i  ^liils,  however,  the  tree  enters 
liiit    int.  1  .  riTtain  limits,  chiefly  along 

ii\.r  i..  1     I  I  ,..is  dry  plains.     In  dry  air  it 

illy  r.tii-.         .   I     .        .hi,.. ugh  if  the  soil  be  moist. 


ing,  and  in  nii.i.i.i ;,  i.      .    •  .    ■     .         .  i  .;,(iii(> 

feet,  on  guml   -..,,;.,,  .     .■.  .   :     .  ,  ,  :    -...i  .  ■,  m 

with  the  sni.w  ilurin  -,  ■     u  .    .     ;  .  .         .....  i,     .  a.- 

at  proper  elevation-.  I .  .      ...    ■\-r   .    .ml 

profitabletotheliiiiii-     i        .       .     ;  I       ■ ii~ 

to  havenogeograpliii'iil  i .     .■       .   i    .      ...       .      ...iv 

ever  suitable  soil  and  w  ai  h.  r  .-..imIii  h.h .ur.  it  a.... (its 

the  situation  — the  I>ukias  and  iMorellos  succeeding  under 
conditions  too  trying  fur  the  Hearts  and  Bigarreaus,  but 
the  latter  comprise  all  the  varieties  that  are  of 
cial  account. 

Cherry  trees  are  grown  by  budding  upon  Ma; 
Mahaleb  seedlings— the  latter  chiefly  imported. 


431     Napoleon  Cherry  (  a 


150,000  cases  of  canned 
vantage;  but  until  it  i.s 
demands  will  increase, 
largely  extended.  Che 
packing,  and  to  incur 
the  chances  of  a  local 
market,  over  supplied 
when  ever  the  trees  do 
their  full  duty,  the 
grower  does  not  enjoy. 
Cherry  drying  has 
never  seenied  war- 
ranted on  a  Itn-L't'  sralo. 
becausi-    of    tin-    lari;i 

quired  to  tlio  ponn.i 
of  product  :  and  the 
grower  has  had  no  re- 
course when  the  eanner 
and      local      consumer 


legree. 


tomary  to  plant  out  in  orchards  at  the  end  of  the  first 
year's  growth  from  the  bud,  though  2-year-old  Cherry 
trees  can  be  more  successfully  handled  than  other  12- 
year-olds.  The  trees  are  headed  at  1  to  2  feet  from 
the  ground,  cut  back  to  promote  low  branching  for  two 
years,  and  then  allowed  to  make  long  branches,  and 
not  usually  shortened-in,  so  long  as  thrifty  and  healthy. 
The  tree,  in  a  good  environment,  is,  however,  a  very 
hardv   tree,   and    will    endtiro   pruning  to    almost 


rieties 
about  t' 
found  I 


1.  Ostheim  Cherry  i  .<  IQ. 

■y  interest,  and  the  early 
I  rniits  its  sale  during  the 
lioi-ry  trees,  is  the  leading 
-.  voral  occasions  early  va- 
foiH  tlie  \'acaville  district 
Ik-  usual  opening  date  is 
■nn-  onward  later  varieties, 
be  shipped  until  July,  if 


made  a  very 

;,.  -I',  iioaring  1,000  lbs.  of 
-  which  have  even 
1  I  \  I  been  dwarfed  and 
loin.  1. ml  orchards  are,  how- 
a  OS,  ai'j)roxiniately  of  vase 
and   with   branches   curving 

The  Cherry  is  very  rotulily  grafted  over  by  the  usual 
top-grafting  methods,  and  large  orchards  have  been  thus 
'  formed  into  varieties  more  acceptable  for  canning 
or  shipping.  Comparatively  few  varieties  are  grown. 
Early  Purple  Guigno,  Cuigne  Marbre.nnd  Knight's  Early 
Black   are   grnwn^  iti    nai-lv   vii.oiiii  l-    lo,.alitios       Black 

Tartarian   and    Low-.i r..   ii nn    -n.v    i,.i    Mark 

Cherries.     Tin-   Na|...    ...     In  .i.   .  .  i  i        '     a-^ 

Royal  Ann!  is  tin    ni-   .:    '    '  ;  i s^ 

excludes  all  otilors,  tl...ii;n)i    t'...     K'   ..-l.l.'.l  l     Inn.iir.ni    lias 

some  standing.  Of  all  the  varieties  grown,  the  Black 
Tartarian  and  Napoleon  Bigarreau,  constitute  70  per 
cent  of  the  crop,  and  probably  90  per  cent  of  the  amount 
marketed. 


California 
ner's  requir 
than  %  of  a 
inch.  Who: 
per  ton  for 


the 


less 


294  CHERRY 

year  (1899)  canners  have  paid  as  high  as  $160  per  ton 
for  white  Cherries.  The  higher  rates  can  only  be  ex- 
pected during  years  of  short  crops. 

EdWAKD  J.  WiCKSON. 

CHERVIL.  A  term  applied  to  two  umbelliferous  plants 
which  produce  edible  parts,  neither  of  which  is  well 
known  in  America.  The  name  is  sometimes  applied,  also, 
to  the  sweet  cicely. 

Salad  Chervil  or  Leaf  Chervil  is  Scandix  cerefoUum, 
Linn.,  a  native  of  S.Eu.     It  is  annual.     The  neat  and 
sley,  wh" 

iind,  with  oval  cut  leaf- 
lets ;  and  there  are  varieties  with  much  cut  and  curled 
foliage.  The  cultivation  of  Salad  Chervil  presents  no 
difficulties.  Leaves  are  ready  to  use  in  6  to  10  weeks 
from  seed  sowing,  and  any  good  garden  soil  is  congenial. 
It  thrives  best  in  the  cooler  and  moister  part  of  the  year. 

Tuberous  or  Turnip-rooted  Chervil  is  Chwrophyllum 
bulbosuniy  Linn.,  of  S.  Eu.  It  is  biennial  or  plur-annual, 
like  the  radish  and  carrot.  The  roots  are  like  small 
carrots  in  shape  (4-5 in. long), but  are  gray  or  blackish, 
and  the  flesh  is  of  different  flavor.  The  roots  are  eaten 
as  carrots  are,  either  boiled  or  in  stews.  The  one  difB- 
culty  in  the  growing  of  Tuberous  Chervil  is  the  fact  that 
the  seeds  germinate  very  tardily,  or  even  not  at  all,  if 
kept  dry  over  winter.    It  is  customary,  therefore,  to  .sow 


they  should  be  sir 


CHESTNUT 

and  Sweet  Chestnut  of  English  writers.  It  is  an  inhabi- 
tant of  tiMHiiif iiiii  forests  in  the  temperate  regions  of 
wist,  III  ,\-i:i.  i;iiii.|.e  and  north  Africa.     Esteemed  for 

stitui.  .i  I i|.i.n:int  article  of  food  since  an  early  day. 

lutruducLil  lo  tliL-  L  iiited  States  by  Ir^n^e  Dupont,  at  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  in  1803,  though  recorded  by  Jefferson, 
under  the  designation  "  French  Chestnut,"  as  grafted  by 
him  on  native  Chestnut  near  Charlottes  ville  (Monticello), 
Va.,  in  1773. 

American  Chestnut  (C.  Americana). -Fig.  432.  Atall, 
straight,  columnar  tree,  in  forests  reaching  a  height  of 
100  ft.  and  a  diameter  of  3  to  4  ft. ;  when  grown  in  the 


CHESS,  or  CHEAT     I>,omii 


433    Japanese  Che!,tn 


til     I  .|  I  I  he 

hoURuUui  il      1.   1  I  I   I        111  1     h  uu„Lu  li  iln   L   three 
t>pes  lie  us  t«ll«\\!, 

Emopean  Chestnut^  —Tree  large,  with  a  spreading 
but  compact  head  stocky  smooth  barked  twigs  and  large 
glossybuds.it  i\<llinus]i  l>i  mn  c  ilur  k  v\es  oblong 
lanceol  It       i  lui  il     i    n  i    I       ith         i  nietnnes  in 

curved  i    i  dly  pubes 

cent  1)1 11       I  I  I  I    111  sides  when 

maturi        I  '     I  lnn^  s].ines, 

and    I  till  I  I     \  I      nc  in 

bro\^  n   I  1 1  i '  i       i  I  i  r 


\  \;l|ip\fVf , 


432    Native  wild  Chestn 


sweet  The  leaves  remain  on  the  trees  until  late  m 
autumn,  but  are  more  susceptible  to  the  attacks  of  fungi 
than  the  Americin  and  Japanese  species  At  least  one 
variegated  and  one  tut  leaved  T  iriety  are  grown  as  oma 
mentals.  This  species  is  variously  known  as  European, 
French,  Spanish  and  Italian  Chestnut  ( Cdstanea  sativa ) , 


open,  forming  a  low  round  topped  head  of  slightly  pen 
dulous  branches  Leaves  thinner  thin  m  Castanea  sat 
ma,  oblong  lanceolate,  acute  long  pointed  at  the  apex, 
coarsely  serrate  except  toward  the  wedge  shaped  base, 
green  and  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  changing  to 
bright,  ckar  m  lli.n  1  iti  in  nutunin  Tin  stiminate 
flowers  op*  II  n    T  n        r   T   I      Mil  li   \      ittamed 

full  size    111  I  I    i,iceable 

to  many  \«  i  iii|  turns  of 

hay  fevei       I  i  t   pistil 

late  flowei  111      Ills 

of  androt,\  n  i  '  '  I 

scattered  <  1 1 1  i  I  i   i 

and  spini      I  I  h 

2   or    !    ru    !  i  I         '    i     i      n    1    ii„ 

and  nun  h  i  iiinini  ssi  d  l,\  ii  \\dnip  tin  u^li  s  mic 
times  ne  11 1\  oblong  and  approaching  c\  lindrical  They 
are  of  a  blight  brown  color,  covered  it  tht  ape\  with 
thuk  pile  tomentum  which  sometimes  i\tiiiilsii(  irh 
to  the  base  of  the  nut  The  nuts  an  \  i  i  I  i 
ible    in   flavor    the   best    among    Cli  i 

marketed   in  large  quantities  from  tli  i     I 

Appilichnn    retrion     eastern   iNorth      \ii     ii         M       t. 


lIlPlllfTI 


Mis 


a  height  of  50  ft  m 
smaller  than  other  (  li 
pointed,  with  a  trun  i 
with  shallow      II  iM    1 


([ualit 


Mrieties  m  i       „iii      1    iuti  ■  1 
in  187b  by  s    B    Pirsin^s   flu 

Aside  from  these  three  tvi 
and  small-fruited  Castaneas  kni 
two  native  Chinquapins  may  bt 


Lithern  areas  trum  causes 
elected  forms  ha\e  been 


I  I  iniurj  by 
I  llim,  pa 
I  II  I  in-  1  ill.  s  Nuts 
1  iil\  soiiii  times  5  or 
o  the  other  Chestnuts 
cooked,  and  m  a  few 
h  state  Many  cultural 
i.fd  tnthet  nited  States 


varf 


pumila).- 
a  tree,   at- 

•  branchlets 
and    coated 

•iug  the  first 
oarsely  serrate  at 


CHESTNUT 

Common  or  Tree  Chinqiuipiii  (Cii 
Fig.  434.  A  sbrub  4  or  5  fct  tall. 
taining  a  height  of  50  feci,  wiili 
marlted  with  numerous  iiiirinir  In 
with  a  pale  tomentum,  whiili  disaiipi 
winter.     Leaves  oblong,  acute  and 

apex,  bright  yellowish  green,  changing  to  dull  yellow 
before  failing  in  autumn.  Flowers  strong-sraelling,  the 
catkins  of  staminate  ones  appearing  with  the  unfolding 
leaves  in  May  or  June,  the  spicate,  androgynous  aments 
later,  with  pistillate  flowers  in  spiny  involucres,  produc- 
ing solitarj ,  cj  lindrical  nuts  "4  to  1  inch  in  length  and 
%  inch  in  diametei,  with  sweet  seeds  This  species  oc 
■      ■      ■     '  ■  "       ns^h  miatoFloridi 


American  Chestnut,  are  e  t  i 

in  consideiable  quantities      \  | 
tween  this  species  and  the   \i     1 
of  hybrid  origin   are  report  t  1    li 
in  Virginia  and  Tennessee      This 
arboiescent  proportions  in  southti 
ern  Texas      The  shrub  form  is  s| 

regions  I  lit  It 

It  pionii  I  I  I      tl 

the  trotil  I  1  It  1 

or  stoli 
published 


I  11  NcdLbLstmits 
lis  purpose,  but  has 
p  numerous  suckers 
lie  Fuller  has  been 
ra  the  Nut  Culture 


Fig    4   1  I 

bulletin  of  the  U   ^    1 1  I  t      t    \    1 

Bush    Chinquai  1  Iiiifoha)  -A   shrub, 

rarely  more  than  )  tt  1  1  It  t  lining  small  thickets, 
by  means  of  stolons  in  sin  Ij  Inircns  bouth  AtUntic 
states,  westward  to  Lousiana  and  Arkansas  Distin 
guished  from  C  punnla  by  liiger  ovUlinn  late 
mosth  obtuse  leaves,  which  aie  1  it  sli^hth  t  m  iitose 
beneath   and  by  its  larger  nut      ■v%  1  1  1    1  j    1         1    1 

The  cultural  range  of  C  1  t  1  \  t  will 

defined,  but  extends  from  111  II  M        i 

chusetts  and  Wisconsin   an  1     1    1 1      1  1   1  1  he 

3  species  cultivated  m  Amcii  i  thii  I  t  u  di}, 
rocky  or  gravelly  ridges  or  silicious  uf  1  mds  f  uhng  on 
hea\  J  claj  s  and  on  limestone  soils  unless  deep,  dry 
and  rich 

Propagation  of  species  is  by  seeds  Certain  t\pes  re 
produce  their  striking  characteristics  in  their  seedlings, 
but  varieties  are  perpetuated  by  grafting;  occasionally 
by  budding.  Seeds  for  planting  should  be  free  from  in- 
sect larvffi,  and  should  not  be  allowed  to  dry  out  before 
planting.  They  may  be  planted  in  dfills  in  fall  on  deep 
and  well-di-ainiMl  Inaiii,  or,  to  avoid  damage  by  rodents, 
may  be  stratilii-<l  in  ilamp  sand  until  si, ring.  Nuts  held 
in  cold   storage  at    1.",°  K.   fn.iii  (ii-tcil.cr  to  April  have 

germinated  well  at  \\'asliiiit  

tined  for  removal  t tIkii 


nursery  at  one  y 

ment  of  root  sy 

the   species  of 

notably  the  Chesimii   ii.i  ,  >/     :    >     I 

durablity  of  graft-     1    :  ; 

the  Chestnut   is   11,     _. 

proved  varieties  ai-o  i|in.ki>    ->  .un  d 

and  removing  the  timlicr  and  graliing 

which  spring  up  in  abundance  about  th( 


'.  Young  trees  des- 
1  be  transplanted  in 
yrametrical  develop- 
y  be  done  on  any  of 
some   of   the  oaks, 

/■. ^.though  the 

iiiililc.    Where 


s  of   im- 
ing  down 
g  sprouts 
_    .  It  stumps 

(Fig.  435).  Recently  the  Chinquapin  has  been  similarly 
used  with  good  success  where  Chestnut  does  not  occur. 
Grafting  may  be  by  splice  method  on  1-year-oId  seedling 
roots  ;  by  splice  or  cleft  at  crown  on  2-  or  3-year  trees  in 
place  ;  or  by  veneer,  splice  or  cleft  methods  on  1-  to 
3-year-old  sprouts  or  branches.  Top-working  of  old 
trees  is  uncertain  and  only  practiced  in  special  cases. 
Cions  should  be  dormant,  and  work  may  be  done  at  any 
time  after  freezing  ceases,  but  in  trunk  and  branch 
grafting  best  results  are  obtained  by  most  grafters  if 
work  is  done  alter  leaves  begin  to  unfold.  Two-  or 
3-bud  cions  are  preferred.  The  fitting  of  cion  to  cleft 
or  splice  and  the  waxing  should  be  carefully  done. 
If  strips  of  waxed  muslin  are  wrapped  about  the  stubs 
the  danger  of  loss  by  summer  cracking  of  wax  is 
lessened.  In  cleft-grafting  young  sprouts  or  seedlings, 
the  stub  should  be  cut  2  or  3  inches  above  the  depar- 
ture of  a  branch,  to  prevent  too  deep  splitting  of 
cleft.  Two  or  three  weeks  after  growth  begins  the  wax- 
ing should  be  inspected  and  repaired   if  cracked.     If 


CHESTNUT  295 

grafts  make  rank  and  brittle  growth  they  should  be 
checked  by  pinching,  and  if  in  exposed  situations,  tied 
to  stakes  to  prevent  breaking  out  of  cions.  Budding 
is  sometimes  practiced,  usually  by  use  of  dormant  buds 
inserted  in  shoots  of  previous  year,  when  the  bark 
"slips  "  after  growth  has  begun  in  spring. 

The  Chestnut  is  admirably  adapted  to  ornamental 
planting,  either  singly  or  in  groups  on  suitable  soils. 
The  native  species  is  successfully  used  as  a  roadside 
tree  in  many  sections  outside  of  its  natural  range.  It  re- 
quires a  space  of  at  least  40  feet  for  development  when 
thus  used  ,  the  European  species  30  feet  and  the 
Japanese  20  feet  If  m  orchard,  the  last  mentioned  may 
be  planted  as  cljse  as  20  feet  and  thinned  when  the 
t>         lot  \  1   thus    securing   several    crops    of 

11      1 1         111      I    rwise  unoccupied 

'  ^1  t  1  ''1  1  1  s  —Planted  orchards  are -set  few  in 
Vm,  11  1  11  t  I  I  \t(iisi%(  ,  nimeiti  a  t  ft.  rts  hav- 
ing consist  111  ,  ,  h  lands 
where  the  \  ( lu  such 
lands  no  cul  |  ud  un- 
desired  spi  it  I  II  I  I  ml  cut- 
ting m  sumiuei    1  1  1  v  1  isturin^  witii  shiii      Much  care 


434  Chinquapin  Nut  md  bur  u  itur  d  size, 
first  few  years  ib  probably  best  in  planted  orchards,' 
though  heavy  mulching  may  be  toun<l  a  satisfactory 
substitute  The  Japanese  and  some  of  the  American 
varieties  of  the  European  species  require  thinning  of 
the  burs  on  young  trees  to  avoid  over-bearing,  with  its 
consequent  injury  to  the  vitality  of  the  tree. 

Leaf  diseases  are  apparently  subject  to  control  by 
Bordeaux  mixture,  but  for  the  weevils,  which  dam- 
age the  nuts  previous  to  maturity,  no  satisfactory  rem- 
edy has  yet  been  discovered. 


296 


CHESTNUT 


The  varieties  of  the  three  species,  though  possessing 
many  points  in  common,  differ  sufficiently  in  important 
characteristics  to  justify  separate  grouping  for  cultural 
discussion.  As  Chestnut  culture  is  new  in  this  country, 
it  seems  best  to  append  descriptions  of  all  the  varieties 


435    Chestnut  sprouts  two  years  grafted 
The  cion  was  nser  ed  where  I  ran  h  ng  I   g  n 

which  are  in  the  Amer  can  trade  For  fuller  d  cusslon 
of  cultivated  Chestn  t  see  Nut  Culture  in  the  I  nited 
States  (Bull  D  v  of  Pomology  L  "^  Dept  of  Agr  c  ) 
from  which  F  g  4M  s  ada]  ted  \ut  Cultur  t  \  S 
Fuller  1896  E  r  jein  a  1  J  p  ne  e  Ch  tuut 
Eastern  US  t  Har  U  Po  veil  (Bull  D  1  Exp  St 
t  on)    1898     N    t  Cul  f  r  1  r  tit    Jn     R    Pirr      IW 

Ami-r 


ga  ed 
both  s 
cross  fertU  z% 
of  planted  tree 

spec  es  to  iii3urv 

the  njuiy  to  n 

tens  ve  cult  u:e 
The  following  vanet  e 
Dula  eu     Bowling  t  r 

Or  ginal  tree  product  e 
Or  ff  — Gnffln  Ga  ^ 
Batha    ay  —Little    Pri  i 


CHESTNUT 

rons"  are  reported  to  succeed  in  California  and  Oregon.  Among 
the  more  important  varieties  of  the  European  group  in  America, 
are  tne  following :  ,.         .  „  .      . 

Anderson.— Flushing,  N.J.  Bur  medium  to  smaU  j  nuts  or 
medium  size,  bright  reddish  brown,  pubescent  at  the  tip  and 
over  half  of  the  nut.  Tree  a  strong  grower,  with  medium  to 
small  leathery  leaves.    Very  productive. 

Sarfrom.-MiUtown.Pa.  Bur  medium  to  small:  nutmedium, 
thickly  pubescent  at  tip,  dark,  reddish  mahogany  color;  3  in  a 
bur;  unusually  free  from  insect  attack;  quality  good,  iree 
rigorous,  spreading,  with  large  leaves;  productive. 

Chalon  (syn.,  Marron  Chalnn  Early).- France.  Sparingly 
grown  in  California.    Nut  of  medium  size,  early,  productive, 

Combale'OiaTTon  Combale).— France.  A  large  and  handsome, 
bright  brown  striped  nut,  with  but  Uttle  tomentum  at  tip;  usu- 
ally 2  sometimes  but  1,  in  a  bur.  Somewhat  grown  m  Cali- 
fornia, where  it  was  introduced  from  France  about  1870. 

CorsoK.-Plymouth  Meeting,  Pa.  Bur  large,  with  thm  husk ; 
nuts  large,  usually  3  in  a  bur ;  dark  brown,  ridged,  heavily 
pubescent  at  tip;  quality  very  good.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading, 
\ ery  productive.  _  ,.  ^         ,.        * 

Dager  —Camden,  Delaw.are.  Bur  medium  ;  nut  medium  to 
large,  dark  brown,  thickly  tomentose,  usually  3  in  a  bur ; 
yuahty  good.    Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive;  a  seedling 

DariiMtore.— Wilmington,  Del.  Bur  medium  to  small:  nut 
medium  to  large,  usually  3  in  a  bur ;  dark  distinctly  striped 
thickly  tomentose  at  tip:  sweet,  good.  Tree  vigorous.  Oue  of 
theearliest  to  ripen  of  this  aniup  ,       .    „«. 

Lf/nn  (Marron  deLyonl  —France  A  large,  round  nut  of  fair 
,iu  ilitv.  grown  in  a  sm.ill  ^\  :i.\  in  <  'jdit'ornia,  but  less  productive 


tril  Fra 
Hi  bee 
w  thout  n 

\  nbo 
con  cal 
striped  t 
droopmg    r 

Parag 
pha  Pi     B  rverA 
p  ump  tl     klv  ton 
of  surf    e       lor   1 
pread  ng      gorou 
ing  a  narrow  base    s 
The  most  widely  planted  and 
of  Chestn  t  yet  cult  vated 
hybrid  with  C  dentata    F  g 


ible 


U  )  B  ir  med  um 
ir  bright  1  rown 
Tree  con  pict  and 


T     I  u  1  I  el     Bnr  med  nm 

to  large  e  dark  of  very  good 

2  free  from  bhght 

r\  1  1         i  g  1    PI  14  ) 

-t        \    J     B  ir  me  bum    n  t  med  um  si  ghtly 

a       r      glos  V    dark    brown    si  gl  tiy 

1  r      open  spread  ng  very  product  ve 

mpar        elv  free  from  atta  k    of  weevd 

ncordville  Pa     Bur  med  ui     nut  medium  po  nted 

striped  tomento  e  at  t  p  1  to  3    n  a  b  r    Tree 

pngl  t  with  1  rge  dark  green  leaves  free  from 


f  oood  qual    V 
.1  V    1  rge    hgl  I 

trequently  having  o  t< 


^  a  \  large  h  gl  flavored  n  t 
oblong  very  dowi  >  at  t  p  er\ 
m  to  large    si  ghtlj    lownj    com 


pressed  vei-y  goo 

EvROPEAV  rKOlP  —It  s  a  s  gndicant  fact  that  dur  ng  the 
century  th  t  has  elapsed  s  nee  the  ntrod  ct  on  of  this  spec  es 
the  mporte  1  nan  e  1  vanet  e  of  E  rope  ha  e  not  found  favor 
in  ea  ter  \men  Seedhng  tree  ha  e  le 
t  ve  and  proh  e  a  n  n^  pom 
Delaware  anlMarvl 
the  cult  re  f  1  e  pec 
of  the  Rocky  mounta  i 


however  an  1  t   e  e  f  rn  the  1  a 
!  ea  t  of  tl  e    on   nen  a  d  ade 
several  of  the  cho  ce  French 


genera  trij  t: ».  j 

smooth    shghtly  tomentose     t  t  p     g  o  1    r  p  mug  just  after 

B  idle  —New  Jersey  F  rst  fnuted  n  Maryland  Bur  me 
d  um  nut  large  br  ght  1  rown  broad  rather  thickly  tomen 
toe        t  n  a  1    r     of  med  um   season  and  fair  qual  ty 

T  ee  re<n     r  ro  nd    cade  1  vigorous  .      .  ^ 

B  a  k  yn  I  PI  k  -  New  Tersey  First  fruited  n 
M  nl  nl      Br  med    n    to  large      3  to  7    n  a 

bur    con  equent  y    rregu  ar    n  shape     dark  brown   shghtly 


CHESTNUT 


7  early  and  of  good  quality.  Tree  round 
close-headed,  vigorous,  productive. 

Coe. — California.   A  large,  very  sweet  variety,  but  re 
cently  disseminated.    Tree  upright,  somewhat  spreail 


Hale  (syn..  Eighteen  Months)  .—California.  A  newly 
introduced  variety,  having  a  large,  dark  brown  nut  of 
excellent  quality.  Very  precocious. 

Kent  (syn..  Extra  Early).— New  Jersey.  First  fniited 
in  Delaware.  Bur  small;  nut  medium  to  large,  dark, 
usually  3  in  a  bur:  very  early,  of  good  quality.  Tree 
round-headed,  precocious,  productive. 

.fferr.— New  Jersey.  First  fruited  in  Milryland.  Bur 
small;  nut  medium  to  large,  dark  brown,  broad,  3  in 
a  bur,  early,  and  of  f\i .  11.  nt  .pi.ilit.N  Tree  vigorous, 
symmetrical,  rndiid  111  i-i.  .1   \ '  f,\   j.fnductlve. 

£'iiZe;i.— New  Jt-rs,  \     I'lt^t  liuii.d  ill  Delaware.  Bur 

very  large;  nut  vt-ij  liii,'!'   i i    lit^l it  brown,  slightly 

ridged,  of  evcflk-nt  .)ni]it\  niiiU.  i^i.u  Tree  upright, 
o]..  n   spriMiliif .  iiiM,l.  1  ,1,  h  ^  i_ us.  productive.  The 

M  unuu'th  —  \\\aA'- uwxi:  I. Mill,  imported  Japanese 
nuts  uillM.s  iH,t  I,  st,  1,  I,  !  ti,  iii\  p.irticular  variety. 

M.uhn  Ism,  .  (-,,1  M.iriiit  -\iiv  Jersey.  First 
ti-ulted  in  .Miirjiand.  Bur  iart^e;  nut  large  to 
very  large,  hroad,  brjght  reddi.sh  brown,  slightly 
tomentose,  3  to  5  nuts  iu  a  bur.  Midseasou;  of 
good  quality  for  coosing.  Tree  vigorous,  open, 
spreading,  producii'-e. 

3/cFar?and.— California.  Bur  very  large:  nut 
large,  and  of  fine  quality ;  e.arly.  Tree  spread- 
ing, very  productive.  A  newly  disseminated 
variety  of  great  promise. 

Parr^.— Japan.    Bur  very  larK'*  .    nut  very  .J 

large,  1  to  3  in  a  bur,  broad,  ^\-M     t|  i  •-  -   -■  .  f'' 

times  depressed;   dark  bmwn     i  ,  _•,  ,i    ,  *    i 
quality.  Tree  moderately  vig-  .i  > 
ing,  with  large  leJives.    Out-  ..i  ..-         ■ 


CHICORY 


297 


eral  factories  have  been  erected,  for  which  farm- 
ers have  shown  :i  williiiL-ti.  ss  to  grow  the  roots. 
It  is  probable  T)i  ir  w  nlnn  ihi-  next  few  years  our 
home  market  HI  1 1  In  tulh  s„|,piied  from  Ameri- 
can fields,  in  villi  li  ill  M  li.|inii-iit  reliance  is  placed 
in  the  siilisTiriini'H  i,t  iiorse-power  for  manual 
labor.  iiiiiiri.M  .1  |,|,i«s  and  cultivating  implements 
for  i-riiil.-  nil.  s.  iii.irliine-digging  of  the  roots  for 
hand-<li.,'i.'iiii;.  .  ili.i.Tit  .slicing  machines,  and  im- 
proved t\  .ilHiratmg  kilns. 

Chicory  will  probably  succeed  wherever  the 
sugar  beet  is  grown  in  this  country,  the  climatic 
requirements  being  similar.  In  general,  it  may 
be  said  to  thrive  upon  all  stone-free  soils  that 
will  iiroduce  paying  staple  crops,  except  clays, 
lightest  sands  and  mucks.  The  first  are  too  hard, 
the  second  too_dry,  the  third  too  rich  in  nitrogen 


Til. 


..f  s., 


be 


as  low  land  ..i 
dry  for  proti  r  i 
yet  be  made  i . . 
but  if  too  wi-i  1 
be  found  unsu 
6f  the  land  sin 
crops,  nitroir.  n 
phosph, 


bur  ;    early.     Tri 


erj'  large;   nut 
midseason  ;  of 
cooked.     Seedling  of 


dwarfish    s 

and  pro.liii  1 1         ii    i  i  • 

thinning,     .^i  i  .luu^  n, 

iShcC(?SS.  — New  Jersn; 

very  large,  usually  3  ii 
rather  poor  quality  ui 
Parry.     Tree  upright,  product 

Superb  (syn.,  Parry's  Superb).— New  Jersey. 
Bur  large;  nut  large, broad,  brown, usually  3  in 
a  bur,  early,  and  of  fair  quality.  Tree  vigorous 
and  very  productive.  s^^  j^^  TatLOR. 

CHEVALlfiEA,  CHEVALIfiRIA, 
CHEVALLIfiKA,  CHEVALLIERIA.    The 

species  in  the  American  trade  are   ^ch- 


i       I  I  iiti  rwiU  geuerally 

I     It.    The  fertilizing 

I  I  ill-  ii-i  1  -ii.innfrlv,  potash  and 
-i<-  :i.-id  rather  freely-lH  to  IK 
times  as  much  of  the  former  and  2K  times 
the  latter  as  has  been  removed  by  the  pre- 
ceding crop.  It  is  best  to  apply  these 
fertilizers  to  preceding  crops  that  do  not 
make  heavy  demands  upon  them.  In  rota- 
tion,Chicory  is  classed  w^ith  root  crops,  and 
should  be  preceded  by  a  small  grain,  since 
this  is  harvested  in  time  f..r  f,-.ll  i.|,.wiii!r. 
Clover  should  not  iiiim.ii  iti  I  ii.ii  !,-. 
since  it  leaves  tn..  inu   li  In- 

soil.  The  gronnil  ill  inu  \     ■  i       -t, 

thoroughly  preiuii.  .1  I. \  ill  |i  |.l  >  ii_  h  ir- 
rowing  and  searif\iiig  with  a  w.Mcler.  the 
seed,  which  must  be  fresh  and  clean,  is 
sown  rather  thickly  but  covered  thinly,  in 
drills  18  inches  apart. 

There  are  but  few  well-defined  varieties 
of  this  plant  used  for  field  culture,  and 
even  the  garden  sorts  are  not  as  stable  as 
could  be  desired.  Of  the  former  group, 
Maardelmrr.    Bnin«wi.-k    ini.l    S.-bl.-sische 


CHICK-PEA.    See  Ci, 


CHICOEY.  or  SUCCOEY  (  Ch-horliim  In- 
tybns,  Linn.).  Compisihr.  Fig.  4H(j.  A 
native  of  Europe,  naturalized  iu  America 
and  familiar  to  many  :is  a  w.-.d.  is  a  pot- 
herb, a  salad,  an.l  tl;,  'l,  .nlii  ;;  inlultiirant  of 
coffee.     It   has   <-,,i  ,  l\    Ijefore 

the  public  sine.-  1  -  ■  nun  farm 

crop.  Prior  to  tlm;  ..1,1,1 1\  ;ition  as 
an  adulterant  aii.l  sui..,,iuu..  lur  coffee 
was  largely  prevented  by  the  prejudice  of 
the  principal  consumers,  our  foreign-bom 
population,  who  insisted  that  American 
was  inferior  to  European  root,  and  also  by 
the  low  tariff,  which  allowed  the  root  to 
enter  duty  free,  or  with  a  very  small  im- 
post. During  1898  and  1899  advantage  has 
be       *   ■  "  .        . 


been  taken  of  a  protective  duty,  and  sev-  436.  Flow 


Capucii 


pro 


riety,  the  difference  being  brought  about 
by  the  method  of  growing. 

Chicory  has  no  specific  enemies  in  this 
country  and  1  t  bled  b\  only  a  few  of 
the  general  fee  1  i  ^  nsects  s  ch  as  cut 
worms  and  w  re       n   s 

Fr  m  6  t    1     t  tl  e  "enernl  crop  \  er 

acre     t  1 


cf  1      1 

andte  1  tl  1 
mg  $1  total  $1 
ton   \ 


A-Vcrage  pr  ce  per 


F  om  a  pureh   hort  c   It  iril  stan  ij  oint 
C    cory  IS  of  interest  a    a  root  a  p  t  herl 

nd  a  salad  plai  t  Tl  e  j  o  ng  ten  le  oots 
are  occisionall  bo  le  1  ai  1  serve  1  w  th 
butter,  pepper  and  salt,  like  young  car- 
rots, but  they  have  never  become  widely 
popular  in  this  form.  As  a  pot-herb,  the 
young  leaves  are  equal  to  those  of  dande- 
lion. They  are  cut  whefi  6  or  8  inches  long, 
boiled  in  two  waters  to  remove  the  bitter 
flavor,  and  served  like  spinach.  As  a 
salad.  Chicory  is  famous  in  three  forms: 
Common  Blanched.  Barbe  de  Capucin  and 
of  Chicory  (X  K).  Witloof.     Barbe  de  Capucin  is  comprised 


298 


CHICORY 


of  small,  blanched  leaves.  Witloof  is  a  more  solid 
head.  The  pink,  red  and  curled  varieties  make  a  very 
pretty  appearance,  and  if  well  grown  and  served  fresh 
are  delicious,  there  being  only  a  slightly  bitter  flavor. 
The  method  of  growing  is  the  same  as  for  endive. 

For  Barbe  and  Witloof,  well  i^r.nvn  roots  are  dug  in 
October,  trimmed  of  unmr.  --ha  r,  .,,i  -  umI  "f  all  but  an 
inch  of  top.    For  Barbe.  Ill'    i  i'       liM  horizontally 

in  tiers  in  moist  earth,  the  v  i -Wiping  heap, 

the  crowns  of  the  roots  jtwi  i  i;  ni_   .i  m  ,  ,   li  i-r  so.    Since 

darkness    is  essential,  a  uauu   i,_.;,J .Ilnr    is  the 

usual  place  selected  to  grow  thi>  \' n'  iat>l'-.  \\liicli  re- 
quires 3  or  4  weeks  to  produce  ii^  lim  wliitr  I.  aves. 
These  are  cut  when  about  6  inches  |.iii_',  .  ,ii.  n  :(-  a  -alad, 
boiled  like  kale  or  .put  up  like  slaw.  It  iin.li>tuili.il.  the 
roots  will  continue  to  produce  for  some  time.  The  most 
rapid  way  to  produce  Witloof  is  to  plunge  the  roots 
(shortened  to  5  inches)  in  spent  tan  bark,  or  such  ma- 
terial, and  cover  with  2  feet  or  more  of  manure,  the 
space  under  a  greenhouse  bench  being  used.  In  about 
2  weeks,  heads  resembling  cos  lettuce  may  be  dug  up, 
boiled  like  Brussels  sprouts,  or  served  as  salad.  If  the 
roots  be  left  in  place,  protected  from  the  light,  but  un- 
covered, a  crop  of  leaves  resembling  Barbe  may  be  gath- 
ered. Sowing  and  other  cultural  management  is  the  same 
as  for  other  garden  roots,  as  beets  and  carrots.  It  is  a 
pity  that  these  vegetables  are  so  little  known  in  this 
country. 

Chicory  has  run  wild  along  roadsides  and  in  dry  fields 
in  many  parts  of  the  country,  and  is  considered  "to  be  a 
bad  weed.  However,  the  handsome  sky-blue  flowers 
(Fig.  4:)G),  which  open  only  in  sunshine,  are  very  at- 
tractive, jl.  Q.  Kains. 

CHtLDSIA  WfiKCKLEI.    See  IlUla  hjo„ . 

CHILIANTHUS  (a  thousand  flowers).  LoganiAcea. 
Four  or  f^  South  African  trees  or  shrubs,  very  closely 
allied  to  Buddleia,  from  which  it  differs  in  having  sta- 
mens exserted  from  the  short  tube:  Ivs.  opposite,  entire 
or  dentate:  tis.very  numerous,  in  dense,  terminal  cymes 
or  panicles.  Unknown  to  the  Anier.  trade.  The  plants 
known  as  BuddleUi  salicifolia,  Jacq.,  and  B.  saUgna, 
Willd.,are  Chiliuntlnis  nrboreus.  Benth.  ( which  is  prob- 
ably identical  with  C .  oteaceus ,  Burch.) . 

CHILOPSIS  ((Jreek,  Up -like).  Bignonicieecr.  One 
shrub  or  low  tree,  C,  saligna,  Don  (known  also  as  C. 
Uneiris,  DC),  growing  in  dry  districts  from  S.  Texas  to 
Calif.,  and  in  Mex.  Prom  its  narrow-lanceolate  or  linear 
Ivs.,  it  is  known  as  Desert  Willow;  also  called  Flowering 
Willow  and  Mimbres.  It  is  a  continuous-blooming  plant, 
valuable  for  our  extreme  southern  districts.  It  grows 
from  10  to  20  ft.,  bearing  slender  branches,  opposite  or 
verticillate  lower  Ivs.,  and  handsome,  Bignonia-like  fls. 
in  a  short,  terminal  raceme.  The  corolla  is  1-2  in.  long, 
5-lobed  and  crimped,  the  tube  and  throat  lilac,  and  two 
yellow  stripes  inside.  Anthers  4  ;  rudiment  of  a  fifth 
stamen.  L.  h.  B. 

CHIMAFHILA  (Greek,  winfei-  and  friend;  green  in 
winter).  Jirie&cea.  PipsissEWA.  Half  shrubby  or  her- 
baceous, with  creeping  stem:  Ivs.  evergreen,  serrate,  in 
irregular  whorls:  fls.  nodding,  forming  a  terminal,  few- 
fld.  umbel,  on  a  long,  naked  peduncle;  petals  5,  spread- 
ing; stamens  10:  fr.  a  dehiscent,  5-celled  capsule.  Four 
species  in  N.  America,  Europe,  and  N.  Asia  to  Japan; 
formerly  united  with  Pyrola.  Low,  evergreen  plants, 
with  pretty  white  or  reddish  fls.  in  summer.  They  grow 
best  in  a  light,  sandy  soil,  mixed  with  peat  or  leaf -mold, 
and  prefer  a  half-shady  position.  Prop,  by  division  of  the 
creeping  rootstock.    Useful  in  wild  borders. 

umbell&ta,  Nutt.  (<7.  cortjmbdsa,  Pursh).  Pive-8  in.: 
Ivs.  3-6  in  a  whorl,  short-petioled,  cuneate-lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  1-2  in. 
long :  fls.  4-7,  white  or  reddish,  yi-%m.  wide.  N.  Amer. , 
fromCanadatoMexico,  Europe,  Japan.  B.M.778.  L.B.C. 
5:463.   Mn.  7:161. 

maculata,  Pursh.  Fig.  437.  Lower  and  less  branched 
than  the  foregoing  :  Ivs.  usually  in  3's,  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sparsely  and  sharply  serrate,  variegated  with 


CHIOCOCCA 

white  along  the  nerves,  1-2  in.  long:  fls.  2-5,  white,  ^\n. 
wide.     From  Canada  to  Georgia  and  Mississippi.     B.M. 

' Alfred  Rehder. 

CHIMONANTHUS  is  Calyeanlhus. 

CHINESE  LANTERN  PLANT.    See  Physalis. 
CHINESE  SACRED  LILY.    Consult  Narcissus. 


CHIOCOCCA  Eubidc 
name  means  m  Greek) 
tropical  Amer  and  one 
lary  panicles,  the  corolla  tunnel  tyrm  and  o-parted;  sta- 
mens 5  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  the  filaments 
cohering  at  base  st^  le  filiform  the  stigma  club-shaped : 
ovary  2-3  loculed,  liecommg  a  small  globular  diiipe. 
C.  Tacemdsa  Liun  of  the  Florida  Ke\s  and  S.,  is  some- 
times  cult,  in  hothouses  for  its  panicles  of  yellowish 


CHIOCOCCA 

white  fls.  and  the  white  frs.  Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
thicli  and  shining,  entire  :  drupes  Hin.  in  diam.  Twin- 
ing ;    glabrous.  L.  h.  B. 

CHI66ENES  (Greek,  snow,  offspring;  referring  to 
the  snow-white  berries).  £»-i<v)rvrr.  Trailing  fTfTin-fen, 
with  small  alternate  lvs.  and  iii.Mn-iiiru.ni..  axill;ir>  Hs. ; 
corolla  4-cleft  ;  stamens  1^.  im  lii.lril  :  li.riy  wlnir,  hir- 
sute. Two  species  in  the  col.t.  r  nuii.n^  .if  N.  Aimr.  and 
Japan.  Slender  trailini,'  (•v.-r^i-..ii~.  m  :i|.|":ir:riMc  mu.-h 
like  the  cranberry,  r.  I  r.h.  iii::i,  niI.  I'Mi  -u  i"-i  iii 
moist  and  peaty   >■''  :i      i   ••;   .;    i   .   i    ,  ',     .  i.  .  i  ing 

amongst  growing  m..   ^       [■■"!     i  ■.   --  ■  .1  - .  i.  :    i-n  hi- 

by  cuttings  in  Auumi-'  niiil.-r  ^l;i-~.  11  ir  A  iipiii  /n  spe- 
cies, C.  Mspidula.Torr.  ir  (iray  |  ('.  serpiillifolui .  Salisli.), 
has  hirsute  branches  and  ovate,  H-J'ain.-long  ciliate 
lvs.  and  greenish  white  fls.  Alfred  Rehder. 


CHIONANTHUS 

ing   to    tin-    al.niida 
Fringe  Tui  i  .    shn 


r-k  for 


illud- 


buds  at  the  uud  uf  la>t  yuar's  branches,  whiti-  ;  turolla 
divided  nearly  to  the  base  in  i  narrow  petals  ;  stamens 
2,  short  :  fr.  a  1-seeded  oval  drupe.  Two  species  in  E. 
N.  Amer.  and  China.  Ornamental  shrubs,  with  large, 
dark  green  foliage,  and  very  showy  white  fls.  in  early 
summer.  The  American  species  is  almost  hardy  north, 
but  requiring  a  somewhat  sheltered  position ;  the  Chinese 
may  be  more  tender,  but  it  thrives  in  W.  New  York. 
They  thrive  best  in  a  somewhat  moist  and  sandy  loam, 
and  in  a  sunny  po^itii.ii.  rr..]i,  ]iy  seeds  sown  in  fail 
or  stratified;  inrn  •  '  '  i  ':iy.rs  and  by  grafting 
under  glass  or  bml-:  n  air  on  ash  seedlings 

(in  Europe  J^/Y/jMi  I     '' referred);  sometimes 

by  cuttings  from  fur.  id  (lain.-  in  early  spring. 

Virginica,  Linn.  Fig.  4oS.  Large  shrub  or  slender 
tree,  to  30  ft. :  lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  pubes- 
cent beneath  when  young,  mostly  glabrous  at  length, 
4-8  in.  long  :  panicles  4-6  in.  long,  pendulous  ;  petals 
1  in.  long  :  fr.  dark  blue,  oval,  1  in.  long.  May,  June. 
Prom  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  L.B.C.  13:  1264.  Gt.  16:564. 
Mn.  2:154.  G.F.  7:  325.  — Variable  in  shape  and  pubes- 
cence of  the  lvs.,  and  several  varieties  have  been  dis- 
tmguished  but  none  of 
them  sufftcienth  distinct 
for      horticultural      use* 


\i  n  n   Rehder 

CHIONODOXA  ((xreek 
iiioii  andglon/).  Lilnlcia. 
A  small  genus  of  hardy 
bulbous  plants.  Natives 
of  Crete  and  Asia  Minor 
(Mt.  Taurus).  Veryclosely 
allied  to  Scilla,  but  diifers, 
among  other  characters,  in 
having  a  short  tube  to  the 
corolla.      Fls.    small     and 


with  blue,  shadintr  t., 
also  occurs  with  inn.- 
pink  forms.    C.  Harih 


.■i.,ii.:.i...i,l.>  Mr.Maw 
.Mill  i\  at.  .1  under  the 
«■,•  111  allusion  to  their 
'  is  the  most  widely 
ti.h  in  .-..lor,  the  type 
"r  less  deeply  tipped 
■ir  liases.  C.'Liu-iUw 
.  and  in  reddish  and 
Jailer  fls.  of  a  deeper 


CHIONODOXA  'IM'S 

tone  of  blue  and  without  the  white  markings  of  the  petals. 
There  are  two  varieties  of  this,  one  with  white  and 
the  other  with  black  stamens.    Chionodoxas  hybridize 


439.  Chionodoxa 


with  Scilla,  and  the  hybrids  are  sometimes  known  as 
Chionoscillas. 

Chionodoxas  thrive  in  any  fertile  soil,  well  drained 
and  not  too  heavy,  and  in  any  exposure,  the  main  requi- 
site for  growth  being  that  they  have  light  aii.l  an  a.le- 
quate  supply  of  moisture  while  gro\\itii::  ;iti.!  till  the 
foliage  is  ripened.  The  bulbs  should  I..-  i.lafi.  .1  al...iit 
3  inches  deep,  and  closely,  say  an  inch  or  two  aj.art.  Lift 
and  replant  about  third  year.  They  need  uu  winter 
covering.  They  flower  well  in  pots  in  winter  in  a  cool- 
house  temperature.  Must  be  forced  only  gently,  and 
given  abundance  of  air,  light  and  moisture.  They  are 
increased  by  offsets  and  seeds,  which  they  produce 
freely.  Under  favorable  conditions,  they  increase  rapidly 
by  self-sown  seeds.  Preferably,  seeds  should  be  sown 
in  a  frame,  and  may  be  expected  to  genninate  the  follow- 
ing winter. 

Luciliae,  Boiss.  Glory  op  the  Snow.  Fig.  439.  Bulb 
ovoid,  brown-coated:  lvs.  long  and  narrow,  two  or  three 
with  each  stem:    scape  3-6  in.  high,  bearing  a  dozen  or 


less  bright  bine 
fls.    A<ia  .Aliii..!- 


less  h: 
.    i:..M. 


:ing. 


ered 


Hort..  is  a  late-b'oomiug  form,  bright  blue  and  white. 

SardSnsis,  Hort.  Fls.  smaller,  much  darker  blue,  with 
no  white  in  the  eye.  Sardis.  Gn.  28:  505.-Probablv  a 
form  of  the  preceding. 


300 


CHIONODOXA 


CrStica,  Boiss.  &  Held.      Slender  :    fls.   smaller   and 
(ewer  (1-2  on  a  scape)  than  C.  lAicilia,  white  or  rery 
pale  blue.    Crete. -Of  little  horticultural  value. 
,Alleni,    Hort.     {ClnonoscUla 
Alleni,  Hort.).     Perianth    seg- 
ments cut  to  the  base :    habit  of 
C.  ImcilUB,  but  the  white  eye 
is  indistinct.     Supposed 
ral  hybrid  of  ScUla  bifolia  ant 
Chionodoxa  LucUia'.    G.C.  Ill 
21:191. 

J.  N.  Gerard  and  L, 


CHINA  ASTEK.     See  Asier. 


CHINKAPIN,  CHINQUAPIN.     See  Cheit 
nut  and  Vastanm. 

CHIBlTA  (Hindostani  name).  GesnerAcecp.. 
Plants  much  like  Gloxinias  and  Streptocar- 
puses;  none  of  them  in  the  Amer.  trade.  They 
are  natives  of  eastern  Asia.  Fls.  in  shades 
of  purple  and  blue,  tubular,  i 
the  tops  of  short  scapes. 

CHIVES.    See  Cive. 

CHLIDANTHTJS  (delicate  flower,  from  the 
Greek)  ■imaiijlUdd.cecf  Two  or  three  S. 
Amer  Imlbs,  flow  "ring  m  advance  of  the  Ivs.  Allied  to 
Zephyranthes.  Pis  yellow,  in  a  small  umbel,  terminat- 
ing a  solid  scape,  long-tubed,  with 
wide-spreading  segments  :  Ivs. 
long  and  strap-shaped.  C.  frA- 
grans.  Herb.,  is  the  species  in 
i;  cult.  It  bears  fragrant  fls.  3-4  in. 
I  K  long,  in  summer,  on  scapes  15-18 
m  high.  It  is  increased  by  off- 
sets or  by  seeds.  The  bulbs 
should  be  kept  dry  and  cool  dur- 
m.;  winter  and  in  spring  started 
in  a  moderately  warm  house. 
\fter  flowering,  care  must  be 
taken  to  have  the  bulbs  make 
their  annual  growth.  They  may 
either  be  grown  in  pots  plunged 
in  ashes,  or  planted  out  where 
they  can  be  watered  occasionally 
during  dry  weather.  Like  other 
irailar  plants,  they  will  beneiit  by  a 
mulching  of  spent' hops  or  rotted  ma- 
nure G.  tfr   Outer  and  L.  H.  B. 


CHLOROGALUM 

these  usually  several  together,  and  digitate  at  the  apex 
of  the  culm.  Species  about  40,  widely  distributed  through 
the  warmer  countries  of  the  world.  Several  are  culti- 
vated for  ornament. 

*leganB,  HRK.  (C.  a7fc«,  Presl).    Fig.  440.    An  erect 
pertnnial  2-i  ft.  high,  with  slightly  inflated    sheaths. 


'\li 


CHLORANTHDS  [green  flower).  Chlo- 
xinthiicuc.  The  type  genus  of  a  small 
family  (25  species)  of  tropical  herbs, 
shrubs  or  trees.  Chloranthus  has  about 
8  species.  They  are  perennial  herbs  or 
evergreen  shrubs,  with  jointed  stems, 
opposite,  simple  Ivs.,  and  small,  incon- 
spicuous fls.,  in  slender,  terminal  spikes. 
Perianth  represented  by  a  single  scale, 
in  the  axil  of  which  is  the  1-loculed 
ovary,  and  3  united  stamens  (the  side 
stamens  sometimes  obsolete).  C.  brach^- 
Btachys,  Blume,  from  lud.  and  China,  is 
in  the  Amer.  trade.  It  is  a  shrub  used 
for  pot-growing,  reaching  a  height  of 
1-2  ft.,  bearing  glossy  foliage  and  small, 
yellow  berries  There  is  a  variegated- 
leaved  form.  L.  jj.  B. 

CHLOKIS  (Greek  for  green).  Gra- 
mtnece.  Finger  Grass.  Usually  peren- 
nial grasses,  with  flat  Ivs.  and  attractive  inflorescence: 
spikelets  1-fld.,  awned,  sessile  in  two  rows  along  one 
side  of  a  continuous  rachis,  forming  unilateral  spikes, 


and  one  not  easily 
the  spikes  gives  it 
making  it  useful  as 
The  cult,  form  is  an 
C.  polydfictyla,  Swar 
found  in  soutlieiii  Fhi 
spikes.-r.  ./,-.,-,7;.  |> 
another  sj i 

tractive  as  m 


CHLOROCODON  ,  I 


flat  blades  and  8-12  silky-bearded 
spikes,  clustered  or  umbellate  at 
the  apex  of  the  culms.  — In  cult,  as 
au  ornamental  grass.  Annual  in 
the  northern  states. 

truncAta,  R.  Br.  iC.  barbAta 
iv'r.,,  Hurt.  1.  I'li.'.  ttl.  A  peren- 
nial uith.i"iiitr(l.  rirr|.ingculms: 

till-  :i|HX  :  iiiri..r.-^ciiice  consist- 
ing of  digitate  s]iikes,  widely 
spreading  ;  the  spikelets  2-r 
ered  and  long-awned.  Austral.— 
In  cult,  as  an  ornamental  grass. 

verticlllElta.  Nutt.  Windmili/ 
FiSGER  Grass.  A  low,  spread- 
ing perennial  with  upright  culms 
6-20  in.  high.  The  dark  brown, 
awned  spikelets  are  arranged  on 
slender  spikes,  which  are  in 
whorls  near  the  summit  of  the 
culm.  Both  fl. -glumes  and  empty 
glumes  awned.  — It  is  a  good 
turf-former,  and  is  spoken  of  by 
some  as  a  good  grazing  grass, 
Th 


Qpled 


arrangement  < 


and  pleasing   appearance 
an  ornamental  species  for  gardens, 
improvement  on  the  type. 
;z.   A  W.  Indian  species  which  has  been 


Kennedy. 


.  1/  aii.l  '"  U,  alluding 
I  iiii-  species  from  S. 
s'.is.  G.C.  III.  18:243. 
I  alif.  It  is  a  strong, 
.  .-.irdate-ovate,  thick 
tl-i.  '4-I  in.  in  diam.; 
i-Teen  ;  the  segments 
.  inside,  and  bearing 
I  <nt  over  the  capitate 
mally  in  Natal,  under 
an  interesting'green- 


ovate  and  acute,  puipl'  ■■<'  th.  1,:, 
long-notched  lobes :  antln  i-  .mhh 
stigma.  The  roots  an  >i>.  ,1  ni.  .Ik 
the  name  of  Mundi.  Tin-  plant  is 
house  climber,  but  not  handsome. 


CHL0K6GALUM  (green  and  milk,  from  the  Greek, 
referring  to  the  juice  of  the  plant).  LiUAcece.  Three 
species  of  California,  allied  to  Camassia  ( C.  LeicMlinii, 
Tisikev  —  Camassia  LeicMllnii).  Bulbous:  fls.  white  or 
pink,  in  a  panicle  terminating  a  leafy  stem;  segments  of 
perianth  3-nerved,  at  length  twisting  over  the  ovary; 
style  long  and  deciduous:  Ivs.with  wavy  margins.  Plants 
of  eitsy  culture,  to  be  treated  like  Camassias  or  Orni- 
thogalums.  Monogr.  by  Baker.  .Joum  Linn.  Soe.  13:  291 ; 
Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14;  242. 


CHLOBOGALUM 

A.   Pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  the  fls.:  segments 
spreading  from  near  the  base. 
pomeridi&num,  Kunth.     Soap-plant.    Amole.     Stem 
Baching  3  ft.,  many-branched,  from  a  very  large  bulb: 
fls.  small  ( 1  in.  or  less  long) 
and      star-like,      numerous, 
white,  with  purple  veins,  on 
spreading  pedicels,  opening 
in  the  afternoon.  —  Bulb  used 
by    Indians    and    Mexicans 
for  soap-making. 


CHRYSALIDOCARPDS 


301 


AA.     Pedicels    very 


nts 


the  bas 


Bulb 


parviflbrum, 

small  (1  in.  in  diam.) :  stem 
1-3  ft.,  slender  -  branched : 
Ivs.  narrow  and  grass-like: 
fls.  pinkish, Kin.  long:  ovary 
broad  and  acute. 

angustifdlium,  Kellogg. 
Low,  about  1  ft.  Resembles 
the  last,  but  fls.  white  and 
green-lined  and  somewhat 
larger,  the  ovary  acute 
above.  l.  jj.  B. 


CHLOEOPHtTUM 


')lant 


Lili 


Vei 


closely    ;illi.-.l    to    Aiitli.Ti- 
cum,    but    iliir.-niii;'     in    tin- 
(^1^)  thickened    lilain.nt^  ..f    tlie 

stamens*ii'l  tlit- ;;  an^'li-d  or 
3-winged  capsule  ;  inflorescence  often  denser ;  Ivs. 
broader,  often  oblanceolate  and  petiolate:  seed  disk- 
like. About  40  species,  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  S.  Amer. 
Consult  Antheriiam  and  Panidisea. 

elatum,K.Br.  {Anth.  ,■,.■„„,  ,■„  ri..,,)/,,,,,.  rill,-il„,„.pic- 


fret-lv 


lines  along  the  margins,  and  iitlen  I  v:n  -  -     also 

with  a  yellow  band  down  the  centn  und 

glabrous,  2-3  ft.  high,  branched  :   tN  ni,', 

with  revolute,  oblanceolate  segnnni-.  .  K.i,  :.;-  "W- 
scurely3-nervedontheback.    S.Afriia.    1'..-^.  Jl ,  JJlu-1. 

—  A  valuable  and  common  plant  for  vases  and  pots,  and 
sometimes  used  in  summer  borders.  Anthericiim  Cali- 
fornicum,  Hort.,  is  perhaps  a  form  of  it.  l.  h.  B. 

CHL0E6FSIS  BLANCHABDIANA.    See  Trichloris. 

CHOCOLATE.    See  Theobroma. 

CH6ISYA  (.J.  D.  Choisy,  Swiss  botanist,  1799-1859).  drical.  smooth,  thickened 
ButAceu:.  One  Mexican  shrub,  C.  temata,  HBK.,  grown 
in  S.  Calif,  and  S.  Fla.,  and  sometimes  under  glass.  It 
grows  4-8  ft.  high,  making  a  compact,  free-blooming 
bush,  with  opposite,  ternate  Ivs.,  the  Ifts.  lance-obovate 
or  oblong,  thick  and  entire,  with  pellucid  dots:  fls.  in  a 
terminal,  forking  cluster,  white,  fragrant,  orange-like 
(whence  the  vernacular  name  Mexican  Orange),  1  in. 
across.    R.H.  1869:  330.    Gn.  50,  p.  203.    J. H.  III.  34:  253. 

—  A  handsome  shrub,  worthy  of  greater  popularity.  It 
will  endure  several  degrees  of  frost,  and  should  succeed 
in  the  open  in  many  of  the  southern  states.    Blossoms 


CHORtSIA  (Greek,  separate  or  distinct).  Malvicece. 
A  very  few  spiny  trees,  of  tropical  America.  Lvs.  al- 
ternate, digitate,  of  5-7  leaflets:  fls.  large,  with  linear  or 
oblong  petals,  the  peduncles  axillary  or  racemose:  ovary 
5-loculed  and  manv-ovuled.  C.  speciAsa,  St.  Hil.,  of  Bra- 
zil, the  "Floss  Silk  Tree."  is  cult,  in  S.  Calif.,  and  is 
adapted  to  warm  irbissliimses.  It  is  a  medium-sized 
tree,  allied  to  Eric  "Uii. In  III  and  Bombax.  Lfts.  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  dentate  :  ralyx  irregular,  shining  outside,  but 
silky  inside:  petals  ubtuse,  yellowish  and  brown-striped 
at  the  base,  pubescent  on  the  back.  £,_  h.  B. 

CH0BIZ£MA  (fanciful  Greek  name).  Sometimes 
spelled  Choroaiiui.  L.^mniiidsw.  Fifteen  to  20  Aus- 
tralian shrubs.  Ill"  :,  cliiiii-.  If  lialf-climbing  habit, with 
thick  and   sliin;  .  i  ;,'reeu    lvs.  and   pea-like 

red  or  yellow  iN  us.    Handsome  plants  for 

the  cool  gretiil ->  ,  .  !     i  iilar  in  this  country  than 

abroad.  When  iioi  .i;i  n-  i         '       it ,  ♦lii\- :^-i!1  ^trmd  slight 

frost  at  times.     (_;n>\vii     :,       ^    i  M.  andS. 

Pla.    They  are  grown   n      i  aftrr  the 

manner  of  Azaleas.  I-i,  ;  •'  m  sum- 
mer. They  are  excell. -Ill  i-i-  i  r: -  i-n  iiil.u.  and  raf- 
ters.   Prop,  easily  by  cuttings;  also  liy  seeds. 

virium,  Benth.  Lvs.  roundish  or  round-ovate,  some- 
what cordate,  spiny-toothed  :  fls.  orange  and  red,  in 
erect  racemes.  — The  commonest  species.  Runs  into 
many  forms,  of  which  C  Chdndleri  and  C.  grandi- 
fldntm,  Hort.,  are  examples. 

ilicifdlium,  Labill.  Fig.  442.  Lvs.  ovate  or  lance-ovate, 
deeply  repand-spiny-toothed  :  fls.  yellow  and  red. 

macrophyUum,  Hort.    Dwarf  :  fls.  red.         l   H.  B. 

CHOROGI.    See  Staehys. 


CHEYSALIDOCAEPUS  Kxieek  for  golden  fmit). 
Pahiiacew,  tribe  Aieme  Spineless,  stoloniferous 
palms,  with  medium,  fasciculate,  ringed  s 
natisect;  long-acuminate 
segments  about  100,  bifid 
at  the  apex,  the  lateral 
nerves  remote  from  the 
midrib.  Species  2,  one 
of  them  being  a  popular 
florist's  plant.  Mada- 
gascar. 

luttBcens,  H.  Wendl. 
(Hyophdrbe  Indica, 
Gaertn.  H.  Commerson- 
idna, Ma.rt.  Areca  li<ti?s- 
eens,  Bory).  Figs.  443, 
444.  Stem  30  ft.  high, 
4-6    in.  in   diam.,   cvlin- 


long,  2'>  in.  wide,  acute, 
with  3  prominent  pri- 
mary nerves,  which  are 
convex  below  and  acutely 
2-face(l  aliove.   B..url.,.n. 


tius 


Pain 


CHOKE   CHERRY  is  Primus   demi. 


CHONDEORYNCHA 


and   P.  Vii 


e  and  beak).    OrchidA- 
cea',tril»-  I   '-    '    >.     riir-  ■  -|...ir,..f  S.  Amer.  epiphytal 

orchids,    i  ''  > m  ri-ispitm.    They  are 

practically la.le.    They  are  short- 

stemmed  111  1 1-  ■.  ifli.iii  ji-i  ii'i..liiill.s,  .ind  oblong,  plicate, 
petioled  lvs,,  the  simple  scape  bearing  a  single  large, 
odd,  yellowish  flower.  V.  Vhistertoni,  Reichb.  f.,  C. 
fimbriita,  Reichb.  f.,  and  C.  risea,  Lindl.,  are  the  spe- 
cies.   Keep  cool  and  moist. 


lutebceiis  in  quantity,  it 

will  be  found  a  good  plan 

to  sow  the  seeds    either 

on  a  bench,  in   boxes   or 

seed-pans,    so    prepared 

that   the   seedlings   will 

remain    in    the    s 

which    they    germinate 

until    they   have    made 

two     or    more     leaves. 

The  first    leaf   made   above   the    soil    is    small,  and    if 

plants  are  potted  off  at  this  stage  they  must  be  very 


443.  Chrysalidocarpus  lutescens. 


302  CHRTSALIDOCARPUS 

carefully  watered  in  order  not  to  sour  the  soil.  In  the 
preparation  of  the  receptacles  for  the  seed,  a  little  gravel 
in  the  bottom  will  be  found  good,  as  the  roots  work  very 
freely  through  it,  and  when  the  time  comes  to  separate 
the  plants  previous  to  potting,  it  is  an  easy  matter  to 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 

The  insect  powder  knownas"Pyrethnun,"is  produced 
from  the  dried  flowers  of  C.  cineraritefoliuni  and  C\ 
coccineum.  The  former  species  grows  wild  in  Dalmatia, 
a  long,  narrow,  mountainous  tract  of  the  Austrian  em- 
pire. "  Dalmatian  Insect  Powder "  is  one  of  the  com- 
monest insecticides,  especially  for  household  pests.  U. 
ciii'  r<i  ri't  f't'/iH iti  is  l;tri:<!y  cultivated  in  France.  C.coc- 
(■hi.f,„f  i^  .lilt.  Ill  (  11 1  if.,  and  the  product  is  known  as 
Huliai  h.  .^11-  l.i.il.niaii.  'I'he  Spraying  of  Plants,  and 
Ki|..  I".  S.  ('..in.  A-r.  1SM-2.P.  70. 

There  are  over  one  hundred  books  about  the  Chrysan- 
themum, and  its  magazine  literature  is  probably  ex- 
ceeded in  bulk  only  by  that  of  the  rose.  It  is  the  flower 
of  the  east,  as  the  rose  is  the  flower  of  the  west.  Aside 
from  oriental  literature,  there  were  83  books  mentioned 
by  C.  Harman  Payne,  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  National 
Chrysanthemum  "Society  for  189G.  Most  of  these  are 
chc-ip  cultural  guides,  circulated  by  the  dealers.  The 
botanv  of  the  two  cominim  si>i-.ii-s  has  been  monographed 
by  w:  B.  Il.iiisl.v  11,  III.  i.ai.l.  11.  rs'  Chronicle,  series 
III.,  vol.  I',.  ].|..  ."i_'l.  :  -  ill. I  in  the  Journal  of 

the  Royal  II. irtiiiiliii!      -  1.  12.  part  I.  The  great 

repositories  ..f  iiif..niiai  aai  i  ..a  i. lint;  the  history  of  the 
Chrysanthemum,  from  tlie  gar<li-n  point  of  view,  are  the 
scattered  writings  of  C.  Harman  Payne,  his  Short  His- 
tory of  the  Chrvsanthemum,  London,  1885,  and  the  older 
books  of  F.  W.  Burhidgf  and  .Tnhn  Salter.    For  iuforma 


tion  about  varieties,  s.. 
Chrysanthemum  s...:.'- 
scriptive,  and  suiipl, 
Ghent,  Belgium.    Tla 
is  Chrysanthemum  t  ulii 
ton,  N.  v.,  1891.    There  ai 
art  works,  among  which  ( 


!  of  the  National 

■'     !  I  and  the  Liste  De- 

1       .  Iiy  O.  Meulenaere, 

iitten  by  an  American 

i   1  Aiu.'rica,  by  James  Mor- 

i  nunilier  of  rather  expensive 

!  of  the  most  delightful  is  the 


chuyler 


jtangle  the  roots  without  bruising  them.  Probably 
the  plan  which  works  best  is  to  wash  the  soil  and  gravel 
entirely  from  among  the  roots.  Pot  in  soil  not  too  dry, 
and  for  the  next  few  days  keep  the  house  extra  warm 
and  humid,  and  the  plants  shaded  from  the  sun  without 
any  moisture  applied  to  the  soil  for  the  first  few  days 
JaredG  Smith  and  (j  W  OinFR 
CHRYSANTHEMUM  (Greek  ,ol  1  n  fl  <  f. )  Incl  1 1 
ing  Pyrethrum.  Oompdsit  e  V  Urge  t,enus  of  hcrl  i 
ceous  and  sub-shrubby  plai  ts  mo  tly  h  ir  1  ai  1  t\  pi 
cally  with  white  or  yellow  smgle  fls  but  th 
portant  kinds  greatly  modified  in  form  —  ' 
tham  and  Hooker  make  2'  sul  "•  neri 
6  include  the  garden  forms)  1 
ner  in  which  the  seeds  are  r  1 1 
and  the  form  of  the  papi  i  1 
cannot  be  kept  distinct  fron  1 1 
themums  by  garden  charactei 
garden  conception  of  Pjrtthr 
a  group  of  hardy  herbace  us  1 1 
with  mostly  single  flow  rs  a 
posed  to  the  florists'  or  au 
santhemums,  wiii.  h  i.  a  i 


called    Summ.  1-      ' 
When  the  gar.l.  i    i 
thrams,"heusiia  : 
Many  of  the  sp.  - 
have  been  call,  .i   1     i  ■  a 
rious  times,   but    ilu ..    a 
same  specific  name  uude      1      y 
Chrysanthemum,    except    tl  e    i 
important  of  all  garden  Pjrethrums. 
viz.,  P.  roseum,  which  is  C.  coccin- 
eum.      The     Feverfew    and     Golden 
Feather  are  still  sold  as  Pyrethrums. 
and  the  only  other  species  of  impor- 
tance is  P.  uliginosum. 


Golden  Flower  :  Chrysanthemum,  edited  by  1 
Mathews,  pub.  by  Prang,  Boston,  1890. 

TvPES  OF  THE  Common  CHRVSANTHEMtiM.  — The  com- 
mon Chrysanthemums  of  the  florists  are  also  called 
"  large-flowering,"  and  "autumn  Chrysanthemums," 
though  neither  of  these  popular  names  is  entirely  accu- 
rate or  distinctive.  They  are  the  blended  product  of  C. 
Indicum  and  C.  mori folium  (or  C.  Sinense ) ,  tvio  species 
of  plants  that  grow  wild  in  China  and  Japan.  From  10 
to  1,5  dominant  tjfpes  are  recognized  by  the  National 
Chrysanthemum  Society  of  England. 

The  words  "types,"  "races,"  and  "sections,"  have 
always  been  used  by  horticulturists  to  express  much 
the  same  thing,  but  types  can  always  be  clearly  defined, 
while  sections  cannot,  and  the  word  race  should  be 
rt  trictt 


445.   Type  of  single  Chrysanthemum 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 


303 


^^. 


Single   forms,   they   are  less   popular  than   the   double 

kinds    and  the  varieties  are,  therefore,  less  numerous 

and  more  subject  to  the  caprices  of  fashion. 

BB.    Fls.  large,  fewer,  regular. 

■i     Tie  Large  Anemone  Type. -Fig.  447.     Fls.  4  in.  or 


more  across  and  fewer 

446-449     The  anemone-flowered 
j       types  of  Chrysanthemums 


p.  33. 

BBB.    F1.1.  large,  few, 

5  riie  Japanese 
Anemone  Type,  — Figs. 
448,  449.  Fls.  4  in.  or 
more  across,  and  irreg- 
ular in  outline.  H. 
Ruler  Haggard  is  an 
exrellent  example.  Gn. 
47,  p.  lUl;  31:601. 

AAA  Double-fld.forms.- 
rays  in  many  se- 
ries: disk  absent  or 
nearly  so. 


Fls 


ill: 


rays 


the  whole  genus.    For 
S.  catalogues. 

A,  Single  forms  :  rays  in  1  series,  or  few  series  :  disk 

low  and  flat. 

1.  27(6  Small  Single  Type. -Pig.ii5.  Pis.  about  2in. 
across,  star-like,  i.e.,  with  the  rays  arranged  in  one  se- 
ries around  the  yellow  disk.  "Single,"  however,  is  a 
relative  term,  and  in  Fig.  445  there  are  really  several 
series  of  rays,  but  they  do  not  destroy  the  "singleness" 
of  effect.  All  fl.s.  are  either  single,  semi-double,  or 
double,  but  all  the  intermediate  forms  between  the  two 
extremes  of  singleness  and  doubleness  tend  to  disap- 
pear, as  people  usually  do  not  like  them 

2.  Tlie  Large  Single  Type.- 
Like  Fig.  445,  but  the  fls.  4  in 
or  more  across,  and  fewer.    The 
difference    between    the    large 
and    small   single  types   is   ad 
mirably    shown  in  Gn    37  75b 
These  types  are  practically 
never  grown  outdoors  and 
are  best  suited  for  pot  cul 
ture,  each  specimen  bear 
ing  20-80  fls. 
AA.    Anemone-fid.  forms 

rays  as  above,  disk 
high  and  rounded 

B.  Fls.  small,  numerous 

regular. 

3.  The  Small  Anemone 
Type.— Commonly    called 
"Pompon  Anemone.'    Fig 
446.       Fls.  2   or   3  inches 
across,  and  usually  more 
numerous    than    in   the 
anemone  type.  All  the 
forms  are  essentially  single,  but 
the  raised  disk,   with  its  elon 
gated,  tubular  fls.,  usually  yel 
low  but  often  of    other  colors, 
gives    them   a  distinct    artistic 
effect,   and  they  are,  therefore, 
treated    as     intermediates     m 
character  between    the    single 
and    double   forms.     Like   the 


6  Tlie  Pompon  Type. 
-Pig.  450.  Fls.  1-2  in. 
across.  The  outdoor 
kinds  are  likely  to  be 
small,  flat  and  button- 
like,  while  those  cult, 
indoors  are  usually 
larger  and  nearly  globular.  Fig. 
450  shows  the  former  condition. 
It  is  from  one  of  the  old  hardy 
kinds  long  cultivated  in  the  gar- 
dens as  "Chinese"  or  "small-flowered"  Chrysanthemums, 
and  generally  supposed  to  be  the  product  of  C.  In- 
dicum,  as  opposed  to  the  "Japanese"  or  "large-flow- 
ered" kinds  introduced  in  18G2,  which  marked  a  new 
era  by  being  less  formal  and  more  fanciful  than  any  of 
the  preceding  kinds.  Pompons  are  little  cult,  under 
glass  in  Amer.  The  Pompon  section  of  the  N.C.  S.  Cat. 
1896  refers  to  indoor  types,  and  a  separate  section  was 
made  for  the  outdoor  types  under  the  name  of  "Earlies," 
with  two  subgroups,  "Pompons"  and  "Japanese,"  refer- 
ring to  the  old  small-flowered,  hardy  race,  and  the  new 
large-flowered  Japanese  kinds,  which  are  grown  to  per- 
fection only  under  glass,  but  are  sometimes  grown  out- 
doors, though  they  are  usually  less  hardy 


304 


CHRVSANTHEMUM 


BB.    Fls.  large. 
0.    Blossoms  hairi/. 

7.  The  Hairy  Type. -A\so  called  "Ostrich  Plume" 
and  "Japanese  Hairy."  The  famous  prototype  is  the 
variety  Mrs.  Alpheus  Hardy,  pictured  in  Gn.  35,  p.  307. 
which  was  sold  for  $1,500  in  1888,  and  started  the 
American  craze.  White  fls.  with  long  hairs  are  very  deli- 
cate and  pretty,  but  the  hairs  are  often  minute,  and  on 
many  of  the  colored  fls.  they  are  considered  more  cu- 
rious and  interesting  than  beautiful.  So  far,  nearly  all 
hairy  Chrysanthemums  are  of  the  Japanese  Incurved 
type". 

cc.    Blos.ioms  not  hairy. 
I).    Ifays  reflexed. 

8.  Th,  h'.ll.r,,!  Tfipe.—Also  called  "Recurved.' 
Fig.  4.'il.  I'hi  r.  il.  \.'l  forms  can  be  easily  broken  up 
into  thr.M  t\|H-,  i.(i  tlie  small  and  regular,  (6)  the 
large  and  r.-iilar.  and  i.i  the  large  and  irregular  types. 
Lately  the  irregular  kinds  have  been  removed  by  the 
N.  C.  S.  from  a  section  called  "Japanese  Reflexed  ' 
into  the  "Japanese  "  section,  which  section,  as  explained 
under  No.  11,  means  little  more  than  "miscellaneous." 

DD.    Says  incuri'ed. 
E.    Form  absolutely  regular. 

9.  T7ie/ij('Hrrerfriypp.  — Fig.452  shows  the  general  icU-ii. 
but  such  a  flower  would  hardly  win  a  prize  at  an  Eng- 
lish show,  where  anything  short  of  absolute  regularity 
is  relegated  to  the  "Japanese  Incurved"  section  (No. 
10).  This  type  is  by  far  the  most  clear-cut  ideal  of  any 
of  these  types,  and  for  many  years  this  ideal  of  the 
florists  has  so  completely  dominated  the  English  Chry- 
santhemum shows  that  the  incurved  section  has  come  to 
be  known  there  as  the  "exhibition"  or  "show  type."  In 
Amer.  the  Japanese  types,  which  are  less  formal  and 
fanciful,  prevail,  but  in  England  this  is  the  most  im- 
portant section  of  all.  The  N.C.S.  Cat.  for  1896  says: 
"The  distinguishing  characteristics  of  the  incurved  va- 
rieties are  the  globular  form  and  regular  outline  of  the 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 

round  at  the  tip,  and  of  sufficient  length  to  form  a 
graceful  curve.  They  ought  to  be  regularly  arranged, 
1,-1  ]^p     ^  hollow 


Type  of  Pompon 
Chrysanthemum. 

outdoors,  with  i 

<i  should   be   as  nearly  a 
5  an  important  point  in  < 


vumm 


451     The  reflexed  types 

of  Chrysanthemum  | 

Small  '»nd  regulir    large  ind  regular    large  irregular 

promment  eve  is  a  serious  defect,  as  also  are  a  rough 
nes^  in  tin  1>1  >  iiu^  or  un(.\eniiess  m  outline  and  a 
»  I    I     111      li  II    t'  II    I    il    i.ts       A  perfect  pic 

t  I  lie  seen  in  Ltn   9  p 

I  II    ssed  with  tweezers 

II  I  V    i;   I     II      I    ilier  m  perfect  order 

L  I  h  il  \  1  1^  li  «u  ^i-i  11  it.rU  iwthout  foliage,  while 
the  prevailing  AmeriLdu  idea  in  exhibition  is  a  mass 
effect  with  a  vase  of  12  or  more  long  stemmed  fls  ,  usu 
ally  of  the  same  varietv 

EE     J'oim  mote  or  les^  ittegulat 

10  The  Japanese  liuuiied  Type  —Fig  452  would 
be  referred  to  this  t\pe  b\  the  English  florists,  together 
with  all  of  the  man\  other  forms  that  are  not  globular 
and  entirely  regular  This  sh.  ti.  n  ind  the  next  art  the 
most  important  in  Americ  1  III  i  ir  ni  iij\  i  anations 
of  this  type  It  often  hayi-i  i  n  tli  it  tlj  iit.  i  4  or  'j  se 
ries  of  rays  gradually  bei  in  i  tl  \i  1  !  ut  if  most  of 
the  ra\ s  are  incurved,  the  Tnnt\  lu  i\  In  ixhibited  m 
this  section 

DDD     Bays  of  tanous  shapes     forms  tarwiis 

11  The  Japanese  Typet  -Plate  VI  The  word  'Japa 
nese    was  origmalh    used   tn    des,<.„atp  the   Hrffp  fld 

Jipui  111  1   I-      It  li  ,     n    \    1   I       n  1      tn    t     i   t     \    II   ties 

s"pcilmf!s,  u  .d'.n'tl'n  «?  't''iii'«  I'l'l  V  t  M  'l  i!'^il 
florists  fls  in  England  were  relatively  fnrmil  and 
small  The  informal,  loose,  fantastic  Japanese  Chry 
santhemums,  introduced  by  Fortune  in  18b2,  broke  up 
the  formal  t  i  i     iml  tin  crize  for  large  specimen  blooms 


which  I 
reached 
the  Natl 
more   tli 


the 


(orld 
of 


blooms.  The  incurved  blc 
globe  as  possible,  as  '  depth 
tfanating  its  value;  the  florets  should  be  broad,  smooth,       now   included 


teh    dehned    but    the 
undefaned  to  include 
and  quilled  sorts  are 
though   formerly   kept   distinct. 


•The  first  step 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 

Marked  forms  are  Laciniatum,  Lillian  B.  Bird,  Mill- 
brook,  Mrs.  W.  H.  Rand,  A.  H.  Wood,  Shavings,  North- 
em  Lights. 

Relative  Importance  and  Uses  of  the  Types.  — In 
general,  the  large-fld.  forms  are  more  popular  than  the 
small-fld.  forms,  especially  at  exhibitions,  where  great 
size  is  often  the  greatest  factor  in  prize-winning. 
Types  9,  10  and  11  are  the  most  important  in  America, 
especially  the  Japanese  section.  The  fls.  of  types  9  and 
10  are  likely  to  be  more  compact  and  globular,  and  hence 
better  for  long  shipments  than  the  looser  and  more  fan- 
ciful types.  Types  9,  10  and  11  are  the  ones  to  which 
most  care  is  given,  especially  in  disbudding  and  train- 
ing. They  are  the  ones  most  commonly  grown  by  the 
florists  for  cut-fls.  and  whenever  one  large  fl.  on  a  long 
stem  is  desired.  The  anemone-flowered  forms  are  all 
usually  considered  as  curiosities,  especially  the  Japa- 
nese Anemones,  which  are  often  exhibited  as  freaks 
and  oddities.  The  single  and  anemone-flowered  forms 
are  used  chiefly  for  specimens  in  pots  with  many  small 
fls.,  but  all  the  other  types  are  used  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. For  outdoor  culture,  the  hardy  Pompons,  with 
their  numerous  small  fls.,  are  usually  better  than  the 
large-flowering  or  Japanese  kinds.  In  America,  the 
Chrysanthemum  ranks  fourth  in  economic  importance, 
although  its  season  is  practically  only  six  weeks,  while 
the  season  of  the  florists'  roses,  carnations  and  violets 
is  from  six  to  nine  months.  If  one  were  to  put  a  guess 
in  the  form  of  figures,  it  might  be  said  that  possibly 
60  per  cent  of  all  American  Chrysanthemums  are  raised 
for  cut-fls.,  aO  per  cent  for  potted  plants,  while  10  per 
cent  are  hardy  old-fashioned  Pompons  cultivated  out- 
doors, -nr    jj 

SECTION  I.- CULTURE  OP  THE  LARGE-FLOWERED 
CHRYSANTHEMUMS  GRQ-Vra  UNDER  GL.4.SS  (C. 
Indicum  x  Tiionfohum) 

Introduction  and  Genetal  Pnnciphs  - 
towards  success  is  good  health}  cut 
tings  and  as  thej  become  established 
plant's  the>  should  leceive  generous  cul 
ture  throughout  their  entiie  growing 
season  This  requues  close  ittention  to 
watering  airm^  i*'i  ttmi,  iiid  i  lihnr  il 
supply  ot  imtiini    lit 

Chr\siiitli   iniiiii       11      I  1    I         1    1 
four  WW         I  \     uttiii.       In  i 

and  grattiiu     1  \  t  ii  th    iii     t  ii    [    ii 
is  the  tiist    because  it  is  the  most  i  ipul 
It  is  the  method  of  the  floiists     In  locali 
ties  where   the  plants  can  remain  out 
doors  over  winter  without  iniur>     tlit  \ 
may  be  increased  by  division     This 
tem  is  practiced  more  by  amateui      I 
florists,  being  the  easiest  method  t   i 
home  garden  but  not  rapid  enou^l 
the   florist.     Propagation  by  seeds  i    it, 
sorted  to  only  to  produce  new  rarieticb, 
and  is  discussed  at  length  under  subsec 
tion  IV.    Grafting  is  very  rare     Skilful 
gardeners    sometimes  graft  a  dozen  or 
more  varieties   on   a   large   plant     and 
the  sight  of  many  different  colored  fls 
on  the  same  plant  is  always  mterestm^ 
at  exhibitions. 

Subsection  I.  — Culture  of  Chrysan 
themums  for  cut-flouen, 

This  is  the  method  chiefly  emplojed 
by  florists,  the  plants  being  grown  in 
benches. 

1.  Propuyuiion  by  Cuttinqi  -Plints 
of  the  preceding  year  afford  stock  from 
which  to  propagate  the  following  season 
They  produce  quantities  of  stools  or 
suckers,  which  form  excellent  material 
for  the  cuttings.  These  are  generelly 
taken  from  l-2^<  in.  in  length,  the  lowei 
Ivs.  removed,  also  the  tips  of  the  broid 
Ivs.,  then  placed  in  propagating  beds  close  together, 
where  they  are  kept  continuallj  wet  until  rooted.  To  in 
sure  a  large  percentage,  the  condition  of  the  cuttings 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 


305 


should  be  moderately  soft.  If  the  stock  plants  are  al- 
lowed to  become  excessively  dry,  the  cuttings  are  likely 
to  harden,  and  thus  be  very  slow  in  producing  roots. 
Single-eye  cuttings  may  be  used  of  new  and  scarce  va- 
rieties when  necessary.  These  are  fastened  to  a  tooth- 
pick with  fine  stemming-wire,  allowing  half  of  the  tooth- 
pick to  extend  below  the  end  of  the  cutting,  and  when 
inserted  in  the  cutting-bed  the  end  of  the  cutting  should 
rest  upon  the  sand.  It  requires  more  time  to  produce 
good  plants  by  this  system  than  where  fair-sized  cut- 
tings can  be  taken,  but  it  is  often  of  service  where  stock 
is  limited.  The  propagating  house  should  be  well 
aired,  and  it  is  advisable  to  change  the  sand  after  the 
second  or  third  batch  of  cuttings  has  been  removed,  to 
avoid  what  is  termed  cutting-bench  fungus.  The  cuttings 
should  never  be  allowed  to  wilt,  and  this  is  avoided  by 
giving  abundance  of  air,  and  when  the  temperature 
reaches  over  70°  from  sun  heat,  by  shading  with  some 
material,  either  cloth  or  paper. 

2.  P;a»s(j»ig.  — Cuttings  should  not  be  allowed  to  re- 
main in  the  cutting-bench  after  the  roots  are  i4  in.  in 
length,  or  they  will  become  hardened,  which  will  check 
the  growth.  As  soon  as  rooted,  they  should  be  potted 
pots,  using  good,  mellow  soil  with  a 


into  : 


g  good, 
slight  admixture  of  decomposed  manure.  Most  of  the 
large  fls.  are  produced  under  glass,  and  the  bench  sys- 
tem is  generally  employed,  which  consists  of  4  or  5  in. 
of  soil  placed  upon  benches.  In  these  benches  the 
small  plants  are  jilanted  8-12  in.  apart  each  way,  from 
the  latter  jiart  of  May  to  the  middle  of  July.  Those 
planted  at  the  first  date  generally  give  the  best  results. 
The  soil  should  be  pounded  rather  firm  either  before 
planting  or  after  the  plants  have  become  established. 

3.  Soil.  — There  are  many  ideas  as  to  what  soil  is  best 
suited  for  the  Chrysanthemum,  but  good  blooms  may  be 
grown  on  clay  or  light,  sandy  loam,  provided  the  culti- 
vator is  a  (.lose  observer  and  considers  the  condition  of 
the  soil  m  which  they  are  growing     Clay  soil,  being 


1  retentive  of  moisture   will  require  less 


and 


Type  ot  Jacanese  Incurved  Chrjb.ij        ...u:... 

feeding  than  soil  of  a  more  porous  nature.  The  Chry- 
.santhemum  is  a  gross  feeder,  and,  therefore,  the  fertility 
of  the  soil  is  very  important  in  the  production  of  fine 


306  CHRYSANTHEMUM 

blooms.  Each  expert  has  a  way  of  his  own  in  preparing 
the  soil,  but  as  equally  good  results  have  been  obtained 
under  varied  conditions,  it  is  safe  to  conclude  that  the 
method  of  preparing  the  soil  has  little  to  do  with  the 
results,  provided  there  is  sufficient  food  within  their 
reach.    All  concede  that  fresh  cut  sod, 


decomposed  manure,  forms  an  excellent 
compost.  Many  use  1  or  2  in.  of  manure 
as  a  mulch  after  the  plants  have  become 
established.  Others  place  an  inch  of 
half-decomposed  manure  in  the  bottom 
of  the  bench.  This  the  roots  find  as  soon 
as  they  require  it.  Good  blooms  have 
been  grown  by  planting  on  decomposed 
sod  and  relying  on  liquid  applications  of 
chemicals. 

4.  Feeding.— No  definite  rule  can  be 
given  for  this  work,  as  so  much  de- 
pends on  the  amount  of  food  incorporated 
in  the  soil.  If  the  soil  be  very  rich,  the 
liquid  applications  should  be  only  occa- 
„.  ,.  sional  and  very  dilute.    There  is  more 

Chrysanthemum    j^nger  of  overfeeding  by  the 


cutting 


of 
liquids  than  by  using  excessively  rich 
soil.  Each  grower  must  depend  on  his  own  judgment  as 
to  the  requirements,  being  guided  by  the  appearance  of 
the  plants.  When  the  Ivs.  become  dark  colored  and  very 
brittle,  it  is  safe  to  consider  that  the  limit  in  feeding  has 
been  reached.  Some  varieties  refuse  to  bud  when  overfed, 
making  a  mass  of  Ivs.  instead.  Others  show  very  con- 
torted petals,  giving  a  rough,  unfinished  bloom.  Still 
others,  particularly  the  red  varieties,  are  likely  to  be 
ruined  by  decomposition  of  the  petals,  called  burning, 
especially  if  the  atmosphere  is  allowed  to  become  hot 
and  stuffy.  The  same  result  will  follow  in  dark  weather, 
or  when  the  nights  become  cool,  if  the  moisture  of  the 
house  is  allowed  to  fall  upon  the  blooms.  Under  such 
conditions,  the  ventilation  should  remain  on  every  night, 
or  heat  be  turned  in  accordingto  the  outside  temperature. 


.i^vr\1^ 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 

ger  of  overwatering  as  long  as  the  foliage  is  bright 
green.  A  little  shading  at  planting  time  is  not  objec- 
tionable, but  it  should  be  removed  as  soon  as  the  plants 
are  established.   It  is  often  necessary  to  shade  the  pink 


455.  Crown  bud  of  Chrysanthemum  at  a  later  staee. 

Showing  how  its  strength  is  sapped  by  the  shoots  beneath, 
which  are  just  showing  clusters  of  terminal  buds. 

and  red  flowers  if  the  weather  continues  bright  for  some 
time,  to  prevent  their  fading. 

6.  Training.— When  the  plants  are  8  in.  high,  they 
should  be  tied  either  to  stakes  or  to  jute  twine.  In  the 
former  system,  use  one  horizontal  wire  over  each  row, 
tying  the  stake  to  this  after  the  bottom  has  been  in- 
serted into  the  ground.  Two  wires  will  be  necessary 
where  twine  is  used,  one  above  the  plants  and  the  other 
a  few  inches  above  the  soil.  From  the  first  of  Axigust 
until  the  flowers  are  in  color  all  lateral  growths  should 
be  removed  as  soon  as  they  appear,  allowing  only  the 
shoots  intended  for  flowers  to  remain.  The  above  re- 
marks refer  to  the  training  of  benched  Chrysanthemums 
as  grown  by  florists  for  cut-flowers.  Other  kinds  of 
training  are  described  under  SuLiection  II. 

7.  Disbudding.— No  special  date  can  be  given  for  this 
work,  as  much  depends  on  the  season  and  the  earliness 
or  lateness  of  the  variety  to  be  treated.  Buds  usxially 
begin  to  form  on  the  early  sorts  about  Aug.  15,  or  soon 
after,  and  some  of  the  late  varieties  are  not  in  condition 
before  Oct.  10.  The  object  of  removing  the  weak  and 
small  buds  and  retaining  the  best  is  to  concentrate  the 
whole  energy  of  the  plant  and  thereby  increase  the  size 
of  the  flower.  There  are  two  forms  of  buds,  crowns  and 
terminals.  A  crown  bud  is  formed  first,  never  ernes 
witli  ether  flower-buds,  and  is  provi-li-.l  witli  iMicral 
•.-rewths  which,  if  allowed  to  remain,  will  .MiiiniiH  iheir 
^T'tw-th  and  produce  terminal  buds  later.  Ti  Tiiiiii;il  IhkIs 
come  later,  always  in  clusters,  are  nevir  ass.i.iateil  with 
lateral  growths,  and  terminate  the  plant's  growth  for 
that  season.  If  the  crown  bud  is  to  be  saved,  remove 
the  lateral  growths  as  shown  by  the  dotted  lines  in  Fig. 
45i,  and  the  operation  is  complete.  If  the  terminal  bud 
is  desired,  remove  the  crown  and  all"\^  1 , '_  "r ::  ;i'  >  i-rd- 
ing  to  the  vigor  of  the  plant)  of  th.-  ^  '  :iill. 
In  a  few  weeks  these  will  show  a  cbi  -  i  .  i  i  ,  :,r,.l, 
when  well  advanced,  it  will  be  notir.  .1    i      ;    •,.    I,,i-.>t 


5.  Waterlng.  —  het  the  foliage  be  the  index  to  water- 
ing. If  it  appears  yellow  and  sickly,  use  less  water,  and 
see  that  the  drainage  is  perfect.    There  is  but  little  dan- 


and  retain  the  next  best.  In  removinc  the  buds,  begin  at 
the  top  and  work  down.  By  so  doing  there  are  buds 
in  reserve,  in  case  the  best  one  should  accidentally  be 
broken,  while  If  the  reverse  course  were  taken,  and  the 
best  bud  broken  at  the  completion  of  the  work,  all  the 
labor  would  be  lost.  A  few  hours'  disbudding  will  teach 
the  operator  how  far  the  buds  should  be  advanced  to 
disbud  easily.     Early   and  late  in  the  day,  when   the 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 

growths  are  brittle,  are  the  best  times  for  the  work. 
Some  growers  speak  of  first,  second  and  third  buds. 
The  first  is  a  crown,  and  generally  appears  on  early 
propagated  plants  from  July  15  to  August  15.     If  re- 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 


307 


othe 


early,  the  next  liu' 
which  is  termed  t 
third  bud  will  lie 
May  and  June  gei 
not  forming  the 
and  planted  late 
best  blooms  an-  fi 


ill  growths  push  forward,  forming  an- 
II V  cases  where  the  crowns  are  removed 
id'  is  not  a  terminal,  but  a  second  crown, 
the  sccoiid  bud.    Remove  this,  and  the 


Pink, 


lighter  in  dl".-  tl^in  tli..-,>  rn.iii  hit.-i-  l.u.ls.     They  are 

be  decidedly  ii'iferior.  This  i,-  doubtless  due  to  the  large 
amount  of  food  utilized  in  their  construction,  owing  to 
the  long  time  consumed  in  development.  The  hot 
weather  of  September  and  October  must  have  a  detri- 
mental etfect  upon  the  color.    Consult  Figs.  454—457. 

><.  i'liCHii' (■.<;.  — Green  and  black  aphis  are  the  most 
destructive  insects.  Through  the  summer  months  to- 
bacco dust  broadcasted  over  the  plants  is  an  effective 
remedy.  At  the  approach  of  cool  weather  it  is  best  to 
resort  to  light  fumigations  of  toliacco.  Grasshoppers  are 
sometimes  very  destructive.  Handpicking  is  conceded 
to  be  the  best  method,  although  if  there  are  quantities 
of  small  ones  a  weaik  solution  of  Paris  green  may  be  re- 


itubsectwn  II 
The  same  principle! 
when  planted  upon  tl 
the  pi  lilts  ire  genu  ,11 
The  most  p,.,mlu   t>, 


Cultme  of  Clnysanthemums  m poti 
employed  m  pot  culture  as 
»  h    with  till    e\i  eption  that 


foreihibin  i       -,t   n  .  ,  ,,        i  ,, I    I      i      i 

mens  "and  th.    tin..    U  i.lui^    t..iiiis   iii    tht   bush    the 
standard  and  the  pyramid 

1.  Ma>k(.t  Playits.  —  D-Ksrt  plants  of  symmetrical 
form,  with  foliage  down  to  the  pots,  are  the  most  salable, 
and,  when  thus   grown,  require  constant  attention  as 


to  watering  and  stopping,  allowing  each  plant  plenty  of 
room  to  keep  the  lower  leaves  in  a  healthy  condition. 
Cuttings  taken  June  1  and  grown  in  pots,  planted  on 
old  carnation  benches  or  in  spent  hotbeds  (light  soil 
preferable),  and  lifted  by  August ,15,  will  make  very 
nice  plants  1-lK  ft.  high.  The  reason  for  lifting  early 
is  to  have  them  well  established  in  their  flowering  pots 
before  the  buds  are  formed. 

2.  Single-stem  Plniits.-S&me  culture  as  market 
plants,  except  that  they  are  restricted  to  one  stem  and 
flower.  Those  from  1-2  ft.  iu  height  are  more  effective 
and  useful  than  tall  ones.  For  this  reason  many  prefer 
plunging  the  pots  out  of  doors  where  they  have  the  full 
benefit  of  the  sun  and  air,  making  them  more  dwarf 
than  when  grown  under  glass. 

3.  Pot  Plants  for  Ciit-f lowers. -CultuTe  same  as  for 
specimen  plants,  except  that  the  nipping  should  be  dis- 
continued July  1  to  give  sufBcient  length  to  the 
stems.  If  large  flowers  are  desired,  restrict  the  plants 
to  8  or  10  growths.  Such  plants  can  be  accommodated 
in  less  space  than  specimens,  where  the  chief  object  is 
symmetry. 

4.  BiisJi  Plants.  — For  large  bush  plants,  the  cuttings 
should  be  struck  early  in  February,  and  grown  along  in 
a  cool,  airy  house,  giving  attention  to  repotting  as  often 
as  necessary.  The  final  potting  into  10-  or  12-inch  pots 
generally  takes  place  in  June.  They  are  potted  moder- 
ately firm,  and  watered  sparingly  until  well  rooted.  As 
soon  as  the  plants  are  5  or  6  in.  high  the  tips  should  be 
pinched  out,  to  induce  several  growths  to  start.  As  the 
season  advances  and  the  plants  make  rapid  growth, 
pinching  must  be  attended  to  every  day  up  to  the  latter 
part  of  July,  to  give  as  many  breaks  as  possible  and 
keep  them  in  symmetrical  form.  By  the  middle  of  Au- 
gust (if  not  previously  attended  to),  staking  and  getting 
the  plants  in  shape  will  be  a  very  important  detail.  If 
stakes  are  used,  they  must  be  continually  tied-out,  as 
the  stems  soon  begin  to  harden,  and  this  work  can  be 
best  accomplished  by  looking  them  over  daily.   Light 


457.  Terminal  buds  at  a  later  stage. 
The  top  one  is  usually  the  strongest,   and  being  re- 
tained, is  called  "the  terminal  bud."  The  others 
should  have  been  removed  long  before  they  were 
as  large  as  here  shown. 

stakes  of  any  material  may  be  used.  Many  other  meth- 
ods are  in  use,  such  as  wire  hoops  and  wire  frame-work, 
to  which  the  growths  are  securely  tied. 


308 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 
bush  plants 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 


5.  Standards  differ  fr 
stout,   self-supporting   stem,  msti 
They  require  the  same  culture  as 
exception   that   they  are  not   Bt"i 
make  one  continuous  growth  until 
are  then  treated  the  same  as  1 
require  the  same  attention  as  i 
secure  symmetrical  heads.  ,  .      ,      ,     * 

6    Pyramids  are  only  another  form  of  bush  plants, 
and  it  is  optional  with  the  grower  which  form  he  prefers. 

Subsection  III. -Culture  of  Chrysanthemums  for  the 
production  i 


iilv.  with  the 
allowed  to 
' :!  (  ..!•  r.  It.  hifib,  and 
sb'ijUii.t^.  They  will 
stopping  and  tying  to 


for  several  years ;  such  as 
and  Minnie  Wanamaker, 
;  JIis.  .1, -runic  Jones,  Col. 
:.!  Maix'ar.t  .L-ffords,  Jos. 
ri-'v  M.iiw.ivli,  ■■,12;  Niveus, 
li-ii  W.-dclint.'.  H.  L.  Sunder- 

^ ,  __        W.  R.  Smith.  '9:!.     There 

aremany  "other  varieties  that  have  stood  the  test  for  4 


ties  that  have  stood  the 
Ivory,  1889;  W.  H.  U 
'90;  Mrs.  J.  G.WhilMi 
W.  B.  Smith,  Mrs.  A.-l 
H.  White,  Geo.  W.  rhil 
Maud  Dean,  The  Qu..  i: 
bruch.  Good  Gracious,  Pres 


The  object  of  f 


cd-sa 


1'  varieties. 
is  the  improvement  of  exist- 


or  bronze,  as  n; 
certain  of  imin. 
ness  or  dwarfu^ 


lings  will  be  hi'!  •    ■■■     n  i,  ,  ts' 

as  the  greater  I"  ■    :■,..■■    :'.'ii    '    ^"  '.'''/','      i'',i'iun  tV> 

Only  those  wh"  ^1  - '    i' t   >m!' 1 1. ,■!:''    " 

cross-fertilization  ^n  ilH.hu  i.l  nuik^'L  -n.-r.  -''•'". 
hybridized  seeds  possess  value  oyer  thos,-  lKipnaz,m  ly 
fertilized  by  wind  and  insects  only  accordmg  to  the  de- 
gree of  intelligence  employed  in  the  selection  of  parents. 
What  the  result  will  be  when  a  white  flower  is  fertilized 
with  a  yellow  one,  the  operator  cannot  diHrinin.;  :.<  u<>- 
outset.  It  may  be  either  white,  yellow,  iiii'i  iii.Mk.i..  .h 
partake  of  some  antecedent,  and  thus  >>•■  .Ii-him  t  r..i,i 
either.  Improvenu-nts  in  color  can  be  ol.tani.  .1  oi,i>  hv 
the  union  of  .-..l.  r-,  L.  :m  in-  in  nimd  the  la«>  ot  nutuii/ 
n  uniting  two  1  ,  .  ■  -  ■l,ird.  Bed  upou  yellow,  or 
v^ce-versa  ii.as  I     "     -      i-l  or  yellow -give  orange 

'  .    inav   -.  .    111.    The  operator  is  more 

1^'  aloiiM,  oilier  lines,  such  as  sturdi- 
of  growth,  earliness  or  lateness  of 
bloom,  or  doubleness  of  flowers.  The  selection  of  those 
most  perfect  in  these  particulars  is  very  sure  to  give 
Sraila?  or  improved  results.  Always  keep  a  record  of 
this  work  showing  the  parents  of  a  seedling.  The  satis- 
faction of  knowing  how  a  meritorious  variety  was  pro- 
duced more  than  pays  for  the  trouble,  and  may  lead  to 
further  improvements  iu  certain  lines.  The  operation 
begins  when  th-  flow,  r  i.  half  open,  cuttmg  the  petals 
nff  close  to  th.  ir  ha-    «  i'li  •'  pair  of  scissors,  until  the 

stvle  is  expo- .      > ,M  tl„  iliwer  showsignsof  having 

d^sk  or  stami  u  tr  lionts,  ,o ve  these  with  the  points  of 

the  scLso^rs  and  thus  avoid  self-tertilizatinn.  When  the 
styles  are  fully  grown  and  developed,  th.-  uj.ihi  mii- 
fftce  or  stigma  is  in  condition  to  receive  tin  poll,  i,  l.y 
pushing  aside  (with  the  thumb)  the  ray  iloiw-  oi  uv 
flower  desired  for  pollen,  the  disk  flon-t>  whi.li  |ir."UMo 
the  pollen  will  become  visible.  The  pollen  may  be  cui^ 
lected  on  a  camel's-hair  pencil  or  tootlipick  and  applied 
to  the  stigma  of  the  flower  previously  prepared 
toothpick  be  used,  nev,  ='  ' "  »••" 


It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  article  to  recommend  varie- 
ties of  Chrysanthemums,  but  the  following  list  includes 
the  best  varieties  now  knovm.  The  list  will  be  valuable 
as  showing  a  serviceable  classification: 

Seteeti,.,,  of  ,;,r!.t!,s  hnsed  ,ipnn  tho  main  types  - 
(1)  /,„■„,...   ;      l-,.-!1.     I'oit.vinr-,   (■on.-o     Tn-,!,.,    I.thIpi, 

Mrs.T.  I>.  M    ••■    •'    '-I    ■       '■■'•    '■'■ ^';-    '"'■'''  ';'"-• 

Wrs.L.r.M  :  :.  ,,.,,M,.  -  l;,.-o,,-i,,.      .|        ■'   •  ■    •  -  o  .. 

(21  .7-/ .   '■  '"■'  ^'.''  .  ■■\-'  ■  ',,  '       1 

den  W.a.lH,.;.  .M..>ll''A'^.-.  Mo,h-.o,  V^;"''',"v  1  ,  ;^ 
Friend,  Black  Uawk,  Niv.-us,  \  iviand  Morel  1  anonia. 
(3)  Japanese  Incurved:  Nyanza,  Mrs.  W.  C.  Egan,  Eu- 
gene Dailledouze,  Georgiana  Pitcher  Good  t-^a"""^ ' 
Jennie  Falconer,  Mrs.  Geo.  West,  Philadelphia,  The 
Oueen,  Mrs.  Jerome  Jones,  Western  King.  ii)Ba^iry  : 
-  •■  "  ir,  Louis  Boehmer,  Mrs.  A.  Hardy,  R.  M.  Grey, 
m.  Queen  of  Plumes.  (5)  Beflexed  :  CuUing- 
othv.Tohr.  Gold  Standard,  Miss  Elma  O  Far- 
,;,,  ■  p,,,  •).,  iii:,,  (6)  Large  Anemone:  Ada 
|V  ,  r:ilcon,  Junon,   Marcia  Jones, 

,;  ,. I, wmowe.- Condor, Enterprise, 

.,,,„  ii,  .  i>  I  --an  Joaouin,  Surprise,  Satisfac- 
,. i;,;„.|;  n.mtrlass.  Golden  Mile.  Mar- 
op,  Wm.  Ken- 
■.iiiily  Bowbot- 
Sintir,  Queen 
I'^'iis  :  Bronze 
Jolivart,    Mr. 


of  poll 

in  an  open-n,' 

using,  it  m:i\   i 

riety  without  t.  ir  oi   mop 

affecting  the  present.    t_  ui 

and  grown  to  single  blooi 

convenient  for  seedi 


for  more  than  one  kind 
lel's-hair  pencil  to  stand 
.hoi  a  few  moments  after 
en  dry,  upon  another  ra- 
,  of  the  former  operation 
;  struck  in  June  and  July 
4-inch  pots  are  the  most 
Such  flowers,  if  not  given  too 


much  feed,  are  more  natural  and  furnish  abundance  of 


pollen,  as  well  as  being  easier  u. 
blooms  produced  for  the  exhibit  loi 
should  be  done  on  bright,  sunii\  - 
<lay  as  possible.  As  soon  as  tin  - 
they  should  be  placed  by  thiin-, 
tion  by  insects,  and  should  there 
are  ripe.    Keep  the  plants  rather 


rly  in  tho 
t  rimmed, 
fertiliza- 
the  seeds 
the  dry  side,  and 


give  abundance  of  air.  Seeds,  which  ripen 
weeks,  should  be  saved  without  delay,  and  carefully  la- 
belled In  sowing  seeds,  they  should  be  covered  very 
Hghtfy  and  keTt  in  a  temp'eratu're  of  60°.  When  the  seed- 
liSgs  are  large  enough  to  handle  easily,  remove  to  small 
pots,  or  transplant  further  apart  in  shallowboxes.  Chry- 
santhemums flower  the  first  season  from  seed. 
Sulsection  IT. -Varieties. 
Of  the  long  list  of  new  varieties  sent  out  each  year, 
but  few  are  retained  after  the  second  year's  trial.  This 
is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  most  American  growers 
are  more  interested  in  the  commercial  value  of  the  flower 
than  the  curious  forms  or  striking  colors  they  present 
Exhibitions  have  n 
here  as  iu  England 


ioldeuH 
White  f 
fordii,  1 
rell,  Ti 
Strickh 
Thorpe 
Mrs.  F. 

tion.    IS)  V /••'".    Ui.irk   I 

the.  Mile.  Marthe,  Mrs.  H^it, 

nedy.    (9)  Pompon  Anem 

torn",  Marie  Stuart,  Mme.  (  I 
of  Anemones.  (10)  Earhi 
Bride,  Flora,  Frederick  Ma 

Selley,  Miss  Davis,  Mrs.  Cullingford,  Mile.  Elise  Dor- 
dan,  Illustration,  St.  Mary.  (11)  Single :  Mizpah,  Fram- 
field  Beauty.  itri  •.., 

Selection  of  varieties  based  upon  color.- White - 
Ivory,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Ryerson,  Mrs.  H.  Weeks  Mrs.  Henry 
Robinson,  Mutual  Friend,  Niveus.  Pm*-Merula,  Mme. 
F  Perrin,  Helen  Bloodgood,  Harry  Balsley ,  lora.  Autumn 
Glorv  \wrn;rnth.  Purplish  Crimson.  Magenta,  and  the 
HI;  '-'i';.r.,  Mrs.  A.  J.  Drexel,  Mrs.  Geo.  West,  Elma 
,  1  [• ,,  r.  11  ( ■rhnson  -  Shilowa,  Black  Hawk,  Geo.  W. 
I  hilil-   .1  oh „  SInimpton.  Fisher's  Torch,  Defender.    Sed 

and  r:il:.r.j;r„n„.fWf-  ''         -—---""- 

Edwin  A.  Kiml.iill,  r.nil  i.l- 
I-c/?oic-Modesto,  I  ,  . 
Thomden,  Major  I  i 

Selection  of  r./,  •  '  '  ',  "  -  .J'  ';?/"?; ~  vfi 
Plants:  White  -  Mutual  FneiKl.  .los  H.  \\liit_e  ;  ^e - 
low- W.  H.  Lincoln,  C.  Chalfant ;  Pink-  V  iviand  Morel, 
lora  ;  Bronze-Col.  W.  B.  Smith,  Hicks  Arnold  ;  Crim- 
son -  Geo.  W.  Childs,  J.  Shrimpton.  Single  Stem  Pot 
—  -  Mnson,  Merza ;  Yellow— 
rl.iuch;  Pink -Mme.  F. 
1.-  d'Or,  Rinaldo  ;  Crim- 
_  Shrimpton.      Exhibition 

B/'^oms .^White-Frunk  Ilar.ly,  Fee  du C^ampsaur,  Mme. 
Carnot,  Western  King ;  Pink  -  Viviand  Morel,  lora.  Good 
Gracious  ;  YeUow- Modesto,  Golden  Wedding,  Eugene 
Dailledouze,  G.  J.Warren;  Bronze--Chas  Davis,  Rus- 
tique,  Nvanza;  Crimson-Geo.W.  Childs  Shilowa,  Black 
Hawk  ;  'Miscellaneous  -  Chito,  yellowish  bronze  ;  Lady 
Hanham,  golden  cerise  ;  Mrs.  Geo.  West,  rosy  purple. 
Commercial  Blooms  ( based  upon  quality,  and  ease  ot  cul- 
ture •  White-Ivory,  Mrs.  Henry  Robinson,  Mrs.  Jerome 
Jones •  Pink-Mrs.'S.  T.  Murdock,  Mme.  F.  Pemn,  Glory 
of  Pacific;  Yellow-Marion Henderson.MajorBonnaffon, 
Yellow  Mrs.  Jerome  Jones  ;  Crimson  -  Geo.  W.  Childs, 


,  Chas.  Davis, 

cks  Arnold, 
•n  Wedding, 


ts:    White -Mr 
Major  Bonnailon. 
Perrin,  Merula  ;   1 


reached  the  hearts  of  the  people 
id  France.    There  are  a  few  varie- 


,  Black  Ha 


Kalli:   r  '       ' 

Playfai!       \ 
Marion  II-  ii.:-    - 

Christmas;  Pini 
S.  T.  Murdock.  >i 
W.  Rieman,  Libti 


Odd  Varieties  :  Lillian  B.  Bird, 
ns  Plume,  Pitcher&Manda.  Best 

•   I  loroiiiann.  Ivory,  Midge,  Geo.  S. 

1 '  M  111--,  I'ink  Ivory,  Merula,  Lady 

-  t  ,    ilnrrcU,  H.  L.  Sunderbruch, 

,      Tr.-iihv.    Best  Late:  White- 

Wiii.  H.  Chadwick,  Merry 

,     II  ;,ves,  Harry  Balsley.  Mrs. 

s  ,  ii„w-W.  H.  Lincoln,  H. 

iljow  .Mrs.  Jerome  Jones. 


the  exhibit!. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 

Many  of  the  midseason  varieties  are  good  for  Thanlss- 
giving  and  after  if  planted  late.  Elmer  D.  Smith. 

Subsection  V.- Culture  of  Chnjsanthemums  for 
Exhibition. 

This  branch  of  cultivation  naturally  requires  more 
care  than  any  other,  and  the  cultural  side  counts  for 
very  little  compared  with  the  personal  qualities  of  the 
exhibitor  after  the  fls.  are  delivered 
hall.  Prize-winiiinu-  i-  i.h.n-  lik-l.iiMt 
ture.  and  i-.  tl^'yi-'V.  l.u-rlv  •,  nuitt 

It  is    h:.r.l    ti.    rMn,-al..    ■.,u^■   inN>l:Mi|.i;I 


Chrysanthemum  .show.    Th.-  i    :      -  i       ■-•      ■     i 

more  specialized  than  with  ill  I  '  \ 

the  schedule  of  prizes  is  j,  i  :-;  •'■•  ■  ii- 
should  pick  out  the  classes  li.  mii  im  -  t..  n  in.  i  In 
importance  of  strong  stock  can  hardly  be  overstated. 
Novelties  or  highly  forced  plants  are  more  likely  to 
give  poor  results  than  selected  stock  carefully  grown  by 
the  competitor  himself.  Next  to  a  general  comprehen- 
sion of  Chrysanthemum  culture,  perhaps  the  two  most 
important  factors  in  success  are  the  quality  of  stock  and 
the  choice  of  variety.  In  the  biggest  exhibitions,  novel- 
ties are  classed  by  themselves.  One  of  the  > 
mistakes  that  beginners  make  is  to  depend  fc; 
upon  novelties  for  general  prizes.  It  is  .Ir^irali 
change  visits  with  other  growers,  to  fak'  tlii'  I 
tural  periodicals,  to  master  the  art  of  -liiiijiniL: 
study  the  analysis  of  successful  varieti.-.  I',,  m 
sired" date. rrri\>  n  i-n.l^ -■.■m  lir  u-nl  tolia^tm  lai.'  \ 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 


309 


are:    Wtiit.- 

Queen.  Mrs. 

BonnafFon,_ 

orgiana 


111,   UoKU-u    We.hliii-.   Mi 

-Morel.  Mrs.  Perrin.  JI.-ii 

W.  M. 


SECTION  n.-CULTURE   OF  MARGUERITES  IXDOORS. 
There  are  two  types  of  Marcrni  rirr-:.  rlip  r-.MiniinTi  .ne, 
or   Paris    Daisy,  with    coar-;.  r    : -.  •    ^-   _■■        ■   '    tin- 

glaucous  Marguerites,  with  in  ,      _  .-.■. 

The    former,  C.  frutescens.    i-  ■;  .is. 

The  latter,  C.  nnethifolium.  i-  pr.kai.i:,  Im  i;,i  Lr  lai-e 
specimens.  Marguerites  are  staiidani  plants  with  tlo- 
rists  and  in  the  conservatories  of  amateurs,  being  of 
easy  culture  and  remarkably  free  from  enemies.  They 
are  cultivated  for  two  distinct  j'lirposes,  — for  tut -flow- 
ers and  for  speciim  n  li.iii-..  .  iiiil.-  plants  being  used 
for   the    former    pui  ]  k  r  ones   for  the  lat- 

ter.   For  cut-flower^,      ■       ,  .in>  rooted  in  spring, 

and  the  florists  usiiaii.  i.-'Iiim  ii, nits  in  pots  all  sum- 
mer outdoors,  though  ilus  js  not  necessary  for  amateurs, 
and  fls.  are  produced  during  the  following  winter.  It  is 
sometimes  said  that  Marguerites  do  not  lift  well  in  the 
fall  after  being  planted  out  all  summer  in  the  garden, 
and  that  unrestricted  root-room  makes  the  plants  too 
large  for  the  best  production  of  cut-flowers.  The  prin- 
ciples underlying  the  matter  are  as  follows  :  in  turning 
plants  out  of  pots  into  the  open  ground  in 
spring,  a  plant  that  has  filled  its  pot  well 
with    roots    tends   to   make   a  much  more  '='  ■    '- 

compact  root-system  in  the  garden  than  the 
plant  that  had  but  a  few  roots  in  its  pot 
and  the  former  plant  is  easily  lifted  in  the 
fall  and  with  less  damatre  to  the  roots  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  JIarguerites  do  not  belong 
to  the  class  of  plants  that  are  difficult  to  lift 
in  the  fall,  and  it  is  only  a  matter  of  start 
ing  the  cuttings  early  enough  in  spring  to  ' 
get  the  plant  moderately  pot-bound  before 
it  is  planted  out  into  the  open  ground  y 
Specimen  plants  are  most  attractive  in  the  'V, 
second  winter  following  the  spring  in  which 
cuttings  were  struck.  After  that  they  aie 
likely  to  become  too  large  and  straggling 
While  "in  the  garden  the  fls.  should  not  be 
allowed  to  form,  if  the  main  object  is  high 
grade  cut-flowers  in  quantitv  for  the  wintei 
Old  plants  that  are  unfit  for  further  U'-e  in 


lemand  it  could 
V  month  of  the 
tis  without  any 
■1  with  some  fo- 
lic forethought, 
they  will  look 
very  few  con- 


rather  small.    If  there  w.rr  ■oilli.-imt 

be  easily  managed  to  h,i   ■    :'.-    >■ 

year.    It  is  a  great  pity  i  -  ^1      _ 

foliage.  Theruleistliat 
liage,  especially  their  iiw II,  Wnh  a  li 
just  as  many  fls.  can  be  secured,  am 
much  prettier  and  last  longer.  There  ! 
servatories  without  some  Marguerites.  An  excellent 
plan  is  to  have  a  number  of  plants  in  6-inch  pots  from 
cuttings  struck  the  previous  spring.  A  plant  looks 
bad  at  first  when  the  fls.  have  been  removed  on  sprays 
a  foot  long,  but  in  a  short  time  they  are  ready  for  cut- 
ting again.  With  a  little  management  a  succession  of 
H--,  can  h<-  maintained   wittionT   making  all  the  plants 

I n,,-:_nTlv,     Siirli  , , , fa V <  wiU  last  a  WBck  or  two 

II       I  i  iIm    Mjniiinu  ■■!   iln-  larger  buds  is  an  addi- 

.  '   .'  :         :■<    III  Inaiiity  wlial,  is  lost  if  Hs.  are  cut  with 
-iKiii  -I.  Ill-  and  without  luiiau'e.  Robert  SHORE. 


The  oldest  of  the  outdoor  types  are  the  Pompons 
(Fig.  45U),  which  produce  from  40-100  buttons  an  inch 
or  two  across,  with  short  and  regular  rays.  Such  plants 
can  be  left  outdoors  all  winter.  A  selection  of  these  old- 
fashioned  kinds  is  given  on  page  307,  under  head  of  "(8) 
Pompon."  Since  the  large-flowering  or  Japanese  types 
have  come  in,  numberless  attempts  have  been  made  to 
grow  them  outdoors,  but  with  poor  results.  The  green- 
house varieties  are  not  so  hardy.  In  the  north  they  are 
likely  to  be  killed  by  the  winter.  Their  fls.  usually  lack 
in  size,  depth  and  symmetry,  largely  because  there  are 
more  of  them  on  a  plant  than  a  florist  allows  for  his  best 
blooms,  but  chiefly  because  they  do  not  get  as  much  care 
in  general  as  is  given  to  plants  under  glass,  where 
space  is  precious.  For  the  very  best  results.  Chrysan- 
themums must  be  flowered  under  glass,  and  they  need 
the  greatest  care  and  forethought  practically  all  the 
year  round.  Half-way  measures  are  unsatisfactory. 
Thus  it  happens  that  the  .Japanese  varieties  are  usually 
unsatisfactory  out  of  doors,  and  the  Pompons  are  chosen 
by  those  who  can  give  very  little  care  to  plants  and 
would  rather  have  many  small  fls.  than  a  few  large  ones. 
This  also  partly  explains  why  no  two  dealers  recommend 
anything  like  the  same  list  of  Japanese  varieties  for 
outdoor  culture.  Nevertheless,  it  is  possible  to  grow  ex- 
cellent fls.  4  and  5  or  even  6  in.  across  outdoors,  but  it 
requires  staking,  disbudding,  and  some  kind  of  tem- 
porary protection,  as  of  a  tent  or  glass,  during  frosty 
weather.  Pig.  458  shows  a  cheap  and  simple  structvire 
of  coldframe  sashes  resting  on  a  temporary  framework. 
In  severe  weather  a  canvas  curtain  can  be  dropped  in 
front,  and  the  window  of  a  warm  cellar  in  the  rear 
opened  to  temper  the  air.  Fig.  458  is  taken  from  Gar- 
den and  Forest  1:.';23,  where  J.  N.  Gerard  has  left  a  de- 
tailed and  delightful  account  of  his  success,  which  is 
sure  to  rouse  the  enthusiasm  of  expert  amateurs.  For 
general  outdoor  culture,  however,  where  no  special  care 


the  ■ 


ned  ( 


protecting  Chrysanthemums  that  are  to  bloom  outdoors 


310 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 


is  given  to  the  plants,  the  Japanese  kinds  are  usually 
less  satisfactory  than  the  Pompons.  These  Pompons  are 
a  much  neglected  class  since  the  rise  of  the  large-flow- 
ered Japanese  kinds,  but  they  are  unlike  anything  else 
in  our  garden  flora.  Their  vivid  and  sometimes  too 
artificial  colors  harmonize  with  nothing  else  at  Thanks- 
giving time,  and  they  are  so  strong  and  commanding 
that  they  should  have  a  place  by  themselves.  It  is  not 
uncommon  for  the  fls.  to  be  in  good  condition  even  after 
se%-eral  light  falls  of  snow,  and  they  may  be  considered 
the  nii>-t    IV  -i  f:iT^t   t..   f.-, i-t   ,,f  any  garden   herbs.    In 

fact,  tli'H  !" ,!  II 1       M    lining  after  the  landscape 

is  coiuji.  .  .  I  issive  frosts.    The  fls. 

are   imi         i  i     ;  ,  tals   are  wet   and   then 

frozen  ^iiil  I'ln  \  n.  i  Luually  for  mass  effects  of 
color,  and  great  size  is  not  to  be  expected.  Masses  of 
brown  and  masses  of  yellow,  side  by  side,  make  rich 
combinations.  The  whole  tribe  of  crimsons,  amaranths, 
pinks,  and  the  like,  should  be  kept  by  themselves,  be- 
cause their  colors  are  variable  and  because  they  make  a 
violent  contrast  with  yellow,  which  few  persons' can  ren- 
<ier  agreeable. 

The  preceding  remarks  have  applied  wholly  to  varie- 
ties of  C.  Indicum  and  C.  morifnUiiw.  Tin  'niltiii.  of 
all  the  other  outdoor' species  is  too  i  n^v  to  mi  .1  iiii\  tUr 
ther  remarks,  except  in  the  case  of  (.....,;.//„',  inii.i 
known  as  Pyrethrum  roseum.  In  lli.  .iilii-iainn  i.i  m 
namental  plants  in  general,  and  of  lianij ,  hLiljan  uus 
plants  in  particular,  few  cases  are  so  striking  as  the 
great  popularity  of  Pyrethrum  roseum  in  the  Old  World, 
and  the  feeble  and  uncertain  hold  that  it  has  in  America. 


W.  M. 


SECTION  rV".-CULTUEE  OP  PYKl 


s  possibly 
England, 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 

dozen  of  the  best  would  be  :  Ascot,  peach-pink  ;  Apol- 
lyou,  bright  pink;  James  Kelway,  brilliant  red  ;  Oliver 
Twist,  cream  ;  Mary  Anderson,  flesh -pink  ;  Princess 
Marie,  pure  white;  Ruth,  rose,  tipped  with  white;  Stan- 
ley, deep  carmine-rose;  Merry  Hampton,  dazzling  crim- 
son ;  lanthe,  rose  ;  Ochroleuca,  sulphur,  and  Devon- 
shire Cream,  cream  color.  a.  Herrington. 

Pyrethrum  roseum  in  its  numerous  varieties 
may  never  become  as  popular  in  Amer 
owing  to  the  fact  that  it  is  not  hardy  under  all  soil  and 
exposure  conditions  in  the  climate  of  northern  United 
States.  With  the  proper  soil  conditions  and  such  atten- 
tion as  may  be  necessary, 
it  is  possible  to  raise  Pyre- 
thrums  to  the  best  advant- 
age and  with  splendid  flow- 
ering results.  The  ideal 
soil  for  Pyrethrums  is  a 
rich,  sandy  loam  that  is 
sufBciently  porous  to  pre- 
vent stagnant  moisture 
accumulating  about  the 
crowns  of  the  plants.  This 
i^  till-  lirst  and  principal 
i-^i  iitial  in  the  culture  of 
l'\.itlinmis.  While  they 
lia\i-  h'-.-n  grown  to  com- 
jiaratLvely  good  advantage 
in  soils  of  a  clayey  nature, 
yet  unless  extreme  care  is 
taken  to  prevent  this  ac- 
cumulation of  moisture 
about  the  crowns,  sad 
havoc  is  frequently  made 
during     severe      winters, 


^^ 


hardy  cii.inL'li  in  "■ 
sented  to-day  in  tij 
should  command  utti 

easy  to  grow.  An> 
them,  but  they  ar* 
ground   should    1"    i 

to  their  flowerin, 
(and  byconse(|iii  I  - 
they  are  material  1\ 
anything  that  tnnK 
is  best  perform.  .1  I 
may  be  lifti-.l.  .lii  il 


sible 

conditionsof  a  retentive  clayey  soil,  yet  in    n.  1i  in -tan. is, 

coldframe  culture  is  preferable  to  iir| i  _    n|  .  n  the 

plant  to  take  care  of  itself  under  .ml;:     ■     i,-. 

Aside  from  the  danger  of  winter-kil, J  .  ;      ,     ilie 

danger  of  crown  rot  during  extremely  \i  l t  ju  i luU-  m  Lot 
weather.  In  many  instances,  valuable  collections  have 
been  quite  lost  owing  to  this  trouble  and  the  lack  of  ap- 
preciation of  the  fact  that  this  trouble  could  be  easily 
remedied  by  cutting  away  the  rotting  foliage  nearly  to 
the  ground,  so  as  to  admit  light  and  air  to  the  center  of 
the  crowns  to  induce  fresh  and  healthy  growth.  In  late 
autumn,  however,  this  would  not  be  a  successful  treat- 
ment, except  in  a  modifii-.l  dcgnc.    Fn.ni  a  commercial 

point  of  view,  Pyi-.tlu  am-  ai.    : I-  till    ni.i>t  difficult 

of  plants  to  hanlll.    :'        ,    '    ■■'  ■  ■    ■■(  .r.iwn  rot, 

which  is  the  most   i  m    shipping 

plants.     They  an    ai  ..It   plants    to 


Sii. 

from  1 

'in:,U 

■',"'. 

To  sel 

1"'"'- 

easy,  x 
name.l 
andd. 

dayis    .a  .am   1 
A  few,  howf\a 
«armine-red  ; 
white  ;  Alfred 
way,  clear  ro> 
petals  of  pale 
large;  Melton, 

1'  :     1 

t  tuu:  L,.r.l  Koseberry, 
i'Il.)w;  Aphrodite,  pure 
1 1  purple  ;  Leonard  Kel- 
■ii-'bt  yellow,  with  gxiard 
s  Ultra,  white,  and  very 
Solfaterre,  cream;   Prin- 


Pyrethrums  once  established  in  this  country  is  easily 
shipped  by  means  of  our  quick  express  transportation, 
if  a  little  care  is  given  to  ventilation  as  well  as  to  pack- 
ing the  plants  us  dry  as  possible.     The  confusion  in  the 


to  100  vai-a  :>  ■,  •  ■:  .  ■  .  '■■  III  -tnl  :;r,at,a-  nnnilinr. 
At  the  pr.  -■  ■.  '.,,..■  ai-  i.an  in  -  .  t  1  M'.  iliiiiiiis 
arecatal.i.i.'ia  .',  ■    a  inu^tna.  -  il,..  _-m  at  inter- 

est taken  in  till-  i-iii  ta  niar  plant  in  iaif.  .p.,  is  r\  i.i. nee 
that  many  varieti<-s  must  be  very  similar  where  the  range 
of  color  extends  only  from  pure  white  through  shades  of 
scarlet  to  purple,  and  with  only  a  few  varieties  that  are 
in  any  way  a  satisfactory  yellow  shade.  The  yellow- 
flowered  forms  at  best  are  hardly  deeper  than  a  rich 
buff  or  light  lemon,  and  while  these  shades  are  distinctly 
yellow  in  their  effect,  still  there  is  no  clear  golden  yellow 
yet  offered  in  the  trade.  j.  Woodward  Manncjg. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 

Alphabetical  list  of  species  of  Chrysanthemums  de- 
scribed below  (many  of  these  names  are  more  familiar 
as  Pyrethrums):  C.  achilleaefolium,  1;  anethifolium,  9; 
atrosaiiguineum,  10  ;  atiremn,  i  ;  Balsamita,  12  ;  Bur- 
ridgeanum,  5  ;  carinatum,  5  ;  cinerariaefolium,  11;  coc- 
cineum,  10;  coronarium,  7 ;  corymbosum,  2;  Dttnnetli,5; 
fCBnicHtaceunijQ;  frutescens,  8;  hybrid  urn,  10;  Indicum, 
19;  Japoniciim ,  19  ;  lacustre,  15  ;  latifolitim,  15  ;  Leu- 
canthemum,  18;  maximum,  16;  morifolium,  20;  multi- 
caule,  14;  parthenifolium,  4  ;  Parthenium,  3  ;  prfealtum, 
4;  P.roseum,  10;  C.  segetum,  13;  Sinense,  20;  tri- 
color, 5  ;  Tchihatohewli,  fi;  uliginosum,  17;  venustum,  5. 

A.   Zrvs.  cut  to  the  midrib  or  nearly  so, 

B.  Fls.borne  in  corymbs,  i.e.,  flat-topped,  dense  clusters. 

c.    Says  yellow. 

1.  aohilleaeJolium,  DC.  {Ae'liillea  aitrea.  Lam.).  Per- 
ennial, 2  ft.  high :  stem  usually  unbranched,  except  along 
the  creeping  and  rooting  base  :  stems  and  Ivs.  covered 
with  fine,  soft,  grayish  white  hairs,  oblong  in  outline, 
about  1  in.  long,  iiin.  wide,  finely  cut:  rays  7-8,  short,  a 
little  longer  than  the  involucre.  Siberia,  Caucusus.— 
Rare  in  cult.  Less  popular  than  the  Achilleas  with  larger 
flower  clusters. 

cc.   Itays  white. 
D.    stems  grooved,  striate,  or  angled. 

2.  corymbdsum,  Linn.  Robust  perennial,  1-1  ft.  high: 
stem  branched  :it  tin-  ajNX  :  l\  s.  sometimes  6  in.  long, 
3  in.  wide,  widt>t  ^ii  iniM.ll.  ;iii.l  t;ipering  both  ways,  cut 
to  the  very  midnli.  iIm  >ri;iii.  nts  alternating  along  the 
midrib.  Eu.,  N.  Afn.a.  (  au.asus.  G.  C.  11.  20:  201.- 
Rare  in  cult.  Si:'gnicnts  may  be  coarsely  or  finely  cut, 
and  Its.  glabrous  or  villous  beneath. 

3.  Parthenium,  Bernh.  Fevekfew.  Glabrous  per 
ennial,  1-3  ft.  high  :  stem  usually  branched,  especially 
toward  the  top:  flower  chi-^t.r  x.ini.tiiius  very  open  and 
loose,  especially  in  cultivati.. II :  tN.  Sin.  across,  whitish: 
rays  twice  as  long  as  the  invcjlui-r.  :  jiappus  a  minute 
crown.  Naturalized  from  Ku.  an.l  .-..aiici  from  old  gar- 
dens in  Atlantic  states.— The  single  fi.nn  cult,  in  old 
physic  gardens,  and  the  full  double  white  form  com- 
monly cult,  for  ornament.  Foliage  has  a  strong,  bitter 
odor.  The  foliage  plants  commonly  advertised  under 
this  specific  name  belong  to  No.  4. 

DD.   Stems  not  grooved  or  striated, 
i.  prae41tum,  Vent.  (P.  parthenifdlium,  WiUd.).  Per- 
ennial, 6  in.  high  or  more  :  pubescent,   or    becoming 


CF.RYSANTHEMUM 


311 


nearly  smooth:  rays  thrice  as  long  as  the  involucre.  Asia 
Minor,  Persia.  Var.  aikreum,  Hort.  {P.aiireum,  Hort. ),  is 
the  Golden  Feather  commonly  used  for 
carpet  1  edd  n         It   ha     j  ellow   fol  age 


aureum  crispum, 

ti  I  I  u  1  d  like  parsley. 

lac  malum  Ho  t.,  are  distinct 

glaucum    Ho  t.,  has  dusty 

1      er  unt  1  the  second  year. 

All  the  ■    - 

n     lered  not  di; 


0    cannitum       h           ( 

/ 

\.    1.).     Fig.  460. 

C  labro  s  annu  1      t     h    h 

t    nmu 

1  1  ranched:  Ivs. 

rather  fle  hy    fl     about       n  a 

th  tvpicallv  white 

ra        nd         Ho     r  n    at  th    1 

se     Summ  f.    These  two 

colo      t         h      w  th    he  la  k 

P     pl 

d    k  gave  rise  to 

the  n  m               1          Th         i 

1  t 

11     ntroduced  into 

E      1  n  1  f      n  Al                   1 

t       d  in  B.M.  508 

(1  yt)       B      1                        t     1 

1     t  1 

ppeared    (F.S. 

11  1099)      In  It,  S    I     1         t 

1         1 

s  appeared  in 

a     t  a  n  mt  odu      11       II 

I           1 

f    (',.lrlu..tcr, 

Eng    and  known              / 

II   rt.  !-rc  I-;.M. 

50        wh    h     how      1 

1 

1      ra\  V.  aiiilin^' 

a  f  u    h       lo    t      1                   1 

1     1 

11           1     n'.ii!     Mirir.l 

is    h    n  m      t  h  r         1  g  u.    Thire  are 

full  d  ul  1     t     m      n  yellow    marg  ned  red,  and  white, 

ma  g  n  d  r   1    the  fl     3  m    across  (see  R  H.  1874:  410). 

Se       1  o  Cn     0  p  440    10  p  213  and'l   319.  R.H.  1874, 

p  41        S  H        4      —The  commonest  and  gaudiest  of 

annual  Chr  santhemum      ea    Iv  d    t  ngu  shed  by  the 

k     1  d  o   r  dged  s  ales  of  mvol  ere  and  the  dark  purple 

disk.   " Carinatum"  means  "keeled." 

cc.   Disk  yelloxv. 

D.    Height  less  iJian  1  ft. 

6.  Tchih^tchewii,   Hort.    Turfing    Daisy.     Densely 

tufted  plant  for  carpeting  dry,  waste  places.   Height  2-9 


312 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 


in.:  stems  numerous,  rooting  at  the  base:  foliage  dark 
green,  finely  cut:  fls.  borne  profusely  for  several  weeks 
in  midsummer  :  rays  white.  Siberia  or  Asia  Minor  ? 
R.H.  18U9.  p.  380  and  1897,  p.  470.  Gn.  26.  p.  443. -Prop, 
by  division  of  roots  or  simply  by  cutting  the  rooted 
st«ms,  but  chiefly  by  seeds.  This  has  never  been  fully 
described,  and  it  is  possible  that  the  Ivs.  may  not  be  cut 


the  midr 


rit. 


DD.    Height  more  than  1  ft. 
E.   Plants  annual. 

7.  coronJtTium,  Linn.  (Anthemis  corondria,  Hort.). 
Height  3-4  ft.:  Ivs.  bipinnately parted,  somewhat  clasp- 
ing or  eared  at  the  base,  glabrous,  the  segments  closer 
together  than  in  O.  carinatum:  involucral  scales  broad, 
scarious  :  rays  lemon  colored  or  nearly  white.  July- 
Sept.  Mediterranean.  Gn.  26:467.  G.C.  II.  19:  541.- 
The  full  double  forms, with  rays  reflexed  and  imbricated, 
are  more  popular  than  the  single  forms.  This  and  C. 
carinatum  are  the  common  "  summer  Chrysanthemums." 
This  is  common  in  old  gardens,  and  is  also  slightly  used 
for  bedding  and  for  pot  culture. 

EE.    Plants  perennial. 

F.    Greenhouse  plants,  shrubby  at  the  base:    stems 

branched  at  the  top :  rays  white  or  lemon. 

Q.   Foliage  not  glaucous. 

8.  frut6BoenB,  Linn.  Marguerite.  Paris  Daisy. 
Pig.  461.  Usually  glabrous,  3  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  fleshy, 
green  :  fls.  numerous,  always  single  :  rays  typically 
■,vhite,  with  a  lemon-colored  (never  pure  yellow  or 
golden)  form.  Canaries.  G.C.  II.  13:561.  Gn.  12.  p. 
255;  17,  p.  5,  and  26,  p.  445. -Int.  into  Eng.  1699.  This 
is  the  popular  florists'  Marguerite,  which  can  be  had  in 
flower  the  year  round,  but  is  especially  grown  for 
winter  bloom.  Var.  grandifldrum,  Hort.,  is  the  large-fld. 
prevailing  form.  The  lemon-colored  form  seems  to  have 
originated  about  1880.  Under  this  name  an  entirely  dis- 
tinct species  has  also  been  passing  for  about  a  century, 
yet  it  has  never  been  advertised  separately  in  the  Amer. 
trade.    See  No.  9. 

(JG.   Foliage  glaucous. 

9.  anethifdlium,  Brouss.  (<7.  faeniculAceum,  Steud. 
P.  fa-niciildceum.vnT.  bipinnatlfidnm,  BC).  Glaucous 
Marguerite.  Fig.  462.  Rarer  in  cult,  than  No.  8  (which 
see),  but  distinguished  by  its  glaucous  hue  and  by  the 
way  in  which  the  Ivs.  are  cut.  The  segments  of  No.  9 
are  narrower,  more  deeply  cut,  and  more  distant.  The 
Ivs.  are  shorter  petioled.  Canaries.— The  dried  speci- 
men in  the  Garden  Herbarium  of   Cornell  University 


462.  Leaves  of  common  and  glaucous  Mareuerites  (.Chry- 
santhemum frutescens  and  anethifolium). 
Showing  the  difference.    Glaucous  kind  on  the  right. 

Experiment  Station  from  a  plant  long  cultivated  in 
Sage  conservatories  was  identified  by  L.  H.  B.  with  the 
picture  in  Andrews'  Botanical  Register  272,  published 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 

early  in  the  century,  since  when  the  plant  has  almost 
never  been  mentioned  in  garden  literature.  This  spe- 
cies is  doubtless  cult,  in  Amer.  greenhouses  as  C.  fru- 
tescens. A  lemon-fid.  form 
is  shown  in  R.H.  1845:61 
but  erroneously  called  C. 
frutescens. 

FF.     Hardy    herbs :     stem» 

usually  unbranched  : 

rays    white    or    red, 

yelloiv. 

a.    Foliage  not  glaucous: 

fls.  sometimes  double. 

10.  coccineum,   Willd. 

(Pijrethrum    rdseum,  Bieb. 


Mint 

Geranium—  Chrysanthe- 

Batsamita.     var. 


P.  hi/brirlum.  Hort.).  Fig.  463.  Glabrous,  1-2  ft.  high: 
stem  iHurillv  iiTihrrmched,  rarely  branched  at  the  top  : 
Ivs.  fill'  'i<>l  L'l,  ,n,  or  in  dried  specimens  dark  brown: 
involii.  ,:  .  .  ^  fill  a  brown  margin:  rays  white  or 
red  ill  '  ii  I  I—  a^  pink,  carmine,  rose,  lilac,  and 
iiifs  tipped  yellow,  but  never  wholly 
Persia.  F.S.  9:917.  Gn.  26,  pp.  440, 
5:309.  R.H.  1897,  p.  521.  Not  B.M. 
opifolium.    The  first  picture  of  ( 


criin^.m.  iiii'l  -liiii.t 
j'ellow.  Caucasus, 
443.  Gng.  2:7  and 
1080,  which  is  C.  co 
full  double  fonu  u 
most  :import;iiii  u 
ceous  kinds.  I 
cultural  varirt  i- 
a  high  disk.  I  li. 
Prance  for  iuseci  ) 
said  to  be  a  good 


s  R.H.  18C.4:71.-This  species  is  the 

m1    \;iriil.].'   if  :i"]    fhe  hardy  herba- 

'    .    .    ■       I,  ;  :  -  I'liin  named  horti- 

I  .  '  <      ~    11  :    "iir-fld.  form  with 

-in  I.  -    i~   ,11  ..   I  ult.  in  Calif,  and 

.jwiiri.    c  .  atnf.,.iii,ji(ineum,  Hort.,  is 

horticultural  variety  with  dark  crim- 


GO.  Foliage  glaucous  :  fls.  never  double. 
11.  cinerariaefolium.  Vis.  Glaucous,  slender,  12-15  in. 
high  :  siiiHs  uiit.r:inched,  with  a  few  short,  scattered 
hairs  b.ldw  the  tl.:  Ivs.  long-petioled,  silky  beneath, 
with  (li^t:iiit  s.giiiiiits  :  involucral  scales  scarious  and 
whitish  at  the  apex.  Dalmatia.  B.M.  6781.  — The  chief 
source  of  Dalmatian  insect  powder.  Rarely  cult,  as  a 
border  plant.    Common  in  botanic  gardens. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 

AA.    Lvs.  not  cut  I 

B.  Fls.  borne  in  flat-topped  clusters. 

12.  Balsdmita.Willd.  (ranacedoM  Balsdmifa,Ijinn.). 

Tall  and  stout :  lvs.  sweet-scented,  oval  or  oblong,  ob- 


CHBTSANTHEMUM 


313 


long  as  broad,  while  in  C.  ) 
as  long  as  broad.  H.  Cann 
C.  lacustre  is  2  ft.  high  an 
maximum.  With  WouiNoii 
ft.  high.  The  rays  in  li-. 
usual. 

16.  miximtiin,  Ramond. 
narrower  lvs.  than  No.  15,  J 
base.    Height  1  ft. 


465.   Chrysanthc 


tuse,  margined  with  blunt  or  sharp  teeth,  lower  ones 
petioled,  upper  ones  almost  sessile,  the  largest  lvs.  5-11 
in.  long,  13^-2  in.  wide.  W.  Asia. -Typically  with  short 
white  rays,  but  when  they  are  absent  the  plant  is  var. 
tanacetoidea,  Boiss.  Costmary.  Mint  Geranium.  Pig. 
464.  Also  erroneously  known  as  lavender.  This  has  es- 
caped in  a  few  places  from  old  gardens. 

BB.    Pis.  borne  singly  on  the  branches  or  stems. 
c.    Plants  annual :   foliage  glaucous  :  rays  golden 

yellow. 
1.3.  segitum,  Linn.  Corn  Marigold.  Annual,  1-lKft. 
high  :  lvs.  sparse,  clasping,  very  variable,  incisions 
coarse  or  fine,  deep  or  shallow,  but  usually  only  coarsely 
serrate,  with  few  and  distant  teeth.  .June-Aug.  Eu., 
N.  Afr.,  W.  Asia.  Gn.  18.  ]..  l:'.".  K.TI.  1S95,  pp.  448, 
449.-Var.  grandiildrum,  H"i  K,  i^  a  laiLvr-tl.l.  form  of 
this  weed,  which  is  common  iri  ilir  llnLli-^h  i^rain  iields. 
The  var.  Cloth  of  Gold,  J.H.  1 1 1.  !_■ :  ( t...  .s  probably  the 
best.  This  species  is  much  less  popular  than  P.  carina - 
turn  and  coronarium.  It  is  also  forced  to  a  slight  extent 
forwinter  bloom.  " Segetum"  means  " of  the  corn  fields." 

14.  multioavlle,  Desf.  Glabrous  and  glaucous  annual, 
6-12  in.  high  :  stems  numerous,  simple  or  branched, 
stout,  terete :  lvs.  fleshy,  variable,  usually  linear- 
spatulate,  1-3  in.  long  and  yi-%  in.  broad ,  very  coarsely 
toothed  or  lobed,  sometimes  shorter,  with  few  narrow- 
linear,  acute,  entire  segments  about  1  line  broad  :  rays 
much  shorter  and  rounder  than  in  No.  13,  Algeria. 
B.M.  6930.-Rarer  in  cult,  than  No.  13.  Said  to  be  use- 
less as  a  cut-flower. 

CC.    Plants  perennial      fol  age  i  ot  qla  ico  is  (  rcept 

wi'd  forms  of  Vo  20) 

D.    Nays  II lira ys  white     fls   never  do  ible     j        t       II j 

never  cult  under  glass 

15.  lacustre,   Brot     (CI       ^ 
This  is  endlessly  conf        1 


dens,  and  the  two  spe 

to  distinguish.    The  fl  I       st  e 

Is  a  taller  and  mu  h  u  I       me 

times  it  is  branched  at    I  1   1    ( 

maximum  is  always  1  fl  i     I  1         I 

branched :    lvs.  partly    1  th 

coarse,  hard  teeth :  fls  i  \      1 

rays   about  1  in.  long      \%\\  1      r  v  ared 

Portugal,  along  rivers  swamps  and  lake  R  H  lbo7 
p.  4.56.  — According  to  R  Irwin  LyncI  m  Cn  '6  p  441 
C.  lacustre  has  coriaceous,  oval  lvs,  about  3  times  as 


.  the  lvs.  are  5  times 
iley,  Eng.,  says  that 
."!  weeks  before  C. 
.  X.  .J.,  it  grows  4-5 
rather  shorter  than 


Fig.  46G.  This  species  has 
,nd  they  are  narrowed  at  the 
nore  angled  than  the  above, 
iimple  or  branched  at  the  very  base,  always  1-fld.  and 
leafless  for  3-4  in.  below  the  fl. :  lower  lvs.  petioled, 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  lanceolate,  dentate  from  the 
middle  to  the  apex;  stem-lvs.  sessile,  wide- or  narrow- 
lanceolate,  typically  sernate  throughout  their  whole 
length,  but  variable,  as  in  Fig.  466  :  pappus  none  :  in- 
volucral  scales  narrower  and  longer,  whitish-transpa- 
rent at  the  margin,  while  those  of  C.  Uicustre  are 
broader,  more  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  with  a  light 
brown,  scarious margin.  Pyrenees.  — For  other  pictures 
of  these  two  species,  see  J.H.  III.  5:25,  and  Gn.  26,  p.  437. 
Var.  filifbrmis.'Hort.,  "with  long,  narrow,  thread-like 
petals."  Int.  1899.  Var.  Triumph  has  "fls.  4  in.  across, 
with  broad,  overlapping  petals." 

17.  uliginosum,  W-r^^.i  P.  lilnjiiitisii m ,Wn\:U\.).  Giant 
Daisy.  Stout,  i-n-i't  Imsli.  4-.'i  ft.  Iii^'li.  with  liaht  green 
foliai;>-:  stem  nearly  frlabvoiis.  striatr,  branching  above, 
rather  detplr  scrr'ati-,  roui;liisli  :  Ms.  2-:(  in.  across. 
Hungarv.  B."M.270(;.  A.F.  4:  .52:iand  8:  813.  Gng.2:375 
and  5: 183.  A. G.  19:403.  R.H.  1894,  p.  82.  Gt.  46,  p.  103. 
G.  C.  II.  10:  493.  Gn.  26,  p.  442  and  38,  p.  523. -Next  to  C. 
coccineiim,,  this  is  the  most  popular  of  the  hardy  herba- 
ceous kinds.  In  A.  F.  4:  465  Wm.  Falconer  shows  a  2- 
year-old  plant  6  ft.  high,  17  ft.  in  circumference  at  a 
point  4  ft.  from  the  ground,  and  carrying  thousands  of 
flowers.  It  blooms  the  first  year  from  seed  or  division, 
and  has  been  forced  for  Easter  somewhat  as  Hydrangea 
pnnic«;a/a  can  be  treated.     Excellent  for  cut-fls.     The 


Fg    46o 

n  gar 

1   I  flicult 


466.   Chrysanthe: 


blossoms  should  be  cut  soon  after  opening,  as  the  disks 
darken  with  age.  The  plant  needs  a  rich,  moist  soil, 
and  deserves  a  greater  popularity.  "  Uliginosum  "  means 
"inhabiting  swampy  places." 


314 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 


18.  Leuc&nthemuin,  Linn.  Ox-eye  Daisy.  White- 
weed.  Fig.  467-  Glabrous  weed,  1-2  ft.  high  :  root-lvs. 
long-petloled,  with  a  large,  oval  blade  and  coarse, 
rounded  notches;  stem- 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  becom- 
ing narrower  toward 
the  top,  serrate,  with 
few  distant  and  sharp- 
er teeth.  June,  July. 
Eu.,  N.  Asia. -One  of 
the  commonest  weeds 
in  the  eastern  states, 
being  the  characteristic 
plantof  New  England's 
wornout  meadows. 

The  daisies  are  never 
cultivated,  but  they 
are  often  gathered  for 
decoration,  and  make 
excellent  cut-flowers. 
See.  also,  Daisy. 

DD.  Mays  many-cvl- 
ored  :  fls.  often 
double  •  the  com- 
mon "Chrysantlie 
mums  "  of  the  flo 

19      tndicum,    Linn 
{('         Japdniium 
Thunb  I         The      wild 
plints  nitive  to  China 
and  Jipui  ire  dwirfer 


thi 


ifoli 


vith  : 


thr 


Neithtr  tln^  sp,  (  i.  ^  nor  th  n 
and  the  nun,  t,n,ii  \,s  Lmu 
This  sp,  „s  li„  \  ,11.  I  _n  itl 
pro.,'tm  his  h,,n  h\l.n.lu  .l«it 
Neither  species  in  it-,  jniu  f  >ri 
fortunateI\  it  is  not  jxissilile 
origin  of  my  of  the  ni  im  horti 
sections  See  historaal  skttdi 
often  used  in  (Terman\    in  a  w 


idc 


CHRYSOGONUM 

rather  moist  soil.  Strong  clumps,  4-6  years  old,  are 
then  at  their  best  and  are  very  excellent  plants.  After 
that  tlicv  shiiulil  be  divided.  Prop,  by  division  or  seed. 
Blooms  in  Juih-  :md  July.     j.  b.  Keller  and  L.  H.  B. 

CHKYSOBALANUS  {golden  acorn,  from  the  Greek, 
referring  to  the  fruit).  Bosicece.  Two  species  in  the 
warm  parts  of  Amer.  and  Afr.  The  Cocoa  Plum,  C. 
Ic&co,  Linn.,  grows  on  coasts  and  along  streams  in  S. 
Fla.,  in  south  to  S.  Amer.,  and  also  in  Afr.  It  is  some- 
times planted  in  the  extreme  south  (and  in  the  tropics) 
as  an  ornamental  shrub  and  for  its  sweetish  but  Insipid 
and  dry  plum-shaped  fruits.  The  Cocoa  Plum  is  a  mere 
bush  on  the  northern  limits  of  its  distribution,  but  in 
extreme  S.  Fla.  it  reaches  a  height  of  25-30  ft.  It  has 
glossy,  thick  obovate  (sometimes  obcordate)  Ivs.:  fls. 
small  and  white,  in  axillary,  erect  racemes  or  cymes  ; 
calyx  5-cleft,  pubescent ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  about  20  : 
fr.  1-seeded,  often  1  in.  in  diam.,  varying  from  nearly 
white  to  almost  black.  It  is  best  propagated  by  seeds, 
but  may  also  be  had  from  cuttings  of  half -ripened  wood. 


2(1  monfdlium,  Ramatuelle  ( (7  Sinense  Sabine)  The 
wild  plants  in  Japm  iiid  fhini  lu  moi,  lubust  thin  C 
Induum     2-4   ft    In    1     m   i        i    1         t  t     tt  ,th 

very  variable  1\  s       >     '  i  ii 

smuateh  cut  nn.l   I    i  1 1 

oled   and  glaueou  i  ili 

scarious  margins  .  h  ui  i  i  nt  nth  li  1  I  In  p 
cies  was  founded  u]  ii  i  iilii\  ir  1  m  i  I  ill  t  nii  ind 
there  have  been  dill  i  iif  pin  n  i  t  tli  ipiiiil 
wild  progenitor  Tin  il  >m  1  tiiiiti  ii  i  minlji^  mint 
of  Hemsley's,  m  G  C  III  6  o22  B  M  (27  lerr  npi.usly 
named  V  Indicum.)  Fig  468  is  the  origin vl  double 
purple  flowered,  partly  quilled  variety,  on  whu  h  R  ima 
tut  lie,  in  1792  founded  the  species  C  moiifoliiim 
C  inodorum  Linn  =Matricaria  modora  W  M 

CHBTSOBACTKON  (qolden  uand  from  the  Greek) 
Lili(ite(p  Two  New  Zealand  bulbs  bearing  many  small 
yellow  fls  m  a  long  raceme  on  the  top  of  an  elongated 
scape  Plant  often  dicecious  \  ery  closely  ilhed  to 
Anthericum,  with  which  Baker  unites  it  whereas 
Bentham  &  Hooker  refer  it  to  Bulbinella.  C.  Hodkeri, 
Colenso,  is  in  cult,  in  this  countrv.  It  is  a  hardy  plant 
2-3  ft.  high,  with  sword-like  foliage.  B.M.  4602. -Cult. 
in  the  ordinary  border,  and  treated  like  the  Asphodel, 
they  do  well,  but  are  vastly  improved  in  rich,  deep  and 


.f^%f\ 


/%! 


468  The  famous  old  purpi 
Chrysanthemum 
One  of  the  epoch  mikiii„  1 
flowering  forms  of  f  m  iif  I 
From  the  original  picture  in 
Botanicd  Magazine  tor  Feb 
1796  plate  327 


CHEYSdDIUM      See  Acrostichum 


CHEYSOGONUM  (Greek-made  name,  ffoMen  knee  or 
joint).  Composite.  C.  Virgriniinum,  Linn.,  is  a  peren- 
nial yellow-fld.  plant  of  S.  Penn.  and  south,  which  is 
sometimes  cult,  as  a  border  plant.  It  blooms  in  spring 
or  early  summer  on  stems  which  become  1  ft.  high,  the 


^ 


CHRYSOGONUM 

heads  being  solitary  and  peduncled  in  the  axils.  Lvs. 
ovate  and  mostly  obtuse,  crenate.  Prop,  by  creeping 
rootstocks  and  runners.    Of  little  merit  horticulturally. 

CHEYSOPHfLLUM  (Greek,  fifo/dew  hiif,  in  reference 
to  the  color  of  the  under  surface  of  the  handsome  leaves ) . 
Sapoiacea.  Many  species  of  trees,  with  milky  juice, 
widely  distributed  in  the  tropics.  Fls.  small,  solitary  at 
the  nodes  or  in  fascicles ;  calyx  mostly  5-parted ;  corolla 
tubular-campanulate,  usually  5-lobed  or  -parted  ;  sta- 
mens 5,  standing  on  the  corolla  tube:  fr.  usually  fleshy, 
sometimes  edible.  C.  Cainlto,  Linn.,  is  the  Star  Apple, 
Fig.  469.    The  fruit  is  the  size  of  an  apple,  symmetrically 


315 

CHBYS6PSIS  (golden  appearance,' from  the  heads). 
Compdsitce.  Allied  to  Solidago  and  Erigeron;  N.  Ameri- 
can. Heads  of  medium  size  and  many-fld.,  usually  with 
numerous  yellow  rays  ;  involucre  bell-shaped  or  hemi- 
spherical, of  imbricated  bracts  :  akenes  compressed, 
bearing  a  pappus  of  numerous  hair-like  bristles.  C.  vil- 
Idsa,  Nutt.,  is  the  only  species  in  the  trade.  It  is  widely 
distributed  from  111.  W.,  N.  and  S. :  1-2  ft.,  gravish 
pubescent :  lvs.  oblong  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  few- 
toothed  :  heads  usually  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branches, 
aster-like  in  shape.  Extremely  variable,  and  has  several 
named  forms.  Mn.  7:101.  Var.  Biitteri,  Rothr.,  is  larger 
and  later.  Of  value  as  a  border  plant.  Cult,  the  same 
as  Aster.  Perennials,  but  bloom  the  first  year  from 
seed,  if  sown  early.  L    H    B 

CHRYSOSPLfiNIUM  AMERICANDM,  Schw.  (name 
from  ;/i-/(/i  /(  :uid  sphvit,  referring  to  some  old  medicinal 
tradition).  ,S'(ij//"cn(/(icffp.  A  native  plant  creeping 
in  mud,  which  is  sold  for  bog-planting.  Stems  fork- 
ing, bearing  roundish  or  cordate  small  mostly  opposite 
lvs.,  with  very  small,  nearly  sessile,  greenish,  incon- 
spicuous fls.    Scarcely  known  in  cult. 

CHRYStEUS  CYNOSUEOlDES.    See  Lamarckia. 

CHUFA.    The  i 


ubterranean  tubers  of  Cyperus 
HI,  )i!iiii,  ijiiiii..  niucu  prized  in  the  S.  They  are  eaten 
V  nr  l.;(k<(l.  "I- u>>mI  for  the  making  of  coffee.  The  plant 
-Miii.tiiiM^  lult.  in  the  N..  but  it  will  not  withstand  the 
iiti-r.  Tin-  tul.i-rs  are  oblong,  ^/i-%  in.  long,  cylindri- 
,  hard.  The  plant  is  grass-like,  and  in  the  N.  does 
t  flower.  Nuts  are  planted  in  the  spring,  and  the  new 
ready  for  digging  in  the  fall. 


globular  and  smooth.  A  cross-section  shows  the  star- 
shaped  core,  whence  the  common  name.  It  varies  from 
white  to  purple  in  color  of  skin  and  also  of  flesh.  The 
pulp  is  drliri,.us  iii^,..l  uiii-,H,kril)  if  till-  fniit  is  allowed 
to  remain  .m  tlir  tivr  miiil  i-i|.r.    It  1,:,-  l.n-v.  puuipkin- 

like   seed-.      'I'lir   tirr    ,-,   arllrs   a    l|,i-|,I    ,  ,  f   L'."".   to. -Ill   ft.      JtlS 

I.H.  32;0li7.  A.U.ll:40.j.  C.  oliviSorme,  Lam.,  is  also  in 
the  Amer.  trade,  but  as  au  ornamental  plant.  It  is  a 
smaller  West  Indian  tree,  native  also  in  extreme  S.  Pla. 
Lvs.  like  those  of  the  last:  stigma  5-crenate  (in  G.  Cai- 
nito  8-10-crenate) :  fr.  ovoid-oblong  and  small,  1-seeded, 
blackish,  insipid.  These  plants  are  allied  to  the  Sapodillo. 

The  various  species  of  Chrysophyllum  have  beautiful 
broad  green  leaves, ^ith  under  surfaces  of  a  silky  texture, 
varying  in  color  from  a  silvery  white,  through  golden,  to 

a  russet  brown,  and  are  well  worth  a  |ilarr  in  il ou- 

servatory  as  ornamental  trees.  Byi:i\iim  ilnni  -uiVnitiit 
room,  they  will  bear  fruit  in  the "(■■mr-.  .it  ;i  i,  ,v  \rar-, 
under  .glass,  which  in  the  case  of  t'.  i'n^m'".  ijjc  Star 
Apple  of  the  West  Indies,  is  edible,  and  well  lik.-.l  iven 
by  people  of  a  temperate  clime.  All  species  are  strictly 
tropical,  and  cannot  be  grown  where  frosts  occur  unless 
properly  protected.  Propagation  is  ordinarily  effected 
by  seeds,  which  readily  germinate  if  planted  when  fresh, 
and  it  is  stated  that  all  species  may  be  grown  from  cut- 
tings of  well-ripened  shoots  placed  in  strong,  moist  heat. 
The  soil  most  suited  for  their  growth  is  of  a  sandy  char- 
acter, and  if  not  of  a  good  quality  should  be  well  manured, 
using  a  considerable  proportion  of  potash  in  the  fertilizer 
for  fruiting  specimens.  They  seem  to  do  well  on  a 
great  variety  of  soils,  however,  that  are  sufficiently  well 
drained,  wet  land  not  agreeing  with  them. 

E.  N.  Reasoner  and  L.  H.  B. 

CHEYSOPOGON  {golden  beard},  (iramlnem.  Very 
like  Andropogon,  with  which  some  authors  unite  it : 
differs  in  having  spikelets  in  pairs  (or  sometimes  in  3's), 
the  lateral  ones  stalked  and  stirile  or  cd'tiii  rrdufcd  to 
mere  pedicels,  oidy  tin-  middlo  or  t.Tiiiinai  on.-  I'.-rtile. 
Cnitans,  Benth.  ( ,1  n. //■../. .../..//  .ir,  loi, ,  ;(.<-.  Mi.dix.  i,  is  in 
the  trade.  It  is  native  on  dry  sod.-  in  tin-  t  ast.in  U.  S., 
growing  2-5  ft.  high  :  perennial  :  culm  unbranched, 
terete:  lvs.  glaucous  and  narrow,  short:  panicle  narrow, 
with  nodding,  shining  yellowish  spikelets.  Useful  for 
the  wild  border. 


crop 

CHtSIS  (< 
masses).  Or- 
chids found 
Pseudobulbs 
the  base,  leafy  uii 


for  iiiilting,  alluding  to  the  pollen 

'■'t.  tribe    I'dndetB.    A  genus  of  or- 

roj).    Ani.'r.,  pendulous    from   trees. 

ly  -piudle-shaped,  attenuate   toward 

ard-  :    lvs.  broadly-lanceolate,  plicate, 

conspicuously  nerved,  bases  sheathing:   fls.  fleshy,  few 

to  many,  in  lateral  racemes  from  the  young  growths  ; 

lateral  sepals  adnate  to   base  of  column  ;  labellum  3- 

lobed,  with  5  whitish   callosities   near  the  base.     The 

species  bloom  in  spring  and  early  summer.    Handsome 

orchids,    requiring    tropical    treatment ;    not     largely 

grown  in  American  collections.    Remove  to   a  lower   or 

intermediate  temperature  when  resting.    Grown  in  pots 

or  baskets,  in  peat  and  moss. 

adrea,  Lindl.  About  1  ft.  high :  lvs.  about  5,  lU-15  in. 
long:  fls.  2  in.  in  diam. ;  petals  and  sepals  oval-oblong, 
reddish  yellow,  pale  yellow  at  the  base:  lateral  lobes  of 
Inlielluni  incurved,  midlobe  roundish,  .spotted  with  red 
and  y.llow.  S.  Amer.  B.M.  3617. -There  is  a  var. 
maculata. 

bractescens,  Lindl.  Sepals  and  petals  cuneate-oblong, 
.(.nravo:  lal.cllnni  white  outside,  yellow,  streaked  and 
stain,  d  with  n-d  inside:  fls.  3  in.  in  diam.  From  Mex., 
foun.l  at  an  aliiiudo  of  1,500  ft.  B.M.  5186.  R.H.  1859, 
pp.  L".il.J',i.'i.  1.11.27:398.  J.H.  III.  28:263.-One  of  the 
most  sh.nvy  oivhnls. 

laevis,  Lindl.  More  robust  than  the  preceding:  lvs. 
shorter  than  the  pseudobulbs  :  racemes  9-10-fld.,  from 
among  sheathing  scales  of  new  growth  ;  fls.  2)4  in.  in 
diam. ;  sepals  bright  yellow,  upper  one  linear-oblong, 
lateral  ones  acuminate,  about  1  in.  long;  petals  yellow, 
falcate ;  labellum  yellow  with  streaks  and  dots  of 
orange.   Mex.,  1840. 

Limminghei,  Lind.  &  Reichb.  f.  Stems  short :  ra- 
cemes about  .">  lid. ;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceolate, 
blush-white  tippod  \\iili  msy  mauve;  lateral  lobes  of 
labellum  obtn-i  .  m  l|o»  -iriaked  with  crimson,  mid- 
lobe  large,  pink  lilar  stii|"-d  with  rose-mauve.  From 
Mex.,  near  the  sea-coast.    B.M.  5265. 

Ch^lsonl,  Hort.  {O.  bractescens  xC.  lavis).  Pseudo- 
bulbs  narrow  :  raceme  6  in.  long  and  curved,  with  5-6 
yellow  and  purple-blotched  fls. 

Sedeni,  Hort.  (  C.  Limmingliei  x  C.  bractescens).  Fls. 
much  like  those  of  C.  bractescens  but  smaller,  white, 
petals  with  mauve  streaks  ;  lip  more  like  that  of  O . 
L.  H.  B.  Limminghei,  yellow  or  whitish.  Oakes  Amks. 


316 


CIBOTIUM 


CIBdTlUM  (Greek  a  little  seed  lessel}     Cyathedcem. 


470.  The  Scythian  Lamb.    ."< 


blood,  and  a  root  attached  to  the  navel.  The  plant  was 
said  to  resemble  a  lamb  in  every  respect,  but  grew  on  a 
stalk  about  a  yard  high,  and  turning  about  and  bending 
to  the  herbage,  consumed  the  foliage  within  r«-Mc1i.  an*! 

then  pined  away  with  the  failurt-  ••(  iIm    1 1   imfil  it 

died.  Wolves  sought  it  and  ate  it  n-  n  ii  \v .  r.  :i  inn- 
lamb.  In  1725  Breyne,  of  DantziL',  .h  i  l;irw|  ili:,r  tin- 
Barometz  was  only  the  root  of  a  hiiL'.  (■  in,  r,,\ ,  ,,  ,|  wiih 
its  natural  yellow  down  aii'i  aiiMiiii'iirn.  <i  |,\  -r.  njv, 
which  had  been  placed  in  niuscuiii-  in  :ni  ih\.ii,(l  posi- 
tion, the  better  to  represeni  Tlir  ;(|.n,  I  tiin- .  i>l  III!  I.MT  ; 
and  horns  of  a  quadruped.   A.i ;.  1.' :  J,.--. 

A.    Outer  valve  of  the  imhisiiim  Innji-r,  or  the  viilves 
stibequal. 

glailcum,  Hook.  &  Am.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  tripin- 
nate;  pinnules  about  6  in.  long,  taper-pointed;  segments 
close:  outer  valve  of  indusium  larger,  broader  than  the 
inner:  veins  once-  or  twice-forked.    Hawaiian  Islands. 

Btlrometz,  J.  Sm.  Scythian  Lamb.  Trunkless  :  lvs. 
scented,  tripinnate,  the  lower  pinnse  ovate-lanceolate  ; 
pinnules  short-stalked,  4-6  in.  long,  with  falcate  seg- 
ments :  valves  of  the  indusium  nearly  equal :  veins 
prominent,  rarely  forked.    China. 

AA.    Outer  valve  of  the  indusium  smaller  than 
the  inner. 

Schi^dei,  Hook.  Caudex  10-15  ft.  high  :  lvs.  oblong- 
deltoid,  tripinnate,  with  pinnffi  1-2  ft.  long  ;  segments 
falcate,  sharp-pointed:  sori  sparse:  veins  forked,  on  the 
lowest  pinnate.    Mexico. 

regkle.  Linden.  Caudex  10-12  ft.  high  :  lvs.  oblong- 
deltoid,  tripinnate,  with  pmnse  18-24  in.  long  ;  pinnules 
sessile,  with  close,  falcate,  deeply  incised  segments  : 
veins  pinnate  in  the  lobes.  Mex.        L.  M.  Underwood. 

CIBOULE.    Consult  Onion. 

CtCCA.    Now  combined  with  Phyllanthus. 

CtCER  (old  Latin  name  for  the  Vetch).  Lequmindsw. 
Pea-like    plants,    with    r.-i.Mrt.-.t    .■nb-^,    oi,],.,.-    tnrgid 

and  toothed  leaflets. 'Sniiil!  -  '1  n..an- 

Asian  range.  C.  arietlnum,  1.  •  !'  -..iiie- 

times  cult,  in  vegetable  ganh  n-  !-r  iIm  .  .liM.  ny.  s,.,.(is. 
It  is  an  annual  and  is  cult,  tin-  same  as  iaish  beans. 
Withstands  dry  weather  well.  It  grows  2  ft.  high,  making 
a  bushy,  hairy  plant.  Lvs.  with  small,  roundish  leaflets : 
fls.  white  or  reddish,  small,  axUlary.  Seed  roundish,  but 
flattened  on  the  sides,  with  a  projection  on  one  side. 
Little  known  in  Amer.,  but  much  cult,  in  S.  Eu.  and  Asia. 
L.  H.  B. 


CINCHONA 

CICHOEIUM  (Arabic  name).  Compiisitw.  A  very  few 
Old  World  herbs,  with  ligulate  corollas,  double-rowed 
scales  tn  tlif  invohicre,  angled  akenes,  bristly  or  chaffy 
papimv,  :,„.]  liinn  tls.  Two  species  are  of  interest  to  the 
horti.ultuiisf,  ('.  /»///6»(s,Linn.  (Pig.  436),  the  Chicory, 
and  r.  /;„./,, ,.;,  l,iim.,the  Endive.  See  those  entries  for 
fuller  mformatiou. 

CIENK6WSK1A.    See  K,t,npferia. 

CIMIClFUGA,  Linn,  {eimex,  a  bug  ;  fuijere.  to  drive 
away).  Jimni iir ulin-ew.  BuGBANE.  Allied  to  Actiea. 
Tall,  liarily.  In  rl.ai'i-ous perennials, ornamental,  but  bad- 
siiielliii^',  suiticl  tor  the  back  of  borders  or  for  partially 
shaded  pluces  in  the  wild  garden.  About  10  species,  na- 
tives of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Lvs.  large,  decom- 
pound: fls.  white,  in  racemes  ;  sepals  2-5,  petaloid,  de- 
ciduous; petals  1-8,  small,  clawed,  2-lobed  or  none :  fol- 
licles 1-8,  many-seeded,  sessile  or  stalked ;  stigma 
broad  or  minute.  Half  shady  or  open  places  ;  any  good 
garden  soil.  Prop,  bv  seeds  and  division  of  roots  in  fall 
or  early  spring. 

Americ&na,  Michx. (.4e(«(iprodoca'»-/)a,  DC).  Slender, 
2^  ft.  high:  lvs.  pale  beneath:  fls.  in  elongated  raceme; 
petals  2-homed;  pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  the  fl. :  fol- 
licles 3  or  5,  stalked  :  seeds  in  1  row,  chaffy  :  stamens 
and  pistils  usually  in  same  fl.  Aug.-Sept.  Sloist  woods 
of  Alleghanies. 

foetida,  Linn.  Lvs.  bipinnate,  terminal  1ft.  3-lobed  : 
petals  of  the  white  fls.  often  tipped  with  anthers  ;  no 
staniinodia  :  follicles  3-5  ;  seeds  very  chaffy.  Summer. 
Silnria.— Following  var.  only  is  cult. 

\ar.  simplex,  Reg.  (C.  simplex,  Wormsk.).  Tall  and 
lianils..ii,i-  :  fls.  short-pedicelled,  forming  a  fine,  dense 
rai-.iric.  and  at  first  pube.scent  :  follicles  short-stalked. 
Kaliit-iiatka. 

racemdsa,  Nutt.  (C.  serpent&ria,  Pursh).  Fig.  471. 
St.  ni  :;-,s  ft.  high  :  lvs.  2-3  times  3-4-parted  ;  Ifts. 
mostly  ovate,  firm  texture:  racemes  few,  rigidly  erect, 
often  becoming  2  ft.  long  •  follicles  rather  shorter  than 
the  pedicel,  nearly  H  in.  long,  short  style  abruptly  re- 
curved. Very  pretty  in  fr.,with  its  two  rows  of  oval  fol- 
licles always  extending  upward  from  the  lateral 
branches.  July-Aug.  Georgia  to  Canada  and  westward. 
Int.  18UI.  Gt.  13:443.  Gn.  46,  p.  269.  G.C.  II.  10:  557. 
D.  79.  — The  commonest  in  gardens. 

Var.  diBs6cta,  Gray  {C.  spicita,  Hort.).  Lvs.  more 
compound  than  the  type:  small  white  fls.  closely  packed 
on  lateral  and  terminal  branches.  Lasting  until  Sept. 
Del.  and  S.  Penn.   J.H.  III.  33:381.' 

CcoTditblia.  Pursh.  Lvs.  very  broadly  ovatp  or  nrlii^tilar. 
B.M.  2069.—  C.  elata.  Nutt.  (C.  foetida.  Pnr«)'  -V.fn^a  i 'imi.-if- 
uga.Linn.).    Used  in  medicine.    Reg.Vei:M'  !    i  '     la- 

pdnico,  Spreng.  Three  ft. high:  lvs. very  l;n_  is 

Pithyrosperma 'acerinum).- O.  poimdfM,    'I  I  ■  t- 

teria  Carolinensis,  Vail.  j.,    <  ,  iiwi-. 


CINCHONA  (from  Countess  Chinchon).  Jiubiai-ece. 
This  genus  of  plants  contains,  according  to  Index 
Kewensis,  67  species,  some  of  which  yield  bark  con- 
taining quinine.  The  species  grow  isolated  in  various 
districts  of  the  Andes,  at  elevations  ranging  from  2,300 
to  9,000  ft.,  and  between  22°  S.  and  10°  N.  latitude. 
Some  of  the  species  are  lofty  trees,  others  are  mere 
shrubs.  The  lvs.  are  opposite,  with  deciduous  stip- 
ules. The  fls.  are  fragrant,  much  frequented  by  hum- 
ming birds,  white  and  pink  in  color,  growing  in  ter- 
minal panicles.  The  calj-x  is  small,  5-toothed,  and 
persistent.  The  corolla  has  a  long  tube  with  5  short, 
spreading,  valvate  lobes,  hairy  at  the  margins.  The  sta- 
mens are  5,  included  in  the  corolla.  The  ovary  is  2- 
celled,  with  very  numerous  ovules  inserted  on  linear 
axile  placentse.  The  capsule  opens  septicidally  from 
the  base  upwards.  The  seeds  are  small,  numerous, 
flat  and  surrounded  with  a  wing. 

Commercial  Cinchona  bark  is  known  under  the  fol- 
lowing names:  "  Crown,"  "Loxa,"  or  "Pale  bark,"  yielded 
by  Cinchona  officinalis  and  its  varieties  Condaminea, 
Uritusinga,  crispa;  "Red  bark,"  from  C.  succirubra  ; 
"Hybrid  bark,"  from  hybrids  of  C.  officinalis  and  C. 
succirubra;  "Royal,"  or  "Yellow  bark,"  from  U.  Calisaya 


CINCHONA 

and  its  varieties  Ledgerinna  and  verde ;  "Carthagena 
bark,"  from  C.luncifolia;  "Columbian  bark," from  C. 
cordifolia  and  C.  lancifolia  ;  "Gray  bark,"  from  C. 
micrantha,  C.  nilida  and  C. Peruviana. 

Certain  alkaloids,  namely,  quinine,  quinidine,  cincho- 
nine  and  cinchonidine,  occur  in  these  barks  in  varying 
quantities  in  different  species.  Tiie^e  alkaloi.is  possess 
powerful  antiperiodic,  tonic  and  aiifi-^.i'fi'-  v'""!"'''''^ 
In  the  barks  there  are  also  quim.vi.'  ainl  ..th.  r  ari.N. 
and  other  substances  possessiu;;  :t~Ti-iiii:'iir  pfi-p.  iilr^ 
which  render  them  useful  in  ivrtaiii  ca^.s.  where  the 
alkaloids  have  failed  to  ^'i\  <•  i-elii  i. 

The  bark  was  introdue.'.l  ihm  i;iirMpe  iu  1640,  by  the 
Countess  of  Chinchon.  wile  ..f  tie  \  i.eroy  of  Peru; 
hence  it  was  called  Couiitesv-  puwiler  aud  Peruvian 
bark,  and  also  Jesuits'  bark,  from  the  knowledge  of  it 
spread  by  that  religious  order.  The  word  quinine  is  de- 
rived from  the  name  by  which  it  was  known  in  Peru, 
quinaquina,  or  "bark  of  barks." 

Dr.  Ainslie,  at  the  end  of  tlie  eicrl-.tpeiith  century,  and 
Dr.  Forbes  Rovie,  in  his  w.nk  e,,  lliinalayan  botany  in 
1839,  advocated  the  intro.lu.th.n  ei  the  trees  into  India. 
At  length,  in  1859,  Clement-  Markhain  was  entrusted  by 
the  government  of  India  witli  tiie  task  of  collecting 
plants  and  seeds  on  the  Andes,  and  establishing  them 
in  India.  In  his  book  "Peruvian  Bark  :  a  popular  ac- 
count of  the  introduction  of  Cinchona  cultivation  into 
British  India,"  Markham  recounts  the  difficulties  in  S. 


CINCHONA 


317 


and  is  now  extending  its  own  cultivation  with  seed 
procured  from  Jamaica.  In  Ceylon  the  cultivation  was 
altuLTetlier  ill  private  hands,  and  has  been  abandoned  for 
tea.  In  .la\a.  the  Dutch  have  been  most  successful,  as 
tlie  vaiietv  /,.  r/,,,  ,i((,ia,  which  is  very  rich  in  quinine, 
is  pariieuhirly  well  suited  to  the  climate.  In  Jamaica, 
the  i.'.iveniiiieiit jihitifatiniis  haH  realise,]  )n-  sales  from 
Issii  ti.  iss7.  !,  I , :ii,.iiit  ss-,,eii,i , ,  ;ie,i  t],,-!!  the  pHce 

.Ap'iri.al.    I'.,,;.',,,,-.."-,   h:i.    I    .    .1  ,.    :  ;'i  ••'1-hly  natur- 

tive  home. 

Culture.  — The  seedlings  maybe  raised  either  in  boxes 
or  in  beds.  The  boxes  should  not  be  more  than  3  or  4 
in.  deep.  Three-quarter-inch  drainage  holes  should  bo 
made  in  the  bottom,  about  6  in.  apart.  Whitewash  the 
boxes  or  dust  them  inside  with  lime.  Put  pieces  of 
broken  iiower-pots  over  the  drainage  holes,  and  cover 
the  bottom  with  gravel  to  a  depth  of  1  in.  The  soil 
should  be  made  up  of  one-third  leaf-mold,  one-third 
good  soil  and  one-third  fine  river  gravel.  These  should 
be  thoroughly  mixed  and  passed  through  a  quarter- 
inch  sieve.  Fill  the  boxes  to  within  one-quarter  of 
an  inch  of  the  top,  and  slightly  water.  Sow  the  seed 
evenly,  and  sprinkleover  it  some  of  the  sifted  soil,  only 
just  covering  it.  The  boxes  should  be  under  shade; 
sheltered  from  rain,  and  watered  every  day  with  a  verj 
fine  spray  from  a  watering  can.  The  seedlings  will  ap- 
pear above  the  ground  in  3  or  4  weeks.  If  the  seeds  are 
sown  in  beds,  they  require  the  protection  of  a  roof  slop- 
ing south,  and  supported  by  posts  4  ft.  6  in.  high  on  the 
north,  and  3  ft.  3  in.  on  the  south  side.  The  sides  may 
also  have  to  be  covered  in.  The  breadth  of  the  beds  is 
3  ft.,  and  these  should  be  made  up  of  soil  as  for  the 
boxes.  The  roof  projects  beyond  the  south  posts  suffi- 
ciently to  keep  off  direct  sunlight,  and  in  the  summer 
time,  at  any  rate,  a  narrow  north  roof  must  be  added  at 
right  angles.  If  the  sheds  are  built  under  the  shade  of 
tall  trees  that  keep  off  direct  sunlight,  the  roof 


needed  for   shelter  frc 
solely  for  that  purpose, 
convenient  eist   and  i>e 
-J  ^2-3  ft  on  either  side 
When  the  seedlmg',  ari 


and  can  be  constructed 
The  shed  may  run  as  tar  as 
It,  and    others  may  be  added 


for  s, 


In 


poi 


\    s,  ,.llll 

idli    biou 


Jit  fre 


nth  th. 


^.^ 


thi  luht  hiu.l    I  1,  ,  1     I  .     t     11 

ive  the  routs  without  beudin„  oi  ciushm^  thtiu      Iht 

oil  is  tlieu  pressed  clo-eh  OMi  the  rootlets  with  the 

)eg      Two    inches    between    eai  h   plant    is    tnough 

ooni    At  tirst  the  plants  should  be  shaded,  but  when 

hey  are  twice  orthriceas  high  as  when  transplanted, 

'°    the   shading  may  be  gradually  removed  to  harden 

/    them  for  putting  out  in  their  permanent  positions 

The  sell  and  subsoil  should   be  free  and  open  to 
1  1  1  11    wh  .1,   II,  d  f  .i.stliiid.  na 


Amer.  and  his  final  success.  The  object  of  the  go%  em 
ment  was  to  put  it  within  the  power  of  the  poorest  na 
tive  to  purchase  a  dose,  and  this  aim  has  been  accom- 
plished. At  any  post  office  in  India,  a  5-grain  dose  may 
be  bought  for  three  pice  (IH  farthings).  The  gov 
emment  not  only  uses  bark  from  its  own  plantations, 
but  buys  bark  from  Cinchona  planters  at  a  good  price. 


,  and  "w  ith  a  total  annual  rainfall  of 

111  n   planted   out  m  then    permanent 

I  \   ^,  and  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  in- 
ther's  growth,  they  should  be  thinned 

I I  \  at  first  to  prevent  this.    The  bark  of 

i\  be  worth  stripping  if  the  price  of 

In  t  ikiii-'  thi  liaik  from  the  trees,  there  are  several 
methciils  thit  ba-se  been  used.  In  S.  Amer.  the  tree  is 
uprooted  and  the  whole  of  the  bark  may  be  taken  from 
both  roc  t  and  strm  V  second  plan  is  used  if  shoots 
spring  Ire  in  f'      i      t     f'le  trmik   is  PMt  throiieh  above 

the     grOlIIl   i       I  '  !-a,,.J       i.tkI      Tie-      -lUlliji      hft     tO 

coppice     1  ~         .,,,,,  ,i  t,i  -row. 

The  third  i  ,^  ,  ;  ,    -.  .    ;,iel,l   l.ark 

in  succi  ssn  r,  r    ihi-    [airp-.-.'  h.ni;itnilinal 

layers  of  the  1.  u  k  m  i,  moved  from  the  trunk,  and  the 
exposed  surface  is  sometimes  covered  with  moss;  the 
bark  renews  itself,  and  the  "renewed  bark"  is  as  rich  or 


318  CINCHONA 

richer  in  alkaloids  than  the  original.  In  this  way,  by 
taking  successive  strips  of  bark  in  different  years,  the 
tree  yields  a  continuous  supply  of  bark. 

Wm.  Pawcett. 
Cinchonas  are  sometime.s  seen  in  collections  of  eco- 
nomic plants,  but  only  one  of  them  seems  to  be  regu- 
larly in  the  trade  at  this  time.  This  is  C.  officinalis, 
var.  Cmidaminea,  which  Franceschi  says  is  "probably 
the  least  delicate  and  most  easily  grown  of  all  Cinchonas." 
L.  H.  B. 

CINEEABIA  (ash-volored,  from  the  Latin,  referring 
to  the  gray  foliage).  Compisit(r.  Herbs  or  under-shrubs, 
closely  allied  to  Senecio,  from  which  they  are  separated 
chiefly  by  technical  characters  of  the  akene.  The  genus 
is  variously  understood  by  different  authors.  As  limited 
by  Bentham  &  Hooker,  it  comprises  about  25  South 
African  species,  and  the  common  garden  Cineraria  be- 
comes a  Senecio.  The  Cineraria  of  the  florists  (Fig. 
472)  is  now  much  modifled  by  cultivation.  There  are 
two  views  of  its  origin,  one  holding  that  it  is  a  direct 
development  of  C.  cruenfa,  Mass.,  the  other  that  it  is  a 
hybrid,  into  which  C.  cruenfa,  C.  Ecritieri,  C.  popiili- 
folia,  and  perhaps  others,  have  probably  blended.  These 
are  all  natives  of  the  Canary  Islands.  The  writer  is  in- 
clined to  believe  that  it  is  a  direct  evolution  from  C. 
cruenta.  This  species  is  figured  in  B.  M.  406.  For  the 
more  important  literature  of  the  recent  discu==^o"  re- 
specting the  origin  of  the  garden  Cineraria,  ste  Nature, 
51:461,  605;  52:3,29,  5-1,78, 103,128;  55:341  G(  III 
3:654  and  657;  17:588,655,742;  18:89,186. 

See  Senecio  for  Cineraria  acanthi  folia,  C  ((i>i<U<hs 
sima,  and  C.  maritima.  To  the  garden  or  florist  s  t  int 
raria  {C.  cruenta)  belong  the  horticultural  nanus  < 
hybrida,  C.grandi flora,  V.  Kewensis,  C.  nana,  and  thi 
like.  There  are  full-double  forms  (see  R.H.  1874,  p  1" 
1886,p.41.    F.S.  22: 2347-8.    I.H.32:556).        l   H    1 

The  single  hybrid  Cinerarias  are  among  the 


required,  together  with   their  free-blooming  <iualities, 
brilliant  and  various-colored  flowers,  which   last  for  i 
considerable  time  in  blossom,  make  them  popular  with 
most  people   possessing  even  only  a   small 
greenhouse.    Though  they  are  herbaceous  in 
character  and  may  be  propagated  by  cuttings 
or  division  of  the  roots,  the  single  varieties 
are  best  treated  as  annuals,  raising 
them    from   seed    each    year   and 
throwing  away  the  plants  after  flow- 
ering.    Though  anyone  may  save 
one's  own  s,iil.  the  Cineraria,  like 


CINERARIA 

least  pot-bound,  or  suffer  in  anv  wav  iliirinff  the  season 
of  gro%vth.  The  soil  slioul.l  r,,!,  i-i  ,,f  l,;,|f  I.af-mold 
and  half  fine  fibrous  Iciaiii.  \\iili  I  1  Imi;  of  sil- 

ver sand,  until  the  Hn.il   -li:ii  '  riTis;  pots, 

when  the  soil  .should  Im    ilic^     i  ,,,       ; loam  and 

one  part  well-decayed  ."W-niaiuiii  ..i  |.iil\  Liized  sheep- 
manure.  About  tile  fir.st  of  October  the  plants  should 
all  be  removed  to  the  greenhouse,  where  the  atmosphere 
should  be  kept  cool  and  moist,  but  not  stagnant.  If  a 
rainy  spell  should  set  in,  a  little  artificial  heat  should 
be  given  to  cause  a  circulation  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
as  the  fall  advances  the  temperature  should  be  kept 
about  45°  at  night,  with  a  rise  of  ten  degrees   by  day. 


Liquid  stimulants  should  not  b.-  ^iv 

cu  until  the  flower 

buds  begin  to  appear,  when  till  \  .n.   j 

1.   .11-  iMn.-fltedby 

an   occasional  watering  of  ,1      ,  ! 

or  sheep' 

manure   water.      Cinerarias    :ii 

.'.;ii't    to   the 

attacks  of  green-flv.     TokfT|,'i. 

.  tlie  house 

in  which  thpv  „r..Vr.,-.„  .1 

I'd  with  to- 

bacco  about  i.,   i,  m  j      - 

-ins  placed 

among  th.-  ]il:i!  ■      i    :  ,■   i    •   

.  .•■    ..:,:il.|o. 

Double -1 

the  single 
or  by  cut- 
tings, the  latter  being  the  best  method,  as  a  large  per- 
centage of  seedlings  are  sure  to  turn  out  single,  which 
will  be  inferior  in  size  of  flower  as  compared  with  the 
best  single  varieties.  Double-flowering  varieties  must 
be  propagated  each  vear  to  obtain  thf  best  rt  suits  As 
soon  as  the  plants  ha^e  finished  blossoming  the  flo\\or 
stalks  should  he  cut  ^w^^  to  induce  the  plants  to  m  ike 


in    size    :ii    i   .       '        ..r    ili,-  don 
after   on.  i  ,iious  i 

less  tht-y  in.  ;:  .  i,  -d:  therefore,  u 
one  care.s  to  k,  ..ndi,,.-  his  own  plants, 
best  to  purchase  fresh  seed  from 
liable  firm  who  obtain  their  stock  from 
bridists.  For  florists'  use,  or  where  a  s 
cession  of  these  flowers  is  required, 
sowings  of  seed  should  l.c  made  ;  the  first  ibout  lh< 
middle  of  August,  and  th.-  s.-.-oud  a  month  later  Tin 
seed  should  be  sown  in  |.ans  or  sliallow  boxt  s  one  foot 
square  ;  these  should  be  wi  11  drained,  and  the  soil 
should  consist  of  one  part  fine  loam,  one  part  leaf 
mold,  and  one  part  clean,  sharp  silver  sand  The  sur 
face  should  be  made  very  fine  and  pressed  down  e\  enh 
The  seed  should  then  be  sown  evenly  and  rathir  thinh , 
and  covered  with  sand  about  the  eighth  part  of  an 
inch.  This  will  in  a  great  measure  prevent  the  seedlings 
from  what  gardeners  term  "damping-off,"  which  the  \  ire 
very  apt  to  do  if  the  atmospheric  conditions  bee 
all  stagnant.  The  seed-pans  or  boxes  should  be  i 
fully  watered  with  a  fine  rose  and  then  placed  in  some 
cool,  shaded  place,  such  as  a  frame  placed  on  sifted  coal 
ashes  on  the  north  side  of  a  wall  or  building,  where  they 
will  germinate  in  about  a  week  or  ten  days.  As  soon  as 
large  enough  to  conveniently  handle,  the  seedlings 
should  be  potted  into  thumb-pots  and  grown  on  as 
rapidly  as  possible,  shifting  on  into  larger  size  pots  as 
required,  never  allowing  them  to  become  the 


often 


472.  The  fl( 


fresh  growth,  which,  as  soon  as  large  enough  for  cut- 
tings, should  be  taken  off  and  inserted  in  an  ordinary 
propagating  bed,  where  they  will  soon  root,  after  which 
they  should  be  potted  and  shifted  on  as  often  as  re- 
quired, growing  them  during  the  hottest  months  in  as 


CINERARIA 

cool  and  shaded  a  position  as  can  be  provided.  Of  the 
different  species  of  Cineraria  from  S.  Europe,  C  mari- 
lima  is  perhaps  the  best.  It  is  of  dwarf  habit,  with 
tomentose,  silvery,  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  is  a  most  use- 
ful subject  for  edging  flower  beds.  It  is  not  hardy  in 
this  climate,  consequently  must  be  treated  as  an  annual, 
sowing  the  seeds  early  in  March  in  the  greenliousn. 
afterwards  treating  them  as  ordinary  summer  brddini^ 
plants.  The  other  species  from  south  and  t-astirii 
Europe  do  not  prove  hardy  here,  and  if  grown  should 
be  treated  as  tender  annuals,  planting  them  in  the  her- 
baceous borders  for  the  summer.  The  species  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  require  greenhouse  treatment,  the 
culture  being  the  same  as  for  the  common  Cineraria, 
though,  from  an  ornamental  point  of  view,  they  would 
hardly  pay  for  the  room  they  would  occupy. 

Edwakd  J.  Canning. 
CiNNA  (old  Greek  substantive).  Gramlneie.  Peren- 
nial woods  grasses  allied  to  Agrostis  and  Calamagrostis, 
with  1-fld.,  much-flattened  spikelets,  1-nerved  palet,  1 
stamen,  and  a  loose  open  panicle.  The  two  northern 
species  are  offered  by  collectors;  C.  arundinjlcea,  Linn., 
with  the  branches  of  the  panicle  ascending  or  erect ; 
C.  pfindula,  Trin.,  with  the  branches  very  slender  and 
drooping.  These  grasses  (growing  3-7  ft.)  are  useful  in 
wild  borders. 

CINNAMdMUM  (the  ancient  Greek  name).  Laxirci- 
ce(B.  Fifty  or  more  trees  and  shrubs  of  Asia,  mostly 
tropical,  of  which  2  or  3  are  cult,  in  the  extreme  south- 
ern U.S.  The  Ivs.  are  thick  and  ribbed,  mostly  opposite: 
fls.  usually  perfect,  with  9  perfect  stamens  in  3  rows  and 
a  row  of  imperfect  ones  :  fr.  a  small,  1-seeded  berry,  in 
a  cup-like  calyx  :  buds  not  scaly.  The  Cinnamon  of 
commerce  is  mostly  the  bark  of  C.  Zeyldnicum,  Nees  ; 
and  this  is  sparingly  cult,  in  S.  Fla.  and  S.  Calif.  It  is 
cult,  in  Ceylon  and  other  oriental  countries.  It  is  a 
small  tree,  with  ovate-oblong,  shining,  3-.5-nerved  Ivs., 
and  small,  yellow-white  fls.,  in  terminal,  loose  clusters. 
It  is  native  to  E.  Ind.  and  Malaya.  C.  Camphdra,  T. 
Nees  and  Eberm.,  is  the  Camphor  tree.  By  some  it  is 
retained  in  the  genus  Camphora,  and  it  will  be  found 
there  in  this  book.  C.  C&ssia,  Blume,  of  Burma  and 
China,  furnishes  Cassia  bark  or  "Cassia  lignea"  of  com- 
merce. It  is  hardier  than  the  C.  Zviihiiiicinn.  It  is  a 
handsome  tree,  with  stiff,  loiii^'-dhlnnir,  anitisli,  3-ribbed 
shining  Ivs.,  and  small  IN.  in  ti.iumt.iv,.  ii-nninal  or 
axillary  panicles.  Tin-  h.-it-k  iv  thick,  r  ami  (Miarser  than 
that  of  C.  Zeylciiiiciii,,.  and  is  used  t..  adulterate  Cin- 
namon. The  unexpandc-d.  clove-like  flower-buds  are 
often  sold  as  Cassia  bu<ls.  C.  Lourtirii,  Nees.  A  mid- 
dle-sized tree  of  Cochin  China,  is  rarely  sold  as  a  glass- 
house plant.  It  has  an  aromatic  odor.  Lvs.  opposite  or 
alternate,  riprid.  idliiitic  .h-.iIiImh;;.  pptiolo  ';,'->?;  in.  lonjj. 
There  is  a  t'Mrm  with  v:iiir-:iTi d  lvs.  C.  pedunculatum, 
Fresl,  from  .lapan,  is  als.,  s.,|,l  as  a  L'lassln.nsr  snhi.'cf. 
It  is  a  gUll.rnns  tivr.  with  thirk,  prli,,l,.,l.  .,bl,.n;;-lan.-f,,- 


CISSAMPELOS 


319 


%-%  in.  long. 

The  genus  embraces  tropical  and  semi-tropical  shrubs 
and  trees,  which  are  mostly  of  economic  value,  and  in 
one  or  more  cases  are  valuable  shade  trees  for  lawn 
and  street  planting.  The  lvs.  are  evermnn.  usually  of 
a  rich,  shining  green,  and  in  C.  r-//,;,,;.  .; ./  lun'i  a 
silvery  blue  color  on  the  under  surf  a.-. s.  c,  (,,,„,,;,,,,■,,, 
the  Camphor  tree,  is  hardy  in  the  hiwrr  i  .uli  stairs,  ami 
is  now  being  extensively  planted,  liutli  lur  sliade  aud 
extraction  of  gum  (see  Camphora).  ('  Cassia  is  not 
quite  so  hardy,  but  withstands  a  temperature  of  20°  Fahr. 
without  injury,  and  has  been  planted  in  Florida  for 
manufacture  of  its  various  products,  — oil,  i;nm,  buds  and 
cinnamon  bark.  The  true  Cinnamon  "f  .•muuihuc'c-  is 
prepared  from  the  bark  of  C.  Zei/ln Hi.iiuf .  a  tiM|u,;,l 
species,  likely  to  be  extensively  grown  in  .Mi  xii.i  an. I 
the  West  Indies.  The  various  species  arr  usnall\  piMpa 
gated  by  seeds,  which  are  sown  as  soon  as  ripe  in  a  shaded 
bed,  the  seedlings  being  transplanted  when  very  small 
into  pots  and  kept  tlms  growing  until  permanent  plant- 
ing out.  The  species,  without  exception,  are  very  difft- 
cult  to  transplant  from  the  open  ground,  and  hence  pot- 
grown  plants  are  almost  a  necessity.  Cuttings  of  half- 
ripened  wood;  of  some  species  may  be  rooted  in  the 
spring  in  moderate  heat,  following  the  usual  method  of 


preparation,  and  planting  in  coarse  sand.  The  soil  best 
suited  to  Cinnamomums  in  general,  and  C.  Camphora 
in  particular,  is  sandy  loam,  although  a  heavy  loam, 
where  well  prepared,  answers  fairly  well.  The  sandy 
soil  of  Florida,  when  moderately  manured,  suits  all  spe- 
cies so  far  tried  admirably. 

E.  N.  Reasonek  and  L.  H.  B. 

CINNAMON  VINE.   A  name  for  species  of  Dioscorea. 

ClNQUEFOIL.    A  species  of  PotentiUa. 

CIRCfflA( Circe,  the  enchantress).  Onagr&cem.  A  few 
species  of  low  woods  herbs  in  N.  Amer.  and  En.,  two 
of  which  are  in  the  trade  for  growing  in  shady  places  and 
about  garden  bogs.  They  are  interesting  little  plants, 
but  not  showy.  Of  easy  culture  in  shady,  damp  spots. 
Lvs.  opposite  and  stalked;  fls.  perfect,  small,  and  white, 
in  terminal  and  lateral  racemes ;  calyx  tube  hairy ;  fr.  a 
small,  bristly  bur. 

Lutetiilna,  Linn.  Erect  and  branching,  1-2  ft.,  the  stem 
swollen  at  the  nodes;  lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  more  or  less 
rounded  at  the  base:  pedicels  slender,  reflexed  in  fruit: 
fr.  2-celled.    Woods,  E. 

Facifica,  Asch.  &  Mag.  From  6-12  in. :  smaller  than 
the  above,  lvs.  less  acuminate,  fls.  smaller,  fr.  1-celled 
and  less  bristly.    Col.,  N.  and  W.  T.    TT    R 


CIERHOPETALUM  {i 
row  lati-ral  s. .pals  I.  • 
Nearly  .">il  old  \V..rhl  ti-. 
in  the  AmiTican  trad.-. 
the   fls.  an  odd   appear. 


Alii. 


idingtothenar- 
«■  Epidindrea. 
ne  of  which  are 
i-ral  sepals  give 
Bulhuphvllum. 


They  are  epiphytes,  and  are  grown  in  baskets  ,u'..ii  lihi.ks 
in  a  warmhouse.  Leading  species  are:  ( '.  Cnun  ii,i,i . 
Lindl.  (B.M.4996);  C.  Medasa-,  LimlUH.M.  i'Ml.  l.K. 
39;l.i4.  G.C.  111.21:25);  C.  picturatum.  L...ld.  (li.  M. 
6802);  ('.  ,.h/./,,h/.i.  N.  E.  Brown  (I.  H.  3:i:(;08.  A.  F. 
ti-.tiO'.t):    ('.   7Vi.,».-in;;,  Lindl.  (B.M.  4237).    C.  Sii,e„se 


access  of  air  to  the  roots,  which  is  equally  essential. 
Liberal  allowance  must  be  made  for  drainage,  which 
should  consist  of  either  broken  potsherds  or  charcoal, 
the  latter  being  preferable,  as  it  is  light,  durable  and  con- 
tains nothing  detrimental.  Two-thirds  osmunda,  or  other 
clean  fiber,  and  one-third  chopped  live  sphagnum  moss, 
well  mixed  together,  afford  a  good  compost  ;  and  after 
this  has  been  carefully  tucked  in  about  the  roots  and 
interstices,  the  plant  should  be  held  firm  with  brass  or 
copper  wire  until  reestablished.  The  compost  should  be 
used  rather  sparingly  to  prevent  over-watering.  Many 
of  the  smaller-growing  species  do  very  well  on  orchid 
blocks,  firmly  attached,  with  a  small  quantity  of  compost 
beneath  them.  During  tin-  winter  inunths,  little  or  no 
shade  is  required.  Tin-  i.  mpi  i  iiui .  may  range  from 
58°  to  65°  F.  by  night,  w     -      :  i       rise  through  the 

day,  or  even  a  little  mnic,  ii        .will  do  no  injury. 

No  artificial  heat  is  nn-i-  ;. I  \  im  -miiiufr,  except  in  ex- 
treme cold  or  wet  weatiin .  hut  ,i  sluul<-d,  moist  location 
should  be  selected,  such  as  is  afforded  in  the  cattleya 
or  palm  department.  When  the  plants  are  dormant, 
light  syringing  overhead  will  keep  the  compost  moist 
and  the  plants  in  healthy  condition,  but  as  tin-  irrowing 


ll'-.'-at.'-.l'aV  ',T^"-s'tal,li'sh,-d    plallt.     Ai.tlh-rxtn,    heat  and 

im.istiu-B  at  this  period  will  prove  lieue(i.-ial  with  the 
weak  plants.    All  are  of  moderately  easy  culture. 

ROBT.  M.  Gkey. 
ClESIUM.    Refer  to  Cniciis. 

CISSAMPELOS  (Greek  for  ivy  and  vine).  Menisper- 
mAcew.  Vines  :  fis.  in  axillary  racemes  or  clusters,  the 
plant  dioecious ;  sterile  fls.  with  4  or  2  sepals  and  as  many 


320 


CISSAMPELOS 


petals  united,  the  anthers  2-t,  on  a  staminal  column  ; 
fertile  fls.  with  2  united  iieshy  sepals,  subtended  by  a. 
sepal-like  bract,  and  solitary  ov:iry,  witli  :i  stylis  :  fr.  ;i 
subglobose  drupe,  with  a  tlatteni-il  ami  tul.i  irulat,'  ^i,.iir. 
Many  species  or  distinct  forms  in  tn.|iiral  i.L'i'.ii-.  Imt 
many  of  them  are  evidently  fornix  d  tin-  xvi.blv  dis- 
tributed C.  Parelra,  Linn.  This  plant,  as  V.  helernphuH" , 
DC,  and  under  other  names  is  cult,  in  S.  Fla.  and  the 
tropics.  It  is  known  as  Velvet-leap  and  Pareiba 
Brava.  It  is  an  exceedingly  variable  vine,  with  downy, 
round-cordate  or  peltate  Ivs.,  the  sterils  fls.  in  stalked 
corymbs  and  the  fertile  in  large-bracted  racemes,  and  a 
hairy,  nearly  globular,  red  fruit.  It  occurs  in  all  tropical 
countries.  L.  H.  B. 

CiSSUS  (Greek  name  of  ivy).  VitAcem.  Very  like 
Vitis,  but  differing  in  having  the  parts  of  the  flower  in 
4's,  the  corolla  not  falling  oflf  as  a  cap,  and  the  disk 
about  the  ovary  ring-like  or  cup-like.  Ampelopsis  is 
distinguished  by.5-merous  fls.  and  the  absence  of  a  disk. 


However,  certain  5-merous,  disk-bear- 
ing species  are  referred  in  this  book  to 
Ampelopsis  (C.  Ainpelopsis=X.  eor- 
data,  C.  stans=A.  arborea).  Cissus 
has  a  wide  range  and  many  species 
in  warm  countries.  The  latest  mono- 
grapher (Planehon,  DC.  Monogr. 
Phaner.  5)  recognizes  212  species.  Foli- 
age often  fleshy,  but  in  most  of  the  cult, 
species  usually  thin  and  handsomely 
colored  or  variegated.  The  species  of 
Cissus  are  handsome,  tall-climbing, 
tendril-bearing  vines,  of  easy  cultiva- 
tion. 

A.    Lrs.  fleshy,  3-lobed  or  3-foliolate. 
acida,  Linn.     Low  climber,  with  slender  and  striate 
somewhat  fleshy  glabrous  liraiuOu-s  :  Ifts.  or  leaf-divi- 
sions rather  small,  broa.I     ,iih  ai.    ami    >liarply  toothed 
near  the  apex  :   fls.  small  i    '' iK.- or  umbel-like 

clusters:  fr.  an  ovoid  an  :  :  a  rk  purple  berry, 

with  1  or  2  large  seeil-.  in.    i ,   .- ma  recurved  at 

maturity.     Key  West  an.l   .S. ;   al......  iu  Ariz,  and  S.- 

Sometimes  planted. 

inclsa,  Desm.   (C.  BocheAna,  Planehon).     Climbing 
20-.'?0  ft.,  the  stems  very  fleshy  and  the  tendrils  root- 


CISTUS 

like  :  Ivs.  pale  green,  very  fleshy  ;  Ifts.  or  dlTisions 
wedge-ovate,  notched  on  both  sides  and  top,  the  middle 

sciiietimes  again  lobed  :    inflorescence  umbel-like: 

Ir,  an  uiiovoid  blackish  berry,  with  1  or  2  seeds,  the 
|i..li.,l  being  strongly  recurved.  Fla.,  to  Ark.  and  Tex. 
IMl.  I, SK4,  pp.  272-3.  — Often  planted  in  the  extremes. 
Sometimes  called  "Marine  Ivy." 

AA.    Jyvs.  not  fleshy,  not  lobed. 

diBcolor,  Blume.  Pig.  473.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acumi- 
nate, cordate  at  base,  bristly  serrate,  reddish  beneath, 
velvety  green  and  mottled  with  silvery  white  above: 
both  lvs.  and  stems  glabrous,  the  latter  red  and  more  or 
less  angled:  fls.  small  and  yellowish,  in  dense  and  very 
short,  axillary  clusters.  Java.  B.M.  4763.  L.  13.  F.  S. 
8:804-5.  — One  of  the  best  of  all  warmhouse  foliage 
plants.  Easily  grown.  Prop,  by  cuttings.  Must  have  a 
season  of  rest,  usually  iu  spring  or  early  summer.  If 
wanted  for  winter  growth,  temperature  must  be  about 
73°.    Known  to  some  as  "Trailing  Begonia." 

Antdrctica,  Vent  (C  iJrt»(7i«jd«a,  Brouss  )  Kavga 
Koo  Vi\E  Lvs  rather  thick  glossy,  ovate  to  oblong, 
very  short  acuminate  rounded  at  base  mostly  strongly 
toothed  or  notched  green  fls  green,  m  few  fld  axillary 
clusters  fr  a  globular  berry  Austral  B  M  2488  — 
Valuable  for  cool  greenhouses,  but  does  not  withstand 
frost     Grows  well  on  walls  m  darkish  and  neglected 

Amazdmca,  Lmdcn  Lvs  glabrou"  and  glaucous  oval 
1  uiniiiitL  and  narrower  reddish  beneath  and  silvery 
Mill    I   iliove     Brazil  —Warmhouse  climber 

albo-nitens,  Hort  Lvs  oblong  acuminate,  more  or 
less  ( ordate  at  base  silvery  white  and  shining  over  the 
upper  surface     Brazil  —Warmhouse  clmiber 


Bicyoldes, 


Branches  terete  or  compressed  tu 
)th  stiiate  lvs  ovate  or  oblong,  often 
1  1  niirgin  more  or  less  serrate  or  even 
li  .1  in  inflorescence  corymb  like,  opposite 
1  il  small,  and  varying  fiom  greenish  to 
luilhsh  fr  an  obovoid,  1  seeded  berry 
\  distributed  in  trop  Amer  ,  and  exceedingly 
)ne  form  (var  Floriddna,  Planch  ),  0(  mrs  in 
:  IS  not  in  the  trade  The  C  arghitea  of  hor 
IS  \  Li  ovata.  Planch  ,  -nhich  has  glabrous 
In  I  iiiotely  serrate  and  somewhat 
-    ison  Vme '  in  tropics 

1    fwbiehsee)  — O  X£Hf?fH(    \udr6 


ns  greenish      cyiii       i  '  '  i         i 

spedes  hardy  n  ilii  I  i  i  i 

(which  see)  —  f    s^  i  I  I    1        1    I         II 

rens  Hort)     Low  shniM  ^     \,-rLri  i  n  \  ni       l%s  sm  iil      t 
lite  with  cuneate  oblout;  Uts    stu  ite  abu\e  the  midtlU 
\ellowish  in  many  fld  evmes     Chile  S  Braz     Uraeetul  si 
I  hmher  for  the  cool  greenhouse  —  C  Tfttchu    Hort  =An 
lopsis  tneuspidata.  L,  jj.  E 


ClSTUS  ( ancient  Greek  name ) .  Cistdeece.  Rock  Rose. 
Shrubs,  usually  with  villous  and  glandular  tomentum, 
aromatic :  lvs.  opposite,  mostly  persistent,  entire,  the  op- 
posite petioles  connate  at  the  base :  fls.  large,  in  terminal 
and  axillary  cymes  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  rarely 
solitary,  white  to  purple ;  petals  5 ;  stamens  numerous ; 
capsule  many-seeded,  splitting  into  5  valves.  About  30 
species  in  the  Mediterranean  region.  Ornamental,  free- 
flowering  shrubs,  usually  only  a  few  feet  high,  with  very 
showy  purple  or  white  fls. ,  similar  to  a  small  single  rose, 
appearing  in  early  summer.  They  are  only  hardy  in 
warmer  temperate  regions,  but  many  of  them  will  stand 
10°  of  frost  without  injury,  and  C.  lauritoUus  even  more. 
They  thrive  best  in  a  well  drained,  light  soil,  mostly 
preferring  limestone  soil,  and  in  a  sunny  position  ;  the 
dwarf er  species  are  well  adapted  for  rockeries  with  south- 
em  aspect.  The  Cistuses  do  not  bear  transplanting  well, 
and  should  be  grown  in  pots  until  planted  out.  Some 
species  yield  ladanum,  a  resin,  used  in  perfumery.  Prop, 
by  seeds  sown  in  spring  in  pans  or  boxes  and  the  young 
seedlings  shaded;  increased  also  by  layers  and  cuttings 
in  spring  or  late  summer,  inserted  in  sandy  peat  under 
glass.  Illustrated  monograph :  R.  Sweet,  Cistineie  (S.C. 
of  the  following  pages).   In  the  Old  World,  the  Cistuses 


CISTUS 

are  important  garden  plants,  but  they  are  little  known 
in  America. 

A.  Fls. purple  or  red. 
B.   Fls.  1%-S  in.  wide;  petals  imhrieute. 

villdsus,  Linn.  (C.  incAnus,  Linn.).  Erect  shrub,  3-4 
ft.,  villous  or  tomentose  :  Ivs.  penninerved,  roundish- 
ovate  or  oblong,  narrowed  into  a  very  short  petiole, 
rugose  above  and  grayish  green,  tomentose  or  villous 
beneath,  1-2  in.  long  :  fls.  1-3,  long-peduncled,  reddish 
purple,  2  in.  wide ;  petals  light  pink  or  yellowish  at  the 
base.  May,  June.  Mediterr.  region.  B.M.43.  S.C.  35. 
—A  very  variable  species.  Var.  Grdticus,  Boiss.  Lvs. 
smaller,  more  spatulate  at  the  base  :  Hs.  purple.  Fl. 
Gr89ca5:495.  S.C.  112.  Var.  canSscens,  Nichols.  Lvs. 
elliptio-oblong  or  narrow-oblong,  obtuse :  fls.  dark  purple. 
S.C.  45.  Var.  rotundifolius.  Loud.  Dwarfer,  with  more 
roundish  lvs.  S.C. 75.  Var.  undulatu8,Willk.  Lvs.  linear- 
oblong,  acute,  undulate:  fls.  solitary.    S.C.  63. 

crispus,  Linn.  Compact  shrub,  to  2  ft.,  villous  :  lvs. 
sessile,  3-nerved,  linear-lanceolate  or  oblong-elliptic,  un- 
dulate, rugose  above,  villous  beneath  :  fls.  3-4,  nearly 
sessile,  lH-2  in.  wide,  deep  rose-colored.  June-August. 
S.W.Europe.    S.C.  22. 

heterophyllus,  Desf.    Erect,  to  2  ft. :   lvs.  short-peti- 

oled,  elliptic- or  oval-lanceolate,  green  on  both  sides  and 

slightly  hairy,  K-1  in.  long  :  fls.  1-3,  2  in.  wide  ;  petals 

red,  yellow  at  the  base.   N.  Africa.   S.C.  6. —More  tender. 

BB.    Fls.  1  in.  tciile,  petals  not  imbricate. 

parviil6rus,  Lam.  Much  branched  shrub,  1-2  ft. ;  to- 
mentose: lvs.  3-nerved,  elliptic-ovate,  undulate  rugose 
above,  reticulate  beneath,  twisted,  1  in.  long  :  fls.  3-5  ; 
petals  pale  rose,  yellow  at  the  base.  June.  Greece, 
Crete.    S.C.  14. 

AA.   Fls.  white:  lvs.  3-nerved. 

Cyprius,  Lam.  Erect  .shrub,  to  6  ft.,  glutinous  :  lvs. 
oblong-lanceolate,  glabrous  above,  villous-tomentose  be- 
neath: fls.  5-7,  nearly  3  in.  wide;  petals  blotched  purple 
at  the  base.   June.    Cyprus.    S.C.  39. 

ladaniferus, Linn.  Shrub, to4ft.,  glutinous:  Ivs.short- 
petioled,  lanceolate,  glabrous  and  viscid  above,  whitish 
tomentose  beneath,  H-i-A  in.  long  :  fls.  usually  solitary, 
long-peduncled,  3-3Hin.  wide ;  petals  yellow  at  the  base. 
June.  S.  W.  Europe.  S.  C.  84.  — Var.  maculatUB,  Sweet. 
Petals  with  a  dark  brownish  crimson  spot  above  the  base. 
B.M.  112.  Gn.  30:552.  S.C.I.  Probably  the  most  beauti- 
ful of  all  Cistus. 

launidlius  L  nn  Shrub  off  1  pe  oled  ovate 
or  ovate    anceo  Hte  g  abrou    a     ve  w  h       h  or  brown    h 


CITRON 


321 


tomen  o  e  benea  I 
peta  s  w  h  el  ow 
Cn  53  p   131     S 


<^  -n  F 


CITBON 

21 


Can    y      and      b  B  K  F  b  1      51 

Alfred  Rehdek 
A  form  of  Watermelon 


CITEON  {Citrus  Mi^diea.vur.  geninna).  See  Citrus. 
Fig.  474.  —A  large,  thick-rinded,  lemon-like  fr.,  some- 
what cult,  in  Flor.  and  Calif.  The  rind  is  used  in  the 
making  of  preserves  and  confections. 

The  Citron  is  propagated  by  cuttings,  layers,  budding, 
and  grafting.  The  usual  method  of  propagating  is  by 
budding  on  a  vigorous  stock,  in  P^lorida  preferably  the 


474.  Citrus  Medica.  the  Citron  (X  J4) 


dom  attempti  il.  i  u 
both  in  the  i.|i. u  m 
For  open  ground.  s( 
cember,  and  cut  in  I 
off  all  but  the  top  lea 
soil,  leaving  the  top 
nu  t  I  e  tb  hi 


t  me  of  year  w 

The  young  roo  ed  p  n 
n  the  nur  ery  un  1  wa 
a  e  ro    ed  by  p 


cha  d  plan    ng     he   tree     she 
fee      pa  t  (a    hough  th       s  no 
roo  n  shou  d  be  a     w       f 
z  r  an  1    f  u  t    an 
unddu  e  of    un  h 


■mperature,  that  it  is  sel- 
ripe  wood  root  readily, 
the  propagating  house. 


n  a 
t  any 
r  ferable. 

e  g  o  n  nto  large  s  ze 
r  har  e  ng  Layers 
wn  ow  bran  he  of  he 
They  do  no  make  uch 
n  from  cu  t  n^     or  by 

ri  hud  e  on  -nell- 
r  o  h  r  e  of  he  best 
3  for  he  1  on  In  or- 
al I  e  set  d  o  t  15x24 
arb  rary)  a  sufli  ent 
n   hau   UK  ferti- 


n  keep  n      own 


touch  he  I 
and  fru  t  | 
the  same  a 


An 


o  a  ona  y, 
g  cu  V  on 
e  n  aly 
ow  p  ow  ng 
2  r  fo  lowed 
week  ntil 
)p  so  loose, 
n  weed  and 
a  ns  set  in 


322 


CITRON 


during  the  summer  all  cultivation  is  stopped,  and  grass, 
beggar- weed,  or  field-peas  allowed  to  cover  the  ground, 
preventing  sunburning  and  providing  a  source  of 
humus  so  necessary  in  keeping  up  proper  fert'lity  and 
texture  of  the  sandv  soil  of  Florida. 

E.  N.  Eeasoner. 
CITKCLLUS  (from  Citrus).  CucurbitAcece.  The  ge- 
nus which  includes  the  Watermelon.  Cogniaux  the 
latest  monographer  (DC.  Monogr.  Phaner  3)  recog 
nizes  thrcf  species,  till  of  the  Old  World,  with  the  larg 
est  dispirsion  in  At'rM-;i.  Plant  monoecious  the  two 
kinds  <>(  tls.  s.ilitary  in  the  axils  of  the  Ivs.  fls  with  a 
short,  Ijell-likc  cuiyx  tube  and  a  deeply  5  cleft  vel 
low  corolla.  C,  vulgaris,  Schrad,,  is  the  Watermelon 
(which  see),  native  to  tropical  and  south  Africa  C 
Coloc^nthis,  Schrad.,  is  the  Colocynth,  extract  from  the 
fruit  of  which  furnishes  a  well-known  purgative  drug 
It  is  native  to  the  Mediterranean  region  and  tropic  d 
Mrica.  The  fruit  is  small  and  globular,  gourd  like 
emooth  and  partly  colored,  the  flesh  very  bitter  \\  s 
deeply  divided.  L   H   B 


CITKUS  (ancient  name  for  Citron).  Butdccw  Oranc  i 
Lemon,  Citron,  etc.  Aromatic,  glandular  shrubs  i 
small  trees,  mostly  thorny:  Ivs,  alternate,  with  more  <  r 
less  winged  petioles,  compound,  mainly  unifoliolati 
(appearing  as  a  simple  leaf  but  really  compound  as 
shown  by  the  joint  between  the  petiole  and  lamina. 
Fig,  475 ) ,  in  one  species  trifoliolate :  fls,  hermaphrodite ; 
calyx  cupulate,  3-5-toothed  ;  petals  4-8,  linear-oblong, 
thick,  glandular,  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  stamens  nu- 
merous, 20-60,  occasionally  only  5  ;  filaments  more  or 
less  united  ;  disk  cushion-shaped  ;  ovary  compound, 
composed  of  5  to  many  united  carpels,  with  a  single 
style  and  stigma,  and  central  axial  placenta;  ovules  4-8 
in  each  carpel,  arranged  in  two  row-  :  Ir.  u  n.uri<i,  ob- 
long or  pear-shaped  berry  with  leuTli'  ly  r  iimI.  '''iitaining 
numerous  oil  glands  and  juicy,  ai'itiiiii-  pul|i  :  st-eds 
white,  exalbuminous,  with  leathery  .uats,  tr.i|ucntly 
containing  2  or  more  embryos,  Nativo  of  Iropu-al  and 
subtropical  Asia,  Several  species  are  extensively  culti- 
vated and  have  given  rise  to  numerous  cultivated  forms. 
The  so-called  navel  oranges  have  a  second  series  of 
cells  developing  in  the  center  of  the  fr,,  this  being  an 
incidental  variation  (Cf,  Fig,  476),  See  Citron,  Lemon, 
Lime,  Orange,  Pomelo. 

A,    ¥ssTTDO-Mais:.—Lvs.    trifoliolate,   deciduous,     with 
elliptical,  dentate  or  crenate  Ifts.:  fls.  white,  1-2  in 
the  axil  of  each  leaf,  opening  before  the  Ivs.  appear 
in    spring;   petals  spatulate;    ovary   and  disk 
hairy. 
trifoUita,  Linn.    {C.  tripfera.   D.    f        F 'h   -.pidria, 
DC).     Trifoliate   ORiNOE.     Fi_'       i         i   -     i   'i      A 
small  tree  armed  with  very  stroii  -'  I    1  • ..  in. 

long:  fr,  golden  yellow,  about  th'   -  ■    cov- 

ered with  short  hairs ;  pulp  rathi  r  ill  ,  in  n  I  l.itter, 
Jap,,  and  cult,  widely  in  the  United  states.  R  H.  1869, 
p,  15;  1877,  p,  73;  1885:516;  1886,  p,  S.SS,  Gn.  46:980 
and  p.  273.    Mn,  3 :  101,  -  The  fr,  of  the  Trifoliate  Orange 


i^eai  of  Orange, 


is  worthless  as  a  whole,  but  is  sometimes  used  for  pre- 
serves. The  plant  is  largely  used  for  hedges,  for  which 
it  is  well  adapted,  forming'  a  eldse,  compact  growth  that 
nothiuir  ■  in  pt  le  ti  it.  li  i-  iN.i  used  as  a  hardy  stock 
on  Willi  li  X'>  liii  i  i.irnii  MI  in„^i  s  and  lemons,  particu- 
larly tin  --It  HUM  iiellMneiuit  It  is  said  to  have  the 
effect  ol  suini  wh.a  d\\artiii„'  the  more  robust  orange  va- 


CITRUS 

rieties  budded  on  it,  and  of  making  them  more  hardy  by 
rendering  them  dormant  earlier  in  the  fall,  and  retard- 
ing them  from  starting  early  in  the  spring.  The  Tri- 
foliate Orange  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  Philadelphia  and 
New  York,  It  is  propagated  by  seeds,  which  are  very 
numerous.  Hybrids  have  been  made  between  this  and 
the  common  orange.  The  Trifoliate  Orange  is  frequently- 
listed  in  trade  catalogues  under  the  names  Limonia  tri- 
foliata  and  Tnpha^ia  aiirantiola.    These   are  tender, 


confused  with  the 


AA.    EuciTRXJS.  —  Lvs.  unifoliolate,ei'ergreen  :  petals 
oblong:  ovary  and  disk  glabrous. 

Aurinttum,  Linn.  (C.  vxtlgdiris,  Risso).  Orange. 
Figs,  476, 480,  A  sn>?il  tree  or  shrub :  young  shoots  light 
green,  glabrous  :  Ivs.  elliptical  or  ovate,  acute,  obtuse, 
or  acuminate;  petiole  narrowly  or  broadly  winged  :  fls. 
hermaphrodite,  pure  white:  fr.  oblate-spherical  or  ellip- 
tical, not  mamillate. 

Var.  amira,  Linn.  (C.  BigarMia,  Duham.).  Sour, 
Bitter,  or  Seville  Orange.  Lvs,  deep  green,  ovate, 
pointed,  very  aromatic ;  petiole  broadly  wing-mar- 
gined: fls,  white,  sweet-scented:  fr,  round,  dark  orange, 
frequently  with  tinge  of  red,  very  aromatic;  rind  some- 
what rough;  pulp  sour  and  bitter.  Southeastern  Asia, 
and  cult,  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  throughout 
the  world.— There  are  very  few  cultivated  sorts  oi  this 
variety  or  subspecies  grown  in  the  United  States,  and 
of  these  only  the  two  following  are  well  known  :  Sour 
("sour  orange") :  Fr.  deep  orange  or  orange-red  ;  pulp 
very  sour.  This  is  grown  very  extensively  as  a  stock  on 
which  to  bud  varieties  of  the  sweet  orange,  lemon, 
pomelo,  etc.  Very  valuable  as  a  stock  because  resistant 
to  the  serious  disease  mal-di-gomma  or  foot-rot,  —  Bitter 
Sweet :  Fr,  of  same  external  appearance  as  the  Sour 
Orange  but  mildly  acid  and  pleasant  to  the  taste.  Culti- 
vated mainly  for  home  use.  The  Sour  Orange  was  evi- 
dently introduced  into  Florida  verj-  early  by  the  Span- 
iards, and  escaped  from  cultivatinn.  lM-e..ming  es;:ab- 
lished  as  a  wild  species  here  an^l  tli.  r.-  tlir..ughout  the 
peninsular  portion  of  the  statf.  In  this  wjM  state  it  was 
limited  to  moist  lands  near  str.anis  and  lakes,  in  the  so- 
called  hammocks  ;  and  in  some  instances  grew  abun- 
dantly among  the  larger  forest  trees,  over  areas  of  lUO 
acres  or  more.  The  fls.  of  this  var.  Amara  are  slightly 
bitter,  and  are  the  ofiicinal  Folia  aurantii  otFoUij  citri 
vulgaris.  An  ethereal  oil  is  manufactured  from  the  fls., 
young  sprouts  and  unripe  fr.  The  pleasant-smelling, 
bitter  Bigaradia  oil  is  taken  from  the  rind  of  the  ripe  f  r. 
Large  quantities  of  oil  for  perfume  are  manufactured 
from  the  fls.  in  southern  France,  The  fr,  is  used  for 
marmalade,  and  makes  a  very  refreshing  drink  known  in 
Florida  as  "orangeade," 

Var.  Bergimia,  Wight.  &  Am.  Berg amot  Orange, 
A  bush  or  small  tree  ;  lvs,  oblong  ;  petiole  wing-mar- 


CITRUS 

gined,  of  medium  width  :  fls.  small,  white,  sweet-smell- 
Ing:  fr.  medium  size,  pear-shaped,  smooth,  light  yellow, 
pulp  subacid,  greenish  yellow.  Cult,  in  Eu.  since  the 
seventeenth  century.  Only  rarely  cult,  in  the  United 
States.  B.M.  7194.  — Bergamot  oil  is  manufactured  from 
the  rind  of  this  subspecies. 

Var.  Sinensis,  Engler.  (C.  Aura iiti urn,  var.  dtUcis, 
Linn.  C.  Tahite'nsis,  Mort.).  Common  Sweet  Orange, 
including  the  Malta  or  PoETrr,Ai,  Orange.   Tree,  20-35 


tt. :  yomii; 
oblong-cx 
large, win 


iinrrular,  glabrous:  Ivs. 
narrowly  winged  :  fls. 
'  asioually  elliptical  or 
ipe  sweet  or 


slightly  a<;lii.  i!i4i;<.  i.  .iluv  jIl ' i  LXtensively 
cal  and  subtropicul  rt-gions  of  the  world."— The  Sweet 
Orange  is  valued  mainly  for  its  sweet,  delicious  fruit, 
which  is  eaten  raw  or  made  into  marmalades,  wine,  etc. 
The  rind  is  sweet  and  aromatic,  and  is  used  for  culinary 
purposes.  The  extensive  cultivation  of  the  orange  has 
led  to  the  development  of  numerous  variations,  some 
70  varieties  being  cultivated  in  the  United  States. 
Some  of  these  forms  are  propagated  fairly  true  to  seed, 
but  the  majority  are  not,  and  must  be  propagated  by 
budding  or  grafting.  The  following  is  a  list  of  some  of 
the  most  highly  prized  of  the  cultural  forms  :  Bahia 
(also  known  as  Washington  Navel  and  Riverside  Navel) : 
Fig.  476.  Pr.  large,  solid  and  heavy,  seedless,  with 
prominent  navel  mark  at  apex;  pulp  juicy  and  of  fine 
texture.  Introduced  from  Brazil.  The  most  popular 
variety  cultivated  in  California,  where  it  bears  heavily. 
In  Florida  it  is  a  shy  bearer.  — Boone  (Boone  Early): 
Fr.  round,  medium  size,  fair  quality;  very  early  Florida. 
—  Centennial  Fr  round,  medium  size,  earl\  medium, 
quality  excellent  Florida  — Du  Roi  Fr  round,  small 
or  medium  size,  late  medium,  seeds  ribbed  thorns  few. 
An  excellent  fruit  in  Florida  but  has  not  given  satis- 
faction m  Cal      Foreign  —  Hart  Lite   ( Tirdive,  Excel- 


r^v 


.^^SiJ 


pulp  reddish  or  streaked  with  red.  Foreign.— St. 
Michael  :  Fr.  round,  medium  size,  quality  fair,  midsea- 
son.    Foreign. -St.  Michael  Blood:  Fr.  rou    " 


Jaffa    Blood 


sior)      Fr    oval,    medium 

size,    solid,    pale    yello\\ 

One  of  the  best  late  sorts 

holdmg  on  tree  in  Florid  i 

until  May     Foreign  —Ho 

mosassa       Fr     round,    of 

good   quality,    midseason 

Florida    -Jaffa        Fr 

round,    heavy,   juicy  and 

of  very  best  qu,ilit\ ,  mid 

season  ,    skin  thin      tree 

nearly  thomless     Foreign 

small,  of  excellent  tiuiht\      Florida  —Limb  bummer  : 

Fr  oval,  medium  sizi    ot  t,o()d  quilitv  vcrv  late,  one  of 

the  best  late  sorts,  i  inkin„'  with  the  H  irt  Lite    Florida.  — 

Majorca    Fr  round  nu  diuni  si7,    hHiv\   md  very  juicy; 

skm  smooth  and  tlnu      |ii   lit       x     n   nt     I-    reign     One 

of  the  very  best  1  it     mi  1  i  M    It  se  Blood  : 

I  t  ver>  best 
I  midseason. 
i  I       I  \  il,  of  good 

quality,  late      Forei.fn — Piisc  n  (  Pirsi  n   Brown)      Fr. 

rotmd,mediumsize,  of  fair  quality,  very  early     Florida. 

Very  extensively  planted  as  an  early  variety  m  Florida. 

—Ruby:    Pr.  medium  size,  round,  of  excellent  quality; 


oval, ' 
qualitv,  pulp  red  i 
Foreign.    Mediteii 


size,  quality  the  very  best ;  pulp  reddish  or  streaked 
with  red.  Foreign.  This  Orange  seems  to  the  writer 
superior  in  flavor  to  any  he  has  ever  tested,  though 
there  is  but  little  noticeable  difference  between  any  of 
the  best  sorts,  much,  doubtless,  depending  on  the  con- 
ditions under  which  the  fruit  is  grown.— Valencia 
(Valencia  Late) :  Fr.  large,  oval,  light  orange,  of  good 
quality,  very  late.  Foreign.  One  of  the  most  highly 
prized  varieties  in  California. 

The  so-called  Otaheite  Orange  (<7.  4«ra«((Hm,  var. 
Olaitense,  Risso  &  Poit. )  is  probably  to  be  considered  a 
variety  of  C.  Aurantium,  var.  Sinensis.  Reasoner 
thinks  it  is  Gallesio's  "C.  ^h/v/h^;,,,/,  ,s/«.  „.■<,■  /,„,i,iliim 
fructu  diilei."  The  foliage  r.-srml.lis  tlmt  ..f  a  I.1.1..11. 
and  the  flowers  are  pinkish.  Th.-  fniit  N  sinail.  sji-litly 
flattened,  rough,  and  reddish  (■raiit;c  in  i-..|(.r  :  ]nilji 
mainly  sweetish,  sometimes  sour.  It  may  lie  a  hybrid  of 
orange  and  lemon.  It  is  used  extensively  as  a  dwarf 
pot  plant,  for  which  it  is  well  suited. 

ndbilis,  Lour.  Mandarin,  or  Kid-glove  Orange. 
Shrubs  or  very  small  trees,  with  dense  foliage  :  Ivs. 
small,  lanceolate.weakly  crenate;  petioles  short,  scarcely 
ged  :  fls.  small,  white,  fascicled  ;  fllaments  only 
•  compressed,, spherical,  or  somewha't 
in  iliriiiii  trr  ;  rind  orange-yellow  or 
,  1 M I  ,  I  ^  i  I  y  removed ;  segments  9-10, 
■  I  ;  seeds  ovate  or  oblong, 
1  I  i  i\i*s,  twigs,  fruit,  etc.,  very 
ii  \:iii.ihs  and  easily  recognizable. 
Chiiiii.  Cultivated  extensively  in 
tropical  and  subtropical  regions  free  from  hot  winds,  to 
which  it  is  said  to  be  very  sensitive.— The  principal 
horticultural  varieties  grown  in  the  United  States  are 
the  following :  China  ("Mandarin,"  "Willow-leaved 
Mandarin,"  etc. ) :  Pr.  small,  light  orange,  early  medium, 
excellent  quality:  Ivs.  small,  myi-tle-like.  Foreign. - 
Dancy  Tangerine  :  Lvs.  larger,  nearly  the  size  of  those 
of  the  common  orange :  f r.  dark  orange  or  reddish,  early 
medium,  quality  excellent.  Florida.  The  most  prized 
of  any  of  the  Mandarin  Oranges  cultivated  in  the  United 
States.  — King  :  Fr.  large  and  rough,  dark  orange,  late: 
young  twigs  blackish.  A  good  late  sort.  Foreign.- 
Satsuma  (Oonshiu):  Fr.  medium  size,  flattened  at  the 
ends,  orange,  early,  quality  fair.  Foreign.  A  much 
valued  early  ripening  sort,  which  is  somewhat  more 
hardy  than  the  common  sweet  orange,  particularly  when 


324 


small,  25-30  f.rt  !  1 ts  slightly  pubescent, 

finally  becomitiL  i  .   iai-ge,  ovate   or    ovate- 

oblong,  obtuse,  li.  .Ill  I  i!_  •  ;ii  fi  ;:iiiate  ;  petiole  broadly 
winged:  fls.  large,  white:  st:iniens  16-24:  fr.  pale  lemon- 
yellow,  or  in  some  cases  reddish  or  flesh  colored,  globose 
or  pyriform,  very  large,  in  hort.  vars.  reaching  6-7  in.  in 
diameter  and  weighing  8-12  lbs.;  rind  smooth,  thick, 
very  bitter;  pulp  pale  yellow,  in  some  reddish,  sweet  or 
acid.  Malayan  and  Polynesian  Islands.  Extensively 
cultivated  in  India,  Florida  and  California,  and  in  most 
tropical  and  subtropical  countries.  A.G.ll  :717.  Mn.9 :  47. 
—  The  fomelo  is  an  excellent  dessert  fruit,  and  is  being 
very  extensively  planted,  particularly  in  Florida.  The 
majority  of  the  horticultural  varieties  cultivated  in 
America  have  originated  in  Florida,  though  some  valu- 
able sorts  have  been  introduced.  The  round-fruited 
sorts,  commonly  called  Pomelos  or  Grape-fruits,  are  the 
most  valuable  commercially.  The  pear-shaped  sorts,  or 
Shaddocks,  are  cultivated  more  as  curiosities,  and  are 
seldom  found  in  the  markets.  Bo%iHd  varieties— Pomelos: 


CITRUS 

Aurautium  :  Fr.  late  medium,  size  medium.  Florida.— 
Josselyn:  Fr.  large,  late  medium,  quality  good;  prolific. 
Florida.  — Hart  :  Fr.  late  medium,  large,  of  very  good 
qualit)  Florida —Marsh  (Marsh's  Seedless):  Fr.  with 
very  few  seeds,  said  to  be  of  good  quality  and  prolific, 
ot  recent  origm  Florida.  — Pernambuco  :  Prolific:  fr. 
Hte  large  thorns  short.  South  America.  — Royal:  Fr. 
f.nnll  earlv  medium,  only  slightly  bitter;  prolific. 
Pulp  rose-colored,  said  to  be  of  ex- 
cellent quaht-i     Bahama  Islands.  — Triumph:  Fr.  small, 

e<lunn   cjuality  very  good.    Florida. -Walter:  Fr. 

edmm  Urge,  of  recent  origin.  Florida.  Pear- 
lit}/  III  ^  —  Shaddorks  :   Blood:   Fr.  large  ;  pulp 

1  or  flesh  (  olored,  of  fair  quality.  — Mammoth  :  Fr. 

large     but     practically     worthless.  — "Forbidden 

Fr   small,  orange-colored,  of  fair  quality.    The 

so  called  '  Bell  Grape-fruit "  is  probably  identical  with 

Jap6mca,  Thunb.  Kimijlat,  Kin-Kan,  Kin-Kits,  etc. 
bush,  with  smooth,  angular  branches: 
•-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate,  pointed  or 
blunt,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  ; 
petioles  narrowly  wing-margined: 
lis.  small,  solitary  or  in  clusters,  in 
ihe  axils  of  the  Ivs.;  petals  5;  sta- 
uiins  alxiut  20,  filaments  united:  fr. 
small,  often  only  ?4  of  an  in.  in  diam., 
ovate,  oblong  or  spherical,  orange- 
colored,  5-6-celled  ;  pulp  sour;  rind 
sweet.  Cochin  China  or  China.  Cul- 
tivated extensively  in  Japan,  Florida 
and  California.  R.H.  1875,  p.  209. 
The  following  are  the  two  cultivated 
varieties  commonly  grown  in  the 
United  States:  Marumi  (Round  Kura- 
quat):  Fr.  round,  small,  5<-lH  in. 
in  diara.:  tree  slightly  thorny.— Na- 
garal  (oval  or  oblong  Kumquat) :  Fr. 
ovate  or  oblong,  %-l  in.  in  diam.  and 
154-2  in.  long  :  tree  thornless.- The 
fruit  of  the  Kumquat,  as  it  is  most 
commonly  called  in  America,  is  com- 
ing to  be  much  prized  for  preserving, 
and  IS  also  used  fresh  to  considerable  extent,  the 
sweet  rind,  as  well  as  the  pulp,  being  eaten.  Both 
the  round  and  the  oval  sorts  have  beautiful 
dense  dark  green  foliage,  and  form  excellent 
orange  trees  of  dwarf  habit  for  pot  culture.  They 
only  budded  or  grafted  on  trifoliata  or 
sweet  orange  stocks. 
M^dica,  Linn  (named  for  the  country  Media).  Fig. 
474  Citron  in  the  broadest  sense,  including  citron, 
lemon  and  lime.  Bush  or  small  tree  :  young  shoots 
glabrous,  mostly  reddish  or  purplish,  in  some  yellowish 
"vs.  smooth,  oblong,  acute  :  fls.  hermaphrodite 
or  frequently  unisexual, 
tly  reddish  or  tinged 
with  red  without  :  fr. 
spherical,  ovate  or  oblong, 
often  mamlllate  at  apex. 
India.  —  A  very  variable 
species,  much  modified  by 
cultivation  and  apparently 
mixed  by  hybridization,  so 
that  it  is  almost  impossi- 
ble to  determine  the  rela- ' 
tionship  of  the  difi'erent 
forms. 

Var.  genuina,  Engler. 
Citron  proper.  Lvs.  ob- 
long, serrate  or  crenate  ; 
petiole  short,  wingless  : 
fr.  large,  frequently  3-4  in. 
in  diam.  and  6-7  in.  long, 
mostly  ovate-oblong,  mam- 
illate ;  rind  very  thick, 
tender,  aromatic,  more  or 

less  rough  and  warted  (rugose);  pulp  but  slightly 
developed,  dry  (lacking  in  juice),  acid  or  sub-acid.— 
The  Citron  is  cultivated  to  some  extent  in  Florida  and 
California,  but  not  so  extensively  as  in  Italy  and  the 
Mediterranean  region.    All  varieties  are  very  tender, 


480.  Oranee 
flowers. 

(XK.) 


CITRUS 

probably  being  the  most  easily  injured  by  cold  of  any 
of  the  citrous  fruits.  It  is  prop,  by  seeds,  cuttings,  lay- 
ering, etc.  The  cultivated  varieties  do  not  propagate 
true  to  seed,  and  must  be  budded  or  grafted.  The  fr.  is 
prized  for  the  thick,  tender,  aromatic  riml,  which  is  pre- 
served or  candied,  and  used  extensively  for  culinary 
and  confectionary  purposes.  Many  forms  and  horticul- 
tural varieties  are  grown  in  Florida  and  California,  but 
none  have  thus  far  proved  of  noteworthy  commercial 
value.  The  Corsican,  a  variety  recently  introduced  by 
the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  from  Corsica,  has 
given  evidence  of  being  a  desirable  commercial  sort  for 
cultivation  in  this  ( 


Var.  Llmon,  Linn.  Lemon.  Small,  spreading  trees 
or  shrubs  :  young  branches  smooth,  yellowish  green: 
Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  crenate  or  serrate;  petiole  short,  mar- 
ginless  or  slightly  winged  :  fr.  medium  sized,  yellow, 
round,  ovate  or  elliptical,  mostly  mamillate  ;  rind  thin, 
aromatic  ;  I'lilj'  ;iltun<l;iiit.  very  juicy  and  acid.  India. 
Cultivate. 1  cM.  ii^ixi  ly  ill  all  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions  i.t    tin-  w.ii  1.1.  -The  Lemon  is  one  of  our  most 

in  Calif.'.'rni 'i  "'i'''l'  l-'l!'.n.l;! '"l.:'..''J."  .pmui'i'i'""  ,'.r"  t'lM^frui^ 
are   also  ini|H,rt,..l.  mainlv     i     .       I     '        Tin-   l„i,i..ii  is 

not  so  e:isily    injur.-. 1   liy  .-I-  ■  ■    ■    ,  iiiil    is  in.ir.- 

tender   than    tli.-   ..i-,in-.'      r    i      :     :         !     ■    mtir.-   iT'iiit, 

fectionarx-    |>:   ■■■"■-  -     .-.'   -I  ■     i  ,,-    ,■,!  ,    ,.  ;,,.i.l 

and  for  l.'i    ^         .:.,!'  ,  ,  ,|s, 

but    ma\-   al    ■■    ■  I      .     .ail- 

tivated  vari.  t  h-  iiiii-i  i..'  ].r.'[>,  l.\  Ihi- [- !  i  !i_'  .a-  -  ra  I  i  i  iilt, 
or  by  cuttings,  as  they  do  n.it  c.'imi-  tr-.ii-  t.i  sc-d.  The 
following  are  the  most  important  horticultural  varie- 
ties :  Belair  :  Fr.  lemon-shaped,  blunt.  Foreign.  — Eu- 
reka: Fr.  early,  few-seeded:  tree  thoruless.  Foreign.— 
Genoa-  Fr  medium  size  c-irlv  .ivd  ne-irlv  seedless: 
tree  everbearing  th  inles  1  i  i  n  — I  i  1  ii  :  Fr.  me- 
dium size  fine  grame  1  sti  n  h  i  il  t  w  seeds:  tree 
thorny    Foreign —\iUd  1 1 am  i     hi    luLdium  size,qual- 


-^ 


are  separated  above,  is  an  interesting  and  striking  mon- 
strosity. ( See  Fig.  482,  which  is  taken  from  a  Japanese 
fruit  known  locally  as  the  Bushiukan. )  The  Florida 
Rough  Lemon,  or  simply  "Rough  Lemon,"  as  it  is  called. 


ngered  Citron 


is  a  fruit  of  doubtful  relitionship  Its  appearance  sug- 
gests that  It  miy  be  a  hybrid  between  the  Citron  and 
Lemon.  It  is  i  strong  Mgoious  growei  and  forms  an 
excellent  stock  m  warm  localities  for  the  various 
orange  varieties  It  is  the  best  sto(  k  for  the  Bahia 
navel  orange   usualh  im  rt  ising  its  fiuitfulness 

Var  acida,  Hook  ((  ]l  h  i  \  „  /  ,„  // ,  ,,f  trade 
catalogues  etc)  Limi  \  I  n  h  i  millii  10-20  ft. 
high  Ivb  oval  or  tlli|  Il  il  n  II  i  n  ii  i  serrate; 
petiole  wmg  max gini.l  1  ut  n  t  ,  li  ,  ih  is  m  the 
sour  orange  and  pomelo  Hs  sm  ill  whitt  or  with  a 
slight  pmkish  tinge  without  ,  petals  normally  o  but 
often  4  fr  small  spherical  o\ate  or  elliptical  nnd 
thin  light  lemon  yellow  bitter  pulp  ver's  sour  nnd 
somewhat  bitter  juicv  Indi  i  F\t  nsivel\  ciiltnited 
M  tlie  West  Indies  an  1   1  I   ti  I  i    «h   i     it    1,  ,  ,],e,l 

II  cultivation  and  ^t    w       )  un  I    nii\  will    ti     |u   nrly 
I  iiung  dense  thicki  t        I     Al   i     i         I  h     h   m   ulmral 
unties    commonh       iilln    I     i     in    11        I    mi     1    <t  ites 
tri  MexK  m     ( \\  i    t     lull  ml        li        m   II      ,  blong. 

Lscaped  from  n\u\  iti  n  m  ^  nth  11  ii  1  ,  ml  thi  West 
Indies  Su]ii  It  li  u  )  n  mti  In  lli  in  Mex.— 
Persian  It  1  u  ^i  i  tlun  m  tli.  pi  Im^  ml  to  be  of 
excellent  quality  Intro.lm  i  d  trom  1  eisn  -Raugpur 
(Mandarin  Lime)  Fr  resembling  a  mandarin  orange 
in  havmg  easily  removable  nnd  and  separable  segments 
or  carpels     said  to  be  of  excellent  qu  llIt^      Introduced 


/ 


481.   Kumquat  -  Citrus  Japonica  (X  H). 

ity  excellent;  rind  smn.ith.  thin  ;  seeds  few  or  none. 
One  of  the  finest  Lemons  gr.iwii.  -The  so-called  Fingered 
Citron  or  Lemon,  var.  digttata,  Risso  (or  var.  cltiro- 
carpa),  in   which  the   individual  carpels  of   the  fruit 


citrio  acid      Recently    limeade  has  be  cime  very  popular 
at  the  soda  fountains  throughout  the  countrj    and  this 
use  is  so  rapidh    extending  that  in   t  tew  years  it  wUl 
doubtless  make  Lime  growing  an  important  industry. 
H   J   Webber. 
CIVE  (written  also  Chi- 
Linn.,  a  perennial  pi  mt  n 

ern  borders  of  the  I     '^  _     

The  leaves  of  Cive  ai  isoning  in  soi 

salads  and  stews    but    I  i    lies  of  this  cl 

it  is  little  kno-wn  in   \  i  i    w  s  6  to  8  in< 

high,  making  dense  m  a  n  m     »    buUow  leaves 


326  GIVE 

blooming  freely  in  violet-colored  heads,  which  scarcely 
overtop  the  foliage.  The  plant  makes  an  excellent  per- 
manent edging,  and  is  worth  growing  for  this  purpose 
alone.  It  is  easily  propagated  by  dividing  the  clumps; 
but,  like  other  tufted  plants,  it  profits  by  having  the 
stools  broken  up  and  replanted  every  few  years.  It  rarely 
seeds.  It  thrives  in  any  garden  soil.  The  leaves  may  be 
cut  freely,  for  they  quickly  grow  again.  l    H.  B. 

CLADANTHTJS  (Greek,  Iclados,  branch,  and  anthos, 
flower  ;  alluding  to  the  branching,  which  distinguishes 
this  monotypic  genus  from  Anthemis).  Comp6sitie.  An 
annual,  yellow-rayed  herb,  branched  from  the  base  in  a 
forking  manner.  A  flower  terminates  each  branch,  where- 
upon two  new  branches  start  from  directly  beneath  the 
flower.  Each  of  these  is  temporarily  stopped  by  a  flower, 
and  so  on.  A  free-flowering,  hardy  annual,  requiring  no 
special  care. 

prolllerus,  DC.  [Antliemis  Ardbica,  Linn.).  Annual: 
glabrous,  2-3 >^  ft.  high ;  Ivs.  alternate,  pinnately  parted ; 
lobes  linear,  trifid:  fls.  solitary,  bracted.  N.  Africa,  not 
Arabia.  ■^_  jj, 

CLADOTHAMNUS  (klados,  branch,  and  thamnn.i, 
bush,  from  the  Greek).  Uric&ceir.  Erect  shrubs,  with 
many  virgate  branches :  Ivs.  deciduous,  alternate,  entire ; 
fls.  pink,  terminal,  1-3,  nodding  ;  corolla  divided  to  the 
base  or  nearly  so  into  5  oblong  petals;  stamens  10;  cap- 
sule 5-6-celled.  Two  species  in  Pacific  N.  America,  from 
Alaska  to  Washington.  Hardy  deciduous  shrubs,  with 
handsome,  rather  large,  pink  fls.  in  summer;  rarely  cul- 
tivated. They  will  probably  grow  best  in  peaty  and  sandy 
soil,  in  a  half-shady  position  ;  prop,  by  seeds  or  by 
cuttings  of  soft  wood  under  glass,  and  by  layers. 

O.pyrolcefldrus,  Bong,  Shrub,  4-10  ft. :  Ivs.  nearly  sessile,  obo- 
vate-laneeolate,  mncronulate,  glabrous,  pale  green,  1^-23^ in. 
long:  fls.  solitary,  with  5  separate  petals.  1  in.  across,  Alaska. 
G.F.  10:  215.—  C.  campanulatus^  Greene.  Lvs.  smaller  :  fls.  1-3, 
with  the  petals  united  into  a  short  tube.  Washington. 

Alfred  Rehdek. 

CLADEASTIS  (Greek,  brittJe  branch).  Virgilia  of 
gardens.  Legumindme.  Deciduous  trees:  lvs.  alternate, 
odd-pinnate,  with  few,  rather  large,  entire,  short-stalked 
leaflets:  fls.  in  long,  often  panicled  racemes, white,  papil- 
ionaceous ;  calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed ;  stamens  10, 
free  or  connate  only  at  the  base :  pod  linear,  compressed, 
with  3-6  seeds.  Two  species  in  N.  Amer.  and  E.  Asia. 
Hardy  ornamental  trees  of  medium  size,  with  showy  fls. 
and  handsome  foliage,  turning  bright  yellow  in  fall.  They 
thrive  in  almost  any  soil.  Prop,  by  seeds,  sown  in  spring, 
or  by  root  cuttings,  dug  up  in  fall  and  kept  in  sand  or 
moss,  moderately  moist  and  cool,  until  spring. 

tinotdria,  Raf.  ((7.  Ihtea,  Koch.  Virgilia  littea,  Mlchx.). 
Tree,with  yellow  wood  and  smooth  bark,  sometimes  50  ft. : 
leaflets  7-9,  oval  or  ovate,  glabrous,  bright  green,  3-4  in. 
long:  panicles  loose,  drooping,  10-20  in.  long:  fls.  white, 
fragrant,  over  1  in.  long.  June.  Kentucky,  Tennessee 
and  N.  Carolina.  S.S.  3:119-20.  Mich.  Hist.  Arb.  HI.  266. 
Gng.  2:401;  5:98.  F.E.8:427.  G.F.  1: 92. -One  of  the 
most  beautiful  flowering  native  trees,  with  wide,  graceful 
head  and  a  short  trunk,  well  adapted  as  single  tree  on 
the  lawn.  Hardy  north  to  New  Eng.  and  Ont.  The  wood 
yields  a  clear  yellow  dye.    Known  as  Yellow-wood. 

Ainur6nsis,  Koch  {Madckia  Amiirhisis,  Rupr.).  Tree, 
to  40  ft. :  leaflets  7-11,  elliptic-  or  oblong-ovate,  rounded 
at  the  base,  glabrous,  2-3  in.  long:  racemes  erect,  dense- 
fld.,  often  panicled  at  the  base,  4-8  in.  long:  fls.  whitish, 
about  ^in.  long.  July,  Aug.  Manchuria.  B.M.  6551.— 
Var.  Bu6rgeri,  Maxim.,  from  Japan,  has  the  lvs.  pubes- 
cent beneath.  Axfred  Rehder. 

CLAEKIA  (Captain  Wm.  Clark,  companion  of  Lewis, 
dceip.  Herbs 
ly  entire  lvs. 
inal  racemes. 
4,  narrow  at 
ng  ;  stamens 
rge  :  pod  ob- 
hardy  annuals  of 


xplorer  of  the  Ko 
of  western  N.  Amf 

Fls.  regular.  iIm 

8,  the  altirmitf  ...m 


CLARKIA 

A.    Petals  entire,  or  at  least  not  lobed. 

61egaaB,Dougl.  iC.  tieriifdlia, Sort.).  Fig.  483.  From 
1-3  ft.  high  in  cult.,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  stems 
reddish  and  glaucous,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  : 
lvs.  broad-ovate  to  linear,  remote-dentate;  fls.  purple  or 
rose-colored,  running  into  white  vars. ;  double  forms 
in  cult. :  claw  of  the  petal  about  as  long  as  its  rhom- 
boidal  limb:  capsule  sessile.  B.M.  3592.  R.H.  1845:385. 
Mn.  1:22.  — One  of  the  commonest  annual  fls. 

rhomboidea,  Dougl.  Not  so  tall  and  more  slender  : 
lvs.  ithin,  lance-oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  entire  :  claw 
often  toothed,  shorter  than  the  rhomboidal  limb:  capsule 
stalked.    R.H.  1864:151  {-Perhaps  not  in  cult. 

AA.   Petals  deeply  3-lobed. 

pulcMlla,  Pursh.    Fig.  484.    One  ft.  to  18  in.  high, 

branchy,  often  tufted  and  dwarf,  the  stems  mostly  pu- 

berulent :  lvs.  narrowly  lance-oblong  to  linear,  narrowed 


long  or  linear,  4-sided.    Clarkias 

easy  cult.  They  thrive  in  a  warm,  light  soil",  either  fully 
exposed  to  the  sun  or  in  partial  shade.  Useful  for  low 
masses  or  for  edgings  ;  also  for  vases  and  baskets. 
They  have  been  much  improved  by  domestication. 


into  a  petiole,  entire:  fls.  lilac,  running  into  white  vars, 

capsule  stalked.      B.  M.  2918.     R.  H.  1845:.385  ;   1886,  ] 

557.— Common  in  cult.    There  are  semi-double  forms. 

L.  H.  B. 


327 


CLAEY.  The  dried  Ivs.  of  Salvia  Sclarea,  which  are 
used  for  seasoning.  Other  species  of  Salvia  have  been 
used  fo"  the  same  purpose.    See  Salvia. 


484.   Clarkia  pulchella.    Natural  size. 


CLAYTdNIA  (after  John  Clayton,  of  Virginia,  one  of 
the  earliest  American  botanists.  From  his  collections 
Gronovius  edited  the  Flora  Virginica).  PorfittacAcece. 
Spring  Beauty.  Small,  hardy,  glabrous,  succulent, 
perennial  herbs,  '•with  slender,  2-leaved  stems  from  a 
deep,  globular  comi,  and  loose  racemes  of  white  or  rose- 
colored  fls.  with  deeper  veins,  appearing  among  the  first 
wild  fls.  and  lasting  only  a  few  days.  The  genus  has 
about  25  species,  mostly  N.  Amer.,  and  is  characterized 
by  its  oval,  persistent  sepals  and  5  stamens.  Plants  can 
be  obtained  from  dealers  in  native  plants.  They  can  be 
naturalized  in  moist  places,  and  do  well  in  half-shady 
spots  at  the  bottom  of  a  rockery.  For  C.parvifolia, 
parviflora  and  perfoliata,  see  Montia. 

Virginica,  Linn.  Plant  4-8  in.  long,  often  forcing  an 
irregular  way  through  the  leaf-mold  of  damp,  rich 
woods :  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  2-6  in.  long,  in- 
cluding the  gradually  tapering  base  :  fls.  larger  and 
more  numerous  than  in  C.  CaroJiniana.  Colo,  to  At- 
lantic and  S.  to  Gulf .    B.M.  941.    L.B.C.  7:643.    D.  33. 

Carolini&na,  Michx.  Lower  and  fewer-fld. :  Ivs.  1-2  in. 
long,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  somewhat  spatulate, 
with  a  blade  1-2  in.  long,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
marginal  petiole.  Minn,  to  Atlantic  and  S.  to  Mts.  of 
North  Carolina. 

lanceoUta,  Pursh.  About  4  in.  high  :  Ivs.  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  3^-lK  in.  long,  sessile,  the  base  broad  or 
narrow:  raceme  short-peduncled  :  petals  emarginate  or 
almost  obcordate.    Utah  and  Calif.  ■^_  jj 

CLEISOSTOMA  (Greek,  dosed  mouth,  referring  to  the 
structure  of  the  spur).  OrcJiiddcece,  tribe  Vdndea. 
Epiphj'tes  ;  stems  leafy  :  Ivs.  coriaceous,  flat  or  nearly 
terete:  sepals  and  petals  adnate  to  the  column,  spread- 
ing: labellum  with  a  large  saccate  spur;  column  short, 
thick  ;  pollinia  2.  From  eastern  Asia  and  Austral.  A 
genus  comprising  in  this  neighborhood  40  species, 
which  suggest  Saccolabium.  The  plants  are  little 
known  in  Amer.  The  leading  species  are  C.  erassifo- 
lium,  Lindl.,  and  C.  ringens, ReicUb,  f.     C.  Dawsonia- 


Oake.s  Ames. 

CLfiMATIS  (Greek  name  of  a  climbing  plant).  JRa- 
nitnciil(ice<v.  Climbing  vines,  or  erect  or  ascending  per- 
ennial herbs,  more  or  less  woody  :  Ivs.  opposite,  slen- 
der petioled,  pinnately  compound,  lobed,  or  in  some 
species  entire:  sejialy  usually  4  or  5,  sometimes  more, 
valvate  in  the  bud,  petaloid  ;  petals  none  (or  small  In 
Atragene  section) ;  stamens  many;  pistils  many;  akenes 
in  a  head,  1-seeded  ;  style  persistent,  long,  plumose, 
silky  or  naked.  Fig.  492.  About  150  species  of  very 
wide  geographical  distribution,  most  abundant  in  tem- 
perate regions.  About  20  species  found  native  in 
North  America.  — Les  Clematites,  Alphonse  Lavall^e, 
Paris,  1884  ;  referred  to  below  by  "Lav."-The  Clema- 
tis as  a  Garden  Flower,  Thomas  Moore  and  George 
Jackman,  Loudon,  1872  ;  referred  to  below  by  "M.  &  J." 
—  Clematises,  Dr.  Jules  le  Bele,  in  Bull,  de  la  Societe 
d'Hort.  de  la  Sarthe  ;  republished  in  The  Garden  (vol. 
53),  June-Oct.  1898.  — O.  Kuntze,  Monogr.  der  Gattung 
Clematis  in  Verh.  Bot.  Ver.  Brandenb.  26  (1885). -A. 
Gray,  Fl.N.  Am.  1:  4-9,  1895. 

A  rich  soil  of  a  light,  loamy  character  is  the  best  for 
Clematises,  and  a  little  mixture  of  lime  will  make  it 
better.  The  soil  must  be  well  drained,  and  must  be  kept 
rich  by  at  least  annual  applications  of  horse-  or  cow-ma- 
nure. On  dry,  hot  soils  cow-manure  is  best,  while  on 
heavy  soils  a  thorough  dressing  of  rich  leaf-mold 
would  best  serve  the  purpose.  Mulching  with  half-rot- 
ted manure  on  the  approach  of  winter  tends  to  increase 
the  strength  of  the  plants  and  the  size  of  the  flowers. 
In  dry  seasons,  spraying  is  always  helpful  during  the 
growing  season. 

Clematises  belonging  to  the  Montana,  Caerulea,  Florida, 
and  Lanuginosa  types  should  be  pruned  in  February  or 
March,  by  cutting  away  all  weak,  straggling  and  over- 
crowded branches.  The  first  three  mentioned  flower 
from  the  ripened  wood  ;  it  is  essential,  therefore,  that 
in  order*to  secure  blossoms,  enough  of  the  strong  one- 
year-old  wood  should  be  retained.  Viticella,  Jack- 
mani  and  Lanuginosa  should  be  vigorously  cut  back, 
say  in  November  ;  they  blossom  from  the  new  shoots. 
Those  of  the  Caerulea  type  should  be  pruned  very  little, 
soon  after  the  flowers  have  disappeared,  by  simply  trim- 
ming off  useless  branches  and  seed-beariug  peduncles. 

Clematises  of  the  vigorous  climbing  varieties  are  used 
in  many  places  to  cover  walls,  root  fences,  mounds, 
arbors,  balconies,  trr-lli-'-,  ■ninll  Imililings,  and,  in  fact, 

many  other  places  til.    ■ -    -ir.l.Mier  will  think  of. 

For  pot  culture  iu  1 1 M     :  I  lii.l  for  conservatory 

walls,  the  less  vigc, I,.  :       ;  i.-st  suited.    All  the 

many  varieties  and  Ir.li:.]-  "i  i  In  (_'a>rulea  and  Lanu- 
ginosa types,  including  Heuryi  and  the  forms  of  Jack- 
mani,  are  well  adapted  to  this  use,  as  well  as  for  out- 
door purposes.  The  dwarfer  and  more  bushy  species 
are  used  in  greenhouses  to  some  extent,  but  are  found 
principally  in  borders  or  on  large  rockeries.  Of  the 
latter  J.  B.  Keller  says  :  "Their  flowers  are  not  so 
large  as  we  see  them  in  most  of  the  climbers,  yet  they 
are  indispensable  in  the  flower  garden,  being  prolific 
bloomers  and  free  growers  in  ordinarily  rich,  deep  gar- 
den soil.  There  is  room  for  improvement  in  this  class, 
however,  and  specialists  who  hitherto  have  done  so 
much  for  the  climbers,  ought  to  direct  their  efforts  now 
to  the  long-neglectcd  Imsli  Cli-nKitises.    A  nolde  beerin- 

C.  integrifoUa,  var.  /'",„,../.  ,"l.iit  wr  .xj.."',  ,,i,,rr  of 
them  in  the  future."  S.t  v,„.,.i,il  in.trs  mti  .■nltiir,-  and 
hybrid-forming  qualitirs  afirr  tin-  .li-srrii.ti..iis  ,,t  M.me 
of  the  species  and  varieties. 

The  most  common  method  of  propagation  is  by  graft- 
ing. Roots  of  C.  Flam  mil  la  or  C.  Viticella  are  used  ; 
the  cions  are  taken  from  plants  that  have  been  grown 
under  glass,  and  are  used  before  the  wood  is  entirely 
ripe.  Cions  taken  from  plants  grown  in  the  garden  in 
summer  are  rarely  successful.  The  grafts,  in  pots  or 
trays,  are  grown  in  a  moist  coolhouse,  over  gentle  bot- 
tom heat.  Another  method  of  propagation,  involving 
less  labor  but  usually  successful,  is  to  take  cuttings  of 
nearly  ripe  wood,  grown  under  glass,  and  treat  them  as 
the  cions  first  above  mentioned,  without  the  roots.  The 
latter  method   is   practiced    preferably  in   summer  in 


gentle  hotbeds;  shading,  spraying,  and  later  on  airing, 
must  be  strictly  attended  to.  Layering  is  practiced 
where  large  old  stools  are  at  hand.  The  knife  is  not  used 
in  the  operation,  but  a  twist  of  the  stem  will  split  the 
inner  bark  lengthwise.  Every  other  joint  is  thus  treated, 
pegged  down,  and  covered  with  soil.  It  is  best  to  leave 
the  layers  undisturbed  until  the  following  spring.  Many 
of  the  species  are  often  propagated  by  seed,  and  many 
new  varieties  have  thus  been  formed.  The  number  of 
hybrids  is  almost  countless  ;  in  this  account  are  care- 
fully recorded  all  those  in  the  American  trade  which  are 
traceable  to  their  origin. 

The  Clematis  is  subject  to  a  very  serious  disease,  due 
to  the  depredations  of  a  nematode  worm  in  the  roots. 
This  trouble  is  most  serious  under  glass  and  alongside 
buildings  where  the  ground  does  not  freeze  deep.  The 
parasite  is  probably  distributed  in  the  soil  a<lhering  to 
pot-grown  plants.  It  is  probable  that  hard  freezing  kills 
the  parasite.  There  is  no  remedy,  so  far  as  known,  for 
affected  plants.  Using  only  soil  which  has  been  frozen  is 
to  be  recommended  to  the  propagator.       jf .  C.  Davis. 

The  hybrid  varieties  of  Clematis,  commonly  known  as 
the  large-flowering  sorts,  are,  when  successfully  grown, 
among  the  most  beautiful  of  hardy  climbing  plants.  The 
commercial  propagation  and  growing  of  most  of  the 
large-flowering  varieties,  however,  is  attended  with  so 
many  difficulties  and  disrippnintmnnts  that  it  has  never 
been  very  generally  attmipf,,!  ),y  nursiryinen  or  florists 
in  this  country.  .\t  t],:-  ),r.s,  m  uuu-  tlicrc  are  scarcely 
half  a  dozen  limi-,^  .m  tliiv  .ontiii. nt  who  attempt  the 
propagation  of  Cl'iiuiti-  tu  :iny  L-uiisidtrable  extent,  and 
it  is  only  within  the  past  fifteen  years  that  Clematises 
have  been  commercially  grown  even  by  this  limited 
number.  Prior  to  that,  practically  all  of  the  large-flower- 
ing Clematis  planted  in  this  country  were  imported  from 
Europe,  the  in.ijcr  ].art  being  supplied  by  Holland, 
whose  nioiNt  ;ilin..s|,l,,  ic  and  black  soil  produces  large, 
vigorous  |il,nit-.  I,ut  wliiise  climatic  conditions  are  so 
entirely  dill.  r.  nt  fn.iii  those  usually  found  in  this 
country  that  the  plants  often  failed  to  adapt  themselves 
to  their  new  surroundings,  and  did  not  thrive  to  the  ex- 
tent that  their  good  size  and  vigorous  condition  seemed 
to  give  promise. 

The  propagation  of  Clematis  throughout  Europe  is 
ustially  effected  by  grafting  pieces  of  well-ripened,  year- 
old  wood  upon  roots  of  almost  any  of  the  more  vigorous 
growing  species,  Clematis  Flamniula  being  most  com- 
monly used.  In  this  country,  on  the  contrary,  the  method 
commonly  pursued  is  by  means  of  cuttings  from  young 
wood,  struck  in  sand,  with  gentle  bottom  heat,  usually 
during  May  or  June.  So  far  as  concerns  the  comparative 
vigor     and      desirability      of 

plants  produced  by  these  two  .  __  .    __ 

methods,  there  is  small  choice      ^?'^' 
between   them.     It  has   been      ^y 
our  experience  that  propaga-      ,■;;■ 


CLEM.\TIS 

sential  characteristics,  — vigorous  habit  of  growth  and 
abundance  of  bloom.  Olfin'ilis  Jurkma tii,  purple, 
originated  in  1862,  by  Mr.  (i.-cir-.  .la.knian.  was  one  of 
the  first  hybrid  Clematises  iiitn.ilur,  a,  ^nnl  .-till  stands 
as  the  most  popular,  and,  of  its  .-.ilor.  tin-  most  valuable 
variety  yet  known.  The  new  variety,  Madame  Edouard 
Andr^,  a  deep,  rich  crimson,  is  distinct  and  novel,  being 
at  this  time  the  only  large-flowering  sort  of  a  truly 
crimson  shade.  It  is  of  fully  as  vigorous  habit  as  the 
Jackmani,  and  its  flowers  are  similarly  massed,  though 
not  produced  in  quite  such  profusion.  Clematis  Madame 
Baron  Veillard  is  another  new  and  distinct  variety  that 
promises  to  prove  a  valuable  acquisition.  It  is  of  ex- 
ceedingly vigorous  habit,  and  the  flowers  are  quite 
freely  produced,  though,  being  more  dispersed  over  the 
plant,  they  do  not  make  so  much  of  a  show  as  do  varie- 
ties whose  flowers  are  closely  massed.  The  flowers  are 
of  very  large  size  and  of  a  light  rose  color,  shaded  with 
lilac.  Of  white  varieties,  Henryl,  Mrs.  George  Jack- 
man  and  Lanuginosa  Candida,  all  of  them  introduced 
long  ago,  still  remain  about  the  most  desirable  ones 
known.  Bamona,  deep  sky-blue,  is  a  variety  which 
originated  on  our  grounds  some  ten  years  ago.  "  It  is  of 
extra  large  size,  often  9  to  10  inches  across,  of  very 
vigorous  habit  and  free-flowering. 

Of  double-flowered  varieties,  Duchess  of  Edinburgh, 
white,  is  the  best  known  in  this  country,  :iii<!  MlH.nt  thf 
most  desirable,  though  a  new  double  win  1.  >  nn  i .  ,  ,i|,.,l 
"  Snowdrift,"  originated  by  the  f  amon  -  1 ,  ,     .     I    ,  ■- 1  k . 

and  now  being  propagated  by  us,  pi :   it 

in  both  floriferousness  and  vigor  of  gmw  :K  i.  im  i .. nl.l 
Veitch  is  a  double  sort  with  flowers  of  lavendir-blue, 
but,  with  us  at  least,  has  seemed  a  shy  bloomer  and  of 
weak  habit.  Mme.  Grange  (purplish  violet).  Star  of 
India  (purple),  Velutine  Purpurea  (purple),  and  V'iti- 
cella  Venosa  ( reddish  purple ) ,  are  all  desirable  varieties. 

Although  they  are  in  reality  slightly  less  hardy  than 
the  Florida  and  Patens  types,  we  would  recommend  for 
northern  localities  varieties  of  the  Lanuginosa,  Viticella 
and  Jackmani  types,  which  produce  their  flowers  from 
young  growing  wood.  Plants  of  these  tjTies,  even  if 
frozen  back  to  the  ground,  will  still  produce  a  good  show 
of  flowers,  since,  as  stated,  they  bloom  from  the  young 
growing  wood.  Indeed,  they  need  to  be  pruned  back 
considerably  anyway  to  induce  a  free  growth  of  young 
wood.  With  plants  of  the  Patens  and  Florida  types, 
which  blossom  from  year-old  wood,  a  severe  freezing 
back  of  the  plants  would  destroy  the  crop  of  flowers  for 
the  year. 

Of  the  small-flowering  varieties,  Clematis  panieulata 
( white) , introduced  from  Japan,  has  proved  a  wonderfully 


It  Ml-—  1  Ih-  possibility, 
-I'lii'  iini-  -  r.  ali/.ed  in  grafted 
plants,  of  sprouts  being 
thrown  up  from  the  roots, 
and,  if  in  the  hands  of  an  un- 
informed amateur,  entirely 
"running  out"  the  vinety 
grafted  m 

Clematises  hybridize  so 
readilv  that  thi  numl.d  of 
varieties  i-snltmt    ti    in    \a 


hUf 

md 


list 


It  ll     _U.  s     of 

et  the  \  irieties 
of  large  flowering  C  lematis 
that  have  proved  so  valuable 
I  perm  inniit  places 


for    til. 
demaii  1 
Then 
shades 
populaii 


.  ounted  upon  one  s  fingers. 
t  s  possessing  most  beautiful 
t  coloring  that  fail  to  attain 
count  of  deficiency  m  two  es- 


valuable  acquisition  in  this  country,  and  has  already 
become  exceedingly  popular.  It  is  of  remarkably 
vigorous  habit,  often  making  a  growth  of  20  to  25  feet 
in  a  season.    It  seems  thus  far  to  be  entirely  free  from 


CLEMATIS 


329 


disease,  is  dplightfully  fragrant,  and  so  floriferous  that 
the  blossoms  form  a  dense  sheet  of  bloom,  remaining  in 
full  beauty  for  several  weeks.  The  foliage  is  very  thick 
anil  heavy,  thus  making  it  very  desirable  for  covering 


pol 


Is,  wh 


Crispa  (blue)  and  Coceinea  (red)  are  varieties  with 
very  pretty,  bell-shaped  flowers.  They  are  easily  grown 
and  do  well  in  almost  all  situations. 

The  perennial,  non-climbing  varieties  of  Clematis  are 
most  pleasing  border  plants,  succeeding  well  in  all  ordi- 
nary soils  and  making  a  rich  show  of  bloom  at  their 
flowering  season.  Davidiana  (blue)  and  Recta  (white) 
are  about  the  best  known  and  most  desirable  varieties 
of  this  class. 

To  grow  Clematis  most  successfully,  they  should  be 
given  a  good  depth  of  loamy  soil,  with  a  fair  supply  of 
well  rotted  manure  spaded  in  and  thoroughly  distrib- 
uted through  the  soil.  In  hot,  dry  weather,  the  plants 
sTiould  be  regularly  watered  in  order  to  obtain  the 
greatest  number  of  "fls.  possible,  for  the  plants  are  very 
susceptible  to  injury  by  drought.  A  point  of  great  im- 
portance, especially  iu  caring  for  newly  set 
plants,  is  to  provide  a  firm  s\ii.ii.irt  f 
climb  upon.  A  solid  woodou  i.r  no  t 
preferable,  for  the  reason  tli:it  it  in- 
plants  from  being  whipped  al.oiit  liy 
often  results  either  in  breaking  the  st;i 
ground  or  else  in  cracking  the  outer  bark  of  the  stalk 
and  rendering  them  more  liable  to  the  attacks  of 
sects  and  fungous  diseases.  Training  the  Vines  upon 
strings,  or  a  pliable  support  of  any  kind,  is  not  to  be 
advised  for  this  reason.  Propagation  of  the  hybrid 
varieties  is  effected  both  by  cuttings  and  by  grafts. 
All  of  the  type  varieties  grow  readily  from  seed. 

Jackson  &  Pekkins  Co. 

Index;  alpina,  32;  aristata,  9;  aromatica,  29;  azurea, 
14.  bicolor,  21)  ;  brevicaudata,  6  ;  caerulea,  14  ;  Calif or- 
nica,  8  ;  carapaniflora,  19  ;  Candida,  12  ;  Catesbyana,  7  ; 
cirrhosa,  15;  coceinea,  21;  Columbiana,  31  ;  crassifolia, 
9,-  crispa,  22;  Davidiana,  25 ;  Douglasi,  26;  Drummondi, 
3;  erecfa,  1  ;  eriosteraon,  18  ;  excelsior,  12  ;  Flammtila, 
2  ;  floribunda,  19  ;  florida,  20  ;  Portunei,  20  ;  Fremonti, 
27;  fulgens,  18;  grandiflora,  14.  15;  grareolens,  11; 
Henderson!,  18;  Henryi,  12;  heraclejefolia,  25;  Hookeri, 
25  ;  indivisa,  17  ;  integrifolia,  28  :  Jackmani,  12  :  Ker- 
mesinus,  18  ;  lanuginosa,  12  ;  ligusticifolia,  8  ;  lilicina- 
floribunda,  18;  marmorata,  18;  Meyeriana,  10;  modesta, 
18;  montana,  15;  nivea,  12;  occidentalis,  32;  ochroleuca, 
30  ;  odorata,  15  ;  orientalis,  11  ;  paniculata,  5  :  pi'tens, 
14  ;  Pieroti,  IC  ;  Pitcheri,  24  •  purpurea-hvbrida,  18  ; 
rect:i,  1  ;  reticulata  23  ;  rubella,  2  :  Sargenti,  24  ;  Si- 
birira,  32  ;  Sieboldi,  20  ;  Standishii,  14  ;  Stanley!.  13  ; 
stans,  25;  tubnlosa,  25;  Tunbridgensis,  12;  verticillaris, 
31;  Viorna,  21;  Virginiana,  7;  Vitalba,  4;  Viticella,  18. 
A.    Trtte  petals  none;  sepals  petaloid.    Clematis  proper. 

B     Styles  of  fruit  lery  long  and  plumose  {Ftg   49S} 
c    Fls   on  the  new  growth,  numerous,  small,  appeal 
ing  in  the  last  half  of  the  season,  often   tn  pani 
eles     Flammula  section 

D    Serhaceout,  nearly  erect 

1    ricta,  Lmn   (C  erfota,  Linn  )     Herbaceous   some 

what    tufted,  2-3    ft    long 

^'^^4/;  U_-    I.mnnt.        U.s     st.lked. 


C¥^y'' 


iir,      -    Lu 


p     o47  -\i 


plfina,  Lemome     FuUv  dou 
bled,  button  like  blossoms 
DD      Woody   or  half  u  oody, 
climbing 
I     Fit   usually  perfect, 
nearly  uhite 
Natural  size  2     FWrnmula      Lmn      ( C 

Palla^i  J  F  Gmel  )  A 
slender  but  vigorous  climber  reaching  10-15  ft  dark 
green  Ivs.,  remaining  fresh  till  midwinter;  Ifts.  vari- 
able   but   usually   bipinnate,   small,   ovate,    oblong   or 


linear  ;  fls.  small,  numerous  in  axillary  and  terminal 
panicles;  sepals  4,  linear-oblong  white;  stamens  white; 
fr.  bearing  white  plumes.  Aug.-Oct.  Mediterranean 
region.    Gn.  52,  p.  499.  — Must  have  a  sunny  exposure; 

very  beautiful. 
Var.       rubella, 

Bele  (C.  rubella, 

Pers.,  not  Hort  ). 

Differs   from   the 


C.  Flam       f  \(         I         .    '    / 
I  Ivs.   ash^      »  \^  ^  ^  /^ 


3.  Dnimmondi 

Gray.     Allied 

mula ;   stem   and  Ivs.    ashj 

pubescent ;    Ivs.   finely  pm 

nate  :    fls.  white,  much  less 

abundant ;  styles  becoming 

2-3  in.  long.    Sept.    Dry  ground,  Tex.  to  Aiiz. 

4.  Vit41ba,  Linn.  In  Europe  called  Traveller's  Joy. 
The  most  vigorous  climber  of  the  genus,  ascending  20- 
30  ft. :  Ivs.  pinnate  ;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
cordate  at  the  base,  partly  cut:  fls.  numerous,  in  axillary 
panicles,  dull  white,  %  in.  across,  with  a  faint  odor  of 
almonds:  styles  of  fr.  long  and  feathery,  from  which  it 
is  given  the  name  Old  Man's  Beard.  July-Sept.  Eu., 
N.  Afr.,  Caucasus  region.    Gn.  53.  p.  546.    S.H.  2:540. 

5.  paniculata,  Ttmnl..  FIl---  C^'  (Sfi,  A  vigorous 
climber:  Ifts.::  ',  ,...!  :  i.  ■!  ■  -  "  "iiate,  1-4  in.  long, 
g'.abrous  :  fls.  i  .  i  — ,  in  axillary  and 
terminal  panirl^  ,■  i.  I  :il  :iiii-.  Sept.  Japan. 
G.F.3:621;  5:'Jl;  'i:7.Vi!i.l  \.<i.  i  .  1;.  :i:  .-)81.  Mn.7:113; 
Gng.  1:101  and  li;.'.  ;  0:291;  4  :  Jl':!.  A.F.  ]:;:  1314.- 
Prop.  by  seed.  By  fai  the  mo 
blooming  species  in  American  g 
sunny  situations  —Will  stand  st 

6    brevicaudata  DC   (C  b,,, 
mg  vigoroush       h  s    pmn 


ovate  lanceolate  v  ummate  < 
brous  fls  in  axillar-*  panicles 
G  F  5  139  -Ver\  little  used 


the  fall- 
s  best  in 
1  winter 
Llimb 
_ments 
nlvgla 
(  hina 


EE     Fls 


dicecioub 


f,^        Ivs 


7  VirgimElna,  Lmn     Fi^  4S7     fhrabmg  12  to  Ij  ft 
temate,  Ut^    ^1  il  i    n        m  i      i       1    buses  often  cor 

date     fla  whit      m  1  u  monoecious  or 

dioecious    all  >ut    1    m  i   mded      plumose 

styles  1  in  oi  none   m  I    n    m  i      -   |t      Nova  Scotia 

toGa,westnaid  t.Ku,-     u  V    1     VI.     D  103 

\  ir  Catesbyana  Britton  (C  tateibydna  Pursh) 
Lvs  somewhat  pubescent  often  biternate  S  E  states 
Fl  730  {lbl4)     Int   1883 

8  h^stlclfdUa,  Nutt  \lli  1  i  <  T  nia  but 
having  D-7  Ifts  ot  tiim  i  t  i  i  ]  ubes 
cent  variable  m  form  m  1  to   i      i                              1   bed  or 

coarsely  toothed    tts^hit        ,.ii mtland 

axillary  panicles  ,  st^  les  ilea  eh  ilk\  (  ul  ^  tut,  with 
long  straight  hairs  Aug  Missouu  to  ^  "\Iexico  and 
Brit  Columbia  Int  1881  Vir  Califdmica,  Wats  has 
no  marked  difference  :  lvs.  usually  smaller  and  perhaps 
more  tomentose. 


330 


CLEMATIS 


9.  crasBifdlia,  Benth.  Climbing :  Its.  coriaceous, 
3-parted;  segments  nearly  entire,  ovate-acuminate,  with 
bases  cuneate:  fls.  in  small,  axillary  panicles;  sepals  4, 
spreading,  dull  or  white  ;  anthers  shorter  than  the  fila- 
ments. Late  summer.  China.  — Suitable  for  greenhouse 
use,  but  not  yet  well  introduced.  C.  aristata,  of  B.  R. 
3:238.  is  a  fair  representation  of  this  plant. 


488.  Clematis  Henryi.    One-fourt 


10.  Meyeni^na,  Walp.  Climbing  rapidly,  more  hardy 
than  C.  crassifotia:  Ivs.  much  the  same,  but  with  the 
segments  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base  ;  fls.  much  as  in 
that  species,  but  with  the  anthers  longer  than  the  fila- 
ments.  Late  summer.    China. 

EEE.    Fls.  perfect,  yellow,  and  more  spreading  than 
the  preceding. 

11.  orientillis,  Linn.  (C.  graveolens,  Lindl.).  A  rapid 
climber,  reaching  12-15  ft. :  Ivs.  thin,  glaucous  and  shiny, 
twice  or  thrice  temate  ;  Ifts.  3-parted  or  -lobed,  with 
small,  ovate,  entire  or  cut-toothed  divisions :  fls.  solitary, 
becoming  erect  or  nearly  so,  VA  in.  across;  sepals  4,  yel- 
low, tinted  with  green,  somewhat  reflexed  ;  styles  plu- 
mose. Aug.- Sept.  Himalaya  region.  Lav.  21.  Figured 
as  CgrareoJens  in  the  following:  B.M.4495.  Gn. 45:954, 
p.240.    P.S.4:374b;  6:548. 

cc.   Fls.  on  the  new  growth,  appearing  successively 

throughout  the  summer. 

D.    Climbing  plants. 

12.  lanugindsa,  Lindl.  (including  var.  pallida,  Hort.  | . 
Climbing  only  5  or  6  ft. :  Ivs.  simple  or  of  3  Ifts.,  cordate- 
acuminate,  woolly  beneath:  fls.  erect,  woolly  in  the  bud, 
the  largest  of  the  wild  species,  being  6  in.  across;  sepals 
5  or  6,  broadly  ovate,  leathery,  rather  flat,  overlapping, 
lavender  or  bluish  gray;  center  of  stamens  pale  reddish 
brown;  styles  plumose.    Summer.    Native  near  Ningpo, 


CLEMATIS 

China.  F.S.  8:811.  I.H.  1:14.  Lav.  1.  M.  &J.4.-Iti3 
to  this  sj.i-i'i.s,  111. ire  than  to  any  other,  that  the  beauty 
ami  ]i.ii,ulanty  of  the  garden  varieties  and  hybrids  are 
(Uir.  The  tiiiivt  liybrids,  including  (7.  iTacfcmoni  audits 
seitinii,  unci  ( '.  //.iiri/i,  contain  more  or  less  of  the  blood 
of  C.  laiinginosii. 

Var  otadlda,  Lemoine  (C  Candida  Hort.).  Like  the 
t)pe  except  that  the  bimple  l\s  and  Ifts  of  the  compound 
Ivs  are  much  larger  and  the  fls  are  larger,  being  7-8  in. 
acro-ss  —Perhaps  a  hybrid  of  C  ccetulea 

Var  nivea,  Lemome  (C  nuea,  Hort  )  Sepals  6-8, 
uarrowish  pure  white  anthers  pale  brown —Thought  to 
In  of  the  simi  (irigin  as  the  above  var 

I  III  I  I      h  (  proline  Xevill,  Hort.).   Fls. 

II   I       n  II h  whit**  with  mauve-colored 

1 M I       1       1  I  11  4b  p  33  —One  of  the  finest 


I  Lifelivre    Hort  )     Resembles  the 
•  pointed  and  darker  in  shade. 

like  the  type,  but  with 

Late- 


&s 


MrIdalnl^\^  an  H  iitte  W  M  id  ime  \  in  Houtte.Hort. 
blooming     sepals,  pale^blue  becoming  white 

Madame  Thibaut  (C    Madame  Thihuit    Hort.).     F 
abundant  -Thought  to  be  a  hybrid  with  C  ViticeUa. 

The  Prendent  (C  The  President  Hort  )  A  rich  violet -blue 
flower. 

.ffjceistor'(0.  Excelsior,  Hort.).  Fls.  double;  sepals  grayish 
purple,  with  a  reddish  bar  down  the  center  of  each.  F.S. 
20:1995. 

Of  the  more  certain  hybrids  of  this  group,  some  of  which  are 
so  closely  allied  to  C.  lanugitiosa  as  to  be  considered  varieties  of 

the  following  are  the  best  in  the  Aniericau  trade  : 


E.    Fls. 


ish. 


ii'.ii.  i/.  .S7.J«;iVn,  Carre.  (X  C.  cierulea.  var.  plena).  Plant, 
.    I    lanuginosa,  but  with  larger  fls. :  sepals  6-8.  white 
;  i      „!:iy  .at  first;  stamens  yellow. 

;/  „::;.,  Anderson-Henry  (XC.florida.var.Fortunei).  Fig. 488. 
Kohusi  i,l;int:  free  bloomer;  fls.  creamy  white,  becoming  fully 
expanded  when  grown  in  the  open  sun  or  under  glass.  Aug.-Nov. 
—  It  resembles  more  the  Lanuginosa  parent. 

Otto  Froebel.  Lemoine  (X  C.  cienilea).  Lvs.  leathery,  simple 
or  3-p.arted:  fls.  of  fleshy  texture,  grayish  white,  sometimes  be- 
coming bluish;  sepals  8.  blunt,  broad;  anthers  brownish. 

Imperatrice  Eugenie,  Carre.  {C.  I.  var.  pallidaX  C.  eserulea). 
Lvs.  simple  or  3-parted;  Ifts.  broad  and  woolly;  fls.i8-9  in. 
across,  with  8  broad,  white  sepals. 

Jeanne  d'A  re,  Dauvesse.  Same  cross  as  last  and  much  like  it, 
but  the  sepals  are  grayish  white,  with  3  blua  bars  down  the 
center  of  each. 

EE.    Fls.  some  shade  of  blue,  lavender,  purple,  etc., 
except  in  some  vars.  of  C.  Jackmani. 

Lawsonidna,  Anderson-Henry  (X  C.  florida.  var.  Fortune!). 
Fls.  very!  large  ;  sepals  6-8,  broad,  rose-purple,  marked  with 
darker  veins.  Aug.-Nov. 

rubro-violdcea,  Jackman  (X  C.  ViticeUa,  var.  atronibens). 
Lvs.  pinnate,  with  ovate-acuminate  or  sometimes  ovtat^-lanceo- 
l;ite  Ifts.:  sepals  4-6,  maroon-purple  ;  stamens  greenish.  F.S. 
18:1630.  F.M.  1876;217.  Var.  Princp  of  TToies,  Hort.,  has  fls.  of 
lighter  tint. 

La  France.   Hort.  'V  ('    .T.- 
woolly:  sepals  deep  1-.. I. :iii  i:  i 

BdHcdcsWracv.  F..:^ 
lilue,  with  broad,  reriir  ; 

DeconiVnsi,!,  Hort.  i^;niM     i. 
delicate  lavender-blue.  tin.  ;i.  p.  .ju:i  ( note; . 

Symesidna,  Anderson-Henry  (X  C.  florida,  var.  Fortunei). 
Fls.  7  in.  across;  sepals  6-8,  pale  mauve;  a  profuse  bloomer. 

Gem,  Baker  (XC.'Stan.lisbi  I,  Lvs,  3-p.arted  or  simple;  fls. 
like  C.  lanuginosa  in  fnni    L-ivr.  -h  1  In.- 

Jdckmani.  Jaekni;iii        r    I'  ,,,,i.  1858-60).    Habitand 

lvs.  of  C.  lanuginosa  •■     1 1  mad  ;  sepals  4-6,  very 

broad,  velvety  purpli  ,  V.         i  .    .Inwn  theoenter;  broad, 

central  tuft  of  pale  Ki""  ■■  " •      ^  .V  . I.  5,  6,  9, 10. 11, 12, 14. 

I.H.11;414.  F.S.  16:1621).  lin.J-ilW:  .-.3.  p.262.  A.6.19;269.  A.F. 
10:1329.  R.H. 1868:390.  Var.  (/(da,  Hort.  Fls.  nearly  pure  white. 
Gn  25:  427.  Var.  superba,  Hort.  Fls.  violet-purple,  resembling 
C.  Madame  Grange.    See  Fig.  489. 

Other  hybrids  or  varieties  of  C.  Jackmani  are  :    Var,  Gipsy 


Lvs.   smooth  ;    buds 
,  with  wavy  edges. 
:.s  the  last).  Fls.  large, 

s-'.i  in.  across  ;  sepals'8. 


Queen,  Cripps  K  ,  iTip,sy  yueei 

of  India'.  Vriinif^  icVstiirnf  I 
barred  with  red.  \  ar.  Tnnhriu 
Hort.), reddish  purple,  barred 


331 


I     I     1      1  1  M  i.>re  Hort  ). 

ih  vl  It      II  \  ir  iladame 

I  s  ■     \1  I  I  uii    1   11    H  \  Hill  ird,  Hort  ), 

,.      \    I    Ui        ,     L    I,     Lir..u\iil  a   M  idame  Andre, 
Hort  1  I  iriinn»  M.ilet    R  H  ls<)i  Isii    V»r  iilutma purpurea, 
Jackman(C  ^ elutma  pvirpurea.  Hort  ),fls  4-6  m    across,  usu- 
ally 4,  sometimes  5  or  6  sepals,  blackish  purple 
DD.   Seibaceous,  eiect. 

13.  Stinleyi,  Hook.  (C.  StanUudna,  Hort.).  Erect, 
robust  herbs,  3  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  biternate  ;  Ifts.  sessile  or 
petioled,  variable  in  size,  cuneate,  silky  :  fls.  1-3  in. 
across,  white  to  pink -purple;  sepals  becoming  widely  ex- 
panded; stamens  yellow;  styles  becoming  very  plumose, 
white.  Julv-Oct.  Transvaal.  Int.  1893.  B.M.7166.  Gn. 
39:789.  G".  F.  3:513.  G.C.  HI.  8 :  327. -  Suitable  for 
greenhouse  culture  ;  in  the  northern  states  it  is  apt  to 
winter-kill  if  left  unprotected. 

ccr.    Fls.  0)1  the  year-nhl  ripenert  iroorl,  nppearinc!  in 
late  winter,  spring,  or  early  sumoier. 
D.    Sepals  more  than  4,  usually  6-9. 

14.  caerUea,  Lindl.  (C.pAtens,  Morr.  &  Decne.  C.  azii- 
rea,  Hort.,  ex.  Turcz.).  Taller  and  more  slender,  and 
Ifts.  smaller  and  narrower  than  C.  lanuginosa :  fls. 
spreading;  sepals  about  8.  rather  narrow,  delicate  lilac; 
stamens  purple.  Spring.  Islt- ,.f  Nij'iMni.  .rupan.  M.&  J. 
3.  Lav.  2  and  3.  B.R.  23:l:i.".:..  I'.M.  4  : 1'.':;.  B.  3:126.- 
Should  be  grown  on  a  northcin  .viKi^un  i..  ]. reserve  the 
color  of  the  flowers.  Itisalnin^r  :is  jtmlitir  as  C.  lanugi- 
nosa in  producing  garden  varieties  and  hybrids,  and  it 
is  the  most  likely  of  all  to  produce  double-flowered  forms. 

Var.  grandifldra.  Hook.  (C.  asi'irea,  var.  qrantliflbra, 
Hort.).    Fls.  larger  than  the  type.    B.M.3983. 

Var.  Stindishi,  Moore  {C.  Stdnrlishi,  Hort.).  Fls. 
about  5  in.  across  ;  sepals  light  purple,  of  metallic 
luster.  — A  line  variety  from  Japanese  gardens. 

The  following  other  garden  varieties : 

Mrs.  Jum.s  ll.ik.r  >r,  Mrs.  James  Baker,  Hort.).  Sepals 
nearly  whitf,  nhl.-.l  witli  .lark  carmine, 

Miss  B,it,„,,in.  XmI.Ii.  ir,  Jiiss  Bateman,  Hort.).  Fls.  more 
compact  than  t  lu'  tyvn,  ti  in.  a'-ross:  sepals  ovate,  shortly  acumi- 
nate, pure  white,  with  cream-colored  bars  ;  anthers  browu- 
Probahly  of  hybrid  origin  ;  allied  to  var.  Standishi. 

Stella.  Jackman  (C.  Stella,  Hort.).  Fls.  not  so  large  as  the 
last ;  sepals  deep  mauve,  with  a  red  bar  down  the  center  of  each. 
F.S.22:2341. 

Ama^id,  Siebold  (C.Amalia.Hort.).  Sepals  6  or  more,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  light  lilac.  From  .Japanese'gardens.j.F.S.  10:  lo:il. 

Lord  Lanesborough,  Noble  (C.  Lord  Lanesborough,  Hort.). 
Sepals  bluish  lihae,  each  with  a  metallic  purple  bar. — A  good  va- 
riety to  graduallj-  force  to  blossom  in  the  greenhouse  by  March. 

Lafly  Lanesborough.  Xoble  (C.  Lady  Lanesborough,  Hort.). 
Sepals  silver-gray,  the  bar  being  lighter  colored.— It  will  blos- 
som in  March  in  the  greenhouse. 

Marie.  Simon-Louis   (C.  Marie,  Hort.).    Fls.  darker  than 

The  Ouecn,  Jackman  (C.  The  Queen,  Hort.).  Fls.  rather  com- 
pact, the  sepals  being  broader  than  the  type. 

John  Murray,  Jackman  (C.  John  Murray,  Hort.).  Habit  and 
foliage  bolder  than  the  type:  fls.  somewhat  later.  Gn.  46: 970. 

Fair  ifosomond,  Jackman  (C.  Fair  Rosamond,  Hort.),  Sepals 
apicuLite,  broader  than  the  type,  and  of  the  same  color.  F.S. 
22:2342. 

Countess  of  Lovelace.  Jackman  (C.  Countess  of  Lovelace, 
Hort.).  Fls.  double,  blue-violet  :  sepals  much  imbricated.  In 
the  second  crop  of  blooms  the  fls.  are  single,  as  is  often  the  case 
in  other  double  varieties. 

Albert  TiXor,  Noble  (C.  Albert  Victor,  Hort.).  Fls.  much  like 
the  type,  but  large  and  more  compact.—  Suitable  for  forcing 
under  glass. 

Duchess  of  Edinburgh.  Jackman  (C.  Duchess  of  Edinburgh, 
Hort.).  Fls.  double,  white,  strongly  imbricated. 

Louis  van  Houtte,  Hort.  (C.  Louis  van  Houtte,  Hort.).  Semi- 
double,  rosy  white. 

Vesta.  Endlicher  (C.Vesta, Hort.).  Sepals  gr.ay;  anthers  red. 
Gt.  39:1333.    Gn.9;lS. 


Van  Houtte  (C   monstrosa,  Hort.).    Fls.  semi- 
double,  pure  white    F  S  9  960. 

Sophia.  Siebold  (C  Sophia,  Hort.).  Sepals  deep  lUac-purple 
on  the  edges,  with  hght  green  bars.  F.S.  8:  852.  l.H.  1:21. 
BH.     97 

DD.    Sepals  4. 

15  montina,  Buch.-Ham  (C  odordta,  Hort.,  not 
Wall  I  A  vigorous  climber,  often  reaching  a  height  of 
15-20  tt  .  h  s  ternate,with  oblong-acuminate  cut-toothed 
Ifts.:  fls.  several  m  each  axil,  following  each  other  in 
succession  of  time,  resembling  white  anemone  blossoms, 
sweet-scented ;  sepals  i,  elliptic-oblong,  1  in.  long, 
spreading,  becoming  pink  ;  stamens  conspicuous,  yel- 
low. IVIay.  Himalaya  region.  B.R.  26:53.  M.  &  J.  8. 
Gn.  49,  p.  39,  51,  p  349.  A.  G.  19:391.  R.  H.  1856:161.- 
The  species  prefers  a  mild  climate.  The  section  of 
Clematises  to  which  it  belongs  includes  the  evergreen 
forms,  such  as  C.  cirrhdsa,  Linn.,  of  the  Mediterranean 
region. 

Var.  grandUWra,  Hort.   Fls.  3-4  in.  across.    B.M.  4061. 

16.  Pierdti,  Miq.  Closely  allied  to  the  last:  Ivs.  and 
Ifts.  shaggy -hairy,  much  toothed,  veins  prominent :  fls. 
small.   Early  summer.   Japan. 


489    Clematis  Jackmanl 


17  indivisa.Willd  Much  like  C  monfano  fls  white; 
requires  cool  grf  cnhousi  culture  and  is  then  very  beau- 
tiful Ivs  evpi-i  en  III  lb7  A  F  H  879  Gn. 
53,  p    546  -/)  '  \    I     I  1  ita     Hook  ,  differs  very 

little  from  \hvU\         B  M   4jJS     R  H  1853  241     Gn  53 
p.  547     P  S  4  4U2 


332 


CLEMATIS 


BE.  Styles  of  fi:  usKully  rather  short,  often  becoming 
phtmose,  but  not  so  much  as  in  B.—  Vitivella 
Section. 

c.    Climbing  plants. 
D.   Fls.  large,  expanded  when  mature. 

18.  ViticfiUa,  Linn.  Climbing  8-12  ft.:  Ivs.  some 
times  entire,  but  usually  divided  into  3  nearly  entire 
Ifts.:  fls.  lK-2  in.  in  diam.,  growing  singly  on  pedim 
cles;  sepals  4,  blue,  purple  or  rosy  purple,  obovate 
pointed,  reflexed;  stamens  yellow:  fr.  with  rather  short 
tails,  devoid  of  plumes.  June-Aug.  S.  Eu.  to  Persia 
R.H.  1860,p.  183;  1876:110;  1879:350  (vars.).  B.M.  505 
Lav.  7.  — This  is  the  type  of  one  of  the  leading  groups 
of  garden  Clematises,  and  is  one  of  the  parents  of  the 
Jackmani  type  of  hybrids. 

The  four  following  are  garden  varieties  : 

Eermesinus.  Hort.  (C.  Kermesinus,  Hort.).  Fls.  of  bright 
wine-red  color,  purple  being  absent.   Gn.  39:787. 

Liliclnatloribunda.  Hort.  (C.  liUcina-floribunda,  Hort.  C. 
floribunda.  Hort.).  Fls.  pale  gray-Ulac,  conspicuously  veined. 
Gn.  18,  p.  389  (note).— An  abundant  bloomer.  Produced  in  an 
English  garden  in  1880. 

Lady  Bovill,  Jaekman  (C.  Lady  Bovill,  Hort.).  Fls.  cup- 
formed,  sepals  being  concave  and  little  or  not  at  all  recurved 
at  the  ends, fls.  4  in.  across;  sepals  4-6,  grayish  blue,-  stamens 
light  brown.  M.&  J.15. 

Marmordta,  Jaekman  (C.  mamiorata.  Hort.).  Fls.  rather 
smaU,  with  4  broad  sepals,  grayish  bhie.  3  longitudinal  bars. 
M.  &  J.  1,  f .  2 ;  same  plate  in  F.  S .  20 :  2008  ( opp.  p.  17, ) 

Hybrids  of  C.  Viticella  which  are  closely  allied  to  that  tj-pe: 

Eendersi'iii,  Hendersnn  (C.  eri6stemon,  Dene.  =C.V.XC. 
iutegrifnlKi '     St. m  ;ni.I  h.'diit  of  C.ViticeUa:  Ifts.  and  lis.  much 

I    I       ing  8-10  ft.:  4  blue  sepals,  spreading, 

1       I.N    ls.-.2:341.  F.S.13:1364(asvar.venosa), 


of 


reflex.. 


riut'in,ii  iiiibrida,  Modeste- 
Gueriu  i.  -  iW'.X  C  Jackmani). 
Fls.  4-6  in.  across,  deep  purple 
violet,  with  red  veins,  but  not 
barred. 


Boskoop,  Uort.  (C.  Boskoop  Seedling,  Hort.  =C.V.XC.ln- 
tegrifolia).  A  new  race  in  1892:  growing  3-5  ft. :  fls.  blue,  lav- 
ender, rose  or  reddish  rose. 

19  oampanifldra,  Brot  Climbmg  10-15  ft  fls  re 
fle\ed  and  bell  shaped  as  in  the  above  tjpe  or  more  so, 
purple  oi  whitish  June  July  Native  of  Portugal 
L  B  C  10  987  Lav  8  -This  has  been  called  C  \  iti 
cetla  because  of  its  close  resemblance  m  flower  fruit 
and  leaf  but  the  Ivs  are  often  twice  ternate,  and  the 
plant  IS  inuth  more  slender  in  habit 

20  fldrida  Thunb    A  sh  n  ,       n    /     . 


491.  Clematis  Viorna. 


\  ai  bicolor  s,j  ,,  ]  , , 
Siebuld,  II  II  II  I  1,  -I  111 
Like  the  t\|  lilt  »iil,  th 
purple    St  mil  n  m   wli  it 

petal  like  ml  t  imm^  u 
dense  purple  hi  ad  in  the 
center  F  S  5  487  Lav 
5  M  <tJ  16  B  R  24  25 
P  M  4  147  Ixn  22  349  R 
H.  I806.4OI. 

Var.  Fbrtunei,  Moore  (C. 
FiirtiDiei,  HoTt.).  Fls.  large,  very  much  doubled;  se- 
pals creamy  white,  becoming  pink.  F.  S.  15 :  1553. 
G.  C.  1803:  676.     I.  H.  10,  p.  86.    M.  &  J.  13. 

Belle  of  TroA-i?iff(C.Belleof  Woking,  Hort.),  A  hybrid  form: 
fls.  very  full  and  double ;  sepals  purple. 

John  Gnuld  Veitch  (C.  John  Gould  Veitch,  Hort.  C.  Veitchii, 
Hoit.).  Fls.  velvet,  double,  resembling  var.  Fortune!,  except  in 
the  color  of  the  sepals.  From  Japanese  gardens.  F. 8.18:1875-6. 

DD.  Fls.  smaller,  pitcher-shaped  or  tubular. 
21.  Vibrna,  Linn.  Fig.  491.  Climbing  8-10  ft. :  Ivs. 
not  glaucous  nor  coriaceous  ;  Ifts.  subcordate-ovate  to 
ov:iti-.l;iiiceolate,  slightly  reticulated  :  fls.  solitary,  on 
liiML'  iiediincles,  pitcher-shaped  ;  sepals  4,  1  in.  long, 
vMiKilil..  in  color,  often  dull  purple,  thick  and  leathery, 

.iii'  .     ',  I        I-.  ..L.  1.1  Aliil.iiiiiii  nil. I  westward.    Lav.  17. 

\     i    .  .  ...  una,   .\.  iir:i>    I  ('.  /"»<■«,  Eng«lm. ).    Lvs. 

;;! ii    ,      111. ...rill us;    Ifts.  I.n.:uler  than  the  type, 

(.11. 11  .'l.tiise  or  refuse  :  sepals  carmine  or  scarlet. 
Ti-xiis.  I,!iy.l9  {as  a. Texensis).  B.M.  6594.  Gn.  19:275. 
(It.  :!2:  .si;.  R.H. 1878:10;  1888:  348.  — Much  superior  to 
th.-  ty|ii.,  because  of  its  beautiful  flowers.  Some  of  the 
L'lii.l.  II  f(.rms  of  this  variety,  which  have  probably  been 
|.i...lii. .  .1  by  crossing  it  with  hardier  Clematises,' are 
t. .1111.1  under  the  names:  Countess  of  Onslow,  Aeej)  scslT- 
l.t,  I  .I'.  III.  10:9;  Countess  of  York, -Khite.  tinted -with 
|.iiik  ;    Ihirhcss  of  AVmv;i,  clear  pink,  Gn.  52:1140. 

■11.  crispa,  Linn.  A  ~1.  iider  climber,  reaching  3-4  ft.: 
hs.  1 .  r\  Tliiii;  Ifts.  .;-.".  ..r  more,  variable  in  outline  and 
si.iiii-tiiiii.s  iiu.lix  i.l.-.l.  ..Iti-n  3-o-lobed:  fls.  purple,  vary- 
ing to  whitish,  cylindrical  or  bell-shaped,  1-2  in.  long; 
points  of  sepals  recurved:  styles  of  fr.  hairy  but  not 
plumose.  June-Sept.  Virginia  to  Texas.  B.  R.  32 :  60. 
Lav.  14.  — This  and  the  allied  species  are  fragrant. 

23.  reticulata,  Walt.  A  slender  climber,  allied  to  the 
last :  lvs.  much  reticulated  and  very  coriaceous  :  fls. 
solitary  in  the  axUs  of  the  lvs.,  nodding,  bell-shaped; 
sepals  recurved,  crispy  at  the  mar-gin:  mature  fr.  with 
plumose  tails.  June,  Julv.  S.  Car.  to  Ala.  and  Fla. 
B.M.  6574;  1892  (as  C.  crispa);  1816  {a.s  C.  cordata). 
L.av.  10. 

24.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Lvs.  of  3-4  pairs  of  Ifts. 
and  a  terminal  1ft.  reduced  almost  to  a  midrib;  Ifts. 
coarsely  reticulated  :  fls.  1  in.  long  and  %va.  in  diam., 
with  swollen  base  ;  sepals  dull  purple,  recurved  at  the 
tips :  akenes  pubescent,  styles  not  plumose. 
S.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southward  to  Mex.    Lav.  15. 


-Aug. 


CLEMATIS 


CLERODENDRON 


333 


C(-.    Herbaceous,  erect,  i 

C. 

D.    Sepals 

25.  heracleaefdlia,  DO 

erect,  woody  only  at  the 

green  ;    Ifts.  mucronatc 

corymbs,  either  axillarj 

with  4  light  blue  sepals 

and   pedicels  downy  ; 

Aug.-Sept.    China.    M. 

v&r.Bodkeri).    P.M.  14 


ir  somewhat  climbing  incase  of 
aromatica. 
iome  shade  of  blue. 
(C.  tubulbsa.  Hook.).  Stout, 
base:  Ivs.  ternate,  large,  bright 
^ly  toothed  :  fls.  numerous  in 
■  or  terminal,  tubular  in  form, 
,  becoming  reflexed  ;  peduncles 
recurved  stigmas  club-shaped. 
&  J.  17.  B.M.4269;  6801  (as 
:.■)!.     P.S.  3:195.-Prop.  by  root 


Var.  Davidl^na,  Bean  (C.  Davididna,  Decne.).  About 
4  ft.  high,  hardly  strong  enough  to  stand  without  sup- 
port: Ivs.  larger  than  any  other  cultivated  Clematis  : 
fls.  in  clustered  heads,  6-15  together,  and  also  singly 
or  clustered  in  the  leaf  axils.  R.H.  1867,  p.  90.  Gn.  49, 
p.  99. 

Var.  Btans,  Hocik.  (('.  stilus.  Sieb.  &  Zucc).     Herba- 

less  dens.-  i1i:mi  ilir  -.An.vi-  variity.  ill  i.'1-iiiinal  panicles 
and  in  clos,.  rhi^ins  in  the  l.':ir-a\il~.  tnl.iil:ir  in  form; 
the  blue  scjial-i  nv.iiut.-  fnnii  m-.iv  liir  im.ldle.  Sept.- 
Oct.  Jap.  B.M.  (JSKI.-Usfd  cliielly  because  of  the 
striking  foliage  and  its  late-bloomiiig  qualities. 

26.  Doiiglasi,  Hook.  Has  habit  of  U.  integrifolia, 
about  2  ft.  high:  stem  and  petioles  angled  and  ribbed: 
Ivs.  twice  pinnately  ortematc'ly  coiiiiMiniid  ;  Ifts.  narrow- 
linear  or  lanceolate:  fls.  tulMilar  or  lirll  sliaped,  1  in. 
long;  sepals  recurved,  defj'  [iin-jiir  witliin.  ]taler  with- 
out.   June.    In  Mts.,  Montana  I.I  N.  Mrx, -Int.  IKM. 

27.  Fr^monti,  Watson.  (']<-''■■  uihr.!  •■-' ■  n,i,rni,i,eii, 
but  with  Ivs.  3^  in.  long.  iH  1 1  -  !■  i  h.  i- .ntin- or 
with  a  few  coarse  teeth:  il  .  i  h  .inm  ;  sepals 
thick,  purple,  nearly  glal.i  :  ,  ;  i  loin.  iituso 
edges;  styles  when  young  iImah,  nnli.i  ili.ni  f.:iiliL'ry. 
July-Aug.    Mo.  to  Colo.    G.  F.  :;::!K1. 

28.  integrifdlia,  Linn.  Herbaceous,  erect,  becoming 
2  ft.  high:  Ivs.  rather  broad,  entire,  ovate-lanceolate: 
fls.  solitary,  noddiiisr:  si|ial.s  t,  ratlicr  narrow,  blue,  cori- 

Var.  diversifolia.  li  I  iivided.     Var. 

Dur4ndi,  Hurt.  I  r,    .  i.Tallerand 

fls.  largerthan  in  tin  i  i-  ;  --lo!-  i.  .  mx.  .1.  Gn. 49:1052. 
Gng.  5:276.-Very  iH-autitul. 

29.  aromatica,  Lenm'  A:  ('.  Km-li  [U.  cmrulea,  var. 
odor&ta,  Hort. ).  Slrndir,  licrliaceous  or  somewhat 
climbing,  reaching  (1  ft.  Iiii-'li  if  >ii|iportod  :  Ivs.  of  3-7 
ovate,  nearly  entire   Ifts.;    il-     -    iii:irv,   l.  riiiinal.  v.ry 


S.  i'l-ani-.  It  ),  thought  by 
S'liiif  to  III-  all  old  garden  hy- 
brid of  ilir  \'iii.-i-lla  type,  or 
('.  iut,,,rif.,li„  .  ('. recta, otC. 
Flammula  x  integrifolia.  R. 
H.  1877,  p.  15. 


DD.  Sepals  yellow. 
30.  oohroletica,  Ait.  Herba- 
ceous, 1-2  ft.  high,  silky-pu- 
bescent, becoming  glabrate  : 
Ivs.  ovate,  entire  :  fls.  erect, 
solitary,  terminal;  sepals  yel- 
low outside,  cream-colored 
within:  styles  becoming  some- 
what plumose.  July-Aug. 
Drv  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Ga. 
L.B.C.  7:661. -Int.  1883. 
AA.  True  petals  small,  spatulate ;  sepals  petaloid ; 
involucre  none.  Atragene  section. 
31.  vertioillaris,  DC.  Fig.  492.  Trailing  or  sometimes 
climbing,  8-10  ft.:  usually  4  trifoliate  Ivs.  from  each 
node  ;  Ifts.  thin,  ovate,  ajute,  toothed  or  entire,  some- 
what cordate  ;  fls.  solitary,  blue  or  purple,  nodding  at 


first.  2-4  in.  broad  when  expanded  ;  4  thin  sepals,  silky 
along  the  margins  and  veins ;  petals  %-%  in.  long. 
May-June.  Woodlands,  Va.  to  Hudson  Bay,  west  to 
Minn.     B.M.  887  (as  Atragene  Americana). -Int.  1881. 

Var.  Columbiana,  Gray.  Sepals  narrower  and  more 
pointed  than  in  the  type.   Rocky  Mts. 

32.  alplna.  Mill,  (^rjasreiie  aVpinn,  Linn.).  Stems  3-5 
ft.,  slender,  with  prominent  joints  becoming  swollen 
with  age :  Ivs.  once  or  twice  ternate.  with  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  Ifts.,  serrato  or  imi-.  .1  :  iii,iii\  |i.  lal  like  sta- 
mens, which  are  devoid  of  am  K-  i  !  I-  I,  iiiL:htblue. 
Spring.  Northwestern  N.  Am.  i  ,  -.i.,  .  ..  i.,  ,.ii(h  and 
central  Eu.  B.M.  530  las  xar.  A  n. ',■,.,. ,,  .,  i ,,,.  jii:!)82.- 
A  very  hardy  climber,  pri-tVrring  a  noiihc rn  exposure. 

Var.  41ba,  Hort.  lAtrat/eiie  Sihirica,  Linn.).  Fls. 
white  or  nearly  so.    B.M.  1951. 

Var.  occidentJUis,  Gray.  Petal-like  stanuiis  very  few, 
and  often  bearing  rudimentary  ami.,  is.    T^.<■U\-  ;\Its. 

The  following  are  well  worthy  oi  ..  r..  not  at 

present  found  in  the  American  li,.  .    Hritton. 

More  bushy  and  less  spreading:  till,  h  I     m I'  ',l::j25.— 

C  cethuscefdlia.Tnri-7..  Bushv.  lis.  mi.  .1;. . ,  .- l.:o  .  Hu.  45:241. 
R,H.1869.p.l(i  l;  M  liMJ  -.  ,.  laiis,.fta,Hook,l.-r.aMlfe;ia. 
DC.  AlUedtoC  \  .  ^  mailer  and  narrower,  coarsely 

incisely-serrat.  .  ..i..  .  i  i  .  ..r  serrate,  pubescent  beneath. 
Japan.  Gracifal     i      ;  I.    -r.  barhelMta.  E^^gew.  Differs 

from  C.  moiitaii:  ma  the  involucre.   Himalaya 

region.    R.H.  js'.s  |.  t..7      I;  \I    l.il.     I'  s  \i  \>:^Ci    -  ('_  rirrhbsa, 

Linn.    Allied  t..  c    ni.-.n;,  .m      lis    m,,n,s|i..l vrllow,  or 

red,  beU-shape.l  i...  r.  j.  Ji..  I,  I:  i  m  i-,..,  .  y-jn  (as  C. 
calycina).  B..M.  li'Ti.  :i,'.:i  ....  (    ...l.x.ii,,.  n     ■■    1,.^,= 


CLEOME  (meaning  unknown).  Capparidcicew.  A 
large  and  mostly  tropical  genus  of  sub-shrubs  or  annual 
herbs,  simple  or  branched,  glabrous  or  glandular,  with 
simple  Ivs.  or  3-7  Ifts.,  and  white,  yellow  or  purplish 
Hs.  borne  singly  or  in  racemes.  The  genus  is  dis- 
tinguished from  Gynandropsis  by  its  short  torus,  which 
often  bears  an  appendage,  and  l.y  tho  l-i.,  rarely  10, 
stamens.  The  garden  Cleonus  ar.-  .liii  ll\  intrre'sting 
for  their  long,  purple,  spidery  stani.  us  ami  showy  rose- 
colored  petals.  They  succeed  in  s.m.ly  s.iiis  ainl'sunny 
situations,  and  can  be  used  like  lasior  ..il  j. hints  to  fill 
up  large  gaps  in  a  border.  ('.  .s/.,)i..,v,,  is  th.-  Iiest,  and 
has  lately  been  planted  cons 
amongst  shrubbery.  Prop,  by; 
freely  in  long,  sh-n.h-r  jiods  b 


ill  pulilic  parks 
lich  are  produced 
long  stalks.   For 


spinosa,  Ja.ii.  I  r. /..i/,./.  lis,  Willd.).  Giant  Spider 
Plant.  Clamniy,  str.lIl^  sn-uted,  3-4  ft.  high  :  Ifts. 
usually  5,  sometimes  7,  oblong-lanceolate,  with  a  pair  of 
short,  stipular  spines  under  the  petioles  of  most  of  the 
Ivs.,  and  in  the  tropics  some  little  prickles  on  the  petioles 
also:  tis.  rose-purple,  varying  to  white  ;  petals  4,  obo- 
vate,  clawed,  }^  in.  long;  stamens  2-3  in.  long,  blue  or 
purple.  N.  C.  to  La.  (nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.)  and  es- 
caped from  gardens.  B.M.  1640. -A  tender  biennial 
north,  but  annual  in  the  tropics. 

integrifdUa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rocky  Mountain  Bee- 
plant.  Glabrous,  2-3  or  even  6-ft.  high:  Ifts.  3,  lanceo- 
late to  obovate-oblong,  entire,  or  rarely  with  a  few  mi- 
nute teeth:  bracts  much  narrower  than  in  V.  spinosa; 
petals  rose,  rarely  white,  3-toothed:  receptacle  with  a 
flat,  conspicuous  appendage.  Along  streams  in  saline 
soils  of  prairies.  — In  cult,  about  20  years  as  a  bee  plant. 

speciosissima,  Deppe.  Annual  or  half-shrubby,  some- 
times 5  ft.  high:  stems  strongly  hairy:  Ifts.  5-7,  lanceo- 
late, dentate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  conspicuously  hairy 
on  both  sides:  fls.  light  purple  or  purplish  rose.  July 
to  fall. -Said  to  be  the  showiest  of  Cleomes.  Under 
this  name  a  very  diiferent  plant  is  passing,  the  Ifts.  of 
which  have  only  minute  hairs  but  rather  numerous 
spines.  yf  jji_ 

CLEEODfiNDBON  (Greek,  chance  and  tree:  of  no  sig- 
nificance). Includes  Siphonanthu  and  I'olkameria. 
\'erben<)ce(e.  Many  species  in  the  tropics,  and  also  in 
China  and  Jap.  Some  of  them  are  greeulmnse  climbers; 
others  are  hardy  shrubs ;  others  are  almost  herbaceous. 


334 


CLERODENDRON 


Calyx  campanulate  or  rarely  tubular,  5-toothed  or  5- 
lobed:  corolla  tube  usually  slender  and  cylindrical,  the 
limb  o-parted  and  spreading  :  stamens  4,  affixed  on  the 
corolla-tube,  long-exserted  and  curved  :  style  exserted, 
2-cleft  at  the  end :  ovary  4-loculed :  fr.  a  drupe  enclosed 
in  the  calyx.  Lvs.  opposite  or  in  3's,  usually  entire, 
never  compound. 

A.    Climbing  shrnbs. 
Th6mpson8e,  Balfmir  (C.  B'iUvuri.  Hort.).     Fig.  493 
Tall,  twining,  ghil.r.iii-  <  v-  i. 
ovate    and    acuiiiin.i  ■ 
nerved:  fls.  in  axill:        i  m!      -  mul  fork- 
ing panicles  ;  c:iiy\   .ir-ii.i,   :iiii;lr.l,  nar- 
rowed   at   the    ape.v.    «uUf;    idculla-limb 
red  and  spreading.     \V.  Afr.     B.M.  5313. 
R.  H.    1867:310.  — A    warmhouse  plant  of 
great  merit,  and  the  most  popular  of  the 
tender  species.    Blooms  profusely  on  the 
young  wood.    Var.  delictum,    Hort.    {C. 
delictum  and  C.  delicdtum,  Hort.).    Pani- 
cles very  large:  calj'x  pure  white  or  green- 
tinged  :  corolla  large,  rose  magenta. 

AA.    Erect  shrubs  or  suh-sliruhs . 

B.  Corolla-tube  little  if  any  longer  than  the  large  calyx : 

fls.  white  or  light  blush. 

fiigrans.  Vent.  {C.  corondria,  Sort.  1).  Pubescent, 
half  shrubby,  with  angled  branches,  3-5  ft. :  lvs.  broadly 
ovate,  with  truncate  or  cordate  base,  acuminate,  coarsely 
toothed :  fls.  white  or  blush,  in  terminal,  compact,  hy- 
drangea-like corymbs,  usually  double.  China,  Japan. 
B.  M.  1834.  — Very  desirable  and  fragrant  plant  for  the 
coolhouse.    Hardy  In  Fla.     Lvs.  ill-scented. 

viscdsuin,Vent.  Height  5-7  ft. ,  pubescent, with  square 
branches  :  lvs.  opposite  and  stalked,  cordate 
toothed:  fls.  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle,  white,  with  a 
flesh-colored  center,  flaring,  the  tube  projecting  beyond 
the  loose,  hairy,  large,  5-angled  calyx.  E.  Ind.  B.  M. 
1805.— Fls.  sweet-scented.  Greenhouse.  C.  infortu- 
n&tmn,  Gsertn.,  is  said  to  be  the  same  species  (and  the 
name  is  older),  but  it  has  scarlet  fls.— perhaps  a  result 
of  domestication.  Even  if  the  same  species,  it  is  better 
to  keep  the  forms  separate  for  horticultural  purposes. 

trich6tomum,  Thunb.  (C.  serdtinum,  Carr.  Volha- 
miria  Japdnica,  Hon., natThunh.).  Pig.  494.  Slender 
but  erect,  graceful,  pubescent  sub-shrub,  4-10  ft.  high  or 
even  higher  :  lvs.  mostly  opposite,  soft  and  flaccid, 
ovate-acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  very  closely  ser- 
rate or  entire,  hairy:  fls.  white,  mth  a  reddish  brown 
calyx,  on  forking,  slenSer,  reddish  peduncles,  the  corolla- 
tube  sometimes  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Japan.  B.M. 
6561.  Gn.43:914;  51,  p.  320.  JK.  H.  1807,  p.  351. -A  very 
handsome,  hardy  shrub.  In  the  N.  it>  kills  to  the  ground, 
but  sprouts  up  if  the  crown  is  protected. 

BB.    CoroUn-tuhe  fltricv  or  more  longer  than  the 

small  calyx. 

C.   Fls.  white. 

tomentdsum,   R  Br.    Shrubby  and  erect,  pubescent, 

.S->  ft   .md  more,  often  purplish     \\  s.  opposite  and  ])eti 

oled,  ovate  oblong,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  pubes 

ocnt  on  both  sides,  but  thickly  so   on  the  under  side  • 


493.   Clerodendron  ThomsonEE  (X  ^i). 


CLERODENDRON 


fls.  in  few-fld.  opposite,  forking  cymes,  the  calvx  not  en- 
larged, the  slim  corolla-tube  long-exserted  (3-4  times 


length  of  calvx)  and  the  clear  white  corolla  lobes  re-, 
flexed  curled  anthers  \ellow  Austral  B  M  lol8.— 
Cult   ill  !?   Calif 

macroslphon,   Hook  f      Elegant   erect   shrub     finely 

pubescent       lvs    opposite    oblanceolate  oblong    acumi- 

nitp   notched     fls  in  a  nearly  sessile  terminal  cyme, 

piir     \\hit  ih-x  green   ^er\  small      corolla  tube 

I      I  nr  ^^    4-i   m   long    hairy,  the  limb   1  sided. 

/   I  /  1    1      I    Al   ( 1)95  —Warmhouse  plant  of  merit. 

Siphonanthus  R  Br  (  Siphonanthu^  Indica  Linn.). 
I     1  1  I  1  I  \N      Minih     2-6    ft     high      fls    long- 

I  I   I       I  It      11        i\    large  terminal  racemes, 
1       I       I     I   I  I    1     I       \     fr  a  very  showy  red  and 

II  111      \  1  I  1     I    1   ists   a  long  time    and  for 
li  h  th     1.1  lilt  1      hi  ti\    grown     E   Ind -Hardy 

.n  Fl  1 
■M  cc    Fh   ted  or  distinctly  lilac 

Bquamatum,  Vahl  (C  Kmmpferi  Sieb  )  Grows 
10  ft  high  pubescent  lvs  opposite  round  cordate, 
entire  abruptly  pointed  inflores- 
cence and  fls  brilliant  scarlet  fls. 
with  small  red  calyx  and  reflexed, 
spreading,  unequal  corolla  -  lobes. 


CLEEODENDRON 

China.  R.B.  22:253.  Gn.  42: 
warm  greenhouses  or  in  the  c 

foetidum,  Bunge  (C.  Bungei,  Steud.).  Grows  3-6  ft., 
making  a  bush;  pubescent,  spiny:  Ivs.  opposite,  broad- 
ovate  and  acuminate,  stallted,  coarsely  toothed  :  fls. 
lilac-purple,  tube  3-4  times  as  long  as  calyx,  in  a  dense 
capitate  corymb  4-8  in.  across.  China.  B.M.  4880.  Gn. 
5: 25. -Cool  greenhouse.  Hardy  in  middle  and  southern 
states.  Killed  to  the  ground  in  the  latitude  of  Philadel- 
phia, but  sprouts  up  and  blooms.  Blooms  in  August. 
Fls.  not  foetid,  but  name  given  because  of  the  odor  of 
the  bruised  Ivs.    Spreads  by  the  root. 

Yolkamiria  odorAla.  offered  in  the  Amer.  tr.ide.  is  a  climb- 
ing Clerodenilron.  r.  odnrntit  of  tlic  botanists  is  n  hnshy  Car}-- 
opteris  (C.  WiiUii-liiiina ',     T.  .../..niM  ..f  Si,-lir...lit  \-  \\  adlcy 


ross.  indigenous  to  several  of  th 
.ilarly  to  Dominica,  Martiniqu 
DOW  in  the  American  trade. 


ft.  high,  with  soft,  hair 
acute  point  and  gljuiroi 
ters  of  white  fls.,  shad: 
the  clusters  lJ^-3  in.  ac 
Indian  islands,  pjirtic 
Guadaloupe."  It  is  not 


CLfiTHKA  (ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Aider,  trans- 
ferred to  this  genus  on  account  of  the  resemblance  of 
the  Ivs.).  EricHeeif.  White  Aldek.  Shrub  or  small 
trees:  Ivs.  alternate,  usually  serrate,  deciduous  or  per- 
sistent: fls.  white,  in  terminal,  often  paniclod  racemes; 
petals  5,  erect;  stamens  10;  capsuli-  v|,|itfiiii_'  into  3 
valves,  many-seeded.  About  25  specii--^  in  Am.ri.a,  E. 
Asia,  Madeira.  Only  a  few  hardy,  deciiluouv  ~|„ n.  >  are 
generally  cultivated;  valuable  for  their  ^how\  .sidkus  of 
white,  fragrant  fls.,  appearing  late  in  summer.  They 
grow  best  in  a  moist,  peaty  or  sandy  soil.  Prop,  by 
seeds,  sown  in  spring  in  pans  in  sandy  and  peaty  soil, 
and  by  greenwood  cuttings  under  glass,  growing  best  if 
taken  from  forced  plants  in  early  spring  and  placed  in 
slight  bottom  heat ;  also,  increased  by  layers  and  by 
division  of  large  plants.  Handsome  when  forced  under 
glass, 

A.    Lvs.thrhl ,.,    ■•  fn  <  iixfxsn-ted. 

alnildlia,  Linn.  S^^ ;  i  i  :  -n.  Shrub,  3-10  ft. : 
Ivs.  short-petioled.  .   ,:  ■      ■  -    or  oblong,  sharply 

serrate,  mostly  glalir -u-  "i  n  :iriN  so,  2-t  in.  long:  fls. 
fragrant,  in  erect,  usualiv  iiaiiiclfii  racemes.  July-Sept. 
Maine-Florida.  M.U.G.  l«95;i;o.  J.H.  IH.  31:375. 
G.W.F.A.22.  Eiu.  421). -Very  variable.  The  following 
forms  are  often  descril)ed  as  species  :  Var.  panicul&ta, 
Arb. Kew. ( C. pa n icuUitu ,  Ait .  1 .  Ia-s.  cuiieate-lanceolate, 
less  toothed,  green  and  ijlalinius  ..n  liotli  sides:  racemes 
panicled.  Var.  BCabra,  Arl.,  I\.  w.  i  ( '.  .v,  ,W,,.(,  Ait.).  Lvs. 
scabrous  above,  putn-sctuT  Im  iiMitth:  iianji-l<s  with  fewer 
racemes.  Var.  tomentdsa,  :\li(lix,  ('".  ^.«/,  ii/iVsu.  Lam.). 
Lvs.  canescent  beneath :  racemes  solitary  or  few,  larger, 
and  appearing  later  than  the  foregoing.  B.M.  3743. 
G.F.  4:65. 

acuminata,  Michx.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  to  15  ft. : 
lvs.  petioled,  oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate, 
almost  glabrous,  3-7  in.  long:  racemes  usually  solitary, 
nodding.  July-Sept.  Alleghany  Mts.  Virginia  to  Georgia. 
L.B.C.  15:1427, 

can68cens,  Reinw.  (C.  biirh:„r 
Shrub  or  tree,  to  30  ft.:  lvs.     , 
or  elliptic,  acuminate,  sharpl>   : 
beneath,  3-6  in.  long  :  raceim  -   [. 
pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  il^. 
Philippine  Isl.,  Java.    Gt.  19:  054. 

AA.   IAjs.  evergreen  :  stamens  included. 

arbdrea.  Ait.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  to  20  ft.:  lvs. 
cuneate,  narrow-elliptic,  acuminate,  serrate,  almost  gla- 
brous, shining  above.  3-4  in.  long:  racemes  panicled; 
fls.  fragrant.  Aug.-Oct.  M.adeira.  B.M.  1057. -It  stands 
only  a  few  degrees  of  frost. 

C.  tiuercifdlia.  Sehlecht.  .Shrub:  lvs.  obovate-ohloug,  tomen- 
tose  Iieneath:  racemes  panicled.  Mexico,  'B.R,'2S:'23.  —  C.  tini- 
folia.  .Swartz.  Shrub:  lvs.  oblong,  entire,  tomentose  lieneath: 
racemes  panicled.  Jamaica.  These  two  only  hardy  in  sulitropi- 
cal  regions.  ALFRED  Rehder. 


v:  Zucc). 
■.  obovate 
'ubescent 
fragrant ; 
E.Asia, 


CLIDEMIA  335 

In  the  south  it  is  cult,  outdoors.  It  has  glossy  foliage, 
numerous  creamy  white,  fragrant  fls.,  borne  in  June, 
and  red  berries,  which  last  all  winter.  The  genus  has 
about  nine  species,  and  is  distinguished  by  its  petals 
free  or  scarcely  coalesced,  its  pilose  anthers,  numerous 
ovules,  and  scarcely  bracted  flowers.  Sepals  5,  with  2 
bractlets:  petals  5:  stigmas  2-3:  berries  2-3-celled. 

0Chn4cea,  DC.  [C.Japdmca,  Sieb  &  Zucc).  Height 
about  G  ft.:  lvs.  oval-oblong,  acute  at  tioth  ends,  veined 
above,  entire.  Himalayas.  — C  JapAnici  "  i^  •listin 
guished  by   DeCandolle   by  its      i  i  i    i      l\s  , 

which  are  veinless,  and  minutel\  \  .u 

tricolor,  Hort.,  has  dark  green  l\  m  iilv 

ings,  and   a   margin  of  white  an  I   '  i  i         ii   .'ition 

lieins  more  brilliant  in  younger  1\  s  ^_  jj_ 


CLIANTHUS 

(Greek 

,    glory -flower).     GjLOKY   Pea. 

Glory  Vine.    Pa 

rrot's 

Bill.   Le/niminbsa. 

About  five 

species  of  tender 

,half-tr 

■ailing' shi-nl.s.Tvith  I 

ar^p.  showy 

flowers  of  unique 

is  an  allied  gem 

IS.   I.nl 

il^    vni  r:il    al.pijra 

nrc   is  very 

different.    Intpn- 

^tiiii.'  |.l 

lant-,w.th  innnat,'  I 

lfts,,an,l   tis.  in  . 

■iw.ini- 

.,     Fls,  s,;arc,,.ly  pap 

ilionaceous. 

Podsfalkr,!.  ,„:,,, 

.    ■.  .■(!, 

Ml.    Prop,  by  seeds  a, 

nd  cuttings. 

<??/".                /' 

.    ,  ,  ,■(■ 

is   anything  but  ea 

sy  to   grow 

in  the  1  . 

igton.   Red  spider  is 

its  greatest 

enemv.  I.nt   }....  , 

nn.h    ni 

oisture  in  the  soil,  : 

followed  by 

CLEYfiKA  (after  Andrew  Cleyer,  Dutch  physician  ol 
the  seventeenth  century).  Ternstroinidceie.  <\  oclinacea 
rarely  cult,  in  northern  greenhouses. 


is  a  tender  s 


hot  sun.  proves  equally  fatal  to  it.  In  a  sandy  soil, 
when  the  seeds  are  sown  early  in  spring,  the  plants, 
during  ordinary  summers,  make  a  very  fine  display. 
The  plants  will  not  bear  transplanting.  Even  when  they 
are  grown  in  pots,  it  is  a  risky  piece  of  work  to  shift 
from  small  pots  into  larger  ones.  C.  piiniceiis  is  an  old- 
fashioned  greenhouse  plant,  grown  sometimes  to  cover 
rafters  or  trellis  work,  but  more  frequently  trained 
around  sticks  placed  around  the  edge  of  the  pot.  The 
flowers,  not  very  unlike  those  of  the  common  Erythrina, 
are  freely  produced  in  hanging  clusters.  Cuttings 
rooted  in  early  spring  may  be  grown  into  good-sized 
plants  during  the  summer.  Water  should  be  given  spar- 
ingly during  the  dull  months.  Pruning,  repotting  and 
tying  the  shoots  should  be  done  .iust  before  the  growth 
begins.  A  sharp  lookout  should  be  kept  for  the  red 
spider,  frequent  syringtngs  being  the  only  remedy  for 
this  pest. 

Oampigri,  A.  Cunn.  Glory  Pea.  Fig.  495.  Height 
2-4  ft.:  plant  glaucous  and  hoary,  with  long,  whitish, 
silky  hairs :  stems  slightly 
tinged  with  red  :  peti- 
oles longer  than  in  C. 
puniceus:  Ifts.  about  15. 
nearly  opposite,  sessile, 
usually  acute  :  stipule.s 
largerthaninCpiuiiVcHS.- 
fls.  4-G  in  a  raceme,  large, 
drooping,  about  3  in.  long, 
rich  crimson  or  scarlet, 
with  a  handsome  velvety, 
purple-black  area  on  the 
raised  center.  Austral. 
B.M.  5051.  R.H.  1868:230. 
Gt.  48.  p.  272.  Gn.  20:294. 
—  Var.  Germinicus,  Hort., 
is  also  sold,  and  is  pnd.a- 
bly  var.  margin4tus,Hort. . 
which  has  one  petal  white, 
margined  scarlet.  See  Gn. 
37:746  and  p.  299  for  an  ac- 
count of  grafting  this  spe- 
cies on  stocks  of  C.  pu- 
niceus. 

puniceus,  Banks  &  Soland.  Parrot's  Bill.  Height 
about  3  ft.:  plant  glabrous :  Ifts.  19-21,  each  with  a  very 
short  petiole,  alternate  (at  least  towards  the  end  of  the 
leaf),  blunt  or  slightly  notched:  fls.  8  or  more  in  a  ra- 
ceme, crimson,  fading  with  age.  New  Zealand.  B.M. 
3584.  — Cult,  in  eastern  greenhouses,  and  a  favorite  Cali- 
fornian  outdoor  shrub.  Blooms  all  winter  in  Golden 
Gate  Park,  San  Francisco,    o.  ^x.  Oliver  and  W.  M. 

CLIDfiMIA  (old  Greek  name).  Melastomdceo'.  An 
unimportant  group  in  a  family  famous  for  its  foliage 
plants.    C,  vittata,  Linden  and  Andr6,  once  offered  by 


John  Saul,  has  large,  oval,  pointed  Its.  with  5  strong 
nerves,  and  a  narrow  band  of  white  down  each  side  of 
the  midrib.    I. H.  22:219.    R.H.  1876,  p.  233. 

CLIFF  BEAKE.     See  PeUtpa. 

CLIMBERS  aiv  ,|  -■  ,ii-:.;-m-I  fnuii  rwiiin-s  l,y  iKiving 
some  means  of  :i  1 1  ■ .  n.liiN  .n-  .iilji-r  >|M-cial 

devices,  while  tw  II.'  I  '■    '     i^imi.' thrir  vii-m- r.jund 

their  support.  In  i  «  i.l^ f  -.  n-i  tin-  wurii  is  ,.frrii  used 
synonymously  with  "vines.'  By  "trailers." nurserymen 
commonly  mean  low-growins  vines,  and  by  "climbers," 
taller-growing  vines.    See  Vines. 

CLIMBING  FERN.  See  L,ir,o,ll,tm.  CUmbing  Fumi- 
tory is  Aillnmia  eirrhnsn.  Climbing  Hempweed,  Mikii- 
niu  sen  nil f  IIS.    Climbing  Lily,  ahirin.^n  .■mperba. 


curved  at  the  base  ;  ruchis  .sf;ily,  convex  on  the  bacli, 
obtusely  keeled  above  :  spadix  long  :  fertile  branches 
long,  thick,  the  floral  areas  distant:  spathes  2-3:  fr. 
globose  or  subglobose,  small,  red  at  maturity.  Species 
3.    Australasia  and  Samoa. 

This  graceful  and  recent  palm  resembles  Howea  For- 
steriana  somewhat  in  habit  of  growth,  but  its  arching 
Ivs.  spread  wider,  and  its  stems  are  dark  purplish,  and 
its  pinnae  tough  and  leathery.  The  palm  is  free  and 
clean  in  growth. 

Mooreinum,  F.  Muell.  (Kintia  Moomlna,  F.  Muell.). 
Dwarf  palm,  3-4  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  .3-4  ft.  long  ;  segments 
about  1  ft.  long,  longitudinally  plicate  when  young. 
New  South  Wales. 

Jared  G.  Smith  and  H.  A.  Siebkecht. 

CLINTdNIA  (after  DeWitt  Clinton,  the  famous  Gov- 
ernor of  New  York  and  promoter  of  the  Erie  canal). 
I/ili(lcece.  A  small  genus  of  low-growing,  hardy,  herba- 
ceous plants  with  a  few,  tufted,  dark  green,  broad,  shin- 
ing Ivs.,  and  usually  umbels  of  fls.  They  grow  in  cool, 
moist  woods,  and  fanciers  can  obtain  them  from  some 
dealers  in  native  plants.  It  is  difficult  to  tell  the  species 
apart  by  the  Ivs.  S.  Watson,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:271 
(1879).'  For  C.  pulchella  and  other  species  of  the  aban 
doned  genus  Clintonia  of  Douglass,  see  Downingia 


Scape  hearing  an 


Fls. 


green 


nhel  of  fls. 
ellow. 


boreillis,  Raf .  Height  1-2  ft. :  fls.  3-6,  nodding,  green, 
margined  yellow.  Labrador  to  Winnipeg  and  south  to 
N.  C.  D.  123.  B.M.li03  &s  Smilacina  borealis. -This 
is  one  of  the  choicer  plants  of  cool,  moist  woods,  known 
to  plant  lovers  chiefly  by  its  handsome  umbels  of  blue 
berries  found  in  autumn,  which  are  borne  above  the 
large,  dark  green,  shining  Ivs.  The  commonest  species. 
BB.    Fls.  white,  with  green  spots. 

umbtUita,  Torr.  Fls.  10-20  or  more,  smaller  than  in 
C.  h'n-KiUs.  I  rect  or  nearly  so,  white  with  a  green  or 
piiri.li-li  s]i.it  at  the  tip  of  each  segment.  Allegheny 
Mts.  fr.ini  X.  Y.  to  Ga.  B.M.  1155. -This  species  has 
the  siiiuUest  rts.  of  the  group,  and  is  the  only  one  that 
has  but  a  single  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary. 
BBB.    Fls.  deep  rose. 

Andrewsiina,  Torr.  Pis.  20  or  more,  nearly  erect. 
California,  in  (iet]i,  lool  woods,  in  clayey  soil  rich  in 
mold.  B.."H.  Til'.tJ. -Til- showiest  of  the'group.  Cult,  by 
C.  Purdy,  Uki^ih.  Calif. 

AA.    Scapi:  bearing  1  white  flower. 

unifldra,  Kunth.  The  only  species  in  which  the  scape 
is  shorter  than  the  Ivs. :  fl.  nearly  erect.  Rarely  there 
are  2  fls.    Calif,  to  Brit.  Columb.  ^   jj 

CLITORIA  (derivation  recondite).  Leguminbsw. 
BcTTKKFLV  I'F.A.  A  \vidi_--spre:id  .tiul  variable  genus  al- 
lied to  Ciiitr"-.iina.  and  i-liaractt-rizHii  liy  the  calyx  tube 
being  cylindrical  and  longer  than  the  lobes  :  standard 


CLIVIA 

narrowed  at  the  base,  not  appendaged  on  the  back : 
style  often  bearded.  The  most  important  "-arden  plant 
is  C.  Ternatea,  a  warrahoiis.-  aiiiiu:il  iwimr.  reaching 
15  ft.,  and  requiring  no  spiri:,i  niltur.  .  It  lias  very 
showy  blue  fls.,  and  lately  int.i ,  ~t  in  ii  ha-  nvived. 
A.    Leaflets  S. 

TematSa,  Linn.  (C.  cwrulea,  Hort. ).  Annual  warm- 
house  climber  :  Ifts.  5,  oblong,  obtuse,  short-petioled  : 
fls.  1  in.  or  more  long,  rich  blue,  with  beautiful  and  va- 
riable markings,  especially  on  the  standard.  B.M.  1542. 
Gn.  38:765.  P.M.  7:147  and  13:79. -Name  fromTemate, 
one  of  the  Molucca  Islands,  and  not  from  temaite,  mean- 
ing 3-leafleted.  Prop,  by  seeds.  C.  alba,  Hort.,  is  a 
white  form.  More  or  less  double  forms  have  been  known 
for  over  a  century. 

AA.    Leaflets  S. 

Mariftna,  Linn.  Hardy,  perennial,  smooth,  erect,  or- 
sliL'litlv  twining,  1-3  ft.  high:  Ifts.  3,  obovate  or  ovate- 

I  .1.1..:  tis.  light  blue,  2 in.  long,  on  short  peduncles: 

I  -  ■  'iL,'lit,  few-seeded.  Summer.  Dry  banks,  N.  Y. 
1  I  .  ,.imI  west  to  Mo.  Also  India  and  Burma. -Rarely 
-ihl  liv  dealers  in  native  plants.  yf^  jj. 

CLtVIA  (after  a  Duchess  of  Northumberland  and 
member  of  the  Clive  family).  Syn.,  ImaniophyUum. 
Amaryllidicece.  A  genus  of  3  species  of  tender, 
bulbous  plants  from  South  Africa,  with  handsome  ever- 
green foliage  and  showy,  bright  red  fls.  in  large  umbels. 
C.  miniata  is  the  best  species,  and  perhaps  a  dozen 
varieties  and  hybrids  of  it  have  been  offered  at  various 
times.  The  genus  is  distinguished  by  its  fruit  being  a 
berry,  its  several  ovules,  and  imperfect  bulb.  J.  G. 
Baker,  Amaryllidete,  p.  61.  Clivias  make  excellent 
house  plants,  but,  like  Amaryllis,  they  are  too  costly  to 
be  very  popular.  They  have  the  advantage  over 
Amaryllis  of  having  attractive  foliage  all  the  year 
round,  and  are  more  certain  to  bloom  well.  They  have 
thick,  fleshy  roots,  like  an  Agapanthus. 


6.  Clivia  I 


All  of  the  species  are  well  worth  growing,  because  of 
their  handsome  umbels  of  flowers,  produced  during  the 
spring  and  early  summer  months.  They  are  evirgreen 
plants  of  the  Amaryllis  family,  with  thick,  leathery, 
strap-shaped  leaves.  Clivia  miniata  is  the  species  most 
commonly  grown,     There  are  several  distinct  forms  of 


CLIVIA 

this,  with  larger  and  deeper  colored  flowers.  Established 
plants  may  be  grown  in  the  same  pots  for  several  years, 
if  the  plants  are  fea  during  the  growing  period  with 
weak  liquid  manure.  In  potting,  the  soil  given  should 
be  of  a  lasting  nature,  not  easily 
soured,  nor  apt  to  become  sodden.  In 
arranging  the  drainage,  place  one 
large  piece,  concave  side  down,  over 
>the  hole,  and  around  this  arrange 
several  smaller  pieces.  Over  these 
place  one  or  two  handfuls  of  pieces 
small  enough  to  go  through  a  No.  2 
sieve.  The  best  time  to  pot  is  after 
the  flowers  have  been  produced. 
The  plants  should  then  be  kept  for 
some  time  in  a  humid  atmosphere 
to  encourage  growth,  receiving  an 
abundance  of    wntrr   after   they    are 

ture  (ii"i     II  •''  ■■    !"     .  'I    ''■]'!    !  -'liiT 

select  olil  plants  wliicli  havi-  )>i-c(inie 
crowded  in  their  pots,  so  that  the 
entire  plant  can  be  pulled  to  pieces. 
After  trimming  the  roots,  put  the 
growths  in  siiiall  pots  ami  k,'<|i  in 
heat,  t.i  i-iirouia-.'  ]-.."1  ni'iioii.    Cliv- 

manently  in  tin'  trout  |.ai-i  ..f  ^rc<-n- 
house  borders.  Tin-  soil  foT-i!ii~  j.ur- 
pose  should  be  ri.li  an. I  h.II  liinu-d 
about  the  roots.  AN'itlili.ild  wairr  as 
much  as  possibli-  ilniini;  tin-  v.  sting 
period,  or  the  i)Innts  will  pro(luce 
leaves  at  the  expense  of  the  flowers. 
Trifolium  pratense.  A.   Fls.  erect ;  perianth  broadly 

Root-system.  funnel-shaped. 

mini4ta,  Kegel  {Imantopht'iUiim 
miniitum.  Hook.).  Fig.  496.  Lvs.  1&-20,  in  a  tuft, 
sword-shaped,  tapering  to  a  point,  l^^ft.  long,  lS-2  in. 
broad  :  fls.  12-20,  in  an  umbel  ;  perianth  erect,  bright 
scarlet,  with  a  yellow  throat ;  tube  broadly  funnel- 
shaped,  longer  than  C.  nobilis ;  segments  about  2  in. 
long,  the  inner  ones  broader  than  the  outer  ;  stamens 
shorter  than  the  segments ;  style  not  exserted  :  berries 
ovoid,  bright  red,  1  in.  long.  "Natal.  B.M.  4783.  R.H. 
in."):!.  |.|..  ]-2i;,  rJ7.  F.S.  '.i:'.iHi:  2:i:2:!7.S.  I.  H.  26:343; 
:fli:sii;  :;7:lnJ:  tn:177.  K.Il.  lsi;:i :  ■_>.-,ll,  and  lSfl4.  p.  .•i72.- 
/.  .o,,/.,„/;,/(7o,-„»/,  \-an  lloutio  (F.S.  18:1877),  is  a 
hvl.riil  iM-tw.-.-n  this  s|..-.-i.-s  au,l  the  next. 

AA.  Fl.1.  pendulous  ;  perianth  narrowly  funnel-shaped. 
ndbilis,  Lindl.  {Imantophyllum  Aitoni,  Hook.).  Lvs. 
about  12,  straji-shaped,  very  obtuse,  with  a  roughish 
edge:  (is.  40-60,  in  an  umbel;  perianth  curved  and  droop- 
ing ;  tube  narrowly  funnel-shaped,  shorter  than  in  C. 
miniata ;  segments  tipped  with  green,  about  1  in.  long; 
stamens  as  long  as  the  segments;  style  exserted.  Cape 
Colony.  B.M.  2856.  L.B.C.  20:1906.  Int.  to  cult.  1828. 
I.eyrtantMnbrum,Ya,n  Houtte  (F.S.  18:1877),  said  to 
be  a  hybrid  between  this  and  the  above,  shows  little  if 
any  influence  of  C.  miniata.  It  has  the  narrow-tubed, 
pendulous  fls.  and  the  greenish  tinge  of  C.  nohilis. 
K.H.  1894,  p.  573. 


CLOVES 


337 


,  Oliver  and  W.  M. 


CLOUDBEBEY.    See  iJ« 


The    Carnation,   Dianthus    Caryo- 


CLOVEB,  Species  of  Trifdlium  (LegiiminosiE),  par- 
ticularly those  which  are  useful  in  agriculture.  The 
word  is  also  applied  to  species  of  related  genera,  as 
Medicago.  The  Sweet  Clover  is  Melilotus.  Bush  and 
Japan  Clover  are  Lespedezas.  Prairie  Clover  is  a 
Petalostemon. 

Of  Trifolium  there  have  been  described  about  300 
species.  These  are  widely  dispersed  in  temperate  cli- 
mates. The  fl&.  are  papilionaceous  but  small,  and  are 
disposed  in  dense  heads  or  spikes.    Lvs.  are  digitately 


or  palmately  3-foliolate.  The 
pratense,  Linn.,  now  thoro 
America,  but  supposed  not  to  be  native  here.  It  is  Eu- 
ropean. It  is  valuable  both  for  stock  feed  (as  pastur- 
age and  hay),  and  also  as  a  green  manure.  As  a  manure 
crop,  it  is  i>arti'-nlMrlv  -v-nbnit'lp  because  of  its  deep  root- 
system  anil  its  I  ,.  ,  r  III  .  onmn.n  with  other  leguminous 
plants)  of  liMi  :  i!  I  I  >-rn  of  the  air  by  means 
1-.  497  illustrates  the  root- 
-  ilh  root  of  a  15-months'  old 
I'l  il.i>'  soil.    It  is  22  in<'hes  long. 


of 


Fi-. 


system, 
plant  whi. 

and  some  ot  tlji-  root  was  hit  m  thr  ^'f..ninl.  The  Mam- 
moth Red  Clovor  (  r.  ,„:<i;„„i.  Linn.).  i<iM-ol.ahlvan  off- 
shoot of  T.  pni/,  IIS,'.  It  is  i.snally  a  la]s;ir  plant,  with 
zigzag  stem,  entire  and  spotted  Itts.  ami  longer-stalked 
head.  White  Clover,  or  Shamrock,  is  T.  repens,  Linn., 
intr.  from  Europe,  and  supposed  to  be  native  to  N. 
America  as  well.  Alsike  Clover,  T.  hybriditm,  Linn.,  is 
of  E\iropean  nativity.  The  Crimson  or  Scarlet  Clover 
al  from  S.  Eu.,  is  now  much  grown 
as  a  catch-  or  cover-crop  in  or- 
chards. See  Cover-crops.  It  is 
also  highly  ornamental,  and  is 
worthy  the  attention  of  the  florist. 
L.  H.  B. 


CLOVES  are  the  dried  flower-buds  (Pig.  500)  of  a  hand- 
some tree  of  the  myrtle  family,  Eugenia  caryophyllata, 
better  known  as  Caryophyllus  aromaticus,  a  native  of 
the  Spice  Islands,  but  now  cultivated  in  the  West  Indies 
and  elsewhere.  Caryophyllus,  the  ancient  name  of  the 
Clove,  means  nut-leaf.  The  carnation,  or  "clove  pink," 
was  named  Dianthus  Caryophyllus  because  of  its  clove- 


like  odor,  and  it  has  become  the  type  of  the  great  order 
Caryophyllacese,  which,  however,  is  far  removed  botani- 
cally  from  the  Myrtacese.  The  word  "  gillitiower  "  is' a 
corruption  of  caryophyllus,  and.  nntil  Shalsespeare'stime 


the  expanded  flower  (2). 


and  after,  was  applied  to  the  carnation,  but  now-a-days 
it  usually  refers  to  several  cruciferous  plants  of  the 
genus  Cheiranthus  and  Matthiola. 

CLUB  MOSS.   See  Lijcopodium. 

CNlCUS  (Greek,  knizein,  to  injure).  Comp6sitce. 
Thistle.  A  genus  of  perhaps  200  species,  containing 
many  much-hated  weeds,  especially  the  common  Thistle, 
C.  lanceolatus,  and  the  Canada  Thistle,  C.arvensis,  Fig. 
501.  About  a  dozen  species  have  been  slightly  culti- 
vated in  rockeries  and  wild  gardens.  The  genus  Chamee- 
peuce,  now  referred  to  Cnicus,  contains  3  plants  slightly 
used  abrond  in  ^iihtr.ipifal  and  carpet  bedding:  C.Afer, 
C.  CfiS"'-)"'.  :iihI  '•.  />/ncaH^7i«,  which  are  cult,  for 
their  ru>itt.  ^  ,,|  inn  kly  Ivs.  The  fls.  appear  the  second 
year.  I'.  I-  h<  <lirt,i.<  is  an  old  name  of  the  Blessed  Th' 
tie,  for  which  su^-  Carhenia. 


COBBETT 

was  a  pamphlet  entited,"  Observations  on  Dr.  Priestlys 
Emigration,"  a  bitter  attack  on  the  French  Revolution. 
He  took  the  loyalist  side  in  American  politics,  and  is  re- 
garded as  the  founder  of  the  American  party  press. 
His  attack  on  Benjamin  Rush,  the  leadinf;  pliysiciun  of 
Philadelphia,  for  his  advocacy  of  unlimii' .!' 1.1^  ^  dinji 
for  yellow-fever,  resulted  in  a  libi-1  -i,  _-,-i 

of  $5,000,  which  nearly  ruined  Cobb.  1 1     ,        ^  ,,  t,, 

England   in  June.  1800.     In    1802   li.     i     _  :  ,     it's 

Weekly  Political  Rp!ri"tf-r,"wbifh  li..  ,.ii:..;  i.,i  .„;  , ,  ars, 
and  until  his  deatli,  .>.,  .,t  ,Im,,i,_.  i.ival  of  im- 
prisonment and  a  -<  .1  t..  Xm.rica.  His 
real  work  was  doiiii  -  :  1 1  .  ■  n.ulation  and 
influence  of  his  j..ini,,il  i.r.  )i,:,„.nv,.  In  1801-2  he 
reprinted  his  American  writinifs  in  12  volumes,  entitled, 
"Porcupine's  Works."  After  1804  he  usually  lived  on 
his  farm  at  Botley,  in  Hampshire,  where  he  conducted 
many  experiments.  In  1817  he  was  again  compelled  to 
leave  England,  and  for  the  next  two  years  he  lived  in 
America.  His  life  was  one  incessant  conflict.  He  lived 
to  see  the  reform  of  18.S2,  and  his  work  was  fittingly  re- 
warded bv  a  place  in  Parliament,  but  he  was  then  too 


old  to  dr 
thereafti 


limity.    Id         -  ■        .  _  ,  , ,    ,     •  ,a- 

Gramraar"  i  London,  K^isi.  written  from  Long  Islanil  in 
the  form  of  letters  to  his  15-year-old  son,  was  said  by 
Bulwer  Lytton  to  be  the  only  amusing  grammar  in  the 
world,  flazlitt  declared  that  it  is  as  interesting  as  a 
story-book,  and  Alfred  Ayers,  in  his  admirable  edition 
(  New  York,  18831,  declares  that  it  is  probably  the  most 
nadat.li-  grammar  ever  written,  and  that  for  purposes  of 
s.lf  .  cincatinn  it  is  unrivalled.     (For  a  list  of  Cobbett's 


ings 


•ThfW, 


ter.' "  These  100  volumes,  of  course,  do  not  take  into 
account  his  non-political  writings,  nor  his  editorial  work 
in  the  36  volumes  of  "Cobbett's  Parliamentarv  History 
of  England  from  the  Norman  Conquest,  in  1066,  to  the 
year  1803"  (continued  as  Hansard's  Parliamentary  De- 
bates), nor  Cobbett's  Complete  Collection  of  State 
Trials  (afterwards  known  as  Howell's),  nor  many  other 
works  which  he  either  edited,  translated,  or  published. 
The  anti-Cobbett  literature  is  exceedingly  voluminous, 
and  almost  every  charge  has  been  made  against  the 
man.  except  that  of  being  ujiinteresting.  According 
to  Henry  Cabot  Lodge  (whose  masterly  appreciation  in 
"Studies  in  History"  I  Boston,  1885),  should  be  consulted 
by  the  student  immediately  after  direct  contact  with 
Cobbett's  writings),  Cobbett's  true  value  is  understood 
by  his  thoroughly  representative  character  as  a  type 
of  his  tinii-  and  jir. .],!.■.  As  historical  documents,  his 
works  are  in'li-p<ii-;iMf. 

Cobbett's  liiiit;  ■iiliiiiMl  wiitiiiL-  of  chief  interest  to  us 
are  "Cottaj:.-  Kronomv,  A  V.  ar's  Residence  in  the 
United  States  of  Aiin-ru-a.  and,  most  of  all  "The  Ameri- 
can Gardener"  (1821),  wliich  was  reproduced  with  con- 
siderable modifications  as  "The  English  Gardener,"  in 


COBBETT,  ■WILLIAM  (1762-1835).  The  once 
famous  English  author  had  two  periods  of  en- 
forced residence  in  America,  and  wrote  "The 
American  Gardener,"  which  is  one  of  the  spiciest 
books  in  the  whole  history  of  American  horti- 
culture. Plate  II.  He  was  of  thorough  Saxon 
ancestry,  and  while  a  gardener's  lad  and  during 
eight  years  of  militarj'  service,  made  strenuous  efforts  at 
self-education.  In  1792  his  personal  liberty  was  endan- 
gered by  the  publication  of  "The  Soldier's  Friend"  (an 
appeal  for  an  increase  of  pay),  and  he  came  to  Phila- 
delphia in  the  autumn  of  that  year.    His  first  success 


501.   Leaf  of  Canada  Thistle  (X  S)- 

London,  1827.  The  American  edition  of  Wm.  Forsyth's 
excellent  "Treatise  on  the  Culture  and  Management  of 
Fruit  Trees."  was  published  at  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia in  1802.  and  in  Albany  in  1803,  and  was  one  of 
the   most   influential    books   on   fruit   growing   in   the 


(.•OBBETT 

p.'rio.l  l.ff.iri-  iiri'hariiing  over  large  areas  gave  rise  to 
is>riitiallv  Aimrican  horticultural  writings.  Unfortu- 
tiir  :ii.  h  t<  r  iMirti.-ulturists  of  the  present  day,  Cobbett's 
tltiiiMlrr  -rrni-  forBVer  silenced.  He  has  the  fatal 
faults  111'  li.iiii.'  nld  and  amusing.  Yet,  to  the  discrimi- 
nating mind,  Cobbett's  horticultural  writings,  especially 

'"  The  American  Gardener  "( wh 

in  second-hand  book  stores),  a 

and  refreshment.  W.  U 

COBffiA  (after  Father  Cobi 
seventeenth  century,  naturalis 
for  many  years ) .  Polemonicit 
American  climbers,  of  which 
ennial  plant,  is  amongst  tin 
commonly  treated  as  annuals 
climbers  in  the  order.  Pmi. 
placed  in  moist  earth,  edse  d 


COCCOLOBA 


339 


COCCtNEA  (Latin,  svrirlel ;  referring  to  the  orna- 
mental gourds).  CucurbitAceie.  Thirteen  species  of 
tender   perennial  vines,  from  the  tropics  of  Asia  and 


tender   peren^^.^^   . 
Africa,  usually   wi 


Lvs.  angled 


i 


glandular  :    fls.  white   or  yellowish, 
a  small,  scarlet  gourd,   sometimes  marbled, 
with  an  insipid  pulp.   A.  Coigneaux  in  DC,  Mon.  Phan. 
3:  .528.     C.  cordifotia  is  treated  as  a  tender  annual,  re- 
quiring an  early  start  and  no  special  culture. 

A.    TrriilriJs  simple :  male  fls.  solitary  :  lvs.  small. 

cordiSolia,  Cogn.  (C.  Indica,  Wight  &  Am.).  Height 
about  10  ft.:  lvs.  small,  1-2  in.  long,  glossy,  ivy-like, 
short-petioled,  obtusely  5-angled :  fls.white,  bell-shaped: 
fr.  roundish  at  both  ends,  about  2  in.  long,  1  in.  thick. 
India. 
AA.    Tendrils  bifid:  male  fls.  in  racemes;  lvs.  targe. 

palmita,  Cogn.  (Cephaldndra  palmdta,  honA.).  At- 
tiiiniug  30  ft.:  lvs.  large,  3-4  in.  long  and  wide,  long- 
petioled,  palmately  5-Iobed  :  fls.  yellowish  :  fr.  ovate, 
acute.  Natal.  Int.  by  P.  Henderson  «S;  Co..  1890. -A  rare 
greenhouse  plant.  -^   jj_ 

C0CC6L0BA  (Greek,  Ubed  berry ;  referring  to  the 
iiids  of  tlif  pear-shaped  fr.).  PolygonAcece.  Thisgenus, 

wliicli  r,,iiiaii]s  till-  2  interesting  fruits  described  below, 
.  .ii-i-i-  1  all. Hit  sfl  tropical  trees  and  shrubs,  some- 
■  111-  '  iM  ImiiIh  Is,  with  alternate,  usually  leathery,  en- 
iin     i\-,.  ulmh    an-  sometimes  very   large,  sometimes 


fls. 


For  C. 


502.  Coboea  scande 


M. 


v.  Pigs.  502,  503,  504.  Height  10-20  ft. : 
Ifts.  in  2  or  3  pairs,  the  lowest  close  to  the  stem,  and 
more  or  less  eared  :  fls.  bell-shaped,  1-lK  in.  across, 
light  violet  or  greenish  purple,  with  protruding  style 
and  stamens:  tendrils  branched.  Mex.  B.M.851.  There 
is  a  white-fld.  form  (  C.  alba,  Hort. ).  and  one  with  varie- 
gated lvs.,  var.  variegita,  Hort. -The  terminal  Ift.  is 
represented  by  a  tendril  (Fig.  502).  Sometimes  there 
are  indications  of  tendrils  on  other  Ifts.  (Fig.  .504),  mak- 
ing the  plant  an  interesting  one  for  students  of  mor- 
phology. 

macrostfimma,  Pav.  Taller,  la 
and  foliage  not  purple-tinged  : 
exserted  stamens.    Guatemala. 


lowering,  the  stems 
yellow-green,  with 
W.  M. 


COBNUT.    Consult  Corylus. 

COBTJRGIA.    See  Sletiomesson. 

COCA.  The  lvs.  of  Erythroxylon  Coca,  used  in 
medicine.  Sold  chiefly  as  a  fluid  extract.  Cocaine  is  the 
famous  local  anaesthetic. 


504.    Monsti 

Coccoloba  is  a  genus 
trees,  mostly  of  an  on 
the  Sea-grape  or  Shorr 
an  edible  fruit,  and  li 
This  species  is  the  mo; 


340 


COCCOLOBA 


■worth)  of  a  place  among  ornamental  plants  under  glass. 
As  it  will  withstand  but  slight  frost  its  cultiration  out- 
doors m  the  United  States  is  limited  to  warmer  parts  of 
Florida  and  California  but  it  may  be  bedded  outdoors 
during  the  sumnifi    in  temperate  latitudes,  forming  a 


505,  Coccoloba  uvifcr; 


fine  addition  to  the  list  of  plants  more  commonly  em- 
ployed. All  species  are  easily  propagated  by  seeds, 
which  germinate  freely  when  not  too  old.  Some  species 
may  be  quickly  increased  by  cuttings  of  ripe  wood, 
which  root  readily  in  sand  under  usual  conditions,  in  a 
frame  or  propagating  house.  Layering  may  also  be  em- 
ployed to  increase  a  stuck.  The  various  species  grow 
naturaUy  in  both  ,Iay.  v  iunl  saiiJy  >..ils,  r.v.  Uing  in 
moist,  rich  earth  an.l  a  lii^jli  iriii|.riaiini'.  ''.  m-ifera 
frequents  the  ki-m^Imiv.-.  ;iinl  i-  r.nMi.l  -]-.n\iir_'  in  sand 
and  broken  sht-lN,  ai'i-amiils  la^-kiii;;  ait":,'.tluT  in 
plant-food.  Rich,  sandy  suil  of  a  light  charuclLr  seems 
to  be  the  best  for  all  species  so  far  known.  Plants  are 
readily  transplanted  from  open  ground,  but  pot-grown 
plants  are  to  be  preferred.  f;uit_  tj-  g.  n.  Reasonee. 
uvifera,  Linn.  Sea-grape.  Shore-grape.  Fig.  50.'). 
Tree,  reaching  20  ft.  or  more,  with  many  flexuous 
branches  :  1%-s.  large,  often  5  in.  long  by  7  in.  wide, 
broadly  heart-shaped,  wavy  margined,  glossy,  leathery, 
midrib  red  at  the  base ;  petioles  short,  with  sheathing 


COCHLEARIA 

stipules  at  the  base  :  racemes  G  in.  long,  erect,  in  fl. 
nodding  in  fr. :  fls.  IK  in.  across,  white,  fragrant ;  pet- 
als 5;  stamens  8;  styles  3:  berries  9  or  more  in  a  ra- 
ceme, small,  about  Kin.  long,  pear-shaped,  reddish  pur- 
ple, dotted  green,  sweetish  acid:  nut  roundish,  with  a 
short,  sharp  point  on  top,  and  vertical  wrinkles. 
Sandy  seashores  of  Trop.  Amer.,  especially  S. 
I  West  Indies.  B.M.  3130.  — The  wood 
m  cabinet  work,  and,  when  boiled, 
red  color.. 

Floridima,  Meissn.  Pigeon  Pum. 
Tree,  2&-30  ft.:  Ivs.  lK-3  in.  long, 
1-2  in.  wide,  ovate  or  elliptical,  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends,  obtuse,  margin 
slightly  recurved :  berries  small,  Kin. 
long,  pear-shaped,  edible,  but  not 
marketable.  S.  Fla.-This  has  lately 
been  considered  a  synonym  of  C. 
Ifturi folia,  but  the  two  species  are 
well  distinguished  in  DC.  Prod. 
14:165.  w.M. 

CdCCULUS  (diminutive  of  kokkos, 
berry;    the    fr.    being    berry -like). 
(C'ebatha.)    Menisperm&cea:.    Twin- 
ing or  erect  shrubs:  Ivs.  alternate, 
petioled,  entire  or  lobed,  with  entire 
margin,     deciduous     or    persistent, 
palminerved:  fls.  inconspicuous,  dio?- 
cious,  in  axillary  panicles  or  racemes, 
sometimes   terminal  ;    sepals,  petals 
ind  stamens  6:  carpels  3-G,  distinct,  developing  into 
berry  like,  1  seeded  drupes  ;   seed  reniform.     About 
25  species  in  America,  Asia,  Africa  and   Australia, 
chiefly  m  trop   and  subtrop.  regions.    Only  a  few  spe- 
c  iLs   are   cvdtivated,  thriving   in  almost  any  somewhat 
moist  soil  ,  the  evergreen  kinds  are  sometimes  grown 
in  pots,  m  a  sandy  compost  of  peat  and  loam.     Prop, 
bj  seeds  or  by  cuttings  of  half -ripened  wood  in  summer, 
under  glass,  with  bottom  heat. 

"Cocculus  Indicus'Ms  the  trade  name  of  the  berries 
used  by  the  Chinese  in  catching  fish.  The  berries  con- 
tain an  acrid  poison,  which  intoxicates  or  stuns  the  flsh 
until  they  can  be  caught.  The  berries  are  imported 
from  the  East  Indies  to  adulterate  porter,  and  "Cocculus 
Indicus"  is  a  trade  name  with  druggists,  not  a  botanical 
one,  just  as  "Cassia  lignea"is  a  trade  name  of  a  kind  of 
Cinnamon  bark,  derived,  not  from  a  Cassia,  but  from  a 
species  of  Cinnamomum.  The  name  "Cocculus  Indicus  " 
given  by  Bauhin,  but  binomial  nomenclature  began 
later,  with  Linnffius,  in  1753.  The  plant  which  produces 
the  berries  is  Anamirta  Cocculus. 

CaroUnuB,  DC.  A  rapid-growing,  twining  shrub,  at- 
taining 12  ft.,  with  pubescent  branches:  Ivs.  long-peti- 
oled,  usually  ovate,  sometimes  cordate,  obtuse,  entire  or 
pubescent,  glabrous  above  at  length, 
lK-3  in.  long  :  fr.  red,  Viin.  in  diam.  Along  streams, 
from  Va.  and  111.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. -Decorative  in  fall, 
with  its  bright  red  fr.    Not  hardy  N.  of  New  York. 

C.  Japfinicus,  DC.=Stephama  hemandifolia.— C  laurifdUus, 
DC.    Erect  shrub,  to  15  ft.,  glabrous:  Ivs.  evergreen,  oblong, 
at  both  ends.   Himal.   Decorative,  with  its  bright  green, 
- C.  ThUn- 


dier.  Japan. 


abtropical  i 
•       fr.  I 

Alfred  Rehder. 


COCHLEARIA  (Latin,  cochlear,  a  spoon;  referring  to 
the  Ivs.  1.  rriniferce.  This  genus,  which  includes  the 
Ilorsi-  Kailish  and  Scurvy  Grass,  is  composed  of  glabrous 
herbs,  mnstly  i>i-rennial,  of  various  habit,  with  Ivs.  alter- 
nate or  in  rosettes :  fls.  mostly  white,  racemose,  bractless : 
pods  various,  but  never  winged.  The  word  cochlear  is 
a  technical  term  used  in  describing  alstivation,  and  refers 
to  one  piece  which  is  larger  than  the  others,  hollow  like 
a  bowl  or  helmet,  and  including  the  rest,  as  in  Aconitum. 

AimOT&cia,  Linn.  (Nasturtium  Armor&cia,  Pries). 
Horse  Radish.  Hardy  perennial,  2  ft.  high:  roots  large 
and  fleshy,  furnishing  the  familiar  condiment:  root-lvs. 
very  large,  more  or  less  cordate  or  oblong  ;  stem-lvs. 
lanceolate,  uppermost  linear,  entire  :  fls.  white.  May. 
Naturalized  from  Eu.  and  escaped. -It  flowers  fre- 
quently, and  very  rarely  perfects  any  seeds.  For  cul- 
ture, see  Horse  Madish. 


COCHLEARIA 

Of(icin&lis,  Linn.  Scurvy  Grass.  Hardy  biennial, 
2-12  in.  high,  but  cult,  as  an  annual  :  root-lvs.  petioled, 
cordate;  stera-lvs.  sessile,  oblong,  more  or  less  toothed: 
fls.  early  spring;  calyx  lobes  erect.  Arctic  regions.  Vil- 
morin,  Veg.  Gard.  515.— Prop,  by  seed,  which  is  small, 
oval,  slightly  angular,  rough-skinned,  rt-ddish  brown. 
The  germinating  power  lasts  4  yea r^.  I  li-  li.  .n  parts 
of  the  plant  are  strongly  acrid,  and  1,  i\  nr. 

The  seed  is  sown  in  a  cool,  shady  ]>  ~  :  n,  i  '  i  the 
plants  are  to  stand.  The  Ivs.  are  r:ir.  Ix  rii.n  :i~  -alnd, 
but  the  plant  is  mostly  grown  for  its  luiti-soorbutic 
properties.  W.  M. 

COCHLIODA  (Greek  for  spiral,  in  reference  to  the 
structure  of  the  lip).  OrchidAcece,  tribe  Vdiidete.  A 
small  genus  of  orchids  found  at  high  elevations  in  South 
America.  Pseudobulbous.  Flowers  bright  rose-color  or 
scarlet.  Some  of  the  species  are  retained  by  various 
authors  in  Odontoglossum  and  Mesopinidiura.  Culture 
of  Odontoglossums. 

Noetzliina,  Rolfe.  Pseudobulbs  ovate-oblong,  com- 
pressed, about  2  in.  long,  monodiphyllous  :  Ivs.  linear, 
peduncles  arcuate  :  fls.  numerous,  in  graceful  racemes, 
orange-scarlet,  about  1  in.  across;  sepals  oblong;  petals 
rather  ovate  ;  labellum  3-lobed,  disk  yellow,  otherwise 
similar  In  color  to  the  petals.  Andes.  B.M.  7474.  Gt. 
43:1403.    G.C. III.  1G:71. 

r6sea,  Hort.  Plants  similar  to  C.  Noetzliana  :  fls.  rose 
color.    Peru.    B.M.  (;nK4.    l.H.  18:G6. 

TulcAnica,  Hinth.  ^-  Hook.  Peduncles  more  or  less 
erect:  fls.  hirtrcr  than  in  the  preceding,  bright  rose-color; 
labellum  3-luljed,  provided  with  4  ridges.  Peru.  B.M.GOOl. 
Oakes  Ames. 

COCHLIOSTfiMA  (Greek,  spiral  stamens).  C'ommeli- 
nAcew.  A  genus  of  2  species,  which  are  among  the 
most  curious  and  e:or;.'i-ous  ])hints  cultivated  under  irlass. 
They  are  f|ii|.li\  tr-,  «  n  1,  i!,,.  Ii:„,,i  ,,i'  IPIIinrjia  and 
great  axillarv  jmim i  rur- 

dor,  with   lari:r,   mMcii-    Ial|.'>  <.[:ili'    U-...    -Iiralliili-    at    t  lie 

base,  and  fls.  which  iudividu:illy  last  „nly  a  short  time, 
although  a  succession  is  kept  up  for  several  weeks; 
sepals  3,  oblong,  obtuse,  concave;  petals  3,  nearly  equal, 
wider  than  the  sepals,  margined  with  long  hairs;  stami- 
nodes  3,  villous,  2  rrn-t.  linear,  the  third  short,  plumose; 
staminal  cnluinii  lun-diai,  with  incurved  margins,  enclos- 
ing 3  spirally  iwi^tiil  anther.s  ;  style  slender,  curved. 
For  an  intm-Ntinu'  iln  i.rv  of  the  peculiar  staminodes, 
seeG.C.  lti(..s:;;J3,L'r,i. 

Cochliostemas  are  handsome  stove-flowering  perennial 
plants,  closely  related  to  the  Commelinas,  and  are  of 
comparatively  easy  culture,  thriving  well  in  ordinary 
stove  temperature  iit  a  mixture  of  2  parts  loam  and  1 
partflbrous  peat,  Willi  a  liii  1.  \m  1 1 -decayed  cow- or  sheep- 
manure  added  wlan  |.     'i.  _        I  ire  plants.    They  like  a 

copious  supply  (if  ■        i  is  during  the  summer 

mouths,  and  at  nil -.a  ill  m  ii  tin  y  he  allowed  to  become 
dry.  Propagation  i>.  eilta-tfd  li\  division  of  the  plants  in 
early  spring,  or  by  seeds,  to  ulitain  which  the  flowers 
must  be  artificially  fertilized.  The  seeds  should  be  sown 
as  soon  as  ripe  in  shallow  pans  of  light,  peaty  soil,  and 
placed  in  a  warm,  close  atmosphere  until  germinated. 
As  soon  as  the  seedlings  are  large  enough,  they  should 
be  potted  singly  into  thumb-pots,  and  shifted  on  as 
often  as  they  require  it,  when  they  will  flower  in  about  12 
months.  The  chief  reason  why  Cochliostemas  are  grown 
in  America  so  little  is,  probably,  that  we  have  to  keep  a 
much  more  humid  atmosphere  in  stove-houses  here  than 
in  England,  and  that  is  very  much  against  all  stove- 
flowering  plants,  causing  the  season  of  blossoming  to  be 
very  short. 
A.  7/c.s.  red  beneath:  panicle  hairy  :  fls.  very  fragrant. 

odoratissimum,  Lemaire.  Lvs.  lighter  green  above  than 
in  C.Jacobianum,  and  deep  purplish  red  beneath,  nar- 
rower, and  with  a  similar  margin  :  fls.  very  numerous; 
sepals  more  leaf-like,  hairy,  green,  with  a  reddish  tip. 
l.H.  6 :  217.  R.H.  1869,  p.  170.  -Not  advertised  at  present, 
but  fully  as  interesting  as  the  next. 

AA.   Lvs.  green  beneath  :  panicle  not  hairy;  fls.  less 

Jacobi&num,  C.  Koch  and  Linden.  Height  1-3  ft. :  lvs. 
in  a  rosette,  spreading  or  recurved,  dilated  and  sheatb- 


COCOS 


341 


ing  at  the  base,  margined  brown  or  purplish,  3^  ft.  long, 
()  in.  broad  at  the  base,  4  in.  broad  at  the  middle  :  pe- 
duncles stout,  white,  tinged  purple,  1  ft.  long  :  bracts 
large,  opposite  and  whorled,  3^  in.  long,  acuminate, 
concave:  panicle  branches  4-6  in.  long:  fls.  2-2K  in. 
across ;  sepals  purplish ;  petals  violet-blue.  Autumn. 
B.M.  5705.    R.H.  1868:71. 

Edward  J.  CAirarNG  and  W.  M. 
Cochliostema  odoratissimum  is  much  like  C.  Jacoii- 
nniim.  Is  a  very  interesting  plant  of  rapid  growth  and 
easy  culture.  It  is  raised  from  seed.  It  seeds  freely 
when  fertilized  at  the  proper  time.  Only  a  few  of  the 
stronger  or  larger  flowers  should  be  allowed  to  bear  seed. 
Sometimes  a  simple  shaking  of  the  flower  stalk  will  ac- 
complish the  necessary  work  of  fertilizing,  but  it  is 
safer  to  employ  the  regular  method  to  insure  thorough 
impregnation.  The  seeds  ripen  within  6  weeks'  time,  and 
they  can  be  sown  soon  thereafter.  In  5  or  6  months  from 
seed  the  plants  will  bloom.  The  flowers,  while  not  very 
showy,  are  fragrant  and  interesting.  The  plant  itself  is 
ornamental  by  reason  of  its  curiously  marked,  striped 
and  veined  leaves.  The  plant  thrives  best  in  rich,  light, 
loamy  soil.  First  sow  in  boxes  or  seed  pans  in  light, 
sandy  soil  ;  then  traiis|ilant  ini"  ^in.ill  pots;  keep  the 
voung  plants  in  a  warm,  iimi^t  |.lai a-  and  repot  before 
the  pot  is  filled  with  n.uts.  i„  vi  i-  alli.wing  the  plant  to 
get  "hard,"  as  it  is  called,  but  ke<-|)  it  growing  continu- 
ously, and  when  in  6-  or  7-inch  pots,  allow  the  plant  to 
get  somewhat  pot-bound  and  give  more  air,  and  it  will 
soon  set  flower  buds.  Then  place  a  mulch  of  old  cow-  or 
sheep-manure  on  the  top  of  the  pot,  or  use  liquid  manure 
once  or  twice  a  week,  keeping  the  plant  in  a  cool  posi- 
tion. The  above  treatment  will  secure  numerous  flowers 
over  a  long  period.  Fall  and  winter,    h.  A.  Siebrecht. 

COCKSCOMB.    See  Celosia. 

COCKSFOOT  GRASS.   Same  as  Barnyard  Grass,  Paiij- 


COCOA.    Seeds  of  Theobrom 
COCOA  PLUM.    Chrysobala 


COCOS  (Portuguese,  monkey,  from  the  nut,  which  sug- 
gests a  monkey's  face).  PalmAcece,  tribe  Cocolnece. 
This  genus  includes  the  Cocoanut  tree,  C.  nucifera,  and 
a  few  palms  that  are  cultivated  for  ornament  in  the 
north  under  glass,  and  in  S.  Fla.  and  S.  Calif,  as  ave- 
nue and  ornamental  trees.  Of  the  species  cult,  for  or- 
nament, C.  Weddelliana  is  by  far  the  most  important. 
It  is  sold  in  great  quantities  from  3-  and  4-inch  pots 
when  the  plants  are  12-15  in.  high.  They  are  favorite 
house-plants,  as  their  culture  is  easy,  and  they  grow 
slowly  and  retain  their  beauty  a  long  while.  They  are 
much  used  in  fern  dishes.  As  a  house-plant,  C.  Wed- 
delliana is  probably  the  most  popular  species  of  all  the 
smaller  palms.  It  is  especially  snitalile  for  table  deco- 
ration. The  geiui^  i^  alhiil  tn  'M  axiniiliana  and  Attalea, 
and  distini;ui^lii  il  liv  ii-  mili  i1-.  having  lanceolate 
petals,  6  iuelu.le.l  -taim  n-.  ami  a    I  needed  fruit. 

Low  or  tall  siiinel.--,  |,aiiii-.  «iili  slender  or  robust 
ringed  trunks,  ot'ti-n  iIi.iIhiI  «ii1i  the  bases  of  the  lvs. 
Lvs.  terminal,  pinnatiM  .  t :  m-iihiik  ensiform  or  lanceo- 
late, equidistant  or  in  u'li.uiis.  I  i,i  many-nerved,  entire 
at  the  apex,  or  with  1  lateral  tooth,  or  more  or  less 
deeply  lobed,  — the  margins  smooth,  recurved  at  the 
base:  rachis  3-sided,  acute  above,  convex  on  the  back: 
petiole  concave  above,  smooth  or  spiny  on  the  margins: 
sheath  short,  open,  fibrous  ;  spadices  erect,  at  length 
drooping,  the  branches  erect  or  drooping;  spathes  2,  the 
lower  one  the  shorter,  split  at  the  apex,  the  upper  one 
fusiform  or  clavate,  woody,  furrowed  on  the  back  ; 
bracts  variable  ;  fls,  white  or  yellow  :  fr,  large  or  me- 
dium, ovoid  or  ellipsoidal,  terete  or  obtusely  3-angled. 
Species  about  30.  Tropical  and  sub-tropical  S.  Amer., 
1  in  the  tropics  around  the  world. 

J.  G.  Smith  and  W.  M. 

The  Cocoanut  Palm  naturally  grows  on  the  seashore, 
or  in  its  inmiediate  vicinity,  and  does  not  bear  well 
when  at  a  great  distance  from  salt  water,  although  its 
growth  may  be  strong.   In  cultivation,  this  fact  is  kept 


342 


cocos 


in  mind  and  plantations  are  laid  out  on  sandy  or  siielly 
tracts  of  land  bordering  the  sea,  where  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  raise  anything  else  of  value.  This  soil  con- 
sists of  coarse  sand,  broken  shells  and  litter  of  the  sea, 
and  is  apparently  very  poor  in  quality,  yet  the  Cocoanut 
thrives  on  it  and'  liciirs  alimichiiifly.  Propagation  is  by 
seeds  only.  Tins,  hk  ..  i,.i,(I  from  the  most  desired 
strains,  as  the  nu!         ii  -    ilv    in  size,  shape,  and 

quantity  and  qiui  It  i  !■  m  :ii.  They  must  be  per- 
fectly ripe  before  phiiit  in-,  \\lnrli  is  usually  done  with- 
out removing  the  outi-r  husk.  A  shallow  trench  is 
scooped  out  of  the  sand,  the  nuts  are  laid  in  thickly  on 
their  sides  and  then  the  sand  is  thrown  back  over  them 
to  a  depth  of  from  4-10  in.,  according  to  the  moisture  of 
the  soil.  After  some  months,  when  they  have  germi- 
nated and  the  seed  leaf  is  well  developcil.  tliey  are  usu- 
ally dug  and  planted  out  permanently  alxmt  L'li  ft.  ajiart. 
The  young  palms  are  kept  free  from  weeds  and  en- 
croaching beach  creepers  for  3  or  4  years,  until  .they 
reach  a  considerable  size,  after  which  they  seldom  get 
any  cultivation.  A  mulching  of  seaweed  and  other  veg- 
etable matter  proves  of  much  benefit,  but  as  the  profit 
is  so  small  in  Cocoanut  culture,  thorough  manuring  is 
not  attempted.  Cocoanut  Palms  are  of  tropical  growth, 
yet  may  be  grown  outside  the  tropics  to  a  slight  extent, 
as  in  southern  Florida,  where  occasional  light  frosts 
occur.  E.  N.  Reasoner. 


given  an  abundance  of  water,  a  rich,  loamy  soil,  and  a 
night  temperature  of  70°,  it  is  not  especially  difficult  to 
manage,  and  while  the  young  plants  do  not  give  a  proper 
idea  of  the  mature  Cocoanut  Palm,  their  development 
is  interesting  to  watch. 

The  most  valuable  Cocos  to  the  florist  is  the  Dwarf 
Cocoanut,  C.  Weddelliana,  the  seeds  of  which  are  sent 
from  Brazil  to  the  large  American  and  European  palm 
growers  by  the  million  each  season.  These  seeds  are 
about  half  an  inch  thick.  They  usually  arrive  in  the 
spring,  and  should  be  sown  at  once  in  a  warm  green- 
house and  kept  continually  moist,  and  if  they  are  in 
good  condition  and  kept  at  a  temperature  of  about  75°, 
they  frequently  begin  to  germinate  in  6  to  8  weeks. 

A  light  and  rather  open  soil  is  preferable  for  Cocos 
seeds,  some  growers  using  pure  peat  for  this  purpose 
with  good  results.  When  the  seedlings  are  making  their 
second  leaf  they  may  be  potted  off,  and  this  is  one  of 
the  critical  periods  in  the  culture  of  C.  Weditelliana, 
the  young  roots  being  so  stiff  and  brittle  that  much  care 
is  needed  to  get  them  into  a  2-  or  2H-inch  pot,  and  if 
the  main  root  is  broken  the  seedling  seldom  recovers. 

Deep  pots  are,  therefore,  best  for  this  purpose.  The 
seedlings  should  be  kept  rather  close  during  the  day  for 
the  first  few  weeks  after  potting,  and  then  may  be  aired 
■quite  liberally,  and  also  syringed  freely.  A  night  tem- 
perature of  65-70°  will  answer  very  well  for  the  young 
plants,  and  they  should  never  be  allowed  to  become 
very  dry,  or  a  yellow  and  unhealthy  runiiiiidn  i-  liable 
to  follow.  Through  the  summer  tlj.  jiliini-  m:,,  I,.-  re- 
potted as  they  may  need  it,  but  it  i-  IM'I  ^^  1-1  I  ■  'ii~turb 
the  roots  after  the  middle  of  Octoln-r.  th.    n.ut  ani.in  of 


Soil  should  be  well-drained,  rather  sandy  in  texture, 
and  may  be  enriched  with  some  dry  cow-dung,  or  a 
moderate  quantity  of  bone  dust. 

Cult,  by  W.  H.  Taplin. 

The  Cocoanut  is  the  example  most  commonly  cited  of 
dispersal  of  seeds  by  water.  Its  buoyant,  impervious 
iusk  is  said  to  enable  it  to  cross  an  ocean  without 
losing  its  germinating  power.  Its  structure  is  interest- 
ing and  at  first  puzzling.  Although  it  is  a  dry,  indehis- 
eent,  1 -seeded  fruit,  it  seems  very  unlike  an  akene,  as 


fori 
like 


the 


the 


COCOS 

The  eyes  of  the  Cocoanut  (Fig.  50G)  mark  the  positions 
of  (the  micropyles,  and  germination  takes  place  only 
through  the  larger  one.  Palm  pistils  are  3-carpelled  and 
each  carpel  in  Cocos  has  1  ovule.  The  marks  of  the  3 
carpels  are  seen  in  Fig.  500,  but  only  1  ovule  develops 


nut  is  unsoliditted  endosperm.  In  the  cereal  grains  it  is 
the  endosperm  which  affords  most  of  the  material  used 
for  human  food.  Only  a  part  of  the  liquid  matter  of  the 
Cocoanut  solidifies,  and  the  milk  is  left  in  the  center. 


into  a  seed.  Fig.  507  tells  the  story  of  the  growth  of  a 
Cocoanut.  In  «,  the  young  nut  is  enveloped  by  3  petals 
and  3  sepals.  At  6.  the  pericarp  has  far  outgrown  the 
sepals  and  petals.  The  floral  envelopes  remain  upon  the 
tree  when  the  nut  is  picked.  Cocoanuts,  like  many  other 
fruits,  often  grow  to  a  considerable  size  without  pollina- 
tion, and  then  perish. 

In  distinguishing  tropical  from  subtropical  regions, 
the  Cocoanut  is  an  excellent  guide.  It  flourishes  best 
where  frost  is  never  known.  The  oil  extracted  from  the 
nuts  is  an  important  article  of  commerce.  The  fiber  re- 
fuse is  much  used  by  florists  and  gardeners.  Being 
open,  spongy,  very  retentive  of  moisture,  clean  and 
easily  handled,  it  is  a  favorite  material  in  which  to  root 
bedding  plants  and  to  start  very  small  seeds  ;  but  it  is 
not  used  for  permanent  potting.  l_  jj_  b_ 

A.   Filaments  present  on  the  rachis. 

eriosp&tha.  Mart.  Stem  9-15  ft.  high,  10-14  in.  thick, 
capitately  thickened  with  the  persistent  bases  of  the 
petioles;  Ivs.  ample,  glaucous,  finely  pectinate:  margins 
of  the  rachis  with  excurrent  filaments;  segments  about 
1  in.  apart,  the  lower  elongated,  linear,  20-24  in.  long, 
very  long-acuminate,  the  upper  narrowly  linear,  short, 
attenuate,  1  ft.  long,  2  lines  wide,  all  rigid,  faintly  ner- 
vose-striate.  S.  Braz.— "The  hardiest  of  the  genus  and 
one  of  the  hardiest  palms  in  southern  Calif.  Fronds 
bluish:  fr.  pulp  tastes  like  apricots."— F.  Franeesehi, 
Santa  Barbara.  Rather  coarse  for  cultivation  under 
glass. 

AA.    Flaments  absent. 

B.    Radii 


flexudsa,  Mart.  Stem  9-12  ft.  high,  2-3H  in.  in  diam., 
arcuate-ascending,  naked  just  above  the  base,  thence 
densely  clothed  with  dead  petiole  bases;  Ivs.  lax,  3-(i  ft. 
long:  petiole  flat  above,  arcuate,  at  first  tomentose,  later 
smooth  :  rachis  abruptly  narrowed  above  the  insertion 
of  the  lowest  leaf -segment,  thence  linear-filiform  at  the 
apex,  excurrent ;  segments  70-90  on  each  side,  rigid  in 
opposite  groups,  the  middle  10-14  in.  long,  %  in.  wide, 
the  upper  4  in.  long,  l-12in.  wide.  Braz.  — Cult,  in  north- 
em  greenhouses.  An  avenue  tree  in  S.  Fla.  and  S. 
Calif.  "Similar  in  habit  to  S.  ;;;»»! o«a,  but  with  more 
finely  cut  Ivs.,  and  in  S.  Eu.  considered  to  stand  more 
frost."— FrancescJii. 


cocos 

BB.   Bachis  not  abitipthj  contracted. 

C.    Leaflets  flaccid. 

D.    Form  of  Ifts.  linear. 

E.    Arrangement  of  Ifts.  eqnidistatil. 

Weddelli&na,  H.  Wendl.  Fig.  508.  Stem  4-7  ft.  high, 
IH  in.  in  diam. ,  densely  covered  with  persistent  sheaths : 
Ivs.  equally  pectinate-pinnatisect,  3-3M  ft.  long:  petiole 
8-20  in. :  sheath  coriaceous-fibrous,  glabrous  or  tomen- 
tose,  with  slender  brown  hairs,  at  length  evanescent : 
blade  2-3  ft. :  segments  about  50  on  each  side,  widely 
spreading,  the  middle  5  in.  long,  2  lines  wide,  subequi- 
distant,  glaucous  beneath :  rachis  filiform  at  the  apex, 
brown-scaly.  Trop.  Braz.  R.  H.  1879,  p.  434.  I.H. 
22:220.  A.G.  16:345.-The  most  important  of  small  or- 
namental palms  for  the  north. 

EE.    Arrangement  of  Ifts.  in  groups  of  S—f. 

plumbsa,  Hook.  Stem  30-36  ft.  high,  10-12  in.  thick, 
ringed  at  intervals  of  n  foot,  clotlied  near  the  apex  with 
remnants  of  the  dr.i.l  [..  t  i,,i,  ~ ;  l\  ^.  .■Mrr-si.rr;iiiiiit,'-.  12- 
15    ft.  long,  recui  V      _  '  .    r.-    |..iil'    ;.-    the 

blade:  segments  h.  !  ;.  .  i  i  ii.  ,  -|.:m'-.-.  -mIilhv  or 
mostly  in  groups  ..i  l'-i.i'.ii.  Iluj.',  .Ii>Hi>x.>cI  ihmi-  the 
apex.  Cent.  Braz.  H.M.  rilsu.-'i'lie  chief  avenue  palm 
of  the  genus.  A  quick-grower,  ultimately  50  ft.  high  in 
S.  Pla.  and  Calif. 

cc.   Leaflets  rigid. 

butyricea,  Linn.  Stems  very  tall,  naked  :  Ivs.  pin-' 
nate  ;  Ifts.  simple  ;  spathe  cylindrical-oblong,  4-6  ft. 
Venezuela.  —  Rare  and  perhaps  confused  with  Scheelea 
butijracea.    Little   known. 

D.    Form  of  Ifts.  sword-shaped. 

EomanzoHi4na,  Cham.  Stems  30^0  ft.  high,  some- 
what fusiform  above:  Ivs.  about  half  as  long  as  the  cau- 
dex,  the  withered  ones  deflexed,  pendent,  the  upper 
spreading,  incurved,  segments  conduplicate  at  the  base, 
ensiform.  S.  Braz.,  near  the  sea. 
DD.   Form  of  Ifts.  linear:  apex  obtuse:  petiole  glaucous. 

austrWs,  Mart.  Pisdo  Palm.  Height  8  ft.:  stem 
erect,  columnar,  equal,  strongly  annular  above  ;  petiole 
naked  ;  segments  linear,  glaucous,  rather  rigid  :  fr.  as 
large  as  a  pigeon's  egg,  outer  pulp  sweet,  edible,  seed 
oily.  Paraguay.  G.C.  III.  18:739.  A. F.  5,  515,  and  7:805. 
K.H.  1876,  p.  155.— A  slow  grower.  Cult,  under  glass 
and  outdoors  in  Fla.  and  Calif. 

nuciJera,  Linn.  Csco  Palm.  Cocoanut  Tree.  Figs. 
507,  508.  Caudex  40-100  ft.  high,  flexuous,  thickened  at 
the  base  Ivs  12-18  ft  lon„'  ,  Ifts  linear  lanceolate,  2-3 
ft  coriaceous  flaccid  petiole  3-5  ft  stout  Seashores 
withm  the  tropic  s  Indigenous  to  Cocos  or  Keeling 
Islands  of  the  Indian 
ocean       R   H     lh')=; 


G  P  7  15  -ProdiK  ( ' 
the  cocoanuts  of  com 
merce  Rarely  cult 
m     northern    green 


the  mouth  ;  petiole  W^  ft.  long,  spinose-serrate  ;  seg- 
ments 50-60  on  a  side,  crowded  below,  then  equidistant, 
linear-lanceolate,  the  uppermost  long-setaceous  filiform. 


507.  Staees  in  the  growth  of 


DDD.   Form  of  Ifts.  narrowly  lanceolate. 

E,   Lvs.  long,  6-15  ft.  in  mature  specimens. 

F.   Petiole  spinose-serrate:  segments  of  leaf  less 


mm^' 


Yat4y,  Mart.  Stem  12-15  ft.  high,  over  1  ft.  in  diam., 
naked  below,  covered  with  dead  sheaths  above:  lvs.  re- 
curved, spreading  6-9  ft. ;  sheath  1  ft.  long,  fibrous  at 


508    Cocos  Weddelhana 

the  middle  ones  2%  ft.  long,  2-5  in.  wide,  the  upper  20 
in.  long,  J^in.  wide,  all  rigid,  glaucous  beneath.  Brazil, 
Argentina. 

FF    Petiole  not  spinose  seitate     segments  of  leaf 
lerij  nil  Met  mis 

D^tll,  Drude  &  Griseb  Stem  30  ft  high,  8-12  in.  diam. : 
Its  12-n  ft  Imi^  sheath  about  lb  in.  long;  petiole  IK 
ft  1  I  1  11  1  1  in  thick,  segments  linear-acumi- 
II  if  11     h    crowded  in  groups  of  3  or  4, 

I  II    I  I      the  lowest  2  ft.,  middle  2%  ft.  and 

HI  11  1 1  I  I  imost  filiform  all  narrow,  stiff  and 
ripi  I  il  liie  1  l\  glaucous  green  or  whitish.  Argen- 
tma  islands  mil  mer  banks  The  fruits  are  edible, 
resembling  those  of  the  date  palm  Hardier  in  S.  Calif, 
than  C  plumosa,flexuosa,  and  Homamoffiana. 

coronita,  Mart  Trunk  at  length  18-30  ft.  high,  8  in. 
in  diam  ,  erect  deeply  ringed  lvs  erect-spreading,  6-9 
It  long  short  petioled,  arranged  m  a  close,  5-ranked 
spiral,  the  long  persistent  bases  of  the  petioles  forming 
I  spiral  twisted  column  below  the  crown;  leaf -segments 
in  groups  of  2  01  H  folded  together  from  the  base  (con- 
duplicate)  linear  lanceolate  acute  coriaceous,  densely 
crowded  about  100  on  each  side,  midrib  4-sided  below, 
3  sided  ibove     Brazil 

EE     Lis   shoitet   3^%  ft  m  mature  specimens. 
F     Apex  of  Ifts   obtuse. 

camp^stns,  Mart.  Stem  8-10 ft.  high,  thickened,  scaly: 
lvs.  spreading-recurved,  rigid,  3-^>2  ft.  long:  rachis  ele- 
vated, triangular  above,  convex  below  :  segments  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  30-40  on  each  side,  obtuse  at  the  apex 
and  shortly  cordate-acuminate.     Brazil.  — Hardier  than 

FP.   Apex  of  Ifts.  acuminate. 

insignis,  Mart.  (Glazibva  inslgnis.'RoTt.).  Stem 3-6  ft. 

high,  IK  in.  in  diam.:  lvs.4K-6  ft.  long;  sheath  densely 


344 


cocos 


brown  -  lanate ;  petiole  shorter  than  or  equaling  the 
sheath,  a  fourth  or  fifth  as  long  as  the  rachis;  segments 
equidistant,  50  on  each  side, narrowly  lanceolate,  obliquely 
acuminate  and  caudate,  silvery  glaucous  beneath,  Braz. 
The  following  are  obscure  trade  names  of  rare  plants  not 
sufficiently  described :  C.  Alphonsei,  0.  Bdnneti,  O.  Gaertneri, 
C.  Maximilidna  and  O.  Turumagnas. 

Jared  G.  Smith  and  W.  M. 

CODI^TJM  (Malayan  name).  Eiiphorbi&cece.  Croton 
of  florists.  Four  or  5  Malayan  species  of  shrubs  or 
trees.  Plants  moncecious  :  racemes  axillary,  long  and 
slender:  pistillate  fls.  with  small  5-lobed  calyx  and  no 
petals,  the  ovary  3-loculed  :  stamens  15-30,  surrounded 
by  calyx  and  5-6  small  petals:  Ivs.  alternate  and  petio- 
late,  normally  entire,  thick,  more  or  less  Aucuba-like. 
Differs  from  Croton  in  the  absence  of  petals  from  the 
pistillate  fls.,  and  in  technical  characters  of  stamens. 

The  CoditBums  of  gardens  are  of  many  widely  differ- 
ent kinds,  and  many  of  these  forms  have  Latin-made 
names.  They  are  all  derived,  however,  from  one  poly- 
morphous natural  group,  which  J.  MUUer,  the  latest 
monographer  (DC.  Prodr.  15:  pt.  2, 1119),  considers  to  be 
one  species  [C.variegahim).  This  plant  is  widely  dis- 
tributed in  the  Malayan  region,  and  is  commonly 
planted  in  the  Moluccas  and  other  parts.  The  Crotons 
or  Codiseums  of  horticulturists  fall  into  three  groups,— 
those  with  ovate,  short-stalked  Ivs.,  those  with  narrower 
and  spatulate  Ivs.,  and  those  with  very  narrow  and  often 
twisted  Ivs.  These  correspond  with  Miiller's  three  nat- 
ural divisions  : 

variegjltain,  Linn.,  var.  pictum,  Miiller  (C  plctum. 
Hook.).  Fig.  509.  Lvs.  short-petioled,  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  more  or  less  cordate  at  the  base,  lJ^-3  times 
longer  than  wide,  beautifully  and  variously  marked  with 
red,  yellow  and  green.    L.B.C.  9:870.    B.M.  3051. 

Var.  Moluccjknuin,  Muller.  Fig.  510.  Lvs.  long-  or 
short-petioled,  widely  or  narrowly  spatulate,  acute  at 
base,  and  short-acuminate. 


I:iced  in 
ay  after 
t<i  have 
-t  sized 


coni^UM 

modified  almost  endlessly  by  domestication.  Some  of 
the  modification  is  the  result  of  crossing.  The  Codiseums 
are  prized  both  as  indoor  foliage  plants  and  as  subjects 
for  massing  in  the  open.  In  the  open  air  they  develop 
most  brilliant  colors  in  our  bright,  hot  summers.  The 
plants  will  not  stand  frost.  8])* 
coming  too  large  for  the  gre»-iil 
the  center  of  the  bed  for  suniin' 
frost.  With  Crotons  it  is  esji- 
the  ball  of  roots  well  develi'i"  ■ 
plants,  which  naturally  form  tli.- 

mer  bed,  may  be  plunged  in  their  pots  luw  tue  soil,  ana 
are  easily  removed  in  the  fall  to  the  greenhouse.  Such 
plants,  when  taken  up  in  the  fall  and  brought  indoors, 
should  be  cut  back  at  the  time  of  potting.  They  do  not 
make  the  best  subjects  for  winter  decoration,  although 
good  results  may  be  got  from  them  by  the  exercise  of 
care.  L.  H.  B. 

Codiseums  (or  Crotons,  as  they  are  popularly  known 
in  America)  are  beautiful  plants,  with  many  forms  of 
handsome  and  odd  foliage  of  the  most  brilliant  coloring. 
The  colors  range  from  almost  pure  white  to  light  and 
deep  yellow,  orange,  pink,  red  and  crimson,  in  the  most 
charming  combinations.  In  some  cases  one  color  pre- 
dominates, as  in  Carrierei  (yellow).  Czar  Alexander 
III.  (crimson),  Hawkerii  (light  yellow).  These  varie- 
ties of  distinct  coloring  make  beautiful  specimen  plants 
for  jardinieres;  and  their  beauty  is  enhanced  when  used 
in  jardinieres  of  appropriate  color.  As  exhibition  plants 
they  are  very  effective,  and  may  be  grown  to  specimens 
5  or  6  feet  high,  or  even  larger.  In  smaller  sizes, 
Codiseums  are  much  used  as  table  plants,  for  which 
purpose  well  colored  tops  are  rooted  and  grown  on  until 
they  are  from  12  to  15  inches  liigh.  The  narrow-leaved 
varieties  are  most  used  for  this  purpose.  Codiaeums 
are  also  very  attractive  in  vases  and  window  boxes 
and  for  mantel  and  table  decorations.  They  are  also 
very  valuable  as  bedding  plants.  Planted  in  clumps  or 
masses,  the  effect  of  the  combination  of  rich  colors  is 
charming.  They  should  be  planted  in  only  good,  rich, 
not  too  heavy  soil,  and  regularly  syringed  to  keep  down 
red  spider.  They  color  best  when  fully  exposed  to  the 
sun,  and  should  not  be  planted  out  until  about  the  10th 
of  June  in  the  neighborhood  of  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia.   If  something  is  needed  t..  juakc  thf  beds  look 

attractive  early  in  the  season,  ii    i-  ,i  _ 1   plan  to  plant 

pansies  in  April,  to  remain  um  ii  '  i  !  i,'  ■.  jilantthe 
Codiseums.    Soraeof  thetendii- •  .  i,  :(^  Keedii, 

Albicans,  and  a  few  others,  ai-f  mi  IdmI  im  Kurn  in  the 
extremely  hot  weather,  but  nearly  all  tin-  sorts  do  well 
bedded  out.  Among  the  very  best  for  this  purpose  are 
Queen  Victoria,  Dayspring,  Baron  Rothschild,  An- 
dreanum.  Lady  Zetland,  Carriferei,  Barryi,  Hawkerii, 
Fasciatum,  Anietumense. 

The  house  culture  of  Codiseums  is  very  simple.    It  is 
necessary  that  a  night  temperature  be  maintained  of  70° 
to  75°,   and   that  the    air   be    kept   moist   by    frequent 
-vringings.     Cuttings   of    half-ripened   wood    may   be 
I -ily  rooted  at  any  time  from  October  until  June,  a 
itom  heat  of  80°  being  just  what  they  need.     When 
I  y  fine  specimens  are  desired,  root  strong  and  shapely 
I's    by   making   an    incision    in  the    stem    and    tying 
moss  around  the  wounded  part;  it  will  be  rooted  ready 
to  pot  in  about  three  weeks.    By  this  method  all  the  foli- 
age mav  be  retained,  and  a  perfect  plant  be  the  result. 

The      ■        ■      ■  

color 


U'ht   the  plant  gets,  the  better  will   be  the 


Var.  genulnum,  MUUer  {Crdton  variegdtus,  Linn.). 
Figs.  511,  512.  Lvs.  broad-  or  narrow-lanceolate,  equally 
narrowed  at  both  ends,  acutish  or  obtuse,  never  cordate 
at  base. 

The  Codiseums  of  gardens  are  prized  chiefly  for  the 
varied  and  brilliant  markings  of  the  lvs.  The  colors  are 
in  shades  of  ^d,  yellow,  orange  and  purple,  and  the 
markings  often  run  into  white.    The  plants  have  been 


with  tobacco  w£ 
Little's  Antipcs 
insecticide  for  C 
result  of 


o  kill  mealy  bug  and  red  spider, 
any  emulsion  of  coal-oil,  is  a  good 
ims.  New  varieties  from  seed  (the 
isting  sorts )  are  continually  being 


raised.     Seed    ripens    freely    under    glass  in    North 
America,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  list  of  about 
eighty  choice  varieties  now  in  cultivation  will  be  largely 
extended  in  the  near  future. 
The  following  horticultural  varieties  are  in  the  American 


345 


510.  Codi£eum  Disraeli  (var  Moluccanum) 

Angustissimum  (angustifolium).  Lvs.  1-lK  ft,  long,  linear, 
drooping,  yellow-margined  and  -ribbed. 

Anietumense. 

Aucub(sfolium.  Lvs.  short  and  broad,  green,  blotched  with 
yellow  and  crimson. 

Aureo-maculatum.   Lvs.  long  and  narrow,  yellow-spotted. 

Aureum.  Lvs.  beautifully  and  symmetrically  marked  with 
rich  yellow. 

Baron  Adolph  SeilUere.  Strong  and  robust  growth.  Large, 
brilliant  green  lvs.,  with  pale  yellow  nerves,  which  soon  become 
ivory-white,  the  contrast  of  color  producing  a  striking  effect. 

Baronne  de  Rothschild  (Fig.  509).  Lvs.  broad,  olive-green 
and  yellow,  changing  to  crimson. 

Beaut}/.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  profusely  and  strikingly  variegated 
witli  t,'"|ilt'n  y.'llow  on  a  rich  green  ground  :  as  they  attain  age 
til'-  ^ri.n  ^ii.iin.l  color  gradually  becomes  a  deep  bronze,  while 
th<-  >'llnw  \  ari.  nation  develops  into  a  rich,  rosy  crimson. 

]!•  nii'iuni.  Lvs.  short,  broad-oblong,cream-yellow,  with  green 

Brilliantissimum. 

Burtonii.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  16  in.  or  less,  shining  green,  mar- 
bled with  golden  yellow. 

Carrilrei. 

Challenger  (Imperator).  Long  lvs.;  midribs  at  first  creamy 
white,  suffused  with  red,  deepening  to  bright  carmine.  One  of 
the  best. 

Chelsonii.  Lvs.  narrow  and  drooping,  more  or  less  twisted, 
salmon-tinted  and  -blotched. 

Chrysophyllum.  Lvs.  small,  yellow-tinted. 

Compte  de  Germiny. 

Cooperii.   Lvs.  yellow-veined'and  -blotched,  changing  to  red. 

Cornutum.  Lvs.  oblong  and  obtuse,  lobed,  rounded  at  the 
base,  wavy-margined,  dark,  shining  green  and  mottled  with  yel- 
low, the  midrib  projecting  at  the  tip. 

Cronstadtii.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  twasted  and  crisped,  tapering  to 
a  shai-p  point,  glossy  green,  variegated  with  light  golden  yellow. 

Crown  Prince.  Lvs.  lanceolate  and  aciuninate.  18  in.  or  less 
long,  shining  green,  with  golden  veins. 

Czar  Alexander  III. 


Dayspring.   Orange-yellow,  edged  green  and  tinged  red. 

Delight.  Lvs.  oblong  acute,  bright  yellow,  margined  with 
green,  the  veins  cream-color,  the  bright  central  variegation 
changing  to  clear  ivory-white,  with  here  and  there  a  few  dots  of 
the  same  color  scattered  through  the  margin  of  the  leaf. 

Disraeti  { Fig.  510).  Lvs.  rather  narrow,  variouslj^ lobed,  dark 
green,  with  yellow  veins,  changing  to  crimson. 

Dod'jsoiKP.  Lvs.  lance-linear,  1  ft.  or  less  long,  sometimes 
twisted,  green,  with  golden  rib  and  margins. 

EnrJscmirt. 


I  I     s  narrow,ofconsiderablelength;  variega- 

iH'iiMt  111   I    I  1 1^1  t  _'i>lden  color,  which  contrasts  strongly  with 
ilie  l.ritriit  rH(i  tint  ot  the  petioles,  producing  a  very  pretty  effect. 

Eransifinum.    Lvs.  3-Iobed,  veined  with  yellow  and  mottled 
with  yellow,  bronze  and  orange. 

Excelsior. 

Fasciatum.   Deep  green,  with  yellow  veins. 

Flambeau. 

Fl,ainingo. 

Gloriosum  (Prince  of  Wales).    Lvs.  long,  narrow  and  droop- 
ing, variously  spotted  with  creamy  yellow. 

Golden  Hing. 

Goldiei.   Lvs.  spatulate,  3-lobed,  12  in.  or  less  long,  olive-green, 
ivith  golden  veins. 

Grande.   Dark  green,  with  yellow  spots. 

Haiiburyantim.    Lvs.  oblong,  18  in.  or  less,  olive-green,  with 
golden  and  rose  markings. 

Harivoodianiim  (Triumphans  Harwoodianum).  Lvs.  oblong, 
ribbed  with  gold  and  crimson. 

Haiekerii.   Lvs.  broad-lanceolate,  Kft.  long,  light  yellow,  with 
green,  margins. 

Henryaniun.    Lvs.  ovate-oblong  and  pointed,  10  in.,  mottled 
or  overspread  with  golden  yellow. 

Hillean  u  m.  Lvs.  broad-oblong  or  spatulate.  9  in.  or  less,  wavy- 
margined,  purplish  green,  marked  with  crimson. 

Hookeriamnn.    Lvs.  lance-ovate,  dark,  shining  green,  with 
golden  blotches. 

niustris.   Lvs.  with  3 
variegated. 

Imperator.   See  Challenger. 

un   (Fig.  511).     Lvs.  very 


blong  lobes,  golden  barred  and 


twisted,  with  i 
Irregulare.    Lvs.  oblong  and  tapering  s 
at  apex,  shining  grt 


i  middle, 
and  ribs. 

Jamesii.    Lvs.  ovate,  10  in.  c 
blotched  with  whitish  and  yello 

Johannis.   Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  chan- 
nelled above,  ribbed  and  margined  yellow.   A. F.  13:1070. 


less,  dark  green,  irregularly 


Eatonl.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  bright  green,  with  circular  yellow 

Lady  Zetland.  Graceful  habit. 
Lord  Derby. 

Macfarlanei.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  drooping,  1  ft.  long,  green 
and  yellow  blotched,  but  becoming  bright  crimson. 
Magnolifolium. 


CCELOGYNE 


Marquis  de  Castellane. 

Mortfortiense. 

Mortii. 

Mrs.  Okas.  Heine. 

Mrs.  Dorman.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate.  1  ft.,  with  scarlet  rib 
and  green  margins. 

Mrs.  H.F.Watson.  Large-lvd.:  green,  but  as  they  mature  the 
green  deepens  and  changes  to  a  bright,  bronzy  crimson,  striped, 
spotted  and  blotched  with  rich  golden  yellow  and  edged  with 
salmon,  the  midribs  and  veins  bright  red. 

Mrs,  Swan.  Lvs.  broad-lanceolate  and  acuminate,  golden  yel- 
low in  the  center  and  on  the  margins  and  petiole. 

Multicolor.  Lvs.  like  Irregulare,  but  blotched  and  veined  with 
yellow,  changing  to  orange  and  crimson. 

Mitsaicinn.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  wavy,  acuminate,  green, 
crimson  and  cream-color.   R.H.  1882:  240. 


Nobile. 

Oniilla. 

Ovalifolium. 

Pictum,  Lvs.  broad-oblong  and  acuminate,  less  than  10  in. 
long,  crimson,  with  irregular  blotches  of  green  and  blackish. 
Old  but  good.  B.M.3051. 

Picturatum.   Lvs.  similar  to  Interruptum,  highly  colored. 

Pilgrimii.  Lvs.  ovate  and  pointed.  10  in.,  green,  overspread 
with  pink,  golden-blotched. 

Prince  of  Wales.  See  Gloriosum. 

Princeps.  Lvs.  broad-linear,  with  yellow  rib  and  margins,  the 
green  becoming  bronze  and  the  yellow  becoming  crimson. 

Princess  Matilda. 

Punctatum. 

Queen  Victoria.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  12  in.  or  less,  golden 
yellow  blotched  and  magenta  ribs. 

Pecurvifolium.  Lvs.  broad  and  heavy,  reetirved, Veined  with 
crimson  and  yellow,  and  handsomely  blotched. 

Reedii. 

Jioseo-pictum. 

Ruberrimum.  Lvs.  crimson,  narrow,  drooping,  marked'  with 
creamy  white. 

Rubro-lineatum 

Bubro-striatum. 


Senitzianum. 

Spirale  (Fig.  512),  Lvs.  long,  narrow-oblong,  twisted,  striped 
and  marked  with  yellow,  changing  to  crimson. 

Stewartii.  Lvs.  obovate,  blunt  at  base,  olive  green,  with  red- 
dish rib  and  petiole  and  orange  bands  and  margin. 

Sunbeam.  Dark,  bronzy  lvs.,  from  9  to  10  in.  long  and  about 
2  in.  wide,  in  the  young  state  freely  blotched  with  yeUow,  gradu- 
ally changing  into  rosy  crimson,  which  in  ttim,  as  the  leaf  ar- 
rives at  maturity,  becomes  of  a  rich  blood-red. 

Sunshine. 

Superbissim  um. 

Thompsonii. 

Tricolor.  Lvs.  oblong-spatulate,  very  acute,  gradually  tapering 
from  the  upper  third  to  the  base  :  margin  sinuous  :  upper  sur- 
face dark,  shining  green,  central  part  and  midrib  golden  yellow, 
lower  surface  dull,  reddish  green. 

Tnuini)lians.  Lvs.  oblong,  deep  green  and  crimson,  changing 
to  greenish  bronze  and  rosy  crimson. 

Lvs.  broad  and  long,  undulated  or  crimped,  with 
claret,  crimson  and  purplish  veins. 

Victory.     Lvs.  of  deep  orange-yellow,  blotched  with  crim- 
son, changing  with  age  to  deep  olive-green,  with  crimson  veins 
.and  a  blotching  of  red. 

Veitchii.  Lvs.  lance-oblong,  rounded  at  base,  bright  green, 
mottled  yellow  and  crimson.   R.H.  1867,  p.  190. 

Volut\im.  Lvs. broad,  rolled  at  tip,  golden  veined. 

Warrenii.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  2-3  ft.  long,  twisted,  droop- 
ing, overspread  and  mottled  with  orange  and  crimson,  changing 


CODLIN,  or  CODLING.  Used  in  England  to  mean  a 
small,  green,  half -wild,  inferior  apple.  It  is  used  in  dis- 
tinction from  grafted  or  dessert  fr.  It  is  about  equiva- 
lent to  our  use  of  the  word  "crab.'* 

C(£LIA  (Greek,  koilos,  hollow:  referring  to  the  pol- 
len masses).  Orchiddceie,  tribe  ydndece.  Six  species  of 
central  and  South  American  epiphytic  orchids,  divided 
into  2  strongly  marked  groups  with  widely  different 
kinds  of  inflorescence.  C.  inacrostachya  is  a  type  of 
the  first  section,  with  long  racemes  of  numerous  small, 
horizontal  fls.,  which  are  much  exceeded  by  the  long 
spreading  bracts,  and  the  base  of  the  column  short. 
C.  bella  is  typical  of  the  second  section,  with  the  fls. 
few,  larger,  erect,  in  groups  of  about  3,  longer  than  their 
bracts,  and  the  base  of  the  column  produced  to  twice  its 
own  length,  which  gives  the  fls.  a  tubular  appearance. 
Coelias  are  of  minor  importance.  They  grow  best  in 
pots  of  peat  and  sphagnum,  with  a  little  charcoal. 
A.    Fls.  riisi;  red.  inimeroiis,  small,  in  a  long  raceme. 

macrostilcliya,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  2%  in.  long,  almost 
round,  with  brown  scales  at  the  base:  lvs.  about  3,  from 
the  top  of  the  pseudobulb,  1  ft.  or  more  long,  lanceolate, 
arching,  broader  than  in  C.  bella,  and  not  channeled: 
sepals  red;  petals  white.  Mexico.  R.H.  1878:  210.  B.M. 
4712  shows  a  dense  raceme  8  in.  long,  with  more  than 

AA.  Fls.  u-hite,  tipped  purple,  feu-,  large. 
b6Ila,  Keichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  smaller  and  more  con- 
stricted at  the  top  ;  lvs.  6-10  in.  long,  narrower,  chan- 
neled above,  arching ;  fls.  2  in.  long,  erect,  3  or  4  in 
number,  with  the  midlobe  of  the  lip  orange-colored. 
Guatemala.    B.M.  6028. 

C(EL0GYNE  (hollow  pistil).  Orchiddcea,  tribe  Epi- 
dhidrew.  A  genus  of  useful  plants,  all  pseudobulbous, 
found  in  tropical  Asia  growing  on  trees  and  on  rocks. 
Sepals  and  petals  membranaceous,  labellum  large,  cucul- 
late  with  2,  3  or  more  longitudinal  ridges;  column  erect, 
winged,  membranaceously  margined  at  and  toward  the 
apex;  poUinia  4.  The  hotanicsd  det&ilsot  C<elogyne  spe- 
ciosa  are  shown  in  Fig.  513.   At  the  top  is  a  general 


CCELOGYNE 

view  of  the  flower.  Below,  on  the  left,  is  the  column, 
front  and  side  view.  In  the  center  is  the  lip,  with  the 
eoluran  lying  along  its  top.  Below  the  lip,  on  the  left, 
is  the  stigma.  To  the  right,  on  the  bottom  row,  are  the 
poUinia,  front  and  back  view;  and  at  the  right  center 
are  separate  pollen  masses. 

Ccelogynes  may  be  grown  in  pots,  pans  or  baskets, 
but  it  is  "hardly  advisal)le  to  undertake  growing  them  on 


513.   Details  of  CcElogyne  speciosa. 

blocks,  as  they  are  a  thirsty  class  of  plants  when  grow- 
ing, and,  in  fact,  when  at  rest  should  not  be  .allowed  to 
become  very  dry.  Ccelogynes,  as  a  rule,  do  not  care  to 
be  disturbed;  therefore,  it  is  a  good  plan  not  to  repot 
until  the  plants  have  outgro%vn  the  pots  or  baskets,  or 
the  old  compost  has  become  exhausted.  They  should  be 
potted  then  in  a  compost  consisting  of  equal  parts  fresh 
sphagnum  moss  and  fibrous  peat,  to  which  maybe  added 
a  little  broken  charcoal.  The  pot^s  or  baskets  to  be  used 
should  have  a  good  supply  of  crocks,  so  that  the  -water 
may  pass  away  freely,  otherwise  the  compost  would  soon 
become  sour.  A  good  time  to  repot  or  top-dress  is  just 
after  the  flowering  season.  When  repotted,  the  plants 
should  be  kept  in  a  rather  moist,  shady  place  until  the 
new  roots  commence  to  take  hold  of  the  fresh  compost. 
They  may  then  be  put  in  their  growing  quarters  and 
given  a  good  supply  of  water  all  through  tlie  growing 
season;  but  after  the  growth  is  completed  they  will  re- 
quire only  enough  water  to  keep  the  bulbs  in"  a  plump 
condition.  Manure  water  applied  once  a  week  Avhen 
growing  will  be  found  beneficial,  but  should  be  given  in 
a  weak  form  to  begin  with. 

There  are  about  50  kinds  of  Ccelogynes,  a  number  of 
which  are  well  worth  a  place  in  the  most  select  coUec- 
•dons.  One  of  the  most  beautiful  species  is  C.  cristata, 
with  its  varieties  liololetica,  Cliatsworthii,  Lemoniana 
and  maxima.  To  insure  a  good  crop  of  fls.,  the  above 
should  all  have  a  good  supply  of  light  and  air  when 
growing,  only  a  verv  light  shading  being  necessary. 
They  also  may  be  svi-iuirpd  ovi-rlu-nd  once  or  twice  a  day 
in  bright  weatlnr  i  >  1  ,  .  i.  il.  n  i .  ^1  -piii-r  and  other  in- 
sect pests.  In  til.  '  I'i  1  i  ~tr(l  in  anycool 
greenhouse  in  wli;  :  .  ■  i  ,  i mi  u  i  .■  .l.n  s  not  fall  be- 
low 40°.  C.  corn,.  ■■  r  ,,.,;.,,  (■.,„;  Ilafa  and  C. 
Massangeana  v^iW  :ill  o.>  ni  ■<  1\  m  :iu  intermediate  house, 
while  C.Dayaiiii  an.l  (  .  s,t,i<i.  rimin  should  be  grown  in 
a  warmhouse  wh*'r«.  ilir  niu^lit  Tt-iuperature  in  winter  is 
not  below  60°.  t'ni.i-yius  may  he  propagated  by  divid- 
ing the  plants,  always  being  careful  to  get  one  or  more 
leading  growths  with  each  piece. 

Cult,  by  Albert  J.  Newell. 
A.   Bacemes  pendulous  or  drooping. 
B.    J^ls.  green  or  yellow. 

pandurtlta,  Lindl.  Fls.  large:  sepals  and  petals  green. 
labellum  fiddle-shaped,  with  black  veins  and  stains  on  a 


CCELOGYNE  J4/ 

yellowish  green  ground;  central  disk  3-ribbed;  pseudo- 
bulbs  oval  oblong,  i  in.  long  ;  Ivs.  rather  oblong,  15  or 
more  in.  in  length:  racemes  many-fld.  Borneo.  B.M. 
5081.    F.S.  20:2139.    J.H.  III.  30:377.    A.F.  6:633. 

Dayina,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  pyriform,  cylindric, 
about  6  in.  long:  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate:  fls.  numerous; 
sepals  and  petals  pale  yellow,  margins  reflexed;  petals 
much  narrower  than  sepals  ;  labellum  with  6  erect 
ridges  fringed  with  l>rown:  racemes  2  ft.  or  more  long. 
Borneo.    G.C.  III.  15:095. 

Ma3sange4na,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  pyriform,  about 
3K-4  in.  long,  ivs.  elliptical,  large,  tapering  toward  the 
base  ;  the  long  racemes  many-fld. ;  sepals  and  petals 
equal,  pale  yellow,  lateral  lobes  of  labellum  brownish 
within,  lined  or  streaked  with  yellow  ;  mid-lobe  with  a 
verrucose  brown  and  yellow  disk  :  raceme  sometimes  2 
ft.  long.    Assam.    B.M.  6979. 

BB.    Fl.'i.  white  or  cream-colored. 

cristita,  Lindl.  A  free  -  flowering  species,  with 
large  white  flowers  :  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate-ob- 
long, undulate  ;  lateral  lobes  of  labellum  slightly  in- 
curved ;  mid-lobe  provided  at  tlie  center  with  5  bright 
yellow  fringes  and  3  ridges.  Nepal.  J.H.  III.  31:.349. 
P.  G.  1:55.  A.  G.  14:331  ;  15:513.  A.F.  4:497  ;  6:87; 
9:1111;  13:1133.  F.E.  9:331.  Gng.  2:393  ;  4:225. -Var. 
hololeilca,  Hort.  (var.  alba),  has  white  fls.,  labellum 
without  yellow.  Var.  Lemoniana,  Il.nf.,  lias  citnin-vcl- 
low  fringes.    Var.  ChAtsworthi,  II. .it..  lia>  lar-.-  ).s,.||,i,,. 

bulbs  and  large  fls.  of  :; 1   sulistan.a  .     \'ar.  maxima, 

Hort.,  has  very  large  Hs.    <:,  l,„i,i„,   iri.stut.i  is  of 

the  best  and  most  popular  of  orchids.  It  is  one  of  the 
easiest  to  grow.    Can  be  grown  with  Cattleyas. 

n&ccida,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  ovate,  angulate,  2-3 
in.  long  Ivs.  lanceolate,  about  8  in.  long:  raceme  7-10- 
fld.,  often  more  :  fls.  IK  in.  across  :  sepals  and  petals 
whitish:  labellum  with  3  ridges,  bright  yellow  blotch  on 
the  disk.    Nepal.    B.JL  3318. 

Gardneriina,  Lindl.  Psendobulbs  long  and  tapering, 
flask-shaped:  Ivs.  2,  thin,  IS  in.  or  less  long:  raceme 
many-fld. :  fls.  large,  l..ii;.'-|ntal.  ,1,  j.uro  white  except  the 
lemon-yellow  lip,  not  .i]i.iiiii^- wi.lr.    Iml.    P.M.  0:73. 

asperita,  Lindl.  (('.  /..hrii,  l>a.\t.).  Large  species 
(18-24  in.  high):  ps.ii.l..l.iill.s  large  and  oblong,  each 
bearing  a  pair  of  broad,  dull  green  Ivs.:  raceme  1  ft. 
long,  many-fld. :  fls.  3  in.  across,  cream-colored,  but  the 
lip  with  an  orange  crest  and  radiating  brown  and  yellow 
.streaks.    Borneo.    P.M.  16:227. 

Sanderiina,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  ovate  and 
wrinkled  or  costate,  2  in.  long,  each  bearing  a  pair  of 
Ivs.  a  foot  long  :  fls.  about  6  in  a  raceme,  3  in.  across, 
snow-white;  sepals  narrow  and  pointed,  keeled;  petals 
broader;  lip  3-lobed,  the  side  lobes  striped  with  brown 
and  the  middle  lobe  Idotched  with  yellow.  E.  Ind.— 
Distinct  and  handsome.  C.  Sanderae,  Kriinzlin  (G.C. 
111.13:361.  J.H.  III.  35:451),  is  probably  the  same.  It 
is  described  as  having  the  "disk  of  the  lip  deep  orange 
in  front,  much  paler  behind,  and  with  three  parallel 
keels,  covered  with  long  dark  haii-s"  (G.C.  III.  13, 
p.  392). 

AA.    Bacemes  erect. 

barb£kta,  Griffith.  Pseudobulbs  about2  in.  l..nu-.  nv.it.-: 
Ivs.  broadly  lanceolate,  about  1  ft.  long:  il^.  Ln-i  .  ].,  tals 
linear,  whitish;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  wliitr;  mnl  1,.1„-  ^^t 
labellum  brownish  inside,  curiously  fringrd  with  lirown; 
crests  3.    Khasia  hills. 

ocellita,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  pyriform  or  nearly  so: 
Ivs.  about  1  ft.  long,  narrowly  lanceolate;  racemes  6  in. 
long  :  fls.  large,  white,  with  two  bright  orange-yellow 
spots  on  eaoli  ..f  tli.-  lat.  ral  lobes  of  the  labellum,  and 
two  smaller  sp.is  at  ih.-  l.ase  of  the  midlobe  ;  also 
brown  lateral  sir.  ak,  :  .  ..liinin  bordered  with  yellow. 
E.  Ind.    Fouiul  at  an  .  I.;  ati..n  of  7,000  feet.    B.M.  3767. 

specidsa,  l.in.ll.    I'-.u.l..l.iill.-;  ..v.i.l.  .li-tin.-tly  angled, 

3,  on  short   ]....lini.l..s.  ^^  lii.li     mi. ■!■-.■    IV.. in  iiiiliric'ated 

translucent,  dull  salmon-pink;  petals  linear  reflexed; 
lateral  lobes  of  labellum  erect,  slightly  incurved,  reticu- 
lated, with  dull  copper-brown  on  a  blush-salmon  ground, 
midlobe   roundish,  partly  broad-margined  with  white  ; 


348 


CCELOGYNE 


disk  with  two  fringed  ridges  and  umber-brown  marl5- 
ings.  Inner  surface  of  column  brownish.  Java.  B.M. 
4889.    Gn.  49,  p.  62. 

oorrugita,  Wight.  Pseudobulbs  ovate -pointed,  in 
tufts,  with  Ivs.  3  in.  long:  racemes  3-6-fld. :  fls.  white  ; 
sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  oblong  and  acute;  lip  3- 
lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  smaller  and  blunter  than  the 
central  one.    E.  Ind.    B.M.  5601. 

PArishii,  Hook.  f.  Like  C.  pandttrata,  but  racemes 
not  drooping,  the  pseudobulb  4-angled  and  narrow, 
bearing  a  pair  of  stout  broad  Ivs.,  the  fls.  about  6,  and 
smaller.    A  small  species.   Burma.    B.M.  5323. 

Foerstermanni,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  cylindrical  or 
fusiform,  producing  1-  or  2-sheathed  peduncles  from  the 
side:  fls.  large,  snow-white;  sepals  and  petals  lanceo- 
late, the  former  keeled  outside;  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  rounded  and  minute-pointed,  the  side  lobes  rounded, 
the  disk  marked  with  yellowish  brown  :  Ivs  3-4  in. 
wide  and  18  in.  long,  very  short-stalked.    E.  Ind. 

Oakes  Aires. 

COFFfiA  (from  the  Arabian  name  for  the  drink,  itself 
conjecturally  derived  from  Caffa,  a  district  in  southern 
Abyssinia).  Bubiilcect!.  A  genus  of  about  20  Old  World 
species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical  Africa.  Shrubs  or 
small  trees,  usually  [glabrous,  with  slender  branches  : 
Ivs.  ellii'iii  il.  1 ••'>.  i.'l"ssy,  coriaceous,  mostly  oppo- 
site, rani  li  '  r  :;:  fls.  creamy  white,  tuberose- 
like, dill  ,.!  Ill  ii,  subsessile,  clustered  in  the 
axils  of  iIm  !  ~,  IIk  Liiius  is  technically  distinguished 
by  the  short  calyx  limb  :  corolla  throat  villous  or  gla- 
brous: style  branches  2,  linear.  The  fr.  is  a  berry  con- 
taining 2  horny  seeds,  which  afford  the  Coffee  of  com- 
merce. For  Coffee  production,  two  species,  C.  Arabica 
and  C.  Liherica,  are  now  extensively  cultivated  through- 
out the  tropics,  and  are  occasionally  to  be  found  in  con- 
servatories; also  in  gardens  in  Florida  and  California. 

The  Coffee  of  commerce  consists  of  the  seeds  of  these 
two  species  of  Coffea,  C.  Arabica  and  C.  Liberica,  the 
cultivation  of  which  is  one  of  the  most  important  agri- 
cultural industries  of  the  tropics,  the  annual  production 
reaching  1,500,000,000  pounds,  valued  at  $150,000,000. 
Of  this  amount,  Brazil  furnishes  over  70  per  cent.  A 
new  Coffee  from  the  Congo  is  receiving  much  attention 
in  Europe,— C  Maragogipe.  It  is  very  vigorous  grow- 
ing- W.  M. 

Climate  and  .soi;.- Although  C.  .I..^,  <  .,  ;ii  ,  „,hire 
alow  temperature,  and  has,  with  5.1i_ '  -  :  •     :  .  sur- 

vived the  winter  in  Germany,  sur  i  i  ,i  i.'ial 

culture  requires  a  rainfall  of  froiu    l    i-    l imlan 

equable  temperatui-e,  having  an  ;iVLia;;r  luii.iuiuui  of 
not  less  than  00°.  The  Liberian  species  is  ut  home  un- 
der thoroughly  tropical  conditions,  and  endures  expo- 
sure to  the  sun  at  low  elevations,  where  for  C.  Arabica 
shade  trees  are  commonly  supplied.  Coffee  thrives  in  a 
great  variety  of  soils,  but  those  containing  a  large 
amount  of  humus  are  prefi-rahlc  and  volcanic  deposits 
are  also  excellent.  The  use  of  fertilizers  is  increasing, 
but  the  requirements  of  particular  localities  must  be 
carefully  considered. 

Cultivation.  — The  seed  germinates  in  from  4  to  6 
weeks  after  ripening,  and  will  endure  only  partial  dry- 
ing. Seedlings  are  raised  in  shaded  seed-beds  or  flower- 
pots, whence  they  are  transplanted  at  the  beginning  of 
the  rainy  season,  preferably  when  2  years  old.  to  their 
permanent  places.  The  distance  between  trees  is  deter- 
mined by  the  soil  and  climatic  conditions,  varying  from 
6  ft.  for  C.  Arabica,  under  circumstances  unfavorable 
to  the  growth  of  wood,  to  15  ft.  or  more  for  C.  Liberica 
in  fertile  ground.  For  the  reception  of  the  seedlings, 
large  holes  are  dug  in  order  to  insure  loose  soil  and  avoid 
injuring  or  bending  the  long  tap-root.  Subsequent  cul- 
ture consists  largely  in  the  frequent  removal  of  all 
weeds,  by  means  of  hoes  or  other  implements,  which 
also  stir  the  surface  soil.  Trees  are  headed  or  pruned 
to  a  height  of  from  3-6  ft.  in  order  to  keep  the  berries 
within  easy  reach,  and  after  each  harvest  the  old  twigs 
are  removed,  also  the  epiphytes  and  parasites.  Spray- 
ing with  fungicides  and  insecticides  is  also  practiced 
when  necessary. 

.ffan'esf.  — Production  begins,  under  favorable  circum- 


COFFEA 


s,  the  second  or  third  year  from  transplantingr 
but  a  paying  crop  can  scarcely  be  expected  before  the 
fifth  or  sixth  year.  The  berries  ripen  unevenly,  requir- 
ing two  or  more  visits  to  each  tree.  The  yield  is  esti- 
mated in  general  at  1  pound  of  dry  Coffee  per  tree,  but 
careful  methods  increase  this  to  3  or  4  pounds,  while  in 
exceptional  cases  from  6  to  12  and  even  25  pounds  have 
been  reported.  The  life  of  the  Coffee  tree  has  been 
stated  at  20  or  .30  years,  but  with  good  care  production 
may  be  maintained  for  50  years  or  more.  The  berries 
may  be  dried  as  picked  and  the  seeds  afterward  ex- 
tracted by  machines  called  "hullers;"  or,  by  means  of  a 
"pulper,"  the  outer  fleshy  material  is  removed  before 
drying.  For  the  latter  process,  rimning  water,  cisterns, 
buildings  and  machinery  are  necessary.  After  being 
"pulped, "the  Coffee  is  fermented  in  orderto  further  dis- 
integrate the  saccharine  matter  of  the  external  coat  ; 
it  is  then  dried  in  the  sun  or  by  artificial  heat,  after 
which  the  tough  inner  integument,  the  so-called  "parch- 
ment," is  removed  by  other  machines  and  the  "beans" 
are  polished,  graded  and  sent  to  the  market. 

In  all  of  the  reoentiv  acquired  tropical  territories  of 
the  United  States,  Coffee  culture  may  become  an  im- 
portant industry,  the  excellence  of  the  Porto  Kican  prod- 
tict  being  already  well  known.  From  the  agricultural 
standpoint,  little  has  been  attempted  in  the  selection  of 
superior  seed  or  the  application  of  scientific  methods  of 
propagation.    Grafting  has  recently  been  accomplished 

.Boofcs.  — Coffee,  Its  Culture  and  Commerce,  edited 
by  C.  G.  Warnford  Loch,  264  pages,  1888,  contains  a, 
compilation  of  nearly  all  the  literature  then  existing, 
but  the  article  in  German  in  Semler's  Tropische  Agri- 
kultur  contains  more  recent  and  original  matter.  A 
French  work,  Culture  du  Caf^ier,  by  C.  Raoul,  Paris, 
1897,  is  the  latest  important  contribution  to  the  subject. 
O.  P.  Cook. 
A.  Corolla  S-parted,  sometimes  4-parted. 
B.    Segments  of  corolla  narrow:  Ivs,  oblong,  4— ')  in.  long. 


lyi 


Ar&bica,  Linn.  Common  or  Arabian  Coffee.  Fig. 
514.  Lvs.  3-6  in.  long,  rather  thin,  oblong,  nearly  three 
times  as  long  as  broad,  more  or  less  abruptly  contracted 
near  the  apex  to  a  point  about  H  in.  long :  fls.  in  axillary 
clusters  of  3-5;  segments  of  corolla  four  times  as  long 
as  wide;  fr.  a2-seeded,  deep  crimson  berry,  but  the  "ber- 
ries "or  beans  of  commerce  are  the  seeds.  The  commer- 
cial varieties  of  Coffee  are  based  largely  on  the  size, 
shape,  color  and  flavor  of  the  seeds,  and  hence  the  fr.  is 
very  variable,  but  the  typical  fr.  may  be  considered  to 
be  oval  and  half  an  inch  long.  Indigenous  in  Abyssinia, 
Mozambique  and  Angola;  supposed 
to  have  been  introduced  in  early 
Mohammedan  times  from  Abys- 
sinia to  Arabia,  whence  it  became 


known  to  Europeans  in  the  sixteenth  century.  This 
species  furnished  until  recentlv  the  entire  commercial 
product.  B.M.  1303.  Gng.  6:55'.-As  it  grows  wild  in 
Afr.  it  is  a  small  tree  10-15  ft.  high,  with  the  trunk  9-12 
in.  thick  at  the  base,  and  with  horizontal  or  even  nod- 
ding branches,  which  in  old  age  become  one-sided. 
Often  cult,  under  glass  in  the  north  for  its  economic 
interest,  and  in  S.  Calif,  it  is  a  good  outdoor  orna- 
mental shrub,  esteemed  for  its  shining  lvs.,  fragrant 
white  fls.,  and  red  berries. 


COFFEA 

BB.  Segments  of  cotulhi  wide  :  Ivs.  ovale. 
BeiigaWnsis,  Roxb.  Bengal  Coffee.  Lvs.  ovate, 
barely  twice  as  long  as  broiid,  acute,  but  not  having  a 
long,  abrupt  point  :  fls.  in  2's  or  3's  ;  segments  of  co- 
rolla barely  twice  as  long  as  wiile.  E.  Ind.,  Malaya. 
B.M.  4917. -This  has  much  showier  fls.  than  C.  Arabica. 
A  small  shrub  with  glabrous,  dichotomuus  branches.  A 
native  of  the  mountains  of  northeastern  India,  whence 
it  was  brought  to  Calcutta  and  much  cult,  there  for  a 
time.  It  is  now  neglected,  the  berries  being  of  inferior 
quality  and  the  plants  not  productive  enough. 
AA.    Corolla  0-,  7-,  or  8-parted. 

B.  Fls.  in  dense  clusters  or  glomes  :   lvs.  short-poiiitetl, 

6-12  in.  long. 
Lib^rica,  Hiern.  Liberian  Coffee.  Lvs.  longer  than 
in  C.  Arabiea.  and  wider  above  the  middle,  with  a  pro- 
portionately shorter  aud  less  abruptly  contracted  point: 
fls.  15  or  more  in  a  denst.  .In^tir;  corolla  segments  usu- 
ally 7.  Trop.  Afr.  Tian^.  I, inn.  Soc.  II.  1:171(1876). 
G.C.  II.  6:105.  R.Il.  l.^'.Hi.  yy.  Int.  lO.'i.-Said  to  be  more 
robust  and  productive  than  i'.  Arahica,  with  berries 
larger  and  of  finer  flavor.  It  is  a  more  tropical  plant 
than  the  common  Coffee,  and  can  be  grown  at  much 
lower  levels.    "It  is  a  small  tree,  similar  in  general  to 

C.  Arabica,  but  of  more  vigorous  and  upright  habit,  and 
larger  in  all  its  parts.  Lvs.  6-12  in.  long:  corolla  6-8- 
parted:  berries  dull  crimson,  larger,  more  numerous, 
and  more  nearly  spherical  than  those  of  most  forms  of 
C.  Arabica.  In  its  native  forests  in  W.  Afr.  it  attains 
a  height  of  30  ft.  or  more,  and  flourishes  near  sea  level. 
Owing  to  its  greater  size,  vigor  and  productiveness,  it 
is  now  being  extensively  planted  in  coft'ee-growing  re- 
gions, particularly  in  the  E.  Ind.,  where  it  has  been 
found  resistant  to  a  rust  fungus,  Hemileia  vastatrix, 
which  had  destroyed  the  plantations  of  C.  Arabica.  In 
cultivation,  both  species  are  pruned  low  to  facilitate 
the  picking  of  the  berries."- O.  F.  Cook. 

BB.  Fls.  solitari/ or  in  S's  :  lvs.  long-pointed,  syiS  in- 
long. 
stenophylla,  G.  Don.  Lvs.  4-6  in.  long,  1-1%  in.  broad, 
narrower  than  in  C.  Arabica,  with  a  relatively  longer 
and  more  tapering  point :  corolla  segments  usually  9. 
W.  Afr.  B.M.  7475. -This  is  said  to  yield  berries  of 
even  finer  flavor  than  the  Liberian  Coffee,  and  quite  as 
freely,  but  the  bush  is  longer  in  coming  into  bearing. 
This  is  a  promising  rival  to  the  C.  Arabica  of  com- 
merce. Seeds  have  been  distributed  by  British  botani- 
cal gardens,  but  are  not  known  to  be  for  sale  at  present 
in  America.  ^r   jj 

COFFEE.    See  Coffea. 

COFFEE  BEERY.    A  name  of  Glycine  hispida,  which 
should  be  abandoned  in  favor  of  Soy  Bean. 


.    See  Acttta.   The  Blue  Cohosh  is  a  Caulo- 
phyllum. 

COIX  (old  Greek  name).  Gramlnea.  A  genus  some- 
what closely  related  to  Indian  Corn,  and  similar  to  it  in 
leaf  structure.  A  hardy  annual,  2-3  ft^  high,  with  broad 
lvs.  and  a  curious  nodding  inflorescence.  The  female 
fls.  are  inclosed  in  a  nearly  globular,  capsule-like  cover- 
ing, which  is  very  hard.  This  capsule  (or  involucre)  is 
at  first  green,  then  a  jet  black,  becoming  nearly  white 
with  age.    Southern  Asia. 

Ldcryma-Jdbi,  Linn.  Job's  Teaks.  Teak-grass. 
CoKN-BEADS.  Fig.  515.  So  Called  from  the  resemblance  of 
the  inflorescence  to  a  tear-drop.  In  cult,  as  an  ornament 
or  as  a  curiosity.  In  India  it  is  cultivated  for  food  by  some 
of  the  hill  tribes  of  that  country.  Var.  ailrea  zebrlna, 
Hort.,  has  yellow-striped  lvs.  p   g_  Kennedy. 

COLA  (native  name).  Sterculidceir.  Cola.  Also 
called  Kola,  Korra,  Gorra.  This  genus  of  perhaps 
14  species  of  tropical  African  trees  is  chiefly  interesting 
for  the  Cola  nuts,  which  are  said  to  sustain  the  natives 
in  great  feats  of  endurance.   The  tree  grows  on  the  east 


349 


the 

tropics  the  trade  in  this  nut  is  said  to  be  immense.  It 
has  lately  become  famous  in  the  U.  S.  through  many 
preparations  for  medicinal  purposes  and  summer  drinks. 
The  seeds  are  about  the  size  and  appearance  of  a  horse 
chestnut,  and  have  a  bitter  taste.  Although  repeatedly 
introduced  to  Kew,  England,  the  plant  never  flowered 
there  until  1868.  Consult  Stewart's  Monograph  on  Kola. 
Colas  are  tropical  African  trees,  requiring  a  rich,  well- 
drained  soil.  Those  introduced  into  West  Indies  and 
other  parts  of  America,  especially  C.  acuminata,  thrive 
best  on  a  sandy  loam.  The  trees  are  grown  from  seeds, 
which  are  large  and  fleshy,  keeping  well  for  some  weeks 
after  ripening.  As  the  tree  is  difficult  to  transplant,  the 
seeds  may  be  planted  singly  in  small  pots,  and  the  young 


trees  kept  growing  thus  until  wanted  for  permanent 
planting.  Propagation  may  also  be  effected  by  cuttings 
of  ripe  wood,  which  should  be  placed  in  bottom  heat,  and 
treated  in  the  usual  way. 

acumiuita,  Schott  and  Endl.  About  40  ft.  high  in 
Africa,  resembling  an  apple  tree:  lvs.  alternate;  petiole 
K-6  in.  long;  blade  4-6  in.  long,  leathery,  with  promi- 
nent ribs  below ;  older  lvs.  entire,  obovate,  acute ; 
younger  lvs.  often  once  or  twice  cut  near  the  base  about 
half  way  to  the  midrib:  fls.  yellow,  15  or  more  in  a  clus- 
ter, about  1  in.  across,  with  a  slender  green  tube  and  a 
showy  yellow.  6-  or  5-cut  limb,  which  is  a  part  of  the 
calyx,  as  the  petals  are  absent  in  the  tribe  Sterculite. 
B.M.  5699.  E.N.  REASONERand  W.  M. 

COLAX,   Now  referred  to  Lycaste. 


350 


COLCHICUM 


COLCHICUM 


C6LCHICUM  (from  Colchis,  a  country  in  Asia  Minor). 
Lili&cea;.  Meadow  Saffron.  Autumn  Crocus.  A 
tribe  of  fall- (rarely  spring-)  blooming  bulbous  plants. 
Perianth  crocus-like  but  much  larger,  long  and  tubular, 
varying  from  rosy  purple  to  white,  with  one  yellow- 
flowered  species:  Ivs.  long  and  broad,  appearing  in 
early  spring  and  dying  down  in  June:  stamens  six; 
styles  three  and  very  long  ;  ovary  a  round,  3-celled 
pod  :  corm  long,  solid,  with  a  brittle  skin.  "Colchicum 
root  "and  seed  ai-e  employed  in  gout  and  rheumatism. 
They  are  narcotic  poisons.  Colchicuras  are  natives  of 
Europe  and  the  Mediterranean  region.  They  are  most 
charming  and  interesting  plants  of  easy  culture.  The 
bloom  comes  in  August  and  September,  at  a  season 
when  the  herbaceous  beds  begin  to  lose  their  freshness, 
and,  although  individual  flowers  are  fugacious,  others 
follow  in  quick  succession,  thus  prolonging  the  time  of 
flowering.  Opening,  as  they  do,  without  foliage,  some 
help  is  required  from  the  greenery  of  other  plants;  for 
this  purpose  any  low-growing,  not  too  dense  kind,  can 
be  used,  such  as  the  dwarf  Artemesias,  Sedums,  Phlox 
subulala,  etc.  Colchicuras  are  most  effective  in  masses, 
which  can  be  established  by  thick  planting,  or  as  the  re- 
sult of  many  years'  growth.  They  can  be  grown  in  rock- 
work,  in  beds,  or  in  grass  which  is  not  too  thick  nor  too 
often  mown;  they  will  thrive  in  partial  shade,  but  suc- 
ceed best  in  an  open,  sunny  border.  They  should  be 
planted  in  August  or  early  September,  in  deep,  well-en- 
riched soil,  a  light,  sandy  loam,  with  the  tip  of  the  long 
bulbs  2  to  3  inches  below  the  surface  ;  some  protection 
should  be  given  in  winter.  They  remain  in  good  condition 
for  many  years,  and  should  not  be  disturbed  unless  they 
show  signs  of  deterioration,  fewer  flowers  and  poor 
foliage.  Then  they  should  be  lifted  and  separated,  just 
after  the  leaves  die,  end  of  June  or  early  July.  This 
is  the  usual  method  of  propagation,  but  they  can 
also  be  increased  from  seeds,  sown  just  after  ripening, 
June-July  ;  the  seedlings  may  not  appear  until  the 
following  spring.  Seedlings  bloom  when  3  to  5  years 
old.  The  bulbs  are  obtainable  from  the  Dutch  growers 
at  moderate  prices,  and  they  must  be  imported  early; 
otherwise  they  are  apt  to  bloom  in  the  cases.  C.  aulum- 
nale,  with  rosy  purple  flowers,  is  a  well-known  and  the 
most  commonly  cultivated  species.  There  are  numerous 
varieties,  of  which  the  best  are  the  white,  the  double 
white  and  the  double  purple.  Belonging  to  this  same 
group  and  not  differing  much  except  in  size  and  shad- 
ing of  the  flower,  are  C.  Byzantinum,  C.  montnnum, 
and  C.  nmhrosum.  C.  speciosum,  a  native  of  the  Cau- 
casus, is  the  flnest  in  everyway  ••(  iIm-  i:.  ini-.  The 
flowers  are  much  larger  and  of  lnii.  r  -li:i|..  ,  mid  the 
color,  a  rosy  pink,  is  much  more  d.  I  irati;  iIh>  li:il.it  of 
growth  is  robust,  and  the  plant  is  iii"-r  i  ,,  -  i!     [[I'MlIt-d. 

C.  Piirkliisovi  (a  form  of  C.  r-,,  i^  .'  .liiiot 

from  the  above  varieties    inasiiiu'ii  '       '  t^  are 

tessellated,  purple  and  white,  giviTi.-  >  1,1,  -  rkt-r- 
board  appearance  which  is  uniqiu-;  tin  :  ....  ,11.  much 
smaller  and  are  wavy.  C.  Ayiirij,,„iiiH,  C.  Ji,vi,iiir, 
C.  Cilicicum  and  C.  Sibthorpi,  are  other  species  having 
checkered  flowers  more  or  less  similar  to  Parkinsoni. 
C.  Bulbocodmm^Bulbocodium  vertmm.  Monograph  by 
J.  G.  Baker  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc,  vol.  17  (1880). 

B.  M.  Watson. 

Alphabetical  list  of  species  described  below :  Aggripi- 
num,  5  ;  alpinum,  13  ;  autumnale,  10  ;  Bertolonii,  1  ; 
BivoniE,  6  ;  Byzantinum,  9  ;  Cilicicum,  9  :  luteum.  3  ; 
montanum,!;  Parkinsoni,i;  Sibthorpi,  7;  speeiosum.  f; 


cc.   Anthe 


,  yello 


Steveni, 


Troodi,  11;  umbrosum,  12;  variegatur 

.  appearing  with  the  fls. 


A.    Blooming  in  spring  ; 

B.  Color  rosy  lilac  :  size  of  anthers  small. 
c.  Anthers  oblong,  purple. 
1.  montanum,  Linn.  (C.  Bertoltmii,  Stev.).  An  im- 
portant and  variable  species,  with  many  synonyms  and 
variations.  Baker  makes  7  forms.  Corm  ovoid,  1-J^  in. 
thick,  the  tunics  brown,  membranaceous,  the  inner 
ones  produced  to  a  point  2-4  in.  above  the  neck :  Ivs.  2-3, 
rarely  4-6,  linear  or  lanceolate,  about  2-3  in.  long  at  the 
time  of  flowering,  finally  6-9 in.  long:  fls.  1-4,  in  spring 
and  autumn.  Oct.-June.  Mediterranean  region,  from 
Spain  to  Persia.  B.M.  6443.  — It  appears  in  early  spring 
■with  the  snowdrops  and  crocuses. 


2.  StiTeni,  Kunth.  Corm  narrower  than  in  No.  1, 
about  yi-%in.  thick  :  Ivs.  at  length  4-5  in.  long  :  fls. 
Oct.-Jan.  Syria,  Arabia,  Persia.  — Less  popular  than 
No.  1. 

BB.    Color  yellow  :  sise  of  anthers  large. 

3.  Ititeum,  Baker.  This  is  the  only  yellow-flowered 
form  in  the  genus,  all  the  others  ranging  from  purple 
to  white.  Although  it  belongs  to  the  Mediterranean 
group,  with  Ivs.  and  fls.  produced  at  the  same  time  and 
in  spring,  it  is  a  native  of  western  India  at  an  elevation 
of  7,000-8,000  ft.  Corm  tunics  dark  brown,  sometimes 
almost  black:  Ivs.  3  or  4,  wider  and  less  tapering  than 
in  No.  1,  at  the  time  of  flowering  3-4  in.  long,  finally  6-7 
in.  long.  B.  M.  6153.— Notadvertised  in  American  trade, 
but  very  desirable. 

AA.    Blooming  in  autumn  :   Ivs.  appearing  after  the  fls. 

B.    Perianth  tessellated  or  checkered 

c.    Tessellation  distinct. 

D.    Bvs.  spreading  or  prostrate. 

4.  variegitum,  Linn.  Lvs.  2-3,  lanceolate,  about  6  in. 
long,  12-15  lines  wide, lying  flat  on  the  ground;  margins 
wavy  :  fls.  2-3  from  each  spathe,  4  in.  across,  with  a 
white  tube.  Islands  of  the  Levant  and  Asia  Minor. 
B.  M.  1028. 

C.  PArkinsoni,  Hook.  f.  (B.  M.  6090),  is  the  best  of  all 
the  tessellated  forms,  the  tessellation  being  more  sharply 
defined  and  more  delicate  than  the  type.  It  is  a  smaller 
plant,  and  has  shorter  and  more  strongly  undulated  lvs., 
which  lie  closer  to  the  ground.  Of  this  plant  Parkinson 
said  in  his  Paradisus  Terrestris,  1629:  "This  most 
beautiful  saffron  flower  riseth  up  with  his  flowers  in 
the  Autumn,  as  the  others  before  specified  do,  although 
not  of  so  larg:e  a  size,  yet  far  more  pleasant  and  delight- 
ful in  the  thick,  deep  blew  or  purple-colored  beautiful 
spots  therein,  which  make  it  excel  all  others  whatsoever. 
The  leaves  rise  up  in  the  Spring,  being  smaller  than  the 
former,  for  the  most  part  3  in  number,  and  of  a  paler 
or  fresher  green  colour,  lying  close  upon  the  ground, 
broad  at  the  bottom,  a  little  pointed  at  the  end,  and 
twining  and  folding  themselves  in  and  out  at  the  edges 
as  if  they  were  indented.  I  have  not  seen  any  seed  it 
hath  borne.  The  root  is  like  unto  the  others  of  th  is  kinde, 
but  small  and  long,  and  not  so  great ;  it  flowreth  later 
for  the  most  part  than  any  of  the  other,  even  not  until 
November,  and  is  very  hard  to  be  preserved  with  us,  in 
that  for  the  most  part  the  root  waxeth  lesse  and  lesse 
every  year,  our  cold  country  being  so  contrary  unto  his 
natural  that  it  will  scarce  shew  his  flower;  yet  when  it 
flowereth  anything  earlie,  that  it  may  have  any  comfort 
of  a  warm  Sun,  it  is  the  glory  of  all  these  kindes." 

DD.  la-s.  ascending. 
E.  Jfargin  of  lvs.  wavy. 
3.  Aggriplnum,  Baker  (C.?e«sc?!(ihim,  Hort.).  Corms 
a  trifle  thicker  than  in  No.  4:  Ivs.  3-4,  6-9  in.  long,  12-15 
lines  wide,  margin  wavy:  fls.  2-t  from  each  spathe. 
F.S.  11:1153. -This  is  a  marked  form  of  C.  variegatum, 
of  garden  origin,  which  has  similar  fls.,  but  a  more  ro- 
bust habit  and  more  nearly  erect  Ivs. 

EE.    Margin  of  lvs.  flat,  not  tvavy. 

6.  Bivdnae,  Guss.  Lvs.  G-9.  nearly  1  ft.  long,  9-15 
lines  wide,  rather  hooded  at  the  apex,  margin  flat,  not 
wavy:  fls.  1-6 from  each  spathe.    Sicily. 

cc.    Tessellation  less  distinct. 

7.  Sibthorpi,  Baker.  Easily  distinguished  from  Nos. 
4,  5,  and  6  by  the  much  broader  segments  of  the  peri- 
anth, and  by  the  Ivs.,  which  are  nearly  erect,  obtuse, 
and  not  at  all  wavy:  Ivs.  5-6,  dull  green  finally  1  ft.  or 
more  long,  1K-2K  wide,  narrowed  gradually  to  the  base: 
spathe  striped  with  green,  and  tinged  with  lilac  at  the 
tip  :  fls.  1-5  from  each  spathe  ;  perianth  tube  often 
6  in.  long.  Mts.  of  Greece.  B.  M.  7181.  — A  large,  cup- 
shaped  flower,  showing  no  open  spaces  between  the 
broad,  overlapping  segments.    Very  handsome. 


COLCHICUM 

BB.    Perianth  not  tessellated. 

C.    Size  of  fls.  large,  3  in.  or  more  across. 

D.    Lvs.  broad,  3-i  in.  wide. 

E.    2Vo.  of  fls.  1^. 

8.  specidsum,  Steven.  Corm  2  in.  thick,  the  largest  o£ 
the  genus:  stem  1  ft.  high:  lvs.  4-5,  12-15  in.  long,  3^ 
in.  wide,  narrowed  from  the  middle  to  the  base,  shining 
green:  Hs.  1—4  from  each  spathe,  violet,  with  a  white 
eye,  but  varving  almost  to  pure  pink,  often  6  in.  across. 
Caucasus.  B.  M.  B078.  F.  8.23:2385.  P.  M.  1876:  235. 
Gn.  11:80.  — Generally  considered  the  finest  species  of 
the  genus. 

EE.    No.  Of  fls.  12-20. 

9.  Byzantlnum,  Ker-Gawl.  Closely  allied  to  the  above, 
but  with  wider  lvs.,  smaller  and  paler  tls.,  and  broad, 
short  anthers  :  stem  6  in.  high  :  lvs.  5-6,  oblong,  dark 
green,  striate,  9-12  in.  long,  3-4  in.  wide:  fls.  smaller 
than  in  No.  8,  usually  3-4  in.  across,  lilac-purple,  and 
often  12-20  from  each  spathe.  Transylvania  and  Con- 
stantinople. B.M.  1122.  C.  Cilicicum,  Hort.,  has  rosy 
fls.,  somewhat  tessellated.    G.C.  III.  23 :  35. 


DD.     ii'S. 


ule. 


10.  autumn&le,  Linn.  Pig.  516.  Stem  3-4  in.  high : 
lvs.  3-4,  rarely  5-6,  9-12  m.  long,  lK-2  in  wide:  fls.  1^, 
rarely  5-6,  from  each  spathe,  purple,  with  a  white  va- 


516.  Colchicum  autumnale  (.X%). 

riety,  about  4  in.  across:  perianth  veined.  Europe  and 
N.  Africa.  B.iM.  2673,  as  0.  crociflorum. -Possibly  the 
commonest  in  the  American  trade.  It  has  beautiful 
double  forms  in  purple  and  pure  white.   F.S.  19: 1936. 

CO.    Size  of  fls.  small,  about  2  in.  across. 

D.   iVb.  of  fls.  from  each  spathe  more  than  1  or  2. 

E.   Perianth  segments  acute. 

H.  Troddi,  Kotschy.    Corm  medium-sized:  lvs.  3-4, 

6-12  in.  long,  9-12  lines  wide,  dark  green  above:  fls. 

4-5  or  even  12,  lilac-purple,  about  2  in.  across;  perianth 

segments  lanceolate-acute.   Cyprus.   B.M.  6901  shows  a 

pure  white  variety. 

EE.   Perianth  segments  obtuse. 

12.  umbrdsum,  Steven.  Corm  small  :  lvs.  4-5,  6-9  in. 
long,  9-12  lines  wide :  fls.  1-5  from  each  spathe,  lilac, 
about  2  in.  across;  perianth  segments  oblanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, with  8-12  veins.     Caucasus. 

DD.    No.  of  fls.  from  each  spathe  1  or  2. 

13.  alpinum,  DC.  Lvs.  2,  rarely  3,  nearly  erect  or 
preading,  4-8  in.  long,  3-6  lines  wide,  obtuse,  chan- 


COLEUS  351 

neled,  shining  green,  narrowed  from  the  middle  to  the 
base:  8s.  1  or  2  from  each  spathe,  about  2  in.  across, 
lilac ;  segments  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  3—1  lines  wide,  with 
10-15  veins.    Mts.  of  France  and  Switzerland.     W.  M. 

C6LEUS  (Greek  for  s7if«(7i,  referring  to  the  mona- 
delphous  stamens).  Labidtw.  Nearly  50  species  in 
Trop.  Afr.  and  Asia,  some  of  which  are  cult,  for  the 
very  showy  colored  foli- 
age. The  cultivated 
kinds  are  herbs,  but 
some  of  the  wild  species 
are  shrubs.  Lvs.  oppo- 
site, dentate  or  serrate: 
stem  4-angIed  :  fls.  in  a 
terminal  spike-like  ra- 
ceme, small  and  usually 
bluish,  the  5 -toothed 
calyx  deflexed  in  fr. ;  co- 
rolla bilabiate,  the  lower 
lobes  longer  and  con- 
cave, and  inclosing  the 
essential  organs. 

Coleuses  are  of  most  easy  culture.  They  root  readily 
from  short  cuttings,  cut  either  to  a  joint  or  in  the  middle 
of  an  internode  (Pig.  517).  No  plant  is  more  easy  to 
root  than  this.  They  may  be  rooted  at  any  time  of  the 
year  when  new  wood  is  to  be  obtained.  Formerly 
Coleuses  were  much  used  for  bedding,  but  the  introduc- 
tion of  better  plants  for  this  purpose  has  lessened  their 
popularity.  They  require  a  long  season ;  they  are  apt 
to  burn  in  the  hot  summers  of  the  interior  country; 
they  have   a  weedy   habit.     However,  they   withstand 


Golden  Bedder,  whose  golden  yellow  foliage  is  used  as 

fllling  for  fancy  designs.  Coleus        

plants  make  excellent  speci- 
mens for  the  window-garden 
and  conservatory.  Best  results 
are  obtained  when  new  plants 
are  started  from  cuttings  each 
spring.  The  old  plants  become 
leggy,  lose  their  lvs.,  and  lack 
brightness  of  color.  They  are 
very  subject  to  mealy-bug. 
They  are  also  liable  to  root- 
gall  (the  work  of  a  nematode 
worm),  as  shown  in  Fig.  518. 
When  plants  are  thus  affected, 
take  cuttings  and  burn  the  old 
plants,  and  either  bake  or 
freeze  the  soil  in  which  they 
grew. 

The  garden   varieties  of   (.'"■ 
lens  are  legion.      These 
are     the      issue     of     C. 
Bliimei,  Benth.,of  Java 
(B.M.  4754.   l.H.  27:377; 
35:46;     39:164.      F.S. 
22:  2287-8).       This    is  a 
soft    perennial    herb 
growing    2-3    ft.     high, 
branched:  lvs.  ovate, 
or    broad     at    base    a 
acuminate,  sharply  a: 
regularly     toothed, 
colored   with   yellow,    dull    red 
and  purplish.   An  extreme  form 
of   this   is  var.   VerschaH^ltii, 
Lem.  tC  Verschaffeltii ,  Lem.), 
Fig.  519,  which  is  more  robust 
and    branchy,    the 
brilliantly    colored, 
not  acuminate,  trunc 
cordate  at  base,  and  irregularly 
cut-dentate,with  rounded  teeth, 
giving  the  margin  a  crispy  ef- 
fect   (I.  H.   8:293).      In    some   5'8-  A  Coleus  attacked 
forms,  the  lvs.  are  laciniate.  by  root-galls. 

C.  thyrsoideus.  Hook. ,  is  a  recent  novelty,  but  is  not  yet  in  the 
Amer.  trade.  Unlike  the  other  well  known  species,  its  foliage  Is 
not  brilliantly  colored  and  its  flowers  are  conspicuous.  Tender 


shrub.  2-3  ft.  high:  stems  pubescent:  Ivs.  cordate,  coarsely  cre- 
nate,  lower  ones  7  in.  long:  fls.  blue,  in  racemes  which  contain  as 
many  as  18  forking  cymes  with  about  10  fls.  in  each.   B.M.7672. 
L    H    B 


^" 


Z^ 


^" 


519.  Coleus  Blumei, 
COLIC-EOOT.    Aletris  far 


.  Verschaffeltii 


COLLAEDS.  A  kind  of  kale.  In  the  south,  a  form  of 
the  plant  known  as  Georgia  Collards  is  much  grown  for 
domestic  use  and  the  southern  market.  The  plant  grows 
to  2-3  ft.  high  and  forms  no  head,  but  the  central  Ivs. 
often  form  a  kind  of  loose  rosette.  These  tender  Ivs. 
are  eaten  as  a  pot-herb,  as  all  other  kales  are.  Fig.  295, 
page  199,  shows  a  Georgia  Collard,  although  the  rosette 
is  not  well  marked.  The  seeds  may  be  started  in  a 
frame  under  glass,  or  in  a  seed-bed  in  the  open.  As  far 
south  as  the  orange-belt,  they  are  usually  started  in 
February  and  March,  in  order  that  the  plants  may  ma- 
ture before  the  dry,  hot  weather.  Farther  north  they  are 
started  in  July  or  August,  and  the  plants  are  ready  for 
use  before  cold  weather.  Transplant  to  rows  33^-4  ft. 
apart,  and  3  ft.  apart  in  the  row.    Till  as  for  cabbage. 

Young  cabbage  plants  are  sometimes  eaten  as  "  greens " 
under  the  name  of  Collards;  and  cabbage  seeds  are  sown 
for  this  specific  purpose.  In  the  north,  where  heading 
cabbages  can  be  raised,  Collards  of  whatever  kind  are 
not  greatly  prized.  L   H   B 

COLLlNSIA  (after  Zaccheus  Collins,  American  phi- 
lanthropist and  promoter  of  science,  Philadelphia,  171)4- 
1831).  ScrophulariAcecc.  About  18  species  of  hardy  an- 
nuals from  California  and  western  North  America,  not 
far  removed  botanically  from  Pentstemon  and  Chelone. 
They  are  free-flowering  and  of  the  easiest  culture. 
They  may  be  sown  outdoors  in  the  fall  in  well-drained 
soil,  and  will  bloom  earlier  than  if  sown  in  spring. 
Their  fls.,  borne  in  midsummer,  range  in  color  from 
white  through  lilac  and  rose  to  violet,  with  clear,  bright 
blue  also,  at  least  on  one  lip  of  the  fl.  There  is  no  yel- 
low. All  those  described  below  have  fls.  in  whorls. 
Lvs.  opposite,  rarely  in  whorls  of  3,  entire,  or  toothed, 
the  lower  lvs.  rarely  3-cut. 

A.    Fl. -stalks  very  short,  giving  the  clusters  a  dense 

appearance. 

B.    Corolla  strongly  declined;  throat  as  wide  as  long. 

bicolor,  Benth.  Fig.  520.  Height  1ft.,  hairy,  glabrous, 
or  sticky  :  stems  weak  and  bending  :  lvs.  more  or  less 
toothed,  and  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile,  opposite  or  in 
3's  :  fls.  typically  purple  and  white,  with  5  or  6  well 
marked  color  varieties.  Var.  4Iba,  Hort.  (Fig.  521),  has 
pure  white  fls.,  or  the  lower  lip  greenish  or  yellowish. 
Var.  multicolor,  Voss.  (C.  »i»«ico?(»-,  Lindl.  &  Past.), 
has  variegated  fls.,  the  same  fl.  being  white,  lilac,  rose 
or  violet  on  either  lip  or  both.  Var.  multicolor  marmo- 
rftta,  Hort.,  has  the  lower  lip  white,  suffused  lilac,  and 
upper  lip  light  lilac,  spotted  and  striped  carmine. 
Calif.  B.M.  3488.  P.M.  3:195.-This  is  the  most  widely 
distributed  and  variable  species,  and  the  one  on  which 
the  genus  was  founded.  California,  mostly  in  moist 
ground. 


bartsiaefdlia,  Benth.  Height  l!^ft.:  sticky  and  some- 
what glandular,  rarely  hairy:  lvs.  from  ovate-oblong  to 
iaear  :  fls.  purplish  or  whitish  :  seeds   not  wrinkled. 


Calif. 
AA.    FL- 


ilks  K  in.  long  or  more,  giving  the  clusters 
a  looser  look. 

v6ma,  Nutt.  Height  about  6  in. :  lvs.  ovate  or  oblong, 
or  the  lowest  rounded  and  slender-stalked,  and  the  up- 
per ovate-lanceolate  and  partly  clasping:  whorls  about 
6-fld.:  fl. -stalks  longer  than  the  fls.:  throat  of  the  co- 
rolla as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes  ;  lower  lip  bright  blue; 


Penua.  to  Wis.  and  Ky.    B.M.  492 

grandifl6ra,  Dougl.  Height  4-12  in. :  lvs.  thickish.the 
lowest  roundish  and  stalked;  whorls  3-9-fld.:  fl. -stalks 
about  as  long  as  the  fls.:  lower  lip  deep  blue  or  violet; 
upper  lip  white  or  purple:  throat  of  the  corolla  sac-like, 
as  broad  as  long,  or  as  long  as  the  upper  lip  :  seeds 
roundish,  smooth.    Shady  hills  of  Calif.  ^_  jj_ 

C0LLINS6NIA  (after  Peter  Collinson,  the  friend  of 
Linnaeus  and  John  Bartram,  a  most  interesting  man). 
LabiAtw.  Horse-balm.  Horse-weed.  Stone-root. 
A  genus  of  4  species  confined  to  Atlantic  N.  Amer. 
Hardy  perennial  herbs  with  large,  odorous,  ovate,  ser- 
rate, mostly  long-stalked  lvs.,  thick  roots,  and  simple  or 
panicled,  naked,  terminal  racemes  of  yellow  or  whitish 
fls.  The  following  is  of  the  easiest  culture  and  may  be 
obtained  from  dealers 
in  native  pla 

Canadensis,  Linn. 
Height  2-4  ft.:  lvs.  4-9 
in.  long,  broadly  c 

pani- 
cled :  calyx  in  fl.  1  line, 
5  lines  long: 
•yellow, 
lemon  -  scented,  %  in. 
long.  Rich  woods,  Can- 
ada to  Wis.,  and  south  to 
Florida. 


COLLOMIA.  This  genus  is  included  by  Gray  in  Gilia, 
which  see.  CoUomia  is  derived  from  kolla,  glue,  from 
the  large  quantity  of  mucus  in  the  outer  covering  of 
the  seed.  When  these  seeds  are  placed  in  water,  the 
mucous  matter  dissolves  and  forms  a  cloud  about  them. 
This  cloud,  according  to  Lindley,  "depends  upon  the 
presence  of  an  infinite  multitude  of  exceedingly  delicate 
and  minute  spiral  vessels  lying  coiled  up,  spire  within 
spire,  on  the  outside  of  the  testa,  and  the  instant  water 


COLLOMIA 

is  applied  tliey  dart  forward  at  right  angles  with  the 
testa,  each  carrying  with  it  a  sheath  of  mucus,  in  which 
it  for  a  long  time  remains  enveloped  in  a  membranous 

COLOCASIA  (old  Greek  substantive  name).  Ardidece. 
Perennial  herbs  with  cordate-peltate  Ivs.,  which  are 
often  handsomely  colored  in  cultivation.  Differs  from 
Alocasia  and  Caladium  in  floral  characters:  spadix  ter- 
minating in  a  club-shaped  or  subulate  appendage  desti- 
tute of  stamens.  Species 5.  Tropics.  Monogr.  by  Engler, 
0C.  Phaner.  Monogr.  2:  490. 

Colocasia  includes  the  plants  known  as  Galailiinn  es- 
ciilentum,  which  are  much  grown  for  subtropical  bed- 
ding. C  odorafa  (which  is  an  Alocasia)  has  very  large, 
thick  stems,  which  may  be  wintered  over  safely  without 
Ivs.,  or  at  most  with  1  or  2,  the  stems,  to  save  space, 
being  placed  close  together  in  boxes.  C.  eseulenta  rests 
during  the  winter  and  is  kept  under  a  greenhouse  bench 
or  anywhere  out  of  the  reach  of  frost  or  damp.  Rich, 
damp  ground  suits  both  kinds.  Of  easy  culture.  Con- 
sult Caladium  for  treatment. 

Colocasias  furnish  the  much-cultivated  Tare  of  the 
Pacific  tropics,  this  edible  product  being  the  large, 
starchy  roots.  From  it  is  made  the  Poi  of  Hawaii.  In 
Japan  and  other  countries  the  tubers  of  Colocasias  are 
much  cultivated,  and  are  handled  and  eaten  much  as  we 
use  potatoes  (seeGeorgeson,  A.G.  1892:81).  The  young 
Ivs.  of  some  kinds  are  boiled  and  eaten. 

antiqudrum,  Schott.  Lvs.  peltate-ovate  :  basal  lobes 
half  as  long  as  the  apical  one,  connate  %-%  their  length, 
separated  by  a  broad,  triangular,  obtusish  sinus.  India. 
B.M.  7364. 

Var.  euchldra,  Schott  (C.  eiichldra,  C.  Koch).  Petioles 
violet ;  blade  black-green,  with  violet  margins. 

Var.  F6ntanesii,  Schott  (Alocdsia  viohtcea,  Hort. 
ValAdinm  viol&ceum,  Hort.  C.  albo-violdceum,  Hort.?). 
Petioles  violet ;  blade  dull  green,  with  violet  margins. 

Var.  illustris,  Engl.  {C.illustris,  Hort.}.  Petioles  vio- 
let ;  blade  more  oblong-ovate,  with  black-green  spots 
between  the  primary  veins. 

Var.  escul6nta,  Schott  (CalMium  escuUntum,  Vent. 
Colocdsiii  esctilenta,  Schott).  Elephant's  Ear.  Fig. 
522.  Spadix  with  an  appendage  half  as  long  as  the 
staminate  inflorescence  ;  lvs.  bi-ight  green,  often  3  ft. 
or  more  long,  nearly  as  wide.    Hawaii  and  Fiji. 

affinia,  Schott.  Blade  thin,  membranaceous,  rounded- 
ovate  or  ovate,  the  apical  lobe  scarcely  %  or  ia  longer 
than  wide  ;  basal  lobes  connate  nearly  their  entire 
length,  bright  green  above,  glaucous  beneath  ;  blade 
only  4-6  in.  long.    Himalaya. 

Var.  J^nningsii,  Engl.  (AlocAsia  Jennhi/jsii,  Veitch). 
Petiole  purplish,  with  transverse  purple  lines  ;  blade 
cordate,  emarginate,  with  large,  oblong  or  triangular 
black-green  or  black-violet  spots  between  the  primary 
lateral  veins.     I. H.  16:585.    F.S.  17:1818-19. 

Ndo-Guin«nsi3,  Lind.   Remarkable  for  its  tufted  habit, 
the  shortness  of  the  leaf -stalks,  its  short-stalked 
inflorescence,  and  the  beautiful  green  tone  of  its         ^^ 
smooth  and  shiny  lvs.,  spotted  with  creamy  white.       i~    ■ ,' 
New  Guinea.    I. H.  27:380. 

MArchalli,  Engler  {Alocisia  Mdnhalli,  Hort. 
A.  hpbrida,  Bull).  Hybrid,  probably  of  C.  affinis    ' 
and  C  antiquorum     Larger  m  all  parts  than  C    'y 
affinis,  the   petioles   pale  green,  very  slightly  i    ' 
emarginate,  with  large,  confluent  spots  I 

C    £a(OTscns«  =  Alo(■•^1l^  Bats-snmsis  1  —  r     Carn 
cas&na      tiicln  ^  \  iiitlic.vonn  —  ('     Jukiiuik     Unit 


Jaked  G   Smith  and  G   W   Oli 

COLOCYNTH.    See  CitrulUts. 

COLOR,    The  range  of  simple  colors  cumiuuu      <_oiocasia  antiquorum,     \    , 
among  flowers  is  not  a  very  extensive  one.    It  var.  esculenta.  li^,'V-,L 

comprises   yellow,  gold-yellow,  orange,  scarlet,    {Caladium  esmlmtum.)        ''^' 


COLOR 


353 


red,  crimson,  magenta,  purple,  violet,  and  ultramarine 
blue.  The  variation  of  these  hues  is,  however,  mani- 
fold. Diluted  with  white,  or  mixed  with  one  another, 
colors  assume  an  infinite  number  of  phases  not  easily 
described  ( Fig.  523 ) .  But  th  e  generic  character  of  flower 
colors  is  certainly  comprehended  in  the  few  names 
given  above.  Color-names  are  of  little  consequence  so 
long  as  the  color  is  identified.  Unfortunately,  scien- 
tists and  artists  have  not  yet  established  a  standard  no- 
menclature of  color,  so  that  the  name  of  a  particular  hue 
is  largely  determined  by  popular  opinion,  and  that,  of 
course,  is  not  always  unanimous. 

It  is,  therefore,  necessary  to  accept  both  popular  and 
scientific  estimates  of  color  if  colors  are  to  be  considered 
in  relation  to  fiowers.  The  scientific  definition  of  a  color 
like  scarlet,  magenta,  or  violet  amounts  to  its  identifica- 
tion with  certain  lines  in  the  spectrum.  Such  definitions 
are  properly  given  in  the  Century  Dictionary.  They  are 
satisfactory  so  far  as  they  go,  but  the  relation  of  colors 
in  the  spectrum  to  flower  petals  or  artists'  pigments  is 
not  so  satisfactorily  determined.  Apparently  the  stan- 
dard of  the  spectrum  must  be  supplemented  by  another  of 
a  more  tangible  nature-that  is,  a  standard  of  pigment 
color.  But  it  is  just  as  well  to  substitute  a  flower  petal 
for  a  pigment,  and  if  this  is  done,  the  result  would  be 
about  this  : 

Yellow.  — Evening  primrose. 

Gold-yellow.- Pure  gold  calendula  or  deep  yellow 
calendula. 

Orange.— Deep-hued  eschscholtzia  and  orange  nas- 
turtium. 

Scarlet.— Mme.  Crozy  canna. 

Red. -Portia  carnation. 

Crimson.  — Deep-hued  sweet-william  and  pasony. 

Magenta. -Deep  purplish  red  cineraria. 

Purple.  — Deep-toned  larkspur,  aster,  and  cineraria. 

Violet.— Deep-toned  English  violets. 

Ultramarine  blue.  — New  compact  blue  delphinium. 

Pure  green  is  best  represented  by  the  artists'  pigment 
called  emerald-green;  it  is  rarely  present  in  foliage,  ex- 
cept perhaps  in  spring. 

If  the  simple  colors,  yellow,  orange,  red,  purple,  blue, 
and  green,  are  arranged  in  a  circle  (Fig.  524),  the  colors 
opposite  each  other  harmonize  by  reason  of  absolute 
contrast.  ; 

If  these  simple  colois  aie  subdivided  into  lijt 

intermediate  hues   (Fig    o25)     so  that  about 


■^  Bf'A 


Colocasia  anti  quorum, 


COLORADO 


three  of  the  latter  lie  between  the  six  original  colors,  the 
result  will  be  a  circle  of  twenty-four  divisions,  having 
the  effect  of  a  rainbow.  This  will  perfectly  illustrate  the 
principle  of  color  harmony  and  color  discord.     Besides 


WiTHBLftCK 

WITH  WHITE 

CLEAR  COLOR 

OLD  GOLD 

SULPHUK 

YELLOW 

OCHRE 

STRAWY. 

COLD  Y. 

BURNT 
ORANGE 

SALMON 

ORANCE. 

TERRA 
COTTA 

5HR1MPP. 

5CARLET 

CARDINAL 

?INK 

RED 

MAROON 

C.PINK 

CRIMSON 

PLUM 

P.LI  LAC 

MACENTA 

DARK 
B.  PLUM 

LILAC 

PUKPLE 

LOGWOOD 
VIOLET 

B.LI  LAC 

VIOLET 

INDICO 

V.  BLUE. 

ultran'? 

523.  Color  phases  in  flowers. 

the  opposing  colors  which  harmonize  by  contrast,  there 
are  neighboring  colors  which  harmonize  by  analogy  or 
harmony.  For  instance,  any  four  or  five  colors  lying 
side  by  side  in  the  circle  are  bound  together  harmoni- 
ously by  reason  of  their  near  relationship.  Therefore, 
all  these  four  or  five  colors  may  be  combined  — and  na- 
ture does  combine  them -with  aesthetic  results.     But 


the  bond  of  relationship  is  broken,  and  the  eye  is  dis- 
turbed by  the  aggressiveness  of  two  colors  between 
which  there  is  evidently  no  bond  of  sympathy.  It  would 
be  safe  to  say,  therefore,  that  the  circle  demonstrates  the 
fact  that  its  colors  situated  at  right  angles  with  each 
other  are  discordant,  and  those  lying  nearly  parallel 
with  each  other  are  harmonious. 

This  is  the  theoretical  side  of  color  harmony.  The 
practical  side  is  scarcely  different;  it  simply  modifies  the 
theory.  Brilliant  blue  and  orange,  which  are  theoretically 
harmonious,  are  scarcely  as  agreeable  in  each  other's 
company  as  the  rule  would  imply.  The  trouble,  however, 
lies  with  the  brilliancy.  The  golden  calendula  and  the 
deep  blue-purple  aster  in  association  are  rather  violent 


analogy;  hyacinths,  sweet  peas,  and  nasturtiums  repre- 
sent families  with  most  extraordinarily  near-related 
colors.  There  is  a  predominating  force  of  crimson  in  the 
sweet  pea,  and  a  predominating  force  of  orange  in  the 
nasturtium.  It  is  rather  a  nice  bit  of  color  adjustment 
in  either  family  to  choose  flowers  which  excel  in  harmony 
of  color  the  careless  grouping  together  of  flowers  picked 
at  random. 

But  the  theory  that  analogous  colors  harmonize  is  cor- 
rect only  if  it  is  not  carried  to  excess.  Attempts  to  force 
deep-hued  flowers  into  harmony  often  lead  to  contrary 
results.  A  range  of  color  from  crimson  to  ultramarine 
depends  for  its  harmony  upon  the  simplicity  or  the  deli- 
cacy of  the  hues.  Such  colors,  in  full  force,  would  do 
violence  to  each  other.  It  is  tempting  the  hardness  of  a 
diamond  to  pound  it  with  a  sledge  hammer.  It  is  taxing 
crimson  too  heavily  to  expect  it  to  show  its  strength  in 
the  presence  of  strong  violet !  If  the  effort  is  to  merge 
the  personality  of  the  crimson  flower  into  the  purple  one, 
and  effect  a  play  of  color  between  the  two,  the  combina- 
tion of  strong  hues  thus  is  justifiable. 

The  theory  that  colors  at  right  angles  on  the  wheel  are 
discordant  is  also  subject  to  some  modification.  Rela- 
tively the  right-angled  colors  must  be  crude  and  strong 
to  objectionably  affect  the  eye.  Yellow  and  red  in  the 
rose  is  an  agreeable  color  combination.  Yellow  and  red 
dahlias  crowded  together  are  abominably  harsh  under  a 
sensitive  eye. 

A  country  bouquet  of  asters,  marigolds,  fuchsias  and 
dahlias  is  bad,  because  the  country  garden  is  not  a  part 
of  it.  A  few  feet  of  air  and  space  and  a  stretch  of  green 
foliage  make  a  world  of  difference. 

It  is  wisest  to  try  the  effect  of  one  color  upon  another 
before  allowing  two  or  three  strong  hues  to  wage  war 


524.   Harmony  by 


and  aggressive.    Remove  the  one  or  the  other  and  sub- 
stitute a  pale-tinted  flower  of  either  hue,  and  the  result 
will  be  a  harmonious  one. 
Flower  families  are  very  apt  to  sustain  harmonies  of 


525.  The  intermediate  hues. 

with  each  other.  It  will  be  quickly  found  that  white  is  a 
peacemaker,  and  green  is  an  invaiuable  mediator.  With 
these  colors  at  command,  the  chances  of  color  discord 
are  reduced  to  a  minimum.  Everything  also  depends 
upon  simplicity  in  color  combinations.  It  is  questionable 
whether  a  combination  of  more  than  two  colors  can  ever 
ue  a^sthetically  a  success.  The  adjustment  of  many  colors 
needs  the  hand  of  an  expert,    p,  Schuyler  Mathews. 

COLOEADO,  HOETICULTUKE  IN.  The  state  of 
Colorado  includes  the  territory  lying  between  the  par- 
allels 37°  and  41°  north  latitude,  and  between  the  me- 
ridians 102°  and  109°  west  longitude.  Its  surface  is  di- 
versified by  mountains,  high  table  lands,  plains  and  val- 
leys, with  a  range  above  tide-water  of  from  3,400  feet  on 
the  eastern  border  to  over  14,000  feet  in  many  snow-clad 
peaks.  It  is  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  the  great 
Rocky  mountain  range,  and  thus  divided  into  two  well 
marked  though  unequal  divisions.  The  main  "conti- 
nental divide"  is  supplemented  by  several  well-defined 
ranges,  and  by  numerous  mountain  spurs,  between 
which,  and  at  altitudes  ranging  from  7,000  to  10,000  feet, 
lie  the  four  large  and  several  smaller  parks  or  valleys. 


COLORADO 

which  are  in  great  part  utilized  as  hay  ranches  and  for 
stoclf  ranges.  The  following  figures  regarding  acreage 
are  from  the  report  of  the  state  engineer  for  the  year 
1890.  The  total  is  given  as  approximately  66,560.000 
acres.  East  of  the  continental  divide  lie  40,800,000 
acres,  and  on  the  west  25, 760,000  acres.  Of  the  area  east 
of  the  divide,  one-third,  or  10.200,000  acres,  lies  within 
the  mountains  and  the  remainder,  30,600,000  acres,  con- 
sists of  plain  and  valley 
lands.  On  the  western  slope 
the  proportion  of  mountain 
and  plain  is  reversed,  there 
being  16,360,000  acres  within 
the  mountains  and  about 
9,400,000  acres  of  plain  and 
valley  lands. 

For  the  western  slope  the 
rainfall  is  given  as  33  inches 
for  the  mountains  and  10.7 
for  the  plains  and  valleys. 
and  for  the  eastern  slope  as 
30  inches  for  the  mountains 
and  15  inches  for  the  plains. 
The  tillable  lands  of  the 
state  are  in  the  main  out- 
side    the    mountains,     and 


COLORADO 


355 


tom  lands  along  Clear  creek,  between  Denver  and 
Golden,  planted  a  number  of  apple  trees  which  he 
hauled  in  a  wagon  from  Iowa  City,  la.  In  the  fall  of  the 
same  year,  Messrs.  Perrin  and  Wolff,  of  Denver,  hauled 
a  load  of  trees  from  Des  Moines,  la.,  and  such  as  sur- 
vived the  journey  were  planted  on  ranches  about  Den- 
ver. In  1866,  a  representative  of  a  Kansas  nursery  sold 
trees  and  plants  to  many  of  the  farmers  along  the  St. 


inches  for  the  whole  state. 
This  rainfall  comes  mainly 
in  the  months  of  April,  May 
and  June,  the  precipitation 
for  the  other  months 
usually  very  small 
lows, from  the  small  rainfall 
that  crops  can  only  be  suc- 
cessfully grown  by  irriga- 
tion, and  it  is  this  idea  that 
has  dominated  the  agricul- 
ture and  horticulture  of  the    ' <— 

state  ever  since  the  begin- 
ning, nearly  forty  years  ago. 

Irrigation  being  a  necessity,  the  lands  useful  for  ag- 
ricultural purposes  would  be  those  reasonably  level 
tracts  bordering  the  streams,  and  extending  back  only 
as  far  as  the  water  can  be  carried.  The  first  ditches 
were  constructed  cheaply,  and  for  the  irrigation  of  first 
bottom  lands  only.  A  little  later  the  idea  of  utilizing 
the  higher  mesas  gave  rise  to  canal  systems  of  great 
magnitude,  that  have  made  productive  vast  tracts  of 
fertile  soil.  The  period  of  canal  construction  east  of 
the  continental  divide  has  about  ended,  there  being  now 
as  many  ditches  as  the  streams  can  supply,  or  possibly 
more.  On  the  western  slope,  where  the  water  supply 
Is  greater,  additional  systems  may  yet  be  constructed. 
The  present  most  pressing  problem  on  the  eastern  slope 
is  the  conservation  of  the  available  water.  Attention  is 
being  given  to  the  construction  of  reservoirs,  and  this, 
coupled  with  that  economy  in  the  use  of  water  which 
experience  is  gradually  teaching,  will  go  far  toward 
solving  the  problem,  and  it  may  yet  be  possible  to  con- 
siderably extend  the  area  now  irrigated.  Owing  to  dif- 
ferences in  latitude,  altitude,  and  climatic  conditions, 
the  irrigable  regions  of  the  state  are  naturally  separable 
into  three  divisions,  and  in  considering  the  horticultural 
features,  it  is  best  to  recognize  these  divisions  because 
they  differ  in  the  range  of  horticultural  productions. 
The  divisions  are  : 

1.  The  Northern,  which  embraces  the  drainage  basin 
of  the  South  Platte  and  its  tributaries,  Clear  creek, 
Boulder  creek,  St.  Vrain,  Little  Thompson,  and  Cache 
la  Poudre. 

2.  The  Southern,  embracing  the  valley  of  the  Arkan- 
sas and  its  tributaries. 

3.  The  Western,  embracing  all  the  cultivated  valleys 
of  the  western  s.ope  lying  along  the  Uncompahgre, 
Gunnison,  and  Grand  rivers  and  their  branches,  and 
being  mainly  in  the  counties  of  Montrose,  Delta  and 
Mesa. 

The  Northern  District.— From  such  statistical  in- 
formation as  is  at  hand,  it  appears  that  the  commence- 
ment of  fruit  planting  in  Colorado  dates  from  1863.  In 
that  year  William  Lee,  who  owned  a  ranch  on  the  bot- 


Vrain,  and  about  the  same  time  a  few  trees  were 
planted  on  the  ranches  along  the  Thompson.  These 
early  attempts  to  start  fruit  culture  in  the  northern 
district  were  practically  failures,  for  very  few  of  the 
trees  lived.  The  long  journey  from  the  nursery  to 
the  farm,  improper  preparation  of  the  ground,  lack  of 
care  in  the  application  of  water,  and  in  protecting  from 
stock,  and  the  sentiment  commonly  expressed  by  the 
majority  of  the  inhabitants,  that  fruit  could  not  be 
grown  in  Colorado,  were  obstacles  hard  to  overcome.  A 
few  of  the  early  settlers,  however,  having  hope  of  ulti- 
mate success,  made  a  seconil  attempt  in  1870,  and  from 
the  plantings  of  that  year  have  grown  the  many  fine 
orchards  that  dot  the  northern  valleys.  In  the  most 
northern  valley,  that  of  the  Cache  la  Poudre,  planting 
did  not  commence  until  about  1873,  and  except  with 
small  fruits,  very  little  was  done  in  the  10  or  12  years 
following,  or  until  the  success  of  the  pioneers  in  plant- 
ing demonstrated  that  the  hardier  fruits  could  be  grown. 
During  the  past  5  years  the  area  in  fruit  has  increased 
rapidly,  until  now  the  farm  without  its  orchard  is  the 
exception.  The  apple  is  here,  as  in  the  other  fruit  dis- 
tricts, the  principal  fruit,  covering  the  greatest  number 
of  acres  and  receiving  more  attention  than  all  other 
fruits.  All  standard  varieties  are  grown,  and  the  pro- 
duct meets  a  ready  sale.  Plums  are  successfully  grown, 
and  prove  profitable,  but  the  range  of  varieties  is  re- 
stricted to  those  derived  from  Primus  Americana  and 
a  few  of  the  hardier  varieties  of  Pnmus  domestica. 
Cherries  of  the  Morello  class  are  very  productive,  and 
the  demand  for  the  fruit  is  encouraging  growers  to 
plant  freely.  Throughout  the  district  much  attention  is 
given  to  the  growing  of  small  fruits  and  vegetables. 
All  kinds  of  berries  find  a  ready  market  in  the  cities 
and  mountain  towns,  and  the  staple  vegetables,  such  as 
onions,  cabbages  and  celery,  are  shipped  in  large  quan- 
tities to  southern  points. 

The  Southern  District.— Here  the  counties  most 
prominent  in  fruit  culture  are  Fremont,  Pueblo  and 
Otero.  The  first  planting  was  done  in  Fremont  county, 
and  the  following  concerning  the  circumstances  I  quote 


356 


COLORADO 

y  .ludKe  W.  B, 


from    an   address  by  .ludKe  W.  B,   Felton  before    the 
State  Horticultural  S.n-i.ty,  as  pulilisbed  in  the  report 

mont  county  in  IsiiT.  \\  .  ('.  i 'aflin  went  to  Pueblo 
for  an  invoice  of  trois  whi.h  bad  been  ordered  by  him- 
self and  by  Governor  Anson  Kudd,  W.  A.  Helm  and 
Jesse  Frazier.  They  had  been  brought  across  the 
plains  in  a  wagon  to  Pueblo,  and  Mr.  Catlin  brought 
them  to  Canon,  something  over  $500  worth  of  trees  oc- 
cupying a  small  space  in  his  wagon.  A  few  of  these 
trees,  and  only  a  few,  are  still  living.  After  his  first  at- 
tempt, which  was  almost  a  total  failure,  Jesse  Frazier 
procured  several  thousand  root  grafts  and  set  them  out 
in  nursery  rows.  When  they  became  large  enough  he 
transplanted  them  into  his  orchard."  .By  the  year  1879, 
Mr.  Frazier  had  an  orchard  of  15  acres,  the  older  portion 
of  which  produced  3,000  bushels  of  apples.  Since  1880, 
the  yearly  additions  to  the  orchard  area  of  this  county 
have  steadily  increased,  and  fruit-growing  is  now  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  leading  industries  of  the  county. 
As  in  the  other  districts,  the  apple  receives  the  most  at- 
tention, but  pears,  plums,  and  the  small  fruits  are  grown 
in  quantity.  Peaches  have  been  raised,  but  are  not  a 
sure  crop,  owing  to  the  liability  to  late  spring  frosts. 
Farther  down  the  Arkansas  valley,  in  Otero  county. 


COLQUHOUNIA 

stands  about  fourth  in  orchard  acreage.  The  growing 
of  melons  has  within  a  few  years  brought  this  county 
into  prominence.  Started  in  a  small  way  by  farmers 
near  the  town  of  Rocky  Ford,  the  business  has  spread 
into  a  great  industry,  and  Rocky  Ford  melons  and  can- 
taloupes have  found  theirway  into  all  the  large  markets 
of  the  country. 

The  Western  District.  — The  valleys  constituting 
this  were  included  in  the  Ute  Reservation,  which  was  first 
opened  for  white  settlement  in  the  fall  of  1881.  The 
first  fruit  trees  w.-ie  plaiit.-.l  the  next  spring  by  Messrs. 
Hotchkiss  and  Wailr.  .mi  tln-ir  ranches  lying  along  the 
North  Pork  of  il,.'  (iuMiii-..ti  in  Delta  county.  In  the 
spring  of  188:!  W.  S.  ('..liurii  began  planting  what  is  now 
one  of  the  finest  orchards  in  the  state  ;  others  followed, 
and  soon  the  fame  of  the  "North  Fork"  as  a  fruit  region 
went  abroad  and  served  as  a  stimulus  to  planting  in 
other  sections.  It  was  not,  however,  until  1886  that 
planting  became  general.  In  that  year  orchard  planting 
about  Grand  Junction,  in  Mesa  county,  began  in  earnest, 
and  at  the  same  time  the  farmers  of  Montrose  turned 
their  attention  in  the  same  direction.  The  development 
of  the  industry  from  1886  down  to  the  present  time  has 
been  phenomenal.  There  appears  to  be  no  limit  to  the 
successful  culture  of  all  temperate  region  fruits.  On 
the  low  bottom  lands  along  the  streams,  the  earlier 
blooming  varieties  have  occasionally  been  subjected  to 
injury  from  late  frosts,  but  on  the  mesas  this  trouble  is 
never  experienced,  and  here  the  tender  varieties  of  Eu- 
ropean grapes  are  successfully  grown  without  winter 
protection.  The  "peach  belt"  of  the  state  lies  within 
this  western  district  in  the  three  counties— Montrose, 
Delta  and  Mesa.  The  experimental  stages  of  culture 
have  been  passed,  success  is  assured,  and  the  business 
of  growing  this  fruit  is  in  a  fair  way  to  become  a  large 
one. 

The  number  of  acres  planted  with  orchard  and  small 
fruits  that  received  water  from  the  ditches  during  the 
year  189H  is  given  in  the  report  of  the  state  engineer  as 
follows  :  Northern  district,  15,025  acres;  Southern  dis- 
trict, 8,456  acres  ;  Western  district,  22,162  acres.  The 
State  Horticultural  Society,  which  was  organized  in 
September,  1880,  has  done  much  by  its  meetings  and 
exhibits  to  advance  the  horticultural  interests  of  the 
d  its  work  has  been  supplemented  by  several 
active  county  societies. 

From  the  present  state  of  advancement,  which  has 
been  reached  within  a  comparatively  short  time,  it  seems 
certain  that  the  fruit  industry  of  the  state  has  before 
it  a  promising  future.  c.  S.  Crandall. 


the  first  fruit  trees  were  planted  about  1882,  but  general 
interest  in  orchard  planting  did  not  develop  until 
some  years  later.  During  the  past  5  years  the  area 
planted   has   rapidly   increased,   and   the   county  now 


See  Aqiiilegia. 

COLaUHOtTNIA  (after  Sir  Robert 
Colquhoun).  J^abiAtce.  Tender  plants 
with  dense  whorls  of  gaping  fls.  an 
inch  long  or  more,  colored  scarlet  and 
yellow.  The  genus  has  5  species,  all 
e  Himalayas  and  Burma. 
Erect  or  twining  shrubs,  woolly  in 
nil  parts  when  young  :  Ivs.  large, 
i-renate  :  whorls  few-fid.,  axillary  or 
nrowded  into  a  terminal  spike. 

cocoinea,  Wall.  Tall  climber,  with 
.'ery  long  branches  :  Ivs.  stalked, 
3-5  in.  long,  crenate,  dark  green  above, 

roughish  typically  with  scarcely  any  wooUiness  except 

whenjoung:  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.    B.  M. 

4t14      C   ^iwicHidsa,  HouU.,  is  probably  identical.    The 

dense  woolliness  is  probably  temporary.    R.H.  1873:130 

shows  a  handsome  terminal  spike  in  addition  to  axillary 
about  20  fls.— Not  advertised,  but 

prob  vbly  as  worthy  as  the  next. 
vestita,  Wall.    Very  similar  t 

that  it  is  a  low-growing,  erect  pi 

and  permanently  woolly  on  the  : 

side  of  Ivs.   Cult,  outdoors  at  Sai 

not  promising. 


;.  coccinea,  except 
,  and  more  densely 
n,  calyx  and  under 
Barbara,  Calif.,  but 
W.  M. 


COLUMN.  A  solid  central  body  formed  of  stamens 
and  styles  grown  together,  as  in  orchids. 

COLUMNEA  ( after  Columna or  Colonna,  Italian  writer 
on  plants,  sixteenth  century).  GesnerAcece.  Tropical 
American  shrubs  and  climbers,  with  widely  gaping, 
showy  lis.  often  2  in.  long:  Ivs.  opposite,  nearly  equal  or 
widely  unlike:  fls.  solitary  or  numerous,  axillary,  stalked 
or  not,  without  bracts  or  with  bracts  in  an  involucre  ; 
corollas  scarlet,  carmine  or  yellowish.  Half  a  dozen 
species,  mostly  red  or  orange-fld.,  are  cult,  abroad  and 
may  be  known  to  a  few  fanciers  at  home,  but  none  are 
advertised  by  the  dealers. 


r.  ancient  Greek  name).  Legtimi- 
SA.  Deciduous  shrubs,  with  al- 
i-;.;  Ifts.  many,  rather  small:  fls. 
iiary,  tew-fld.,  long-peduncled  ra- 
ivuish  red  :  pod  inflated,  bladder- 
species  in  the  Mediterra- 


COLtTEA  IA-../.W 

ternate.  i.d.l-pii]ii:it. 
papilioii:i.'ii.us,  ill  I 
cemes,  yellow  to  b 
like,  many-seeded. 

nean  region  to  Himal.  Ornamental  free-flowering  shrubs 
of  rapid  growth,  with  pale  green  or  glaucous  foliage  and 
yellow  or  brownish  red  fls.  during  summer,  followed  by 
large,  usually  reddish-coloring  and  decorative  pods. 
They  grow  in  almost  any  soil,  but  prefer  a  tolerably  dry 
and  sunny  position  ;  not  quite  hardy  north.  Prop,  by 
seeds  sown  in  spring  or  by  cuttings  of  mature  wood  in- 
serted in  fall  in  sandy  soil ;  rarer  species  and  varieties 
are  sometimes  grafted  on  C  arborescens  in  spring  un- 
der glass. 

A.   Fls.  yellon' :  pod  closed  at  the  apex. 

arbortsoens,  Liiiu.  F\a.',21.  Shrub,  to  If.  ft.:  Ifts.  9- 
13,  elliptic,  dull  tjrieii,  iimcroniilate,  ii-iuilly  sli^'htly 
pubescent  beneatli.  '..-1  in.  loiii;  :  tls.  H-S,  lUioiit  ;'4  in. 
long;  wings  nearly  as  Iomk  as  the  keel.  Hat.  .luiie-Sept. 
S.  Eu.,  N.  Afr.,  N.  B.M.  SI.— Var.  crispa,  Hort.  Dwarf, 
with  crisped  Ivs. 

AA.    Fls.  orange-yellow  or  brownish  red;  wings  shorter 
than  the  keel. 

m^dia,  Willd.  Shrub,  to  10  ft.:  Ifts.  7-13,  obovate, 
grayish  green  or  glaucous,  'a-^i  in.  long,  nearly  gla- 
brous: tis.  3-6,  orange  or  reddish  yellow:  pod  closed  at 
the  apex.  June-Sept.  Probably  iiybrid  of  garden  ori- 
gin between  the  former  and  the  following,  often  cult, 
under  the  names  of  the  following  species: 

orienUlis,  Mill.  (C.  ertihita,  Ait.).  Shrub,  to  G  ft.: 
Ifts.  7-11,  obovate,  glaucous,  thickish,  ;a-'2in.  long, 
nearly  glabrous  :  fls.  3-5,  reddish  yellow  or  brownish 
red:  pod  open  at  the  apex.  June-Sept.  S.  E.  Eu., 
Orient.— Often  cult,  under  the  name  of  C  Halepica  or 


C.  Istr 


Ifts.gla 


S,-:,.!,,v,,,  ,      ,r!..v^,..n.     .;,.■ .  ,i ,.  -  m  .1  :i-      1  ■.  M.  'X'^i-    B.R. 

20:1727.    IViiiler,  ALFRED  Rehuer. 

COLVlLLEA  (after  Sir  Charles  Colville,  governor  of 
Mauritius).  Legumindsw.  The  gorgeous  fls.  of  this 
tropical  tree  are  a  worthy  rival  of  the  Royal  Poinciana, 
which  is  closely  allied,  but  easily  distinguished.  It  has 
drooping  racemes  IMft.  long,  densely  crowded  with 
perhaps  200  fls.  of  curious  shape  and  of  a  splendid 
scarlet.  The  fls.  open  at  the  stem -end  of  the  pendent 
dense  raceme,  and  display  masses  of  long,  showy,  yellow 
stamens.  The  unopened  fls.  are  aboutthe  size  and  shape 
of  a  Albert,  and  these  are  gradually  smaller  towards 
the  end  of  the  raceme.  The  genus  has  only  this  one  spe- 
cies, and  is  characterized  by  its  large,  oblique,  colored 
calyx,  having  4  segments,  the  standard  being  the  small- 
est instead  of  the  largest  part;  the  wings  very  long, 
narrow,  erect,  obovate,  the  pod  2-valved.  Supposed  to 
be  a  native  of  E.  Afr.,  but  discovered  in  1824  by  Bojer 
on  the  west  coast  of  Madagascar,  where  a  single  tree 
was  cult,  by  the  natives.  It  flowered  there  in  April  or 
May.  Its  culture  is  similar  to  that  of  Ciesalpinia.  Prop, 
in  the  south  only  by  seeds. 

racemdsa,  Boj.  Tree,  40-50  ft.  high,  with  the  general 
aspect  of  Paiiivitma  regia  but  with  a  thicker  trunk  and 
ampler  foliage:  brandies  very  long  and  spreading  :  Ivs. 
about  3  ft.  long,  alternate,  remote,  twice  pinnate,  with 


COMMELINA  ,357 

20-30  pairs  of  pinnae  which  are  opposite,  4  in.  long,  and 
have  20-28  pairs  of  Ifts.,  each  J^  in.  long:  keel  very 
small,  almost  covered  by  the  wings :  free  stamens  10,  3 
inserted  below  the  standard,  2  underthe  wings,  1  under 
the  keel,  and  4  under  the  ovary.    B.M.  3325-6. 

V  W.  M. 

COMAROSTAPHYLIS  is  included  with  Arclo- 
staplnjlos. 

COMARUM  (an  old  Greek  name).  Rosacea.  One 
species  allied  to  Potentilla,  and  often  referred  to  that 
genus  C.  paliistre,  Linn.,  the  Marsh  Cinquefoil,  is  a 
decumbent  herb  growing  in  swales  in  the  N.  states  (also 
in  the  Old  World),  with  pinnate,  3-7-foliolate  Ivs.  (Ifts. 
dentate),  and  solitary  or  cymose  purple  fls.  I  in.  across: 
petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  lobes,  acute  ;  stamens  nu- 
merous. An  odd  and  interesting  but  not  showy  plant, 
sometimes  planted  in  bogs.  Mn.  3:97. -The  fr.  some- 
what resembles  a  strawberry,  but  is  spongy  instead  of 
juicy.  In  some  parts  of  Scotland,  it  is  said,  they  are 
called  Cowberries,  and  are  rubbed  on  the  inside  of  milk 
pails  to  thicken  the  milk. 

COMBRfiTUM  (old  Latin  name).  CombretAcece .  Many 
tropical  shrubs  and  trees  in  Asia,  Africa  and  America, 
particularly  in  S.  Africa.  Many  of  them  are  climbers,  by 
means  of  the  persistent  leaf-stalks.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite, 
entire  :  fls.  in  spikes,  polygamous  ;  calyx  bell-shaped  ; 
petals  usually  4 ;  stamens  usually  8 :  fr.  winged  and  in- 
dehiscent,  1-seeded.  The  Corabretums  are  warmhouse 
plants,  little  known  in  this  country..  Prop,  by  cuttings  of 
firm  wood.  One  climbing  species  is  in  the  Amer.  trade : 
C.  cocclneum,  Lam.  (C.  purpitreum,  Vahl.  Poivrea  coc- 
cinea,  DC),  from  Mada- 
gascar. Lvs.  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  ever- 
green: fls. small, brilliant 
red,  with  long-exserted 
stamens,  the  handsome 
loose  spikes  often  m  pan 
icles  ;  parts  of  the  fl  m 
5's.  B.M.  2102.  L  B  C 
6:  563. -Handsome 


V 


Commehna  ccelestis 


COMMELlNA  (to  the  early  Dutch  botanists,  J.  and 
K.  Commelin.  A  third  brother  published  nothing.  Lin- 
naeus is  said  to  have  meant  to  designate  the  two  authors 
by  the  fully  developed  petals,  and  the  third  by  the  small 
petal).  Also  written  Commelyna.  Commelindcen'.  About 
100  widely  dispersed  perennial  herbs,  of  which  a  very 


358  COMMELINA 

few  are  cult,  fortheir  interesting  flowers.  FIs.  irregular, 
the  calyx  often  colored,  with  unequal  sepals  ;  petals  3, 
the  2  lateral  ones  rounded  or  reniform  and  long-clawed; 
stamens  6,  3  shorter;  capsule  3-loculed.  There  are  sev- 
eral native  tradescantia-like  species,  some  erect  and 
others  creeping.  These  are  not  in  the  trade."  The  cult, 
species  are  erect  warmhouse  plants.  Some  are  tuberous- 
rooted.  In  the  Araer.  trade,  only  C.  coeUstis,  Willd.,  is 
offered.  Fig.  528.  It  grows  10-18  in,  high,  branching, 
with  clasping,  long,  broad-lanceolate  pointed  Ivs.  and 
blue  fls.  (2-10  together)  on  elongating  axillary  pedun- 
cles. Var.  Alba,  Hort.,  has  white  fls.  Var.  variegita, 
Hort.,  has  fls.  blue  and  white.  Mex.  Prop,  by  seed, 
cuttings  and  tubers.  The  native  C.  nudifldra,  Linn,  (as 
C.  Sellowidna,  Schlecht. ) ,  is  in  cult.  It  ranges  all  around 
the  world.  It  is  a  creeping  plant,  rooting  at  the  joints, 
with  lanceolate  Ivs.,  and  small  irregular  blue  fls.  in  the 
axils.  Commelina  is  monographed  by  C.  B.  Clarke  in 
DC.  Monogr.  Phaner.  3. 

Coramelinas  are  mostly  of  easy  culture,  thriving 
well  in  any  light,  rich  soil.  The  evergreen  stove  and 
greenhouse  species  are  readily  propagated  in  March  or 
April  by  cuttings  inserted  in  an  ordinary  propagating 


S$^~~ 


529.   A  Compost  heap. 


bed  and  kept  close  for  a  few  days  ;  while  the  tuberous- 
rooted  half-hardy  herbaceous  species  may  be  propagated 
either  by  division  of  the  tubers  or  by  seeds  sown  in  a 
frame  early  in  April  and  afterwards  transplanting  the 
seedlings  in  the  herbaceous  border.  In  the  fall,  they 
should  be  lifted  and  the  tubers  stored  away  in  the  same 
manner  as  Dahlias.  Of  the  tuberous-rooted  species,  C. 
ccelestis  is  perhaps  the  best,  its  bright  blue  flowers  being 
very  effective,  especially  when  planted  in  masses. 

Edwakd  J.  Canning  and  L.  H.  B. 

C0MPAR£TTIA  (Andreas  Comparctti,  1746-1811, 
Italian  botanist).  Orchidiceie,  tribe  Vdndece.  A  small 
genus  of  graceful  epiphytes,  found  in  equatorial  Amer- 
ica. Pseudobulbs  monophyllous,  racemes  simple  or 
branched:  fls.  small,  lateral  sepals  united  in  a  single 
piece,  lengthened  at  the  ba.se  into  a  conspicuous  horn  ; 
lateral  petals  converging;  labellum  large,  produced  into 
a  double  spur,  which  is  hidden  in  the  horn  made  by  the 
sepals  ;  column  free,  semi-terete,  erect ;  poUinia  2. 
Grown  on  blocks  or  in  baskets  in  a  light  intermediate 
or  warmhouse. 

coccinea,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  small,  bearing  lanceo- 
late, coriaceous  Ivs.,  purple  beneath  :  racemes  several- 
fld.,  fls.  2  in.  across;  petals  and  sepals  yellowish,  label- 
lum large,  broader  than  long,  crimson.    Braz. 

falcita,  Poep.  et  Endl.  (C.  rbsea,  Lindl.).  Similar  in 
habit  to  C.  coccinea:  fls.  deep  crimson;  labellum  broad; 
racemes  pendent.    Peru.    B.M.  4980.   A.F.  G:609. 

macroplfectron,  Reiclih.  f.  Fls.  10  or  more,  dorsal  se- 
pal whitish,  often  spotted  with  purple  ;  midlobe  of  la- 
bellum cleft,  suborbicular,  magenta-rose,  dotted  at  the 
angled  base;  spurs  conspicuous.  New  Grenada.  B.M. 
6679.  L.  H.  B. 


COMPASS  PLANT.  Celebrated  by  Longfellow.  It 
tends  to  turn  the  edges  of  its  root-lvs.  north  and  south 
Rosin  Weed  is  the  prairie  name  for  it.    See  Silphium.  ' 

COMPOST.  Mixed  and  rotted  vegetable  matter,  par- 
ticularly manure  and  litter.  The  mixture  of  bulky  fer- 
tilizing materials,  known  as  Compost,  while  of  little  im- 
portance to  the  general  farmer,  plays  an  important  part 
in  garden  praclices.  Many  of  the  garden  crops  must  be 
made  in  a  very  short  time,  or  are  of  delicate  feeding 
habits.  Their  food,  therefore,  must  be  easily  assimilable. 
It  is  good  practice  to  pile  all  coarse  manures,  sods, 
weeds,  or  any  rubbish  available  for  the  purpose,  in  big 
flat  heaps  (Fig.  529),  to  ferment  and  rot  before  being 
applied  to  the  garden  soil.  If  desired,  chemical  manures, 
especially  superphosphate  (dissolved  bone  or  South 
Carolina  rock)  and  potash  (muriate  or  kainit),  may  be 
added  to  make  the  Compost  the  richer.  By  spading  or 
forking  the  heaps  over  a  few  times  at  reasonable  inter- 
vals, a  homogeneous  mass  is  easily  obtained,  which  can 
be  applied  in  greatest  liberality  without  fear,  or  more 
sparingly,  in  accordance  with  the  needs  of  the  particu- 
lar crop.  Of  equal,  if  not  still  greater  importance,  is 
the  Compost  heap  which  gives  soil  for  greenhouse 
benches,  flats,  hotbeds  and  coldframes.  This  Compost 
is  principally  made  of  sods  shaved  off  a  rich  pasture  or 
meadow  and  piled  in  alternate  layers  with  stable  ma- 
nure, more  of  the  latter  being  used  for  forcing  succu- 
lent crops,  and  less  in  growing  plants  which  should  be 
short  and  stocky,  like  cabbage  or  tomato  plants.  Garden 
litter  may  be  added  to  the  pile,  as  leaves  and  trimmings. 
All  Compost  heaps,  during  dry  weather,  need  frequent 
and  thorough  moistening  with  water,  or,  better,  with 
liquid  manure.  Turn  several  times  during  the  year,  to 
ensure  thorough  rotting  of  the  materials. 

T.  Greiner. 
COMPTONIA  (after  Henry  Compton,  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don, patron  of  horticulture,  d.  1713).  Myric&cem.  One 
species,  by  some  authors  united  with  Myrica,  from  which 
it  differs  in  the  pinnatifld,  stipulate  Ivs.  and  8  linear, 
persistent  bractlets  subtending  the  ovary.  C.  aspleni- 
fdlia,  Gisrtn.  (C  peregrlna,  Coulter.  Myr\ca  aspleni- 
fuUa,  Linn.),  the  Sweet  Fern,  grows  in  dry,  sterile  soil 
in  the  eastern  U.  S.,  and  is  also  in  the  trade.  It  is  an 
attractive  undershrub  (1-3  ft.)  with  fern-like,  scented 
foliage  and  brownish,  axillary  heads  of  imperfect  fls. 
Lvs.  linear,  pinnatifid:  roots  long  and  cord-like.  Useful 
for  foliage  masses  on  rocky  or  barren  places. 

L.  H.  B. 
CONE-FLOWER.    The  genus  i?Mrf6ec7«(i.   The  Purple 
Cone- flower,    however,    belongs    to    the    allied    genus 
£chi)iacea. 

CONANDKON  (cone-shaped  anther).  GesnerAcece. 
C.  ramondioides,  Sieb.  &  Zucc,  of  Japanese  mountains, 
is  the  only  species.  It  is  an  interesting  little  tuberous- 
rooted  herb,  with  oblong,  rugose,  serrate  root-lvs.  and 
scapes  bearing  6-12  white  or  purple,  nodding  Dodo- 
catheon-like  fls.  It  is  one  of  several  groups  of  rare  and 
widely  scattered  herbs,  of  which  Raraondia,  Haberlea, 
Wulfenia,  Didymocarpus,  Shortia  aud  Schizocodon  are 
examples.  Conandron  is  adapted  to  growing  in  shady 
rockeries.  Scapes  less  than  1  ft.  high.  Little  known  in 
cult.,  but  is  in  the  trade.    B.M.  6484. 

CONIFERS.  The  cone-bearing  trees  (Coniferw)  are 
decidedly  the  most  important  order  of  forest  trees  in 
the  economy  of  civilized  man.  They  have  furnished  the 
bulk  of  the  material  of  whi.-h  onr  rivilization  is  built. 
The  remarkable  cnnibiiuiti<.n  of  stn  iiirth  .-umI  sfjiTiicss 
with  the  smallest  w.-i-ht  .■..iii]..-,i  il.I..  ;ii..l  thr  :,l.inMlai..-.> 
and  gregariousni-ss  of  tln-ir  ...•cui-rnic.-,  i;ivi>s  ilirni  tliis 
important  po-sition.  From  the  staudpoiut  of  thu  hurti- 
culturist,  they  also  take  a  prominent  place  among  the 
materials  for  landscape  gardening  effects,  and,  iu  the 
more  practical  use,  as  windbreaks.  Their  evergreen 
habit— for  all  except  the  larch  and  ginkgo  tribes  are  ever- 
green—and  their  conical  foim,  .-|.c.i:ilK  in  ..irlur 
periods  of  life,  with  a  branch  -         •■      i     i  i  .  i  n- 

base  for  a  long  time,  are  the  .1,  '  in 

desirable.  To  these  graces  in;i\  i-  .ni.i.  ri  n,.  i-.nh.ir 
form  and  striking  coloring  of   their  toliage,  whicli.  in 


CONIFERS 

combination  with  deciduous  trees  or  in  clumps,  by  them- 
selves or  in  single  specimens,  offer  striking  effects. 

There  are  two  types  of  natural  or  native  beauty  in  the 
Conifers  — the  symmetrical  and  verdurous  beauty  of  the 
young  specimen  (Figs.  530,  531  ;  Fig.  1,  p.  1),  and  the 
picturesque  and  rugged  beauty  of  the  old  and  time- 
worn  tree  (Figs.  532.  533).  Aside  from  these,  there  are 
also  odd,  grotesque  and  formal  cultivated  varieties, 
as  typified  in  the  weeping  spruce  (Fig.  534),  the  colum- 
nar junipers  (Fig.  535),  and  the  various  dwarf  pines  and 
spruces  (Fig.  53C). 

The  majority  of  the  species  belonging  to  this  group, 
as  well  as  their  greatest  numerical  development,  is 
found  in  the  temperate  zones,  only  a  few  belonging  to 
subtropical  or  tropical  countries,  among  which  are  the 
Araucarias,  from  South  America;  the  Dammara,  Dacryd- 
ium,  and  Phylloeladus,  from  Australia,  etc. 

The  order  Coniferae  comprises  nearly  40  genera,  and 
about  300  species.  Our  own  native  tiora,  with  15  genera 
and  not  less  than  100  species  and  subspecies,  is  among 
the  richest,  the  bulk  of  these  being  found  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  The  Atlantic  side  offers  28  species,  repre- 
senting the  genus  Pinus  with  12  species  out  of  39;  1 
Larix  out  of  3;  3  Piceas  out  of  7;  2  Tsugas  out  of  5;  2 
Abies  out  of  12;  1  Taxodium;  1  Thuja  out  of  2;  1 
Cham^eyparis  out  of  3 ;  3  Juniperus  out  of  11 ;  1  Tumion 
(Torreya)  out  of  2;  1  arborescent  Taxus  out  of  2 :  being 
without  representatives  of  the  genus  Pseudotsuga,  Se- 
quoia, Libocedrus,  and  Cupressus.  There  are  to  be 
added  a  large  number  (not  less  than  400)  of  nursery- 
men's varieties,  which  have  been  enumerated  in  Bull. 
17  of  the  Division  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricul- 
ture. 

There  are  also  a  number  of  exotic  Conifers  which 
promise  satisfactory  results  if  used  in  suitable  locali- 
ties, climate  and  soil.  The  Norway  Spruce  (Picea  ex- 
celsa)  recommends  itself  by  its  cliijant  gothic  form, 
often  with  pendulous  bruu.lilit-,  its  m  ry  rapid  growth, 
and  its  wide  adaptation  t..  soils  and  rlimates,  together 
with  its  ease  of  propagatiMii  ami  ./hcapuess.  It  excels 
in  form  and  rapidity  of  growth  most  of  the  American 
spruces.  Like  all  Conifers,  after  the  25th  to  40th  year  it 
must  pass  through  a  period  of  change  in  form,  during 
which  it  loses,  for  a  time,  its  shapeliness.  The  Scotch 
Pine  (Plnus  sylvestris)  has  nothing  to  recommend  it 
which  may  not  be  found  in  native  species,  except,  per- 
haps, adaptation  to  the  dry  climate  of  the  west,  and 
cheapness.    The  Austrian  Pine,  on  the  other  hand,  is  an 


acquisition  by  its  stout  growth  in  its  youth,  although  the 
Red  Pine  (Pin us  resinosa)  would  probably  do  as" well; 
so  far,  its  small  cones  and  seed  have  made  the  latter  ex- 
pensive. The  European  Larch  outgrows  the  native  nor- 
thern one  easily,  but  Larix  occidentalis, tromthe  interior 


basin,  will  probably  do  as  well  or  better.  There  is  no 
particular  commendation  for  the  Europe  Fir,  but  the 
Nordmann  Fir,  from  the  Caucasus,  is  a  most  decided 
,  by  its  beauty  and  adaptation;  so  is  the  most 


iceful 


of 


Phi 


sprue 

talis,  while  the  Span- 
ish Abies  Pi„';„p, 
will  always  attract  it 
tention  by  its  pecu 
liar  shape  and  foliage 
Of  other  ornamen 
tal  forms  which  art 
without  represent  i 
tives  mtheU  S  and 
hence  fill  ^acancle 
maybe  mentioned  as 
capable  of  adapt i 
tion  and  more  or 
less  in  use  from 
South  America  the 
Araucariis  from 
Africa  and  Ea  ttrii 
Asia      r    t  P 

ilea    All         ill 

Korea     the     ji    mi 
mg 


haged  White  Pim  / 
Kotaien   i  tr     i 

China  Cunniu^ 
hamia  Buta  (jh  i 
tostrobus  Ceph  il 
taxus  Podocaiju 
Pseudolarix  an  1 
above  all  that  inter 
esting  remnant  i 
former  ages  thi 
Maidenhair    tree 


good  sp 


Gingko  fti^ofta,  which 
will  maintain  itself  anywhere  along  the  Atlantic  coast  if 
propagated  from  seed  of  the  proper  localities.  Japan 
has  furnished  a  number  of  additions,  especially  Reti- 
nosporas,  Torreyas,  Taxus,  various  Pinus,  Piceas  and 
Tsugas,  with  the  peculiar  Sciadopitys  verticillala,  the 
Umbrella  Pine,  and,  the  most  acceptable  of  all,  the 
graceful  Gryptomeria  Japonica. 

As  with  all  introductions  from  one  country  to  another, 

I  111  one  climatic  region  to  another    caution  is  ad 

it  maj   be  laid   down  as  a  rule    thit   exotics 

used  with   great   discretion    and    until  their 

u  IS  amply  demonstrated  only  in  a  subordinate 

I  I      It  it  1     m   giiiirxl  true  that  perennial  plants 

11     ill      n  ui  I  1  lilt    1  with  permanent  success  into 

mill   1      Inn  ifi  uliti   II     It  must  be   especially  true 

mth  til  lilt  1  will  h  (1j  not  lose  their  foliage  and 
h  11  mil  tl  il  1  t  1  It  summer  as  well  as  winter  con 
ihtK  11        The  L  ng  k  it  Pme  of  the  south   most  striking 

f  our  pmes  mi^  therefoie  not  be  transplanted  far  be 
>ond  it  northtrn  limit  and  if  we  desire  to  utilize  any 
of  the  Pacihc  coast  species  m  the  east  we  will  have  to 
secure  them  at  least  from  the  highest  and  driest  alti 
tudes  and  exposures  or  if  as  m  the  case  of  some  spe 
cies  like  the  Douglas  Fir  ind  Engclmann  Spruce  their 
field  of  distribution  om  i  s  the  dry  slopes  of  the  Rocky 
mountain      i  11     i      tli      moist   slopes    of  the    coast 

ranges   w  i  tul  if  we  choose  our  plant 

maternl  ti  I  j.es 

Of  th     1  IS    we  may  discaid  a  num 


adaptation  to  sril  or  other  inti  i  t  1  ir  e  k  h  climatic 
region  the  choice  must  be  different  hence  it  would  be 
impossible  to  give  in  the  brief  space  of  an  article  in 
telligent  advice  as  to  best  selections.  In  general,  be- 
sides climatic  limitations,  the  following  considerations 
may  serve  in  the  choice  of  native  species.  The  pines, 
as  a  rule,  are  not  to  be  placed  on  compact,  clay  soil,  and, 
of  their  taproot,  not  on  shallow  soils,  on 


■;  they  thrive  best  on 
■I'  dry  soils,  the  White 
to  the  clay  soils  with- 
T .  On  wet  soils  pines 
lace,  although  the  Red 
,  and  the  Loblolly  (P. 


360  cc 

which  they  soon  bfcomi 
loose,  sandy  soils,  an-l  •■ 
Pine  adapting  its.  l!  i -  il 
out  detriment  to  ii 
are,  as  a  rule,  den...  -iix 
Pine  (P.  resinosai,  ..t  il 

Tceda),  and  some  other  southern  species  are  capable  of 
supporting  such  conditions.  For  such  situations  here, 
however,  the  cedar  tribe  furnishes  better  material,— the 
Chamsecyparis,  Thuyas  and  Taxodiura.  These  trees  of 
the  bog  and  swamp  are,  however— it  should  not  be  over- 
looked—capable  of  thriving  even  better  on  drier  soils. 
They  are  merely  indifferent  to  moisture  conditions  at 
the  foot. 

The  shallow-rooted   spruces  are  trees  of   the  higher 
mountain  ranges,  and  are,  therefore,  more  adapted  to 


eld  pi 


moist  and  cool  situations,  although  some  of  them,  the 
Norway  Spruce,  the  Blue  Spruce  of  Colorado  and  the 
northern  White  Spruce  will— the  former,  at  least,  during 
its  juvenile  period  — endure  more  droughtv  situations. 
The  firs,  too,  arc.  rntli.  r  iimn-  spirifs  of  northern 
climates  and  hiL^h  r.hitn.i.s.  ili.'  K.  .1  Fir.  so-called 
(Pseudotsuga  ta.nt.'h,!  ^ .  \\lii,l,  is  n..t  a  tir  proper,  be- 
ing, perhaps,  best  i'a|.al.l.'  ..f  sij|.i...iiiii-  .Irier  and  hot- 
ter situations.  Thi:  must  .n  nan.,  iiial.  an. I.  in  many  re- 
spects, most  serviceable  cf  tl..'  til-.  J(...  s  .X,,r:hinn}ni- 
ona,  from  the  Caucasus,  (i. -v.  i..i.s  ii~  iiiaL-'iiiIi.  .-i.t  .l.-nse 
and  dark  green  foliage  in  th.  waim  l.iit  na.ist  .limat.:-  of 
Washington,  while  our  most  oriiaimiital  Ahiis  <n„color 


CONIPEES 

from  Colorado  will  thrive  even  in  our  drier  atmos- 
pheres of  the  Middle  states.  The  fine  firs  of  the  Pacific 
coast  will  probably  not  thrive  anywhere  in  our  drier  and 
hotter  eastern  climates  for  any  length  of  time,  unless 
placed  in  cool  and  shadv  situations. 
The  Douglas  Fir  (  P,.'  ..•,'.*.■..-.•  f„r:fni:„\  i--.  ,,.rlinr.s. 

mostreadiiyacclimar.il    '     -■   i  .      -   I  '■    p.  ■'.    <'r\- 

slopes  of  Colorado.     T'       I.  i    .      i  ■.  .        ...      .. 

and  foliage,  and  the  [.yraiiiiiiiil  /.,/,,,,,/,,,,  ,/,_,  .,,,,,,.,  arc 
unquestionably  desirable  additions  to  our  ornamental 
stock,  while  the  Sequoias,  especially  Washingtoniana, 
the  Big  Tree,  has  shown  itself  capable  of  thriving  in  the 
latitude  of  Rochester. 

One  important  feature  which  enters  into  consideration 
when  grouping  Conifers,  is  the  relative  endurance  of 
shade  or  tolerance  which  the  species  exhibit,  thereby 
indicating  their  use  in  various  positions.  The  yews  and 
firs  are  the  most  tolerant  of  shade,  togetherwith  the  hem- 
locks;  next  may  be  placed  the  spruces , Arborvitce  (Thuya) , 
and  Juniperus,  while  the  pines  are  mostly  intolerant  orf 
shade,  excepting  the  White  Pine,  which  is  the  most  shade- 
enduring  of  the  pines  ;  the  larch  and  the  bald  cypress 
are  the  most  light-needing  of  all,  and  will  perish  soon  if 
placed  under  the  shade  of  any  other  trees.  All  species, 
to  be  sure,  are  capable  of  more  shade-endurance  when 
young  and  on  di-i-p,  m.iist  soil.  Their  relative  shade-en- 
durance un.l.i-  III.  :ini....ii.litions  remains,  however,  the 
same,  and  nia  n  rite  forest  by  observing  the 

density  of  rli.    i  i..wiis,  the  capacity  of  main- 

taining a  tliriii;  1  iii^-.  iiiiilfr  the  shade  of  different 
species,  and  i-.speciaiiv  ot  voung  plants  to  persist  in 
such  shade. 

Projxitiation. —Jiost  Conifers  ripen  their  fruit  in  the 
fall,  September  to  November,  and  are  best  gathered  soon 
after  or  before  ripening.  The  pines  take  two  years  to  ma- 
ture their  cones.  White  Pines  ripen  fruit  in  the  first  two 
weeks  of  September,  and  the  cones  opening,  shed  the 
seeds  at  once,  the  empty  cones  remaining  on  the  branches. 
The  cones  of  the  firs  fall  apart  upon  ripening,  hence 
nnist  1.1'  leathered  before  being  quite  ripe.  'Spruces  and 
l.ciiil...ks  shed  seeds  from  time  to  time,  opening  and 
.-l.tsiiiL,'  into  next  spring.  Some  pines,  like  Pimts  pitn- 
•l<iis  and  SI  rotina.  keep  their  cones  closed  for  years,  and 
artificial  heat  must  be  employed  to  make  them  open  and 
give  up  their  seed.  In  gathering  seeds  for  the  trade,  such 
artificial  heat  is  frequently  applied  w^ith  pines  in  specially 
constructed  seed  roasters";  such  seed  should  be  carefully 
inspected,  as  it  sometimes  suffers  from  improper  use  of 
the  heat. 

The  proportion  of  germinating  seeds,  and  the  vitality, 
i.  e.,  the  ability  of  retaining  germinative  power,  varies 
greatly  not  only  with  the  seasons  in  the  same  species, 
but  from  species  to  species. 

The  lowest  germination  percentage  and  vitality  is  found 
in  firs  and  larch,  which  show  rarely  more  than  50  per 
cent  of  good  seed,  and  soon  lose  their  vitality,  while 
spruce  and  pine,  when  entirely  fresh,  may  show  as  much 
as  95  to  100  per  cent  germination,  and  retain  vitality  for 
2  to  5  years,  losing  each  year  a  proportion,  Norway 
Spruce  5  years  old  still  having  10  per  cent  germination. 

In  trade,  a  germination  percentage  for  spruce  of  75  to 
80;  pine,  70  to  75;  fir,  30  to  .50;  larch,  20  to  40,  should  be 
acceptable. 

Seeds  are  best  kept  in  a  dry,  cool  garret  in  tight  bags 
or  boxes,  excluding  the  air  as  much  as  possible. 

All  seeds  require  a  short  rest  or  after-ripening  of  two 
to  four  weeks  before  they  are  ready  to  germinate,  and 
some,  like  the  Taxus  and  Juniper,  lie  over,  even  in  nature, 
for  a  year  or  more  before  they  germinate.  The  latter 
should  be  prepared  for  sowing  by  macerating  them,  and 
removing  the  pulp  in  hot  water,  then  mixing  with  sharp 
sand  in  bags,  and  by  friction  freeing  the  seed  from  the 
pulp. 

In  the  seed-bed  somewhat  more  care  is  required  than 
with  most  other  species  of  trees.  A  thoroughly  mellow, 
well  pulverized  seed-bed  of  light,  loamy  sand,  possibly 
enriched  with  well  decomposed  manure  (cow-dung  better 
than  horse-dung),  is  required,  the  covering  of  the  seed 
varying,  according  to  size,  from  a  mere  sprinkling  for 
larch  to  one-quarter  inch  for  the  heavy-seeded  pines. 
They  may  be  sown  as  soon  as  the  weather  is  settled,  in 
northern  latitudes  the  second  or  third  week  in  May,  best 


CONIFERS 


361 


times  prevent  seeds  from  ge 
Mulch  between 
the  rows  with  pme  needles 
lagnum  moss  or  other 
tine  mulch  to  reduce  ne 
cessity  of  watenng  an  1 
weedmg  Conifer  seeds  need 
very  little  water  for  germi 


ng,  and  can  be  i 


Picturesque  old  hemlock  spruces. 


the  other  hand,  for  the  first  three  months,  until  they 
have  made  their  crown  bud,  need  to  be  either  kept  well 
watered  or  else  protected  against  the  drying  effects  of 
sun  and  wind  by  shading,  for  which  purpose  lath  screens 
are  best.  These  latter  must  be  lifted  for  airing  after  the 
sun  is  gone,  especially  in  muggy  weather,  to  avoid  "damp- 
ing-ofl'."  For  wintering,  a  covering  with  conifer  branches 
or  very  clean  meadow  hay  is  advisable  (the  latter  is  apt 
to  bring  in  weeds). 

For  growing  small  quantities,  the  use  of  boxes,  as 
described  by  Jackson  Dawson,  of  the  Arnold  Arbore- 
tum, in  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society,  is  highly  commendable.  In  well  drained  boxes, 
sow  the  seed  soon  after  gathering,  pile  four  or  five  deep 
in  a  pit  or  sheltered  place,  cover  with  boards,  and  when 
cold  weather  comes,  cover  up  with  leaves  or  hay.  About 
the  middle  of  April,  move  them  into  a  place  where  they 
get  the  early  morning  sun.  Keep  the  seedlings  well 
watered  and  free  from  weeds,  and  shaded  as  described. 
Winter  the  seedlings  in  same  manner  as  the  seed-boxes, 
well  covered  up.  They  are  ready  for  transplanting  next 
spritig.  when  they  are  making  their  first  or  second  set 
of  rough  leaves. 

Since  pine  and  spruce  seedlings  take  about  7  to  10 
pounds  of  phosphoric  acid,  10  to  '.'O  pounds  of  potash 
and  15  to  30  pounds  of  lime,  besides  20  pounds  of  ni- 
trogen, per  acre  from  the  soil,  for  continuously  used 
nurseries  the  addition  of  mineral  materials  in  the  shape 
of  bone-meal  and  wood-a-^hes  may  become  desirable. 

A  large  number  of  seedlings  may  be  grown  in  a  small 
space;  thus  30,000  Norway  spruce  may  be  grown  on  a 
square  rod,  requiring  about  2  pounds  of  seed.  The 
quantity  of  seed  sown  depends,  in  part,  upon  the  length 
of  time  it  is  expected  to  leave  seedlings  in  the  seed-bed, 
besides  size  and  quality  of  seed ;  the  quantities  vary  from 
a  to  H  pound  per  100  square  feet  if  sown  in  drills,  and 


the  yield  of  seedlings  will  vary  from  200  to  15,000  seed- 
lings, according  to  species  and  seasons. 

Conifers,  likf  any  .ither  trees,  may  be  transplanted  at 
any  tiiiip  of  tln'  y.ar.  provided  the  necessary  care  is 
taken  in  irnj\-iii:,'  tli..-  idunt.  This  care  is  least  required, 
as  with  other  trees,  in  the  fall  and  early  spring,  when 
activities  of  root  and  foliage  are,  if  not  at  rest,  at  least 
reduced.  Which  of  these  seasons  is  preferable  depends 
on  the  locality,  and  the  dependent  character  of  the  sea- 
son. On  the  whole,  spring  planting  will  probably  be 
preferable  in  most  parts  of  the  United  States  which  do 
not  suffer  from  dry  spring  winds.  In  localities  of  the 
southwest,  which  have  commonly  a  dry  spring  followed 
by  a  rainy  season  in  July,  this  latter  time  should  be 
chosen.  Tliere  is  a  belief  that  planting  in  August  is 
spe.ially  lavorable.  We  see  no  reason  for  this  belief, 
unless  fax  .iial.Ie  weather  (a  rainy  season)  follows. 

iMiiiLis  may  be  transplanted  later  than  deciduous 
trees,  even  after  the  buds  have  started,  excepting  the 
larch,  which  buds  out  very  early;  with  this  species,  fall 
planting  may  be  recommended.  Cloudy  weather,  rather 
than  rainy  or  very  dry,  should  be  chosen,  especially 
when  transplanting  into  nursery  rows. 

Young  trees  are  naturally  more  readily  and  success- 
fully transplanted  than  older  ones,  with  which  there  is 
more  difficulty  in  securing  the  whole  root-system  when 
taking  thera  up.  Since,  however,  the  seedlings  develop 
slowly  for  the  first  one  or  two  to  three  years,  they  .should 
be  left  in  the  seed-bed  for  that  length  of  time,  root-pruned, 
and  then  transplanted  into  nursery  rows.  Although 
those  with  a  shallow  root-system,  like  spruces  and  firs, 
may  be  moved  even  when  30-40  feet  in  height,  it  is  best, 
even  for  ornamental  purposes,  not  to  take  them  more 
than  3-4  feet  in  height.  In  forestry,  1-  to  4-year-old 
plants,  according  to  species,  from  2-12  or  15  inches  in 
height,  are  preferred  for  reasons  of  economy. 


Much  greater  care  than  with  deciduous 
essary,  when  transplanting   without   an   earth-ball,  in 
keeping  the  root  fibers  from  drying  out;  a  large  amount 


362 


CONIFERS 


o£  loss  in  transplanting  is  explained  from  neglect  in 
this  respect.  As  soon  as  taken  up,  the  roots  should  be 
immersed  into  a  loam-puddle  and  kept  protected  by  wet 
sphagnum  moss  or  canvas  until  set  into  their  new 
place. 

The  question  of  trimming  when  transplanting  must  be 
considered  with  more  care  than  is  necessary  with  broad- 
leaved  trees,  which  possess  much  greater  recuperative 
power.  It  should  be  confined  to  the  smallest  amount, 
smoothing  bruised  roots,  and  if  for  proper  proportion- 
ing pruning  at  the  top  becomes  absolutely  necessary, 
shortening  the  leader  rather  than  branches.  Larch  will 
stand  more  severe  pruning  than  most  other  Conifers. 
From  the  artistic  as  well  as  physiological  point  of  view, 
it  is  barbarism  to  remove  the  lower  branches,  whuli  lli. 
tree  needs  to  shade  its  trunk  and  standing  room,  aud  • 
ten,  when  deprived  of  the  same,  willrepJace  first  b.  t'  i 
starting  again  in  its  height  growth.  Attention  sbouM 
however,  be  especially  paid  to  preventing  double  leadti  ^,  I 
which  are  detrimental  to  future  form-development;  cut 
them  out  as  early  as  possible,  preferably  in  the  bud. 
Laterals  may  be  somewhat  shortened-in  while  standing 
in  the  nursery,  to  lengthen  the  time  during  which  the 
lower  branches  are  to  persist.  Breaking  out  buds  is,  as 
with  all  trees,  the  best  method,  provided  the  pruner  has 
an  eye  for  his  business.  Even  in  after-life,  when  prun- 
ing is  done  to  keep  the  tree  shapely,  the  minimum  use 
of  the  pruning-knife  should  be  the  rule. 

There  are  three  marked  periods  in  the  development  of 
Conifers  — the  juvenile  period,  when  the  entire  tree  is  a 
crown,  branched  symmetrically  to  the  base,  the  perfec- 
tion of  symmetry';  then  follows  the  adolescent  stage, 
when  the  lower  branches  die  out,  a  period  of  unshape- 
liness;  followed  by  the  virile 
stage,  when  the  straight,  cylin- 
drical shaft  bears  the  crown  at 
one-third  or  one-half  of  the  up- 
per length  of  the  bole.  The 
trimming  during  the  adolescent 
stage  requires  most  considera- 
tion. It  is,  in  most  cases,  best 
only  to  take  off  the  lowest,  dy- 
ing or  dead  branches,  as  it  be- 
comes necessary. 

In  pruning,  cut  as  closely  as 
possible  to  the  trunk,  even  cut- 
ting into  the  bark,  also  remov- 
ing the  swelled  portion  on 
which  the  branches  are  usually 


CONIFERS 

inserted,  when  the  callusing   will    be  more  rapid   and 
satisfactory  in  shape. 

If  at  this  stage  or  at  any  time  the  trees  show  trouble 
at  the  top  by  drying  (becoming  "stag-headed"),  it  is  a 
sign  that  they  suffer  at  the  root  from  lack  of  moisture. 


535.    Pyramidal  evergreens.    Junipera 


Trimming  off  a  few  tiers  of  lower  branches,  loosening 
the  soil  as  far  as  the  ambitus  of  the  crown,  and  mulch- 
ing will  largely  correct  this.  When  used  for  hedges,  the 
treatment  is,  of  course,  different.  For  such  a  purpose 
the  shade-enduring  species,  spruces  and  hemlocks,  are 
best,  since  they  are  capable  of  preserving  a  dense  inte- 
rior foliage,  while  the  pines  are  bound  to  thin  out. 

There  are  a  number  of  dangers  and  damage  from  in- 
sects to  which  Conifers  are  exposed.  Drought  and  frost 
are  most  dangerous  to  seedlings  in  the  seed-bed.  These 
are  obviated  by  proper  location  of  the  seed-bed  (protec- 
tion against  sun  and  wind ) ,  by  covering  with  a  mulch  of 
moss,  straw,  pine-straw  or  the  like  (which  also  prevents 
the  heaving  out  by  frost  and  the  washing  out  by  rain, 
to  which  the  young  seeds  are  liable).  By  shading  and 
watering  the  danger  of  drought  is  overcome,  although 
at  the  same  time  that  of  "damping-off  "  is  invited.  The 
cause  of  this  disease,  consisting  in  the  reddening  of  the 
needles  and  their  falling  off,  is  as  yet  undiscovered,  a 
fungus  being  held  responsible  by  some.  Birds  may  be 
kept  away  from  the  seeds  by  mixing  them  with  red 
oxide  of  lead,  by  lath  screens,  and  the  usual  methods. 

Various  fungi  and  insects,  too  many  to  mention,  some 
polyphagous,  more  or  less  specific,  are  at  work  dur- 
ing the  various  stages  of  development.  A  host  of  leaf- 
miners,  saw-flies  and  caterpillars  destroy  the  foliage, 


536     Dwarf 


Pines  and  spruces. 


CONIFERS 

and  weevils  sap  the  young  shoots.  Bostricbi,  or  bark- 
beetles,  mine  under  the  bark,  mostly  of  trees  which  are 
sickly  from  other  causes;  borers  enter  the  wood  of  the 
boles.  Tortrices  bore  into  the  base  of  leaders  and  cause 
them  to  break  off.  The  best  remedies  against  most  of 
these  are  preventives,  namely :  providing  the  trees  with 
such  chances  of  vigorous  growth,  or  satisfactory  soil 
conditions,  that  they  are  able  to  ward  off  or  overcome 
the  enemies.  Otherwise,  watching  and  destroying  the 
enemies  in  time,  and  the  usual  remedies  to  kill  them, 
may  be  employed.  Literature  :  Veitch,  Manual  of  Coni- 
fers ;  Carriere,  Traits  des  Conifferes  ;  Beissner,  Hand- 


buch  der  Nadelholzkunde. 


E.  Fernow. 


CONlUM  maculatum,  Linn.  Ombelliferie.  The 
Poison  Hemlock,  "by  which,"  as  Gray  writes,  "crimi- 
nals and  philosophers  were  put  to  death  at  Athens." 
It  is  a  rank,  much-branched  European  herb  which  has 
run  wild  in  eastern  N.  America,  and  which  is  offered  in 
the  trade  as  a  border  plant.  It  is  biennial,  rank-smell- 
ing, and  poisonous,  and  is  scarcely  worth  cultivating, 
although  the  finely  cut  dark  foliage  is  highly  ornamen- 
tal. It  grows  from  2-A  ft.  high,  and  has  largo  umbels  of 
small  white  fls.  An  extract  is  sold  in  drug  stores  for  a 
sedative.  For  this  purpose  the  fruit  is  gathered  while 
green. 

CONNECTICUT,  HORTICULTUKE  IN.  Fig.  537. 
While  one  of  the  smallest  states  and  covering  but 
one  degree  of  latitude  (41  to  42),  owing  to  the  great 
diversity  of  soil  and  varying  elevations  from  the  sea 
level,  along  the  whole  southern  border,  to  900  and  1,200 
feet  in  sections  of  Tolland  county,  and  1,200  and  1,500  in 
portions  of  Litchfield,  Connecticut  is  adapted  to  as  wide 


a  range  of  horticultural  productions  as  any  state  out- 
side of  the  semi-tropic  fruit  belt.  The  "  season  "  of  many 
of  the  quick-maturing  species  and  varieties  of  fruits, 
flowers  and  vegetables  is  often  entirely  over  on  the 
light  soil  in  the  Connecticut  valley  and  along  the  Sound 
shore  when  like  species  and  varieties  are  but  just  be- 
ginning to  ripen  on  the  cooler,  moist  soils  of  the  hills 
of  Tolland  and  Litchfield  counties.  Strawberries  and 
green  \>v.t~  li'iti  l".->-\  il:ii:t<M<l  ,iiid  Glastonbury  supply 
theH.-iril'  ,      <,         ,i  hr  Bolton  hills,  only  12 

milesawi      '  i  mm- promise  of  the  crop 

had  in  the  Hartford  market  for  a  pcri.Ml  i,|  si\  di-  s,  vi  n 
weeks.  The  Sound  shore,  Housatoiiif  \alliy  an.l  l.lhli 
field  hills  supply  New  Haven.  BriilL'.-piu i  and  (.iln-r 
cities  of  the  state  through  equally  Iouk  .seasons. 

From  the  earliest  settlement  of  the  state,  fruit-grow- 
ing for  the  family  horae-supply  has  been  a  prominent 
feature  of  Connecticut  agriculture,  the  apple  being 
a  main  reliance.  The  old  seedling  trees  scattered 
over  all  our  farms  to-day  are  plain  evidence  that  our 
ancestors  took  their  apple  juice  through  the  spigot  of 
the  cider  barrel  rather  than  fresh  from  the  pulp  of  the 
ripe  fruit  of  some  finer  variety.    A  hundred  years  ago 


CONNECTICUT  dod 

every  farm-house  cellar  wintered  from  30  to  50  barrels 
of  cider,  while  to-day  it  is  hardly  respectable  to  have 
any,  and  probably  not  one  family  in  ten  now  has  even 
one  single  barrel  on  tap  as  a  beverage.  Yet  in  quantity 
and  variety  the  family  fruit  supply  has  wonderfully  in- 
creased and  a  daily  supply  of  fresh  home-grown  fruit  is 
the  rule  rather  than  the  exception  in  most  farm  homes, 
—  small  fruits  in  variety,  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums 
(both  European  and  Japan),  cherries  and  quinces,  in 
all  the  best  standard  varieties,  coming  to  their  highest 
perfection  in  every  section  of  the  state  where  rational 
methods  of  culture  are  followed.  The  topography  of  the 
state  is  such,  and  soils  are  so  varied  within  short  dis- 
tances, thatitis  difficult  to  district  the  state,  except  inthe 
most  general  way.  Aside  from  the  alluvial,  most  of  the 
light  sandy  and  sandy  loam  lands  are  aloiigthe  river  val- 
leys and  the  Sound  shore;  while  in  "the  hill  towns"  and 
along  the  ridges  the  soils  are  heavier,  with  more  or  less 
mixtures  of  clay,  and  many  of  the  hilltops  are  moist  and 
springy.  Rocks  are  very  abundant  nearly  all  over  the 
state  except  in  the  valleys,  while  the  natural  timber 
and  semi-abandoned  farm  and  pasture  lands,  growing 
up  to  brush  and  timber,  cover  fully  one-half  the  acreage 
of  the  state.  Acting  at  present  as  wind-breaks  and  cli- 
matic equalizers,  they  will  in  the  future  furnish  the 
"new  lands"  for  extensive  horticultural  enterprises. 
Lying  midway  between  New  York  and  Boston,— the 
greatest  horticultural  markets  of  America— Connecticut 
is  better  situated  than  any  other  state  in  the  Union  to 
realize  quick  cash  returns  from  her  horticulture.  Every 
farm  is  within  driving  distance  of  some  one  or  more 
of  her  own  busy  manufacturing  towns  and  villages, 
whose  people  are  appreciative  of  choice  fruits  and  are 
able  to  pay  for  them. 

District  No.  i.  — This  comprises  the  Connecticut  river 
valley  and  adjacent  hills,  along  the  Northampton  branch 
and  the  main  line  of  railroad  from  Hartford  to  New 
Haven,  and  all  of  the  shore  towns.  This  district  con- 
tains most  of  the  sandy  plain  lands  of  the  state,  and  the 
loams  and  clay  most  free  from  rocks  and  stones.  On 
the  hills  back  from  the  river,  on  the  ridges  either  side 
of  the  railroads,  and  a  few  miles  back  from  the  Sound 
shore,  there  are  many  places  where  soil  and  topograph- 
ical conditions  are  much  the  same  as  in  districts  Nos. 
2  and  3;  but,  having  much  larger  tracts  of  easily  culti- 
vated lands  and  being  better  located  as  to  market  con- 
ditions, this  district  is  more  highly  developed  horticul- 
turally  than  either  of  the  others.  Here  are  the  great 
market-gardens  and  small-fruit  farms,  peach  orchards, 
vineyards  and  melon  fields. 

District  No.  2.  — This  district  comprises  Tolland  and 
Windham  counties  and  all  of  Middlesex  and  New  London 
counties  except  Cromwell  and  the  shore  towns,  and  is 
particularly  well  suited  to  apple  and  peach  culture,  ow- 
ini;  to  the  rolling  condition  of  the  country  and  natural 
fertility  of  many  of  the  hills.  Every  few  miles  are  lit- 
tle valleys  and  pockets  suited  to  the  production  of  small 
fruits  aiid  vegetables  in  variety.  A  few  townships  in 
the  northeast  grow  apples  quite  extensively,  while  in 
the  west  and  southwest  commercial  peach  orchards  are 
found  to  considerable  extent. 

District  No.  3.-This  district  comprises  western  Hart- 
ford, northwestern  New  Haven,  northern  Fairfield,  and 
all  of  Litchfield  counties,  and  is  somevyhaf  similar  to 
district  No.  2,  except  that  the  soil  is  generally  heavier, 
with  rather  more  mixture  of  clay  and  the  hills  are 
more  abrupt  and  rocky.  Some  sections  of  Litchfield 
county  are  too  cold  and  bleak  for  any  but  the  most  hardy 
fruits. 

Apples  grow  freely  everywhere,  and,  while  always  of 

.r 1  ,|nalitv.  till-  Iiriu'lilfst  colors,  firmest  texture  and 

l,i.^li,.-i  ,|ua'litv  "f  fruit  ix  iiroduced  on  the  rocky  hills, 
at  aa  .-I cx  ai a .11  of  ti'ua  Hint.,  I.OOOfeet.  Baldwin,  Rhode 
Inland  ( li.a-iiiiiL-.  KnxiMii  X   Russet  and  Spy  are  the  lead- 

iu1;he  nortli- I -''  "    1       -     ■ : -a  1..  inri  ,.<a la-re  when 

properly  caia'  --  i  l-liave  al- 
ways been  |u.  n  i  ,  .u-e  plant- 
ings are  bt-inL-  ina.l.'.  tin  hn-i-I  ..r.liai.l  la  the  state 
containing  about  4,000  trei-s. 

Peach  culture  on  an  extended  scale  is  a  recent  devel- 
opment. Eighteen  years  ago  the  only  commercial  orchard 
in  the  state  contained  about  2,000  trees,  and  probably 


364 


CONNECTICUT 


5,000  trees  would  be  a  liberal  estimate  for  the  state; 
now  upwards  of  2,000,000  peach  trees  are  in  the  state- 
many  orchards  of  5,000  and  6,000  trees,  quite  a  number 
with  10,000  to  15,000  trees,  and  at  least  one  with  nearly 
50,000.  While  many  varieties  are  grown  to  some  extent, 
the  main  plantings  are  of  Mountain  Rose,  Oldmixon, 
Crawford  Early,  Crawford  Late  and  Stump.  More  re- 
cently, however,  Waddell,  Carman,  Champion  and  El- 
berta  have  been  heavily  planted.  High  culture,  close 
pruning  and  a  thinning  of  the  fruit  are  generally  prac- 
ticed, and  fruit  of  brightest  color,  largest  size  and  high 
quality  is  thus  secured.  In  the  markets  of  this  and 
neighboring  states,  "Connecticut  peaches"  usually  sell 
at  a  much  higher  price  than  those  from  any  other  sec- 
tion. The  only  serious  drawback  is  the  winter-killing 
of  the  fruit-buds  in  the  valleys,  this  happening  proba- 
bly three  years  out  of  five,  while  on  many  hillsides  and 
hilltops  at  least  two  crops  out  of  three  are  assured;  but 
there  are  many  favorable  localities  where  annual  crops 
are  almost  a  certainty. 

Japanese  plums  were  early  planted  in  this  state,  and 
so  quickly  proved  their  adaptability  to  soil  and  climate 
that  they  are  now  planted  in  a  small  way  in  every  sec- 
tion of  the  state,  fruiting  almost  as  freely  as  the  apple, 
for  family  supply,  while  in  a  commercial  way  they  are 
being  quite  largely  planted  in  district  No.  1.  Several 
orchards  have  from  2,000  to  4,000  trees  each.  Of  varie- 
ties longest  tested,  Burbank,  Abundance  and  Chabot 
are  most  satisfactory  and  profitable.  Red  June  and 
Satsuma  are  rapidly  growing  in  favor,  the  latter  com- 
manding extremely  fancy  prices  for  canning  purposes. 

Raspberries,  blackberries,  currants  and  gooseberries 
grow  and  produce  freely  all  over  the  State,  and  all  local 
markets  are  abundantly  supplied  in  season. 

Grapes  can  be  grown  successfully  all  over  the  state, 
except  on  the  highest  and  coldest  hills  ;  and  on  the 
sandy  plains  and  warm,  rocky  hillsides  all  the  best 
standard  varieties  can  be  produced  in  perfection.  There 
are  a  number  of  small  vineyards  in  district  No.  1,  and 
home-grown  grapes  sell  for  double  the  price  of  those 
coming  from  the  outside  ;  yet,  on  the  whole,  the  grape 
industry  is  but  lightly  thought  of. 

Pears  thrive  and  fruit  well  except  on  the  lighter 
lands,  and  nearly  every  home  garden  has  from  one  to 
half  a  dozen  trees.  There  are  a  few  small  commercial 
orchards  in  district  No.  1,  Bartlett  and  Clapp  being 
most  largely  grown  at  Hartford  and  the  adjoining 
towns.  On  the  west  side  of  the  river  the  Bosc  is  pro- 
duced in  its  highest  perfection. 

Cherries  have  been  steadily  failing  in  the  state  for 
twenfy-flve  years  past.  Not  enough  for  home  supply 
are  grown.  Newly  planted  trees  soon  die  out,  and  there 
is  a  general  discouragement.  They  seem  to  do  best  in 
the  vicinity  of  Middletown  and  Meriden.  and  the  few 
commercial  orchards  there  are  quite  profitable. 

Quinces  are  grown  all  over  the  state  for  home  supply, 
but  thrive  best  along  the  Sound  Bh(M-f.  where  there  are 
a  large  number  of  small  coniin.  rv  ,il  ..: .  Imids. 

Strawberries  are  very  lai  -  -■■■  i  ith  for  home 
and  outside  markets,  mrivii        i   -^   i    ,    i   mutted  rows, 

with  an  average  yield  ot'    .-'    :  ■    , i-tuls    per   acre. 

Some  cultirntors,  wlin  f,.ll,.n  i  n.  lull  >j  si,.rn  or  grow  in 
narrow,  thinlv  in:itti  il  v.m  ^.  -.  .  un-  l.jO  or  more  bushels 
per  acre.  A  mnjilii  r  nl'  ihr  li.  irv  farmers  have  systems 
of  irrigatiiiii  wlii.h  a.M  ri'atl>  to  the  surety  of  the 
crop,  besidfs  iin-reiisii]^'  tin-  niz.  and  appearance  of  the 
fruit.  The  rolling  character  of  the  country  and  vast 
number  of  small  streams  abundantly  supplied  with 
water  make  it  possible,  at  moderate  expense,  to  irrigate 
many  thousands  of  acres  in  this  state,  and  the  time  is 
not  far  distant  when  the  streams  of  Connecticut  will 
be  more  valuable  to  her  horticulturists  than  they  ever 
were  to  her  manufacturers  in  the  old  days  of  many 
small  factories  and  water-wheels. 

Almost  from  the  earliest  settlement,  small  local  nur- 
series have  abounded  in  the  state,  and  are  here  to-day 
to  the  number  of  .'):i.  An  extensive  general  nursery  at 
New  Canaan,  in  Fairfield  county,  is  much  the  largest  of 
any  in  New  England,  while  the  small  fruit  and  specialty 
nursery  at  South  Glastonbury,  Hartford  county,  dis- 
tributes plants  by  the  million  all  over  the  world.  At 
Cromwell,  Middlesex  county,  is  a  floricultural  estab- 
lishment which,  with  one  exception,  has  the  largest 


CONOCLINIUM 

area  under  glass  of  any  su 
and  surpasses  all  others 

The  late  Judge  A.  J.  Coe,  of  Meriden,  was  one  of  the 
first  men  in  America  to  take  up  the  new  chestnut  cul- 
ture by  the  importation  of  the  best  foreign  varieties  and 
the  selection  of  the  best  natives  and  their  crosses.  He 
commenced  the  grafting  on  native  sprouts  and  seed- 
lings, and  stimulated  quite  a  general  chestnut  grafting, 
so  that  a  goodly  number  of  chestnut  orchards  are  being 
established  on  land  too  rough  for  cultivation,  yet 
strong  in  its  ability  to  grow  the  chestnut  tree  and  nut 
to  perfection. 

At  Wethersfield,  in  Hartford  county.  Orange  and  Mil- 
ford,  in  New  Haven  county,  and  Southport,  in  Fairfield 
county,  are  many  farms  devoted  to  seed-growing. 
Onion  seed  and  sweet  corn  are  the  great  specialties,  but 
a  great  variety  of  other  seeds  are  also  grown,  especially 
at  Wethersfield  and  Orange. 

Market-gardening  is  carried  on  quite  extensively  by 
specialists  near  all  large  towns  and  cities,  while,  with 
so  many  good  markets  always  close  at  hand,  vegetables 
and  fruits  are  sold  in  moderate  quantities  from  nearly 
every  farm.  The  largest  general  market-garden  farm  is 
at  New  Haven,  where  over  400  acres  are  under  annual 
cultivation  with  vegetables  and  small  fruits.  At  South- 
port,  Fairfield  and  Westport  there  are  many  farms, 
both  large  and  small,  devoted  entirely  to  the  production 
of  onions.  "Southport  onions  "are  famous  for  fine  ap- 
pearance and  quality,  and  nowhere  in  America  is  the 
annual  yield  so  great  or  price  received  so  high  as  in  this 
district.  Marketing  is  done  in  sailing  vessels  direct 
from  the  farms  to  the  dock  markets  in  New  York,  where 
the  onions  are  sold  direct  to  retail  dealers,  boat  captains 
acting  as  salesmen  without  commission  tor  the  sake  of 
carrying  the  freight. 

Trolley  car  lines  are  widely  extended  through  many 
farming  sections  of  the  state,  and.  running  express  cars 
at  certain  hours  of  the  day  with  freight  movements  at 
night,  they  are  proving  quite  a  factor  in  the  distribution 
of  horticultural  products.  The  Hale  peach  farms, at  South 
Glastonbury,  were  the  first  in  America  to  use  this  new 
electric  power  in  the  marketing  of  their  products.  Fruit 
is  loaded  at  the  farm  side-track  as  gathered  during  the 
day,  and  transported  to  market  at  night,  after  passenger 
service  has  closed  for  the  day.  It  is  unloaded  in  the 
city  from  the  main-line  tracks  directly  in  front  of  the 
stores  in  the  early  morning  hours  before  the  tracks  are 
again  required  for  passenger  service,  and  the  empty 
cars  are  returned  to  the  farm  sidetrack  before  a  new 
day's  work  in  the  orchard  has  begun. 

The  Connecticut  Pomological  Society,  organized  some 
ten  years  ago,  is  a  prominent  feature  in  the  lively  fruit 
interests  of  the  state.  It  has  a  large,  active  member- 
ship, and,  aside  from  its  annual  winter  meeting,  it 
holds  each  summer  three  or  more  "field  meetings,"  on 
fruit  farms  in  different  sections  of  the  state,  and  there, 
around  tree,  plant  and  vine,  the  members  meet  and 
discuss  the  live  topics  of  the  hour,  gathering  inspira- 
tion which,  carried  to  their  homes,  is  pushing  Con- 
necticut into  the  very  front  rank  of  horticultural  states. 
J.  H.  Hale. 

CONOCfiFHALUS  (Greek,  cone  head).  One  of  the 
liverworts  (Marchantiaceae),  with  broad,  flat,  forking 
evergreen  thallus,  growing  on  moist  banks,  like  a  moss, 
C.  cdiiicits,  Dumort.,  is  offered  by  collectors  as  a  plant 
for  rockeries. 

CONOCLlNIUM  (Greek,  cone  and  bed).  Composite. 
Djfliers  from  Eupatorium  in  having  a  conical  receptacle 
and  the  somewhat  imbricated  involucral  scales  nearly 
equal.  Most  authors  now  unite  the  species  with  Eupa- 
torium (which  seel. 

csleatlnum,  DC.  {Eupatbrinm  caelesthuim,  Linn.). 
Mist  Flower.  Perennial,  1-2  ft.  high,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent :  Ivs.  opposite,  stalked,  triangular-ovate  and  some- 
what cordate,  coarse-toothed  :  heads  in  compact  cymes, 
raany-fld.,blueor  violet.  Mich,  and  111.,  toN.  J.andS.— 
Late-blooming  heliotrope-fld.  plant,  very  useful  for  low 
borders. 

Lasseiuxii,  Dur.  {Agerdtum  Lasse&uxii.  Carr.). 
Spreading  pubescent  perennial,  with  habit  of  Agera- 


CONOCLINIUM 

turn  comjzoides :  Ivs.  lance-elliptic,  obtuse-toothed, 
long-attenuate,  short-stalked  or  somewhat  decurrent  : 
heads  numerous,  handsome  rose-color.  Uruguay.  R.H. 
1870:90. -Handsome  plant  for  bedding.  Grows  1-2  ft. 
high.    Not  hardy.  ^   jj    g 

CONOPHALLUS  E6njak,  Schott,  is  Amorphophal- 
lus  Jiivieri,  var  Konjac,  Engler.  The  great  tuber  is 
much  grown  in  Japan  for  the  making  of  flour  ( see  George- 
son,  A.G.  13:79).  Amorplwphallus  Bevieri  is  figured 
on  p.  59  ;  also  in  R.H.  1871,  p.  573  ;  and  in  B.M.  6195 
(&s  Proteinophallus  Mevieri).  Eonjak  is  offereii  by  im- 
porters of  Japanese  plants. 

CONSERVATORY.  Literally,  a  place  in  which  thiuRS 
are  kept  or  preserved.  Used  to  designate  a  glass  house 
in  which  plants  are  kept  for  display,  rather  than  for 
propagating  or  growing. 


sliiii'  in  tin- i;nM-iili.iuM-:,  and  li. .111. .11^1-^  tli.'ii-.in,  and  the 
neuifi-  it  is  looatfil  to  tlia  resideiiii',  all  other  things 
being  equal,  the  better.  It  would  be  best  if  it  were  a 
part  of  it.  Many  architects,  in  preparing  plans  and  ar- 
ranging for  the  erection  otConservatories,  look  more  to 
the  architectural  beauty  of  the  structure  rather  than  to 
the  well-being  of  the  plants  to  be  grown  therein.  One 
of  the  worst  faults  hitherto  has  been  inadequate  ventila- 
tion. A  practical  grower  of  plants  should  always  be 
consulted  upon  this  essential  point  before  definite  ar- 
rangements for  building  are  made.  In  addition  to  a 
generous  opening  in  the  roof,  which  should,  in  all  cases, 
be  operated  by  one  of  the  most  approved  lifters  to  be 
had,  the  sides  also  should  have  door  openings  that 
may  be  easily  manipulated.  The  foundations  may 
be  made  of  any  substantial  material,  either  of  stone, 
brick  or  concrete,  and  the  wall  should  extend  2  ft.  «  in. 
or  3  ft.  high  above  the  ground-line  and  up  to  where  the 
glass  begins.  Hollow  brick  walls  are  considered  the 
most  satisfactory,  if  the  house  to  which  the  Conserva- 
tory is  to  be  attached  be  built  of  stone  or  brick,  being 
less  amenable  to  the  winter  extremes  in  temperature, 
when  outside  the  thermometer  may  register  zero,  and  in- 
side 55°  or  60°.  The  glass  from  the  wall  to  the  eaves 
should  be  of  good  quality,  and  as  transparent  as  possi- 
ble, but  that  on  the  roof  should  be  the  translucent, 
"frosted"  or  ground  glass.  Contrary  to  the  general  be- 
lief, rose  blooms  of  as  fine  quality  have  been  produced 
under  ground  glass  in  the  climate  of  the  United  States 
as  have  been  grown  under  glass  of  the  clearest  trans- 
parency, and  that  fact  is  here  stated  so  that  the  glass 
recommended  may,  without  hesitation,  be  used ;  besides, 
it  is  better  for  nearly  all  plants  grown  for  their  foliage; 


CONVALLARIA 


365 


servatory,  should  be  high  enough  to  give  a  pleasing 
general  effect  and  yet  such  that  each  individual  plant 
may  be  examined  at  pleasure;  and  at  the  same  time  the 
table  should  be  low  euough  that  the  pots  in  which  the 
plants  are  growing  may  not  be  seen  through  the  glass 
from  the  outside. 

Some  large  plants  may  find  a  permanent  home  in  the 
Conservatory,  such  as  vines,  to  be  trained  on  the  rafters 
and  girders,  if  the  size  and  style  of  the  building  will 
allow  of  their  training  and  proper  care.  Other  large 
plants,  as  palms  of  the  various  species  and  varieties, 
can  also  be  used  to  advantage.  The  great  trouble  with 
many  of  the  vines  and  other  plants  growing  permanently 
herein,  is  their  proneness  to  insects  in  such  structures, 
and  the  methods  generally  in  use  for  their  extermina- 
tion, put  into  operation  in  aConservatory  attached  to  a 
residence,  are  out  of  the  question  in  most  cases.  We  re- 
fer principally  to  the  old  style  method  of  fumigation  by 
burning  tobacco  for  the  destruction  of  aphis.  Experi- 
ments are  being  made  in  the  uses  of  different  gases, 
and  by  vaporizing  insecticides,  which  may  allow  of  this 
part  of  the  cultivation  of  flowers  and  plants  under  glass 
to  be  made  less  disagreeable  for  the  operators  and  for 
the  owners  of  Conservatories  in  the  future  than  it  has 
been  in  the  past.  For  the  destruction  of  the  various 
scale  insects  and  mealy  bug,  sponging  by  hand  is  gener- 
ally resorted  to,  but  it  is  a  slow  and  tedious  process. 
Syringing  with  a  weak  solution  of  tobacco  water  once  or 
twice  a  week  will  kill  the  scale,  and  aid  in  keeping  down 
mealy  bug,  especially  it  a  strong  pressure  of  water, 
when  syringing,  can  be  brought  into  requisition.  The 
aphis,  before  referred  to,  or  what  is  generally  called 
"green-fly,"  affects  only  what  are  termed  soft-wooded 
plants,  and  as  they  are  only  brought  in  when  at  their 
best,  should  be  entirely  free  from  that  pest  before  they 
leave  the  greenhouse,  in  which  they  have  been  brought 
to  their  most  interesting  and  showy  stage.  Sometimes, 
however,  no  matter  how  much  care  has  been  exercised, 
some  of  these  pests  will  be  found  on  the  plants,  and  as 
they  increase  very  rapidly,  some  means  will  have  to  be 
resorted  to  for  their  extermination.  Fumigation,  by 
burning  tobacco  stems,  is  out  of  the  question,  but  to- 
bacco dust,  — the  sweepings  of  a  cigar  factory,  — when 
burning  is  not  at  all  disagreeable,  leaving  little  more 
smell  than  the  burning  of  a  good  cigar.  Liquid  tobacco 
extract  is  often  used  with  good  effect  by  evaporation, 
using  hot  irons  in  the  liquid.  This  has  "its  objections, 
being  somewhat  clumsy  to  operate.  Evaporating  pans 
attached  to  the  heating  pipes,  in  which  the  liquid,  some- 
what diluted,  is  placed,  are  effective,  and  are  not  at  all 
disagreeable.  Cleanliness  and  neatness  are  the  great  es- 
sentials in  a  Conservatory  with  interesting  plants  well 
grown,  to  make  it  a  source  of  pleasure  to  the  owners, 
and  must  at  all  times  be  kept  in  view.  For  further  infor- 
mation, see  Glasshouses.  Edwix  Lonsdale. 


538.  Spray  of  Lily-of- 


and  the  beauty  of  flowering  plants  in  bloom  may  be  con- 
served much  longer  than  it  is  reasonable  to  expect  they 
would  be  under  the  more  or  less  glaring  unobstructed 
snnlight. 

The  interior  arrangement  of  aConservatory  is  a  ques- 
tion to  be  decided  largely  by  the  owner  and  gardener  in 
charge,  and  is  largely  a  matter  of  taste,  although 
convenience  in  operating  must  never  be  lost  sight 
of.  The  former  depends  upon  the  individuality  of 
those  most  interested,  and  the  latter  must,  in  all  cases, 
be  provided  for,  if  the  best  success  in  plant-growing  is 
to  be  achieved.  The  table  oc  stage  along  what  might  be 
termed  the  front,  or  nearest  to  the  outside  of  the  Con- 


CONVALLARIA  ( 

from  (  uiiallis  1 1  al 
LEV  Fi^  53S  One 
and  Asia  and  nntn 
Va.  to  s  C  u  Lvs 
or  pip  (Pii    5"')1     tl 


ad  tr 


1  name,  derived  ultimately 
luiien  LiL\  op-the-Val- 
herb  in  temperate  Europe 
the  high  mountains  from 
tl  ni  an  upiight  rootstock 
s  pink-tinged), 
t  1  adical  raceme 
i  1^'  541).  Much 
I  ilv     The  rhizome 


(Fig   5-10)    tbestam.  I 

prized  for  its  deln  it. 

and  loots  are  sold  in  duu^  si    its      1  he\  are  poisonous 

in  large  doses  ,    n»  small  do^es  used  as  a  heart  tonic. 

The  plant  is  popularlv  supposed  to  be  the  one  referred 

to  in  the  Sermon  on  the  Jlount,  but  this  is  not  to  be 


366 


CONVALLARIA 


determined.  It  is  essentially  a  shade-loving  plant. 
The  species  is  C.  majilis,  Linn.  B.H.  1886:84.  Gn.  47, 
p.  179;  52:1134  and  p.  319  (the  latter  in  fruit).  A.F. 
13:402.  Gng  5:56-7.  F.R.  2:4.  G.C.  III.  23:149  (var. 
grandiflorii  )■    Lowe,  42  (var.  viiriegata). 

Lily-of-the-Valley  is  hardy,  and  is  easily  grown  in 
partially  shaded  places  and  moderately  rich  ground. 
Old  beds  are  liable  to  run 
out.  The  roots  and  runners 
become  crowded,  and  few 
good  flower-stems  are  pro- 
duced. It  is  best  to  replant 
the  beds  every  few  years 
with  vigorous,  fresh  clumps, 


pip. 


540.  Raceme  of 
Lily-of- the  -valley. 


which  have  been  grown  for  the  purpose  ; 
out-of-the-way  place.  Five  or  6  strong  pips, 
with  their  side  growths,  planted  close  together, 
will  form  a  good  clump  in  two  years  if  not  al- 
lowed to  spread  too  much.  The  mats  of  cle 
foliage  make  attractive  carpets  unde 
in  other  shady  places.  If  the  bed  is  made  rich 
and  top-dressed  every  fall,  it  may  give  good  re- 
sults for  4  or  5  years  ;  and  plants  in  such  beds  thrive 
in  full  suujihine.  One  form  has  prettily  striped  foliage, 
very  ornamental  in  the  early  part  of  the  season.  Lilies- 
of-the-valley  bloom  early  in  spring.  They  run  wild  in 
many  old  yards,  in  cemeteries,  and  along  shady  road- 
sides. There  are  double-tld.  forms;  also  one  (var.  pro- 
lificans)  with  racemes  2  ft.  long. 

J.  B.  Keller  and  L.  H.  B. 
Few  cultivated  plants  give  so  much  satisfaction  at  so 
little  cost  as  the  Lily-of-the-Valley.  It  is  one  of  our 
earliest  spring  flowers.  Its  time  of  blooming  is  always 
a  subject  of  note  to  the  household.  It  succeeds  best  in 
partial  shade,  and  may  be  planted  in  the  wild  garden 
with  good  effect.  It  is  especially  appropriate  for  plant- 
ing in  irregular  patches  along  the  borders  of  wooded 
drives.  The  Lilyof-the-Valley  is  one  of  the  few  flowers 
we  seldom  tire  of.  In  and  out  of  season,  there  is  always 
a  demand  for  its  flowers.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of 
crowns  are  specially  grown  and  matured  in  France, 
Germany  and  Holland  for  early  forcing.  They  are  de- 
tached from  the  clumps,  grown  separately  for  two 
years,  sirred  before  shipment,  and  known  as  "pips." 
Berlin  pips  are  considered  best  for  early  forcing.  They 
usually  come  in  bundles  of  25,  and  to  have  them 
force  evenly  it  is  considered  essential  to  freeze  them 
for  a  week  or  two.   This   may  be  effected  by  leaving 


CONVALLAKIA 

them  in  the  packing  case,  moss  and  all,  in  some  open 
shed,  taking  them  out  as  required.  They  are  often 
placed  in  ice-houses,  and  frequently  kept  in  cold  stor- 
age for  summer  use.  In  forcing,  no  new  roots  are 
made.  An  ordinary  propagating  bed,  with  bottom  heat, 
answers  the  purpose,  and  sand  or  sphagnum  moss  is 
the  plunging  medium  in  most  general  use.  The  bundles 
of  crowns  are  given  time  to  thaw  out,  the  pips  separa- 
ted, and  the  crowns  set  in  as  thickly  as  possible.  The 
frame  is  covered  to  exclude  light  until  growth  com- 
mences. The  crowns  are  often  put  at  once  into  a  strong 
Ijoltom  heat  of  M"  F.  or  thereabouts,  but  a  better  way 
is  to  start  with  .')0^  and  gradually  increase  the  tempera- 
ture. Batches  intended  for  Christmas  and  New  Year's 
Day  often  fail  because  there  has  not  been  sufficient 
preparation  for  the  final  high  temperature.  It  is  seldom 
that  any  leaves  appear,  even  if  the  flowers  come.  In 
such  cases,  it  is  customary  to  put  in  a  few  leaf-eyes 
from  the  clumps.  Later  and  more  carefully  prepared 
batches  usually  come  well  and  with  abundance  of  leaves, 
without  which  the  flowers  lose  half  their  charm.  Bun- 
dles of  25  pips  are  often  potted  in  6-  or  7-inch  pots, 
for  Easter  sales.  As  the  natural  season  approaches, 
less  preparation  is  required.  The  pots  are  usually  set 
under  greenhouse  benches,  with  a  sprinkling  of  moss 
over  them,  away  from  heating  pipes,  until  some 
growth  is  made,  and  afterwards  finished  in  better  light, 
but  not  bright  sunlight.  Clumps  are  potted  and  treated 
in  the  same  way.  As  there  is  a  large  percentage  of  non- 
lilonniing  buds  in  the  clumps,  they  lose  in  effectiveness. 
There  are  rose-colored  varieties,  double  varieties,  and 
varieties  with  foliage  striped  with  white. 

T.  D.  Hatfield. 

Millions  of  the  single  crowns,  commercially  called 
''pips,"  are  grown  on  the  European  continent  and  ex- 
ported for  forcing.  One  English  firm  alone  forces  dur- 
ing the  year  upwards  of  seven  millions.  We  usually 
receive  the  pips  during  the  early  part  of  November. 
They  should  be  unpacked  at  once,  the  best  pips  selected 
for  the  earliest  forcing,  and  the  smallest  kept  for  the 
latest  forcing.  The  pips  are  tied  in  bundles  of  25.  If 
one  forces  a  limited  number,  say  500  to  1,000  per  week, 
then  put  the  bundles  in  8-  or  10-inch  deep  boxes,  in 
any  quantity  he  may  choose,  place  a  little  soil  between  the 
bundles,  and  give  them  a  good  soaking.  Then  place 
the  boxes  in  a  coldframe  or  some  place  where  the  rains 
can  be  kept  off— this  is  important  — cover  the  tops  of 
pips  with  a  few  inches  of  hay  or  straw.  Frost  does  not 
hurt  the  pips  in  the  least,  but  it  is  not  essential.  Never 
try  to  force  the  newly  imported  pips  before  New  Year's. 
The  cold  storage  pips  are  much  best  for  the  December 
crop.  In  keeping  them  in  cold  storage  they  should  be 
removed  from  the  frames  and  put  into  cold  storage  be- 
fore there  is  the  slightest  movement  of  growth  in  the 
spring.  The  boxes 
should  be  covered 
with  slats,  so  that 
one  box  can  be 
put  on  another, 
or  charge  for  stor- 
age will  be  exces 
sive.  The  tem- 
perature should 
be  from  28°  to  30° 
Fahr. 

The  principal 
thing  in  forcing 
Lilyofthe-Valley 
is  to  obtain  a 
strong  bottom 
heat  with  a  cool 
atmosphere.  So, 
to  obtain  this,  the 
bed    for    forcing 

should     have      a  the-valley  (X4). 

slate  bottom  with 

6  inches  of  sand  on  it  and  be  over  some  hot  water 
or  steam  pipes.  The  temperature  of  the  sand  should 
be  80°  to  90°  and  the  atmosphere  50°.  As  spring  ap- 
proaches less  bottom  heat  will  be  needed.  A  copious 
watering  should  be  given  the  sand  daily,  but  when  the 
bells  are  showing  color  they  should  not  be  wet.  Keep  a 
covering  of  boards  or  cloth  over  the  pips  for  the  first  10 


Section  of  flower 


Lily-of- 


CONVALLARIA 

days  ;  after  that  admit  the  light  gradually,  and  when 
in  full  flower  give  them  the  full  light,  but  never  much 
sunlight,  and  avoid  draughts.  A  dozen  or  20  pips  can 
be  forced  the  same  way  in  a  5-  or  6-inch  pot.  The 
flowers  should  be  cut  about  21  hours  before  using,  anil 
pl.iced  in  jars  of  cold  water.  This  prevents  wilting 
when  used.  William  Scott. 

CONVOLVULUS  (Latin,  confo/i'O,  to  entwine)  Coniol 
vulAcecE.  Includes  Calystegia.  Bindweed  A  genue 
of  about  175  species,  widely  distributed 
in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Annual 
or  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  suffrutes 
cent,  twining,  trailing,  erect  or  ascend 
ing,  with  filiform,  creeping  rootstocks 
Ivs.  petiolate,  entire,  toothed  or  lobed 
generally  cordate  or  sagittate  :  fls.  axil 
lary,  solitary  or  loosely  cymose,  mostlj 
opening  only  in  early  morning  ;  corolla 
caiupanulate  or  funnel-form,  the  limb 
plaited,  5-angled,  5-lobed  or  entire.  The 
botanical  distinction  between  Convolvulus 
and  Calystegia  is  not  sufficiently  well 
marked  to  warrant  retaining  the  latter  as 
a  separate  genus.  When  the  Hs.  of  C.  oi 
cidentalis  are  borne  singly,  the  calj  \ 
bracts  are  broad  and  Calystegia  -  like 
when  borne  in  clusters  the  bracts  are 
greatly  reduced.  g.  -^y.  Fletcher. 

The  species  thrive  in  a  variety  of  soils 
without   especial  care.     The   greenhouse 
species  do  best  in  a  soil  with  considerable 
fiber.    The  hardy   perennials  are  usually 
prop,  by  dividing  the  roots,  otherwise  by 
cuttings  or  seeds,  the  tender  species  pre 
ferably  by  cuttings.  C.  tricolor  is  the  most 
important  of  the  hardy  annuals.    It  may  also  be  started 
in  the  greenhouse,  and  makes   an    excellent   plant  for 
the    hanging  basket.    All  are    vigorous    gioweis,    and 
may  become  troublesome  weeds  in  some  places  if  not 
kept    within    bounds.     C.   Japoiiicus    and   C.    Sepium 
should  be  used  with  caution.     This  is  the  chief 
why  the  hardy  perennials  are  not  often  found  in  well- 
kept    gardens,    except    along    wire    fences    or    lattice 
screens,  where  the  turf  is  laid   up  close  so  as  to  allow 
only  a  niirrow  border  for  the  roots.  The  double-flowered 
form  of  C.  Japonicus  is  seen  to  best  advantage  in  half- 
wild  pl.ices,  or  on  rocky  banks,  where  shrubs  make  but 
a  stunted  growth.    Here  it  will  grow  luxuriantly,  form- 
ing graceful  festoons  from  branch  to  branch,  and 
ing  the  ground  with  a  pretty  mantle  of  green. 

Cult,  by  J.  B.  Keller. 

A.   Calyx  with  S  membranaceous  bracts  at  the  base: 

peduncles  usually  J-fUl.  (Ciilystegia.) 

B.    Stem  prostrate,  8  in.  to  2  ft.  high  :  peduncle  usually 

shorter  than  the  Ivs. 

villdsus,  Gray  (Calystegia  rillbsa,  Kellogg).  Plant 
densely  white-villose  throughout  :  stem  prostrate, 
scarcely  twining  :  Ivs.  slender-petioled,  reniform-has- 
tate  to  sagittate,  the  upper  acumiuate,  1  in.  or  less 
long,  the  basal  lobes  often  coarsely  toothed:  bracts  oval 
or  ovate,  completely  enclosing  the  calyx :  fls.  cream-yel- 
low, 1  in.  long.  Calif.  Perennial. 
BE.  stem  twining  or  trailing,  3-10  ft.  high:  peduncle 
exceeding  the  Ivs. 

Japdnicus,  Thunb.  (Calystegia  pub(scens,  Lindl.). 
California  Rose.  Fig.  542.  Hardy  perennial,  herba- 
ceous twiner:  growth  very  vigorous,  often  20  ft. :  whole 
plant  more  or  less  densely  and  minutely  pubescent: 
Ivs.  hastate,  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  broadly  acute,  with 
angular  or  rounded  lobes  at  the  base  ;  variable,  oc- 
casionally without  lobes,  rarely  sharp  lanceolate  :  fls. 
bright  pink,  1-2  in.  broad,  produced  freely  during  the 
summer  months  and  remaining  expanded  for  several 
days.  Japan  and  E.  Asia.  The  double  form  is  now 
naturalized  from  southeastern  N.  Y.  to  D.  C.  and 
Mo.  P.M.  13:  243.  F.  S.  2  :  172.  B.  R.  32:  42.- 
The  double  form  is  completely  sterile,  with  narrow, 
wavy  petals,  irregularly  arranged,  the  outer  somewhat 
lacerate.    A   valuable    decorative    plant    for    covering 


CONVOLVULUS 


367 


stumps  and  walls.  In  rich  soil  the  roots  spread  rapidly, 
and  will  smother  out  all  other  plants  unless  confined  in 
tubs.  The  Calystegia  pubescens  of  Lindley  has  been 
wrongly  referred  to  Ipomtva  liederacea,  but  the  two 
plants  are  very  different,  the  former  being  perennial 
and  the  latter  annual.  See  Journ.  Hort.  Soe.  1:70  (1846). 
The  plant  is  commonly  confounded  with  C.  Sepinm. 

occidentilis,  Uraj  Hardy  perennial,  herbaceous  or 
with  suffrutescent  base  stem  twining,  several  ft.  high, 
slabrous  or  mmutelv  pubescent :    Ivs.  from  angulate- 


542.    Convolvulus  Japomcus 


cordate,  with  a  deep  and  narrow  sinus, 
to  lanceolate  -  hastate,  the  posterior 
lobes  of  ten  1-2 -toothed :  peduncle  1-fld.  \    ,  I 

or  proliferously  2-3-fld.:  bracts  ovate  \    \ 

or  lanceolate,  usually  completely  enclosing  the  calyx, 
variable  :  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  1-2  in.  long;  stig- 
mas linear.  Dry  hills,  Calif.-Int.  1881,  by  Gillett.  An 
admirable  plant  for  rockeries. 

Sepium,  Linn.  {Calystegia  Sepium,R.BT.).  Rutland 
Beautv.  Fig.  543.  Perennial  trailer,  3-10  ft.  long,  gla- 
brous or  minutely  pubescent:  Ivs.  round-cordate  to  del- 
toid-hastate, the  basal  lobes  divaricate,  entire  or  angu- 
late:  fls.  white,  rose  or  pink,  with  white  stripes.  F.S. 
8:826.  B.M.732.  A.G.12:638.  Gn.  50:  1098. -A  very 
variable  species.  Cosmopolitan  in  temperate  regions. 
An  insidious  weed  in  moist  soil. 


Calyx  1 


cle  i-6-fld.  {1 


itely 


B.    Stem  prostrate,  trailing,  glabrous 
pubescent. 

MauritAnicus.Boiss.  Strong  perennial  roots:  stem  her- 
baceous, slender,  prostrate,  rarely  branched,  minutely 
villose:  Ivs.  alternate,  round-ovate,  obtuse,  short-peti- 
oled:  fls.  blue  to  violet-purple,  with  a  lighter  throat, 
1-2  in.  across,  very  handsome.  Africa.  B.M.5243.  F.S. 
21:2183.  Gn. 39:788. -A  free  bloomer  through  the  sum- 
mer. On  dry  banks  each  plant  forms  a  den'ie  tuft  which 
throws  up  many  graceful  shoots.  Not  hardy  north  ol 
Phila. 


368 


CONVOLVULUS 


Linn.  Hardy  perennial  trailer,  decidu- 
ous :  stem  angular,  glabrous  :  Ivs.  cordate-sagittate, 
grey-green,  the  lobes  entire  or  dentate:  sepals  glabrous, 
ovate, obtuse;  corolla  white,  creamy  or  light  pink.  Asia 
Minor.  — The  large  tap-roots  supply  the  resinous  cathar- 
tic drug  scaramonj'. 

BB.    Stem  erect  or  ascending,  silky. 

Cnednun,  Linn.  Stem  shrubby,  half-hardy,  1-4  ft. 
high :  Ivs.  persistent,  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  silky  grey : 
inflorescence  a  loose  panicle,  1-6-fld. :  fls.  white  or 
tinged  with  pink,  borne  freely  during  the  summer.  S. 
Eu.— Valuable  as  a  pot-plant  for  greenhouse  or  window 
decoration,  or  trained  to  a  warm  wall.  Confused  with 
C.  oleiefolins. 

oleaefdlius,  Desr.  Tender  perennial:  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  slightly  villose :  fls.  bright  pink,  borne  freely 
in  loose,  umbellate  panicles  in  the  summer.  Greece. 
B.M.  289  (as  C.  linen ris}.-M&Tiy  plants  now  passing  as 
C.  olewfolius  are  C.  Vneorum.  The  latter  may  be  dis- 
tinguished by  its  broader,  blunter,  silvery-villose  Ivs. 
and  lighter  colored  blossoms. 

tricolor,  Linn.  (C.  mhior,  Hort.).  Fig.  544.  Hardy 
annual  :  stem  trailing,  ascending  G-12  in.,  angulate, 
densely  covered  with  long  brownish  hairs:  Ivs.  linear- 
oblong  or  subspatulate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
usually  pubescent  but  sometimes  glabrous,  the  margin 
ciliate  towards  the  base;  peduncle  3-fld.,  exceeding  the 
Ivs.:  sepals  ovate,  lanceolate,  villose,  acute:  limb  of  the 
corolla  azure-blue,  throat  yellow,  margined  with  white. 
S.  Eu.  B.M.  27.— One  of  the  best  annuals  for  the  home 
border.  Each  plant  covers  a  ground  space  of  2  ft.,  and 
blooms  continuously  throughout  the  summer.  Flowers 
remain  open  all  day  during  pleasant  weather.  There 
are  many  variously  striped  and  spotted  forms  of  this 
popular  annual,  none  of  which  surpasses  the  type  in 
beauty.  A  variety  with  pure  white  fls.  is  attractive. 
Other  well  marked  horticultural  forms  are  :  Var.  vit- 
tita,  prettily  striped  with  blue  and  white.    F.S.3:298. 


from  seed  :  stem  trailing  or  twining,  4-5  ft.  long :  fls. 
golden.  Valuable  as  a  greenhouse  climber  and  for 
hanging  baskets.— Not  sufficiently  described  for  identi- 
fication. 


544.    Convolvulus  tricolor. 


cordate,  crenate,  silvery;  fls.  pint.  May-Aug.  Mediterranean 
region.  B.M.359.  F.S.10:1021(as  var.argyreus).  R.H.18M;111.— 
C.  aninsis.  Linn.  Slender  perenni:il  trailer,  1-3  ft,  long,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so:  !v=  o-rtfp-^.-iL'ittnt*'  or  ha'^t,Hte,  vnrifthle: 
fls.  white  or  pink.  En  ,.i.il.  \-:.,  \,-,iur^ili,.-l  in  <il,l  tields 
throueh  the  Atlantic- -I  '  \  ii,,uM.  v,,,,,,  n,  ...i — 
O.  £)aAi(riViM.  Herl). '  1  _  !'  ^  })- li  i  llar.ly  .le- 
ciduous  twiner,  3-6  t't, :    l\-    ,,,,,;  '■il-.i.!''     ■!m.iI1\    n,  lit.-     fls. 

pink  or  rose-violet.  Jiuit.  .Iui>.  N.l^i  I'  M  -''"''  !'  s. 
10:107.3.- (\  Canariensis,  Linn.     GreentM'i  ■  .  .  ,i       hs. 

olilong-cordate.  acute,  villose  ;  fls.  violet-iu  '  :  l-i; 

Ikl.    Can.iry  Islands.     B.  M.  1228.- C -  r. 

.•L.vuilis.  Cluii^yl.     Tender  Inennial  ;  Iv- ti.e 


<':^ 


543.    Convolvulus  Sepium 


R.H.  1848:121. 
for  pot  culture, 
recorded.    F.S.8:11B. 

ailreus  sup^rbus,  Hort.    A  tender  perennial,  but  may 
be  treated  as  an  annual,  since  it  flowers  the  first  season 


S.  W.  Fletcuer. 


COONTIE  of  S.  Fla.  is  Zamia  integrifolia. 

COOPfiBIA  (after  Joseph  Cooper,  English  gardener). 
AmttrifUiddce(e.  A  genus  of  only  two  or  three  species 
of  tender,  bulbous  plants  from  Texas,  with  the  habit  of 
Zephyranthes  but  night-blooming  (which  is  anomalous 
in  the  order),  and  with  erect  anthers,  while  those  of  the 
latter  are  versatile.  The  fls.  are  fragrant,  solitary,  2  in. 
or  more  across,  waxy-white,  tinged  red  outside,  and 
more  or  less  green  within.  The  Ivs.  appear  with  the  fls. 
in  summer.  They  are  long,  narrow,  flat  and  twisted. 
The  bulbs  should  be  taken  up  in  autumn  and  stored 
during  the  winter  in  dry  soil.  Culture  easy  and  like 
Zephvranthes.  Lately  a  new  and  little-known  plant 
has  been  offered  by  the  trade,  C.  Oberwelteri.  with 
"brigbt  green"  fls. 

A.    Xeek  of  bulb  short:  perianth  tube  lonij. 

Dnimmondii,  Herb.  Evkning  Star.  Bulb  roundish, 
1  in.  thick,  with  a  short  neck  :  Ivs.  narrowly  linear, 
erect,  1  ft.  long  :  peduncle  slender,  fragile,  hollow  M-1 
ft.  long:  spathe  VA-2  In.  long,  2-valved  at  the  tip: 
perianth  tube  3-5  in.  long ;  limb  'A-l  in.  long,  white, 
tinged  with  red  outside  :  segments  oblong,  cuspidate. 
Var.  cUorosdlen,  Baker,  has  a  perianth  tube  stouter  and 
tinged  with  green:  limb  longer  and  less  wheel-shaped  : 
Ivs.  a  little  broader.   B.M.  3482. 


COOPERIA 

AA.  dTeck  of  bulb  long:  perianth  tube  short. 
pedunculata.  Herb.  Giant  Faikt  Lily.  More  robust 
than  C.  Drummondii :  bulb  with  a  longer  neck,  2-3  in. 
long:  Ivs.  about  6,  1  ft.  long,  H  in.  broad  :  peviuncle 
about  1  ft.  long  :  spathe  1-2-vaIved  at  the  tip :  perianth 
tube  shorter,  IHin.  long  :  limb  nearlv  as  long  as  the 
tube,  tinged  red  outside.  B.M.  3727.  K.H.  1853:  401.— 
The  best  species.  Fls.  larger,  of  purer  color,  and  remain- 
ing open  a  day  or  two  longer.  \Y^  jj^ 

COPRdSMA  ( Greek  name  referring  to  the  fetid  odor 
of  the  plants).  l^rihificfiF.  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  often 
trailing,  of  New  Zealand.  Australia  and  Hawaii.  Cult, 
for  their  pretty  fr.  or  variegated  Its.  Lvs.  opposite, 
mostly  small.  Fls.  small,  solitary  or  fascicled,  white  or 
greenish,  polygamous  dicecious;  corolla-limb -t-G-lobed, 
the  lobes  revolute ;  stamens  4-6 :  f r.  an  ovoid  or  globose 


in  the  open.  Prop,  by  hardened  cuttings.  The  soil 
which  is  found  among  Kalraia  roots,  mixed  with  good 
loam  and  sand,  if  necessary,  will  suit  these  plants. 
Cuttings  should  be  rooted  in  moderate  heat  in  spring, 
before  growth  commences.  If  placed  under  a  handlight 
or  propagating  frame,  care  must  be  taken  to  prevent 
damping,  to  which  the  cuttings  are  liable. 
Baderi,  Endl.  (C.  Baueridna,  Hook.  f. 
C.  i'Mciii,  Hort.).  Trailing  plant,  with 
oval-obtuse  or  rounded  entire  Its.,  which 
are  oddly  blotched  with  yellow  and  whit- 
ish or  even  almost  wholly  yellow.  New 
Zealand.  — With  age  it  forms  a  compact 
shrub.  Vars.  picturita,  Hort.,  and  varie- 
gMa,  Hort.,  are  the  common  forms. 

acerosa,  A.  Cuun.  Low  and  spreading, 
with  minute  Its.,  small  white  fls.,  and 
pretty  sky-blue  drupes  or  berries.  New 
Zealand.       q.  -r^.  Qlitek  and  L.  H.  B. 


COPTIS  (Greek,  to  cut,  from  the  cut 
leaves).  Jianuticuldceie.  Eight  species  of 
hardy  perennial  herbs  of  the  cooler  parts 
of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Low,  stem- 
less  plants,  with  slender  rootstocks  :  Ivs. 
radical,  compound  or  diTided,  lasting 
over  winter  :  fls.  white  or  yellow,  sea- 
pose  ;  sepals  5-7,  petal-like  ;  petals  5-6, 
small,  linear,  hood-like;  stamens  numer- 
ous: carpels  stalked,  few,  becoming  an 
umbel  of  follicles.  The  bitter  roots  yield 
the  tonic  medicine  known  as  "  gold  thread ; " 
also  a  yellow  dye.  The  plants  should  have 
peaty  soil,  with  a  little  sand,  and  prefer 
shade  in  damp  situations.  They  require 
some  protection  in  winter,  as  in  a  cold 
pit.    Prop,  by  root  division  and  seed. 

trifdlia,  Salisb.  No  stem  :  rootstock 
yellow  :  Ivs.  compound,  long-petioled  ; 
Ifts.  broadly  obovate,  cuneate,  obtuse,  the 
teeth  mucronate :  fl. -stem  slender  ;  sepals 
white,  with  yellow  base  ;  petals  small, 
club-shaped  :  follicles  3-7,  spreading, 
equaled  by  their  stalk;  seeds  black.  May- 
■July.  Adirondacks  and  westward.  L.B.C. 
2:173.— Neat  and  pretty, 
with  shining  lvs. 

K.  C.  Davis. 


CORDTLINE 


369 


COEAL  BEEEY.    Sym- 
'horicarpus  vulgaris. 


COEAL    DEOPS.     Bes- 


COEALLOEHtZA(Greek 

for  coral-root).  Orchidd- 
cem,  tribe  Epidendrece. 
Coral  Root.  Low  native 
orchids,  growing  in  woods  and  parasitic  on  roots,  des- 
titute of  green  foliage,  the  plant  usually  brownish  or 
yellowish  and  inconspicuous.     FI.  small,   somewhat  2- 

24 


lipped,  usually  obscurely  spurred  at  the  base  ;  sepals 
and  petals  nearly  alike;  lip  small,  slightly  adherent  to 
the  base  of  the  column  :  pollinia  4.  Species  few,  in  N. 
Amer.,  Eu.  and  Asia.  The  Coral-roots  have  little  merit 
as  garden  plants,  although  very  interesting  to  the  stu- 
dent. They  may  be  grown  in  rich,  shady  borders.  Two 
species  have  been  offered  by  dealers  in  native  plants  : 
C.  multifldra,  Nutt.  (Fig.  545),  is  purplish,  l^^ft.  or  less 
high,  10-30-fld.,  lip  deeply  3-lobed:  grows  in  dry  woods 
in  northern  states;  C.  Mertensiana,  Bong.,  scape  many- 
fld.,  8-15  in.  high,  the  lip  entire  and  broadly  oblong- 
occurs  in  Brit.  Col.  and  N.  to  Alaska.  '     L    H    B 

COEAL-EOOT.    Corallorliiza. 

COEAL-TEEE.    Erythrinn. 

C6ECH0EUS  Japdnicus.  See  Kerria.  The  genus 
contains  the  two  plants  that  furnish  Jute,  C.  capsularis 
(which  yields  most)  and  C.  olitorius.  They  are  annual 
plants,  natives  of  Asia  but  cultivated  throughout  the 
tropics,  growing  10  or  12  ft.  high,  with  a  straight  stem 
as  thick  as  the  little  flnger  and  branched  oniT  at  the  top. 
The  young  shoots  of  both  are  used  as  pot  herbs.  C.  oli- 
torius is  much  grown  for  this  purpose  in  EgTpt,  and  is 
known  as  Jews'  Mallow.    They  belong  to  the  TiUctcea. 


COEDIA  (an  early  Germ 

BorraginAceoe.  Warm-clii 
American.  Calvx  tnlmlnr 
lobed  :  corolla  tubular.  I"l 


1  botanist,  Valerius  Cordus). 
ate  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly 
r  canipanulate,  toothed  or 
1.  till-  ).;u-ts  and  the  stamens 
tormore:  style  L'-l"li..l :  fv.  a  .li  iipe  which  is  4-loculed 
and  usually  4-sefd.-.l  :  Iv-.  ,  niire  or  toothed.  The 
Cordias  are  greenhoii-t-  pUiuts  with  showy  fls.,  of  easy 
cult.  Grown  In  the  open  in  the  extreme  S.  Prop,  by 
cuttings  of  firm  wood  and  by  seeds. 

SebestSna,  Linn.  (C  «;)fcidsa,  Willd.).  Geiger  Tree. 
Tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  hairy,  with  rough,  broail-ovate, 
large-stalked  lvs.:  fls.  1-2  in.  long,  scarlet,  stalked,  in 
large,  open,  terminal  clusters,  the  crumpled  corolla- 
lobes  and  stamens  5-12  :  drupe  enclosed  in  the  hazel- 
like  husk  formed  by  the  persistent  calvx.  Keys  of  Fla. 
and  S.    B.M.  794. 


Other  Cordias,  of  which  there  are  many,  are  likclv  to  come 
nto  cult,  in  the  southern  count  r\  '  (,..,,  i,,,.  ,,  i',,i. 
(ten,  W.its.  (G.F.  2:23;ii,nf  M.x:   .  ,-:..,f 

ts  fls.  equals  the  C.  Sebestena  '      '      1/  I  ,..ii 

•   ■        rHl..isonenfth.-i"  ^         ,,.■  ,,  ,  ;.,:,,,,  :,^    .,,   lly 
ly.ah,  ,     ,:.>.  ^    ,j^  ^ 

COEDYLiNE  {dub-like:  referring  to  the  fleshy  roots). 
Lilidcea.  DraOvEna.  A  genus  of  greenhouse  plants 
closely  related  to  Dractena,  but  the  ovary  contains  sev- 
eral ovules  in  each  cell,  and  the  solitary  pedicels  are 
provided  with  a  3-bracted  involucre  :  stem  tall,  often 
woody,  bearing  large,  crowded  lvs.,  to  the  striking  varie- 
gation of  which  the  group  owes  its  value:  fls.  panicled; 
stamens  6  :  pedicels  articulated  :  perianth  6-parted  : 
ovary  3-ceIIed  :  fr.  a  berry.  Cultivated  for  the  orna- 
mental foliage.  The  horticultural  forms  and  names  have 
become  very  numerous.  The  various  species  are  in  the 
trade  under  Dracsena,  which  see  for  a  key  to  the  species 
of  both  genera  combined.  In  the  following  paragraphs, 
the  initial  D  indicates  that  the  plant  in  question  is 
known  in  the  trade  as  a  Draciena.and  C  that  it  is  known  as 
aCord}-line  (seel)rac(nia).  For  a  monograph,  see  Baker, 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  14:  538  (1875).  g.  M.  Wiegand. 

Of  Cordylines  or  Dracfena,  propagation  is  generally 
effected  by  cutting  the  ripened  stems  or  trunks,  from 
which  all  lvs.  have  been  removed,  into  pieces  from  2^ 
in.  long.  These  are  laid  either  in  very  light  soil  or  in 
sand  in  the  propagating  bed,  where  they  receive  a  bot- 
tom heat  of  about  80°  ,  being  barely  covered  with  sand 
or  moss  (Fig.  546).  The  eyes  soon  start  into  growth, 
and,  as  soon  as  they  have  attained  a  height  of  3-4  in., 
are  cut  off  with  a  small  heel  and  again  placed  in  the 
propagating  bed  until  rooted,  after  which  they  are 
potted  off  into  small  pots  in  light  soil,  kept  close  until 
they  become  established.  They  are  then  shifted  on  into 
larger  pots  as  soon  as  well  rooted.  They  delight  In  a 
mixture  of  3  parts  good,  turfy  loam  and  1  part  well- 


370 


CORDTLINE 


decayed  cow-manure,  with  a  liberal  sprinkling  of  sharp 
sand.  A  warm,  moist  atmosphere  suits  them  best  while 
growing,  but  towards  f;in  tlif  finished  plants  must  be 
gradually  exposed  f..  full  sunshine  and  a  dry  atmos- 
phere, which  develops  tli.ir  liii.-li  .'olors. 

The  kinds  enuniii^itid  l»luw  are  such  as  are  mainly 
grown  in  large  quantities  for  decorative  purposes,  and 


546.  Stem-cutting  of  Cordyline. 

are  sold  principally  during  the  winter  months,  especially 
during  the  holiday  season,  when  plants  with  bright 
colored  foliage  are  always  in  strong  demand:  Cordyline 
amabilis.—A  strong-growing  species  with  broad  green 
foliage,  which  is  prettily  variegated  with  white  aud  deep 
rose.  Oneof  the  hardiest  varieties,  eitherfor  decorations 
in  winter  or  for  outdoor  work,  vases,  etc.,  in  summer. 
C.  imperialis.  — Another  strong-growing  species,  with 
deep  olive-frrern  foliage,  whi.-li  ^Irin-j-.-s  t..  <l.-.-|.  rose 
withwllite.'.lL-.     />.  fr>i, ,,■",■•         \'     \.-.,...,  -I..  .  I.  -  iiilh 


CORDTLINE 

be  large  enough  for  6-in.  pots  by  the  end  of  the  follow- 
ing September. 

Dractena  K}irrrl-u.  C.  rfnntnfoUa ,  D.  I/indeyiii  and 
D.  Massanqriniii  an-  am. in-  tin-  \,,-.\  ilecorative  plants 
for  the  dwellinL'  li"us,  .  /(.  K„,  ,,  /,;.  and  the  two  varie- 
gated forms  "f  Ji.  fr.iijr.ni.^  an'  i.ic.t.-d  from  cuttings 
taken  from  head. d-l.aik  plants.  In  j.n.pagating  6'.  c«n- 
nwfolin,  when  seed  cannot  be  obtained,  old  plants 
should  be  mossed  so  as  to  produce  roots  before  the  top 
is  taken  off,  as  it  is  a  shy-rooting  species  from  cuttings. 
D.  Goldieana  should  be  topped  and  rooted  in  a  good 
bottom  heat,  and  the  stems  cut  into  pieces  small  enough 
to  be  put  in  pots  when  the  shoot  is  of  sufficient  length, 
instead  of  cutting  off  the  shoots  and  rooting  afresh.  B. 
Godseffiana  and  D.  maeulata  evidently  belong  to  the 
same  section  ;  every  little  branch  of  these  will  root  in 
sharp  sand.  Long  stems  of  J),  ensifolia  and  D.  Bopr- 
havii,  when  cut  in  sections  of  from  4  to  G  in.,  with  the 
leaves  kept  on,  will  root  quickly  and  may  be  used  as 
stock  plants.  C.  Brasiliensis,  an  elegant  species  with 
broad  green  Ivs.,  is  best  propagated  by  adopting  the 
method  practiced  on  the  colored-lvd.  kinds,  of  which  C. 
terminalis  is  perhaps  the  best  known.  This  method 
consists  of  cutting  up  the  stems  into  small  pieces  and 
placing  them  in  sand,  with  a  brisk  bottom  heat.  Small 
shoots  are  developed  in  a  short  time,  which  will  fre- 
quently be  found  to  have  small  roots  at  their  bases,  but 
they  are  of  little  use  for  the  subsequent  nutriment  of 
the  plantlet.  The  shoot,  when  larnre  enon-li.  sl....ild  be 
.separated  from  the  piec<-  nf   st.-ni  and   in-trt.-d   in  tlx' 

sand-bed,  where   it   will    d.vrlM|,   tliick    i Iihl-    r.n.ts 

Afterwards  they  are  potted  and  kii't  in  a  uarm,  iinii^t 
atmosphere.  Cuttings  may  bt-  i>ut  in  at  any  tiim  whiii 
bottom  heat  is  at  command.  The  soil  used  should  be 
light  and  enriched  with  rotted  cow-manure. 

G.  W.  Oliver. 
A.    Foliage  of  sessile,  thick,  sword-shaped  Ivs. 
B.   Lvs.  glaucous  beneath,  broad. 

indivlsa,  Kunth.  Arborescent,  10-20  ft.  high  :  lvs. 
dark  green,  densely  crowded.  2-4  ft.  long,  4-5  in.  broad 
at  the  middle,  1K--2  In.  at  the  base,  rigid,  coriaceous  ; 
midrib  stout,  colored  red  and  white,  veins  on  each  side 
of  it  40-50  :  panicle  nodding  :  pedicels  .5-1  line  long  ; 
bracteoles  lanceolate,  3-4  lines  long,  membranous;  peri- 
anth 3^  lines  long,  white  ;  tube  very  short,  canipanu- 


livint,'-r..uni.     '\  •■■.■■  k 

:,i,.l~..h,.  :         M  ,  _  ,n  ,:  iMi-nis  of  the 

aliove  ai-.-  /'.   /..."'■  .. 

.   ami    /'     1/         ■.       ,  l.otb  very 

desirable  \ari.  in  - 

'■.  ' 1:^1-    the  most 

popular  vai  1    '       .11 

;~    J  '  •■ '■   1','  1,  -'      -lUanlilirs. 

The   folia l;.        :         - 

.     :■.!..:      |.;,ii,:  ~      1-      .    !      :in      iM.    Ii-r 

richcrin,^'-.  i     -i  .. 

'■  ■■■  '  "  '    l"*o''V,,n''.'ii,\  as'an 

outdoor  deci.rall\  .•  |il 

: iM.niiiM  1.  lalH-M,-nslM-h  used 

for  furnishing  vas,~. 

imimIwu   iH,x,s.,.tc.  It  succeeds  best 

when   planted  out    ii 

.  til.   ,.|„  11  i,..r.l,T  during  summer. 

potted    in  the  fall   a 

11. 1    -i.iiv.l    .luring  winter  in  a  cool 

greenhouse.    It  is  ,, 

i-..|.a-at...l  aim.. St  exclusively  from 

seed,  which  germiiia 

ti-s  freely  if  so\vn  during  the  early 

spring  months  in  sa 

ndv  soil,  in  a  temperature  of  CO  to 

65°,  growing  them  o 

n  during  the  first  season  in  small 

pots.    These,  if  planted  in  the  open  border  th 
season,  make  fine  plants  for  6"-  or  7-inch  pots 
are  a  number  of  varieties  of  Indivisa,  among  them 
eral  handsomely  variegated  forms,  which,  however 
but  little  distributed  yet. 


beautiful,    graceful,    high 

the  most  distinct  and  useful  commercial  sort  yet  intro- 
duced and  which,  as  soon  as  it  becomes  more  plentiful, 
is  certain  to  be  very  popular.  j.  p.  Eisele. 

Cordyline  australis  and  its  allied  forms  are  easily 
raised  from  seed,  which  is  readily  obtainable  in  a  fresh 
state.  The  seed  should  be  sown  rather  thinly  in  a  light, 
sandy  soil,  and,  as  there  is  little  danger  of  the  seedlings 
damping  off,  they  may  be  allowed  to  grow  in  the  recep- 
tacles in  which  they  are  sown  until  large  enough  to  go 
into  3-in.  pots.    If  sown  early  in  spring,  the  plants  will 


-C.  indii 


of  the  trade. 


547.  Cordyline  australis 

late  ;  segments  equal,  spreading  :  ovules  5-G  in  each 
cell.  New  Zealand.  Gn.49,p.86.  Lowe,  52.-Coolhouse  ; 
valuable  for  vases.    Rare  in  cult. 

BB.    Lvs.  green  on  both  sides,  narrower. 

strlcta,  Endl.  {D.  congesta.  Sort.).    Slender,  6-12  ft. 

high:  lvs.  less  crowded  than  in  the  next,  acuminate,l-2ft. 


CORDTLINE 

long,  9-15  lines  wide,  base  3-6  lines  -Bride,  scarcely  costate ; 
veins  scarcely  oblique,  margins  obscurely  dentate:  pani- 
cle terminal  and  lateral,  erect  or  cernuous  :  pedicels 
.5-1  line  long  ;  lower  bracteoles  lanceolate  j  perianth 
lilac,  3—4  lines  long,  campanulate,  interior  segments 
longer  than  the  outer  :  ovules  6-10  in  each  cell.  Aus- 
tralia. B.M.  2575.  O.C.  III.  17:207  (iJ.fOK^esta). -Cool- 
house  vases  etc  Var  grindis,  Hort  Large  highly 
colored  Var  discolor,  Hort  Like  var  giaiidis,  but 
with  foliage  dark  bronzv  purple 

austr41is.  Hook  (D  indiiUa,  Hort  I)  caloconin 
Wend  )  Fig  547  \rborescent  20-30  ft  high  Ivs 
densely  rosulate   i-4  ft  long,  12-18  lines  wide     base  6-'l 


CORDYLINE  371 

ilong,  abruptly  acute,  blackish  purple 
■itin  below  with  a  deep  rosy  lake  stripe 
I  lie  petiole.  Gltidstonei.  Lvs.  broad, 
II  GuiUojlei.  Lvs.  long  and  narrow, 
;i>  s,  recurved,  striped  with  red,  pink  or 
lower  part  of  leaf  and  margin  of  peti- 


lines  wide 

,  acuminate, 

gre.  11 

niidnl    hrm    prominent 

nerves  on 

each  ^ide  of 

It  1 

II       1  h  lue     panicle 

erect,  terminal,  ample 

] 

1      t      bracteoles 

deltoid     -) 

line   long. 

I    I 

4  lines    long 

tubesh   It 

,  mil  nuTl.t 

I       M       lual  spread 

ing   ni  t 

«/     .larnl   BM-,(    ( 

G  C  III 

1 

1 

1      I     14,     1  H    3t  4n(^     1 

Dow 

Ilia)    40  ItO 

{Im,  , 

--  M    1    p    487           ^^i 

f.  IM      . 

I     I 

I        \  ir     atirea       ^m 

Stnita,    U  It      \  iiie^itLd   \Mth    i   iniml  t-i      1 
longitudinal  yellow  stripes    Var  atropurpurea 
Hort     Base  of  leaf  and  under  si  1       t    mi  Inl 
purple     Var  Iineita,  Hort     Lvs    1  i    i  U  r   tb 
sheathing  base  stained  with  purple    \  \t  Veitchii,  Hort 
{D     leitchii    Hort  )      Base  of  leaf  and  under  side  of 
midrib  bright  crimson     C   Hodken,  Hort  ,  is  a  garden 
form 

AA     rolin  I      f)    fi   1    J  h 
B     Li^    rbUll       III       ,11       liiid 

rtlbra,  Hugel  Slender  Inl  tt  I  i  I  lvs  contigu 
ous,  ascending  12-1t  m  1  ii.  Is-  1  lines  wide  above 
the  middle  thick  dull  gieeii  lith  sidis  distinctly  cos 
tate  veins  oblique  petn  le  broad  deeply  grooved,  4—6 
in  long  panicle  literal  nodding  pedicels  \erj  short, 
bracteoles  small  deltoid  perianth  liHc  4  o-5  lines 
long  inner  segments  longer  than  the  outer  ovules  6-8 
Country  unknown  G  C  III  22  285  — Coolhou 
etc  D  Bruinti,  Hort  is  a  garden  form  E  H  1897, 
pp    514   515     G  C    III    22  285 

BB     iis    lanceolate,  petioles  nariou  ,  neatly  terete 

Haageina,  Koch  (C  Murrhisonue,  F  Muell  )  Slen 
der  and  small  lvs  contiguous,  ascendmg  oblong  fal 
cate,  4-8  in.  long,  2-2H  m.  wide  at  the  middle,  acute, 
base  rounded  or  deltoid,  thick,  dull  green  throughout, 
distinctly  costate  ;  veins  slender,  oblique  ;  petiole  3-4 
in.  long,  deeply  channelled  :  panicle  lateral :  pedicels 
1.5-2  lines  long  ;  perianth  4-4.5  lines  long,  tinged  with 
lilac  ;  segments  spreading  :  ovules  6-8  in  each  cell  : 
berry  with  a  dry  pericarp.    Australia. 

terminaiis,  Kunth  {C.  cannce folia ,  P.  Muell.).  Low 
and  slender,  stem  .3-6  lines  thick :  Ivs.contiguous,  ascend- 
ing, green  or  rarely  colored,  12-18  in.  long,  2-3K  in.  wide, 
acute,  thickish,  distinctly  costate  ;  veins  frequently 
unequal,  strongly  oblique  ;  petiole  4-6  in.  long,  deeply 
channelled  :  pedicels  very  short  or  none  ;  bracteoles 
deltoid,   membranous  :  pfriiiiitb  .'-i;   lin.-s  long,  white. 


lilac  or  reddish, 
large,  red.  East  1 
varieties  in  culti 
in  the  America 
plants),   usually 


s  IMO: 


berry 
I     I-  I..  L'l:174'J.-The 

rable.    Those 

■  1m  l..|l..uing  (all  stove 
Its  hortirviltural  species  : 
am&bilis.  Lvs.  broad,  shining  deep  green,  in  age  be- 
coming spotted  and  suffused  with  rose  and  white.  Am- 
boydnsiSi  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  recurved,  deep  bronze- 
green  edged  with  rose-carmine  below  ;  petioles  tinged 
with  purple.  Anerlidnsis.  Lvs.  very  broad,  deep  bronze- 
red,  with  some  white.  Baptistii.  Fig.  548.  Lvs.  broad, 
recurved,  deep  green,  with  some  pink  and  yellow  stripes; 
stem  also  variegated.  I. H.  26:334.  Baiisei.  Lvs.  broad, 
dark  green,  with  some  white.  b^IIa.  Lvs.  small,  pur- 
plish marked  with  red.  Brasilifinsis,  Schult.  Lvs. 
broad.  Cantrelli.  Lvs.  dark  metallic  crimson,  young 
ones  bright  carmine.  Codperi.  Lvs.  deep  wine-red, 
gracefully  recurved  :  common  in  cult,  f^rrea,  Baker. 
Lvs.  narrow  and  somewhat  oblanceolate,  5-7,  bright  or 
dark  crimson  ;  petiole  short.  Lowe  3  (var.  versicolor] ; 
29.   B.M.  2053.   L.  B.C.  13:1224.  FriBeri.   Lvs.  somewhat 


19  p  24  I     hybrida 
deep  green  m  ir.,111    1  w  itb  1 

white  m  >(uii„  hs  imperialis  1  \  ir  hing  or  i  re  t 
oblong,  thick  1  1  111  f  Ih  ^i  11  ii^el  Ul  o\  er  \Mth 
bright  criins  m  1  ]  ink  hiul  me  Jardiniere  (/fi 
minalis  alba  x  GuUfmjhi].  Lvs.  very  small  and  com- 
pact, narrow,  green  broadly  margined  with  white,  me- 
t411ioa.  Lvs.  erect-arching,  oblong,  when  young  uni- 
form rich  coppery  purple,  in  age  dark  purple-bronze  ; 
petioles  same.  F.M.  1872:24.  nlgro-rubra.  Lvs. narrow, 
linear-lanceolate,  dark  brown  with  rosy  crimson  cen- 
ters, young  often  entirely  rose.  Norwoodifensis.  Lvs. 
striped  with  yellow,  green  and  crimson,  last  color  prin- 
cipally confined  to  the  margin  ;  petioles  brilliant.  Re- 
glna.  A  broad-lvd.  form.  Bobinsom&na.  Lvs.  long, 
lanceolate-acuminate,  arched,  light  green,  striped  with 
bronze-green  and  brownish  crimson.  I.H.  26:342. 
Sohiildii.  Lvs.  broad,  variegated.  F.E.  7:961.  ScAttii. 
Lvs.  broad,  arching,  deep  green,  crimson  edged;  said  to 
be  a  hybrid.  Toiingii.  Lvs.  broad,  spreading,  when  young 
bright  green  streaked  with  deep  red  and  tinged  with 
rose,  in  age  bright  bronze.  Yoiingii,  var.  rdsea,  Hort. 
Green,  tinged  with  pink,  white  or  carmine.  Yotingii, 
var.  Alba,  Hort.  Variegated  with  white  instead  of  red. 
Crosses  with  Scottii  are  known  as  Stricta,  Albo-lineata, 
Mrs.  George  Pullman,  Mrs.  Terrv;  with  Norwoodiensis, 
as  Little  Gem. 

List  of  synonyms,  unidentified  trade  names  and  others : 
C.  angiista,  Hort.  (C.  terrainalis  var.).  Lvs.  narrow,  arch- 
ing, dull  dark  green  above,  purplish  beneath.  A  slender 
form.—  ''.   niMiistlf'ilia.    Kuiith  =  t'.    stricta.— (7.  auran(ioco. 

Holt      '     I"   7.'.''". ./:  ■    Il'iii     I.-   Immzy.  with  white  and 

Ilinl^■  '  '  I'-  '  I'  '  Ia^.  verj'  long,  linear- 
Ian ;     i_  :  II. led.  green,  glaucous 

"    "erheleyi. 


compacta,  Hort.  (C  terminalis  tmi 
dull  gi-een.  with  lironze  ami  rose  str 
Hort.  (C.terminalis  form).   Dwarf: 


Hort.  (to 


irved,  broad, 
' '.  lKmni807ii^ 
ronzy  purple. 


d/Z  CORDYLINE 

—  C  Elizabethicp  Uort  =  ^  -  C  Esthsn 
terminalis  —  C  excelsa  Hort  (C  ten 
broad  arching  bronzy  m  ^rgined  with  ( 1 1 
=  'i— C  fnttescens=  '  —  i    glonvsa   Hoit 


broad   iM 
F  Muell 
nahs  form 
Mex   Hi.ii      ' 

,^  .U.Ur-f     Ma,„„rs  ^ullnm.e 

'  l"n ""  *i,'uh"ous'  beneath"™' 
1         n,edmm  width  bronzy 

go^T^r; 

iiht-imime-t    (osacfa 
1         1        T  \ .  d  bro  id  dark  bronzy 

reem=r't;'::.; '- 

splendens  Hort  (C  tcr 
acute    bronzy  green 
d,ca  Hort=C  rubra 

1  II  1        '      ^  i/mA»<>o=»— 0    sepiana 
-.     -../«,,    Kunth=C    terminalis -C 
minahbform)     Lvs  dense  short  ov.te 
shaded  with  rose  carmine  -  C    Zeelan 

K     M     WlEGAVD 

C0BE6FSIS  (Greek,  signifying  bug  hke  from  the 
fruit).  Compdsita.  Tickseed.  Annual  or  perennial 
herbs,  flowering  in  summer  and  autumn.  Nearly  all  na- 
tives of  eastern  N.  Amer.  Lv.s.  either  opposite  or  alter- 
nate :  heads  pedunculate  and  radiate  ;  the  broad  in- 
volucre with  bracts  of  two  kinds,  the  outer  narrower  and 
greener,  receptacle  cbaffy ;  rays  very  showy,  yellow 
particolored  or  rarely  rose,  neutral  :  disk  fls.  yellow, 
brown  or  dark.  The  genus  differs  from  Bidens  only  in 
the  broad,  flat  and  winged  akenes,  with  short  or  obso- 
lete pappus.  Many  of  the  species  are  in  the  trade  under 
the  name  Calliopsis.  All  the  kinds  are  of  easiest  cul- 
ture. The  perennials  are  hardy  border  plants.  The  an- 
nuals are  raised  in  any  garden  soil,  and  bloom  freely 
■with  little  care.    They  are  all  showy  plants. 


Index:  angustifolia, 2;  aristosa,  16;  aurea,  17;  auricu- 
lata,  6;  bicolor,  4;  cardaminefolia,  3;  coronata,  8;  del- 
phinifolia,  13;  Drummondli,  5;  elegans,  4;  grandiflora, 
9;  lanceolata,  7;  major,  10;  marmorata,  4;  palmata,  12; 
pubesoens,  6;  rosea,  1;  tinctoria,  4;  trichosperma,  15; 
tripteris,  11;  verticillata,  14. 


COREOPSIS 

A     Disk  yellow     lays  rose-purple. 

1  rdsea,  Nutt  Perennial  diffusely  branched  from 
slender  creeping rootstocks  1-2 ft  high,  smooth:  lvs.  op- 
posite and  smajl  (1-1  5  m  long)  all  narrowly  linear-en- 
tiie  or  rirelv  toothed  or  lobed  heads  small, '%  in.  broad 
or  less  short  peduncled  ,  rays  wedge-shaped,  lobed  at 
the  ■ipe\  akene  oblong,  wingless  ,  pappus  an  obscure 
border     "NOiithf  istf  rn  l^   S 

AA     Bisl    nil  I         T  n  J  purple  ;  rays  yellow  or 

Jim  shaped  and  lobed. 

B     Oiiti  I  I  ery  shorty  triangular. 

2  angrustifoU  \ii  I  i  nnial  strict  and  tall,  1-3 
ft  high  glibnius  spiisih  branched  at  the  summit: 
lvs  alternate  entire  thickish,  basal  few  or  wanting, 
lower  cauline  elliptical  on  long  petioles,  upper  narrowly 
spatiilate,  sessile  or  reduced  to  bracts  :  heads  1-1.5  in. 
broad  ra\  s  entireh  '^  ellow  akene  with  lacerate  wings 
and  setiform  awns.    Southern  U.  S. 

3.  cirdaminefdlia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Annual :  low  and 
diffusely  much  branched  from  tlie  base,  6-18  in.  high, 
glabrous  :  basal  lvs.  nmnirous-prtioled,  pinnatifld,  di- 
visions narrowly  elliiitir:il.  Ii.ci.miii^-  linear  in  the  upper 
lvs.:  heads  as  in  thf  ii.\i.  I.ut  ^imilli-r,  and  often  en- 
tirely dark  :  akenes  win-,  il,  Mjincth  ;  pappus  none. 
Southern  U.  S. 

4.  tinctdria,  Nutt.  ( C.  bicolor,  Reich.  C.  Uegans, 
Hort.  Calli6psis  viarmor&ta,  Hort.).  Fig.  549.  Annual: 
stem  strict,  1-3  ft.  high,  branched  only  at  the  summit, 
glabrous :  basal  lvs.  wanting,  cauline  opposite,  sessile, 
pinnatifld,  divisions  all  long  and  narrowly  linear:  heads 
%-lMin.  broad,  small  ;  rays  with  dark  purple  base  : 
akenes  oblong,  wingless,  smooth.  Cent.  U.  S.  B.M. 
2512.  B.R.10:846.  Mn.l:85.— A  common  garden  annual; 
showv  and  good.  Var.  nina,  Hort.  Dwarf,  low  and  com- 
pact.   Tom  Thumb  varieties. 


Var 


BB.    Outer  involucral  bracts  narrowly  linear, 
equalling  the  inner. 

5.  Dnimmondii,  Torr.  &  Gray  (C.  diversifdlia.  Hook. 
C.  plcta,  Hort.}.  Golden  Wave.  Annual:  stem  strict, 
branched  above,  10-18  in.  high,  sparsely  hirsute  below: 
basal  lvs.  wanting,  cauline  petioled,  pinnatifld,  divisions 
sliort,  broadly  elliptical,  those  of  the  upper  lvs.  linear: 
hiads  1-2  in.  broad,  large  ;  rays  usually  dark  at  the 
base:  akene  oval,  thick,  wingless,  smooth;  pappus  none. 
Tex.    B.M.  3474.    S.B.F.G.  II.  4:  315. 

AAA.    7?/.vA-  yellow  or  brown:  rays  entirely  yellow 

(except  rarely  No.  8). 

B.    Rays  wedge-shaped,  lobed  at  the  apex:  peduncles 

6-16  in.  long,  naked, 
c.    Lvs.  all  entire  or  teith  a  few  basal  lobes  :   large. 

6.  pubSscens,  Ell.  (C.  auricuUta,  Schk.  and  Hort.). 
Perennial:  tall,  1-4  ft.  high,  branched  above,  pubescent 
or  nearly  glabrous,  more  leafy  than  the  following  species : 
lvs.  thickish,  basal  wanting,  obovate-oval  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  very  acute,  petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  entire 
or  with  small,  acute,  lateral  lobes;  outer  involucral 
bracts  lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  inner  :  akenes 
similar  to  those  of  the  next  species.    Southern  U.  S. 

7.  lanceolata,  Linn.  Pig.  550.  Perennial  :  low,  1-2 
ft.  high,  sparingly  branched,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  lvs. 
few,  opposite,  mostly  near  the  base,  oblong-spatulate  to 
linear,  petioled,  mostly  obtuse,  entire  (rarely  with  a  few 
lateral  lobes) :  heads  i. 5-2.5  In.  broad  ;  peduncles  very 
long,  outer  involucre  equaling  the  inner:  akenes  orbic- 
ular, papillose,  broadlv  winged;  pappus  minute  or  obso- 
lete.   Eastern  U.  S.-Used  extensively  for  cut  fls. 

Var.  angrnstifdlia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Low  :  stems  scapi- 
form:   lvs.  narrow  and  crowded,  2-4  lines  wide. 

Var.  villdsa,  Michx.     Lvs.  spatulate-obovate    to    ob- 
long, villous,  as  is  also  the  stem,  with  jointed  hairs, 
cc.    Lvs.  mostly  pinnatifld,  small. 

8.  coronata.  Hook.  Annual :  low  and  often  weak,  12- 
18  in.  high,  much  branched  from  the  base,  sparsely  hir- 
sute: lvs.  opposite,  basal  numerous  petioled,  pinnatifld, 
divisions  ovate,  lateral  much  smaller  ;  cauline  few,  re- 


COREOPSIS 

duced,  spatulate,  often  entire  :  heads  1.5-2  in.  broad; 
rays  often  with  a  few  dark  spots  above  the  orange  base ; 
outer  involucre  H  shorter  than  the  inner  :  akene  orbic- 
ular, broadly  winged;  pappus  very  minute.  Tex.  B.M. 
3460.    S.H.  1:270. 


CORIARIA 


373 


550.   Coreopsis  lanceolata.     Single  flower  natural  size. 

9.  grandiilora, Nutt.  (C  MMgipes.Hook. ).  Perennial: 
simple  or  few-fld.,  glabrous,  1-2  ft.  high:  Ivs.  opposite, 
basal  wanting,  lower  eauline  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  en- 
tire, upper  divided  into  several  linear  entire  divisions  : 
heads  1-2.5  in.  broad :  akene  orbicular,  papillose,  broadly 
winged  ;  pappus  paleaceous.  Southern  U.  S.  Sweet, 
B.P.G.  175.    B.M.  3586.    Gn.  47:995.   Mn.  5:201. 

BB.    Says  eUiptival,  entire  or  nearly  so. 

c.    Leaf  divisions  entire. 

D.    Divisions  lanceolate,  large. 

10.  mijor,  Walt.  (C.  senifilia,  Miehx. ).  Perennial: 
tall  and  stout,  2-3  ft.  high,  pubescent,  much  branched 
above  :  Ivs.  opposite,  basal  wanting,  lower  eauline 
small,  upper  sessile,  2-3  in.  long,  palmately  3-divided, 
divisions  equal,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute :  heads  lM-2  in. 
broad:  akenes  obovate-elliptical,  .winged,  summit  2- 
toothed.    Southeastern  U.  S. 

Var.  (Emleri,  Britton.  Smooth,  leaf-divisions  more 
attenuate  at  the  base.    B.M.  3484  as  C.  seuifolia. 

Var.  linearis.  Small.  Smooth  :  leaf-divisions  narrow, 
2-4  lines  wide. 

11.  tripteris,  Linn.  Perennial :  very  large  and  stout, 
4-8  ft.  high,  branched  above,  glabrous  :  Ivs.  opposite, 
petioled,  4-6  in.  long,  pinnatifld,  divisions  broadly  or 
narrowly  lanceolate  :  heads  medium,  pale  :  akene  ob- 
long, narrowly  winged;  pappus  wanting.    Cent.  U.  S. 


DD.  JJifisions  broadly  linear  to  tillform. 
VI.  palmata,  Nutt.  (C.  prwcox,  Pres.).  Perennial: 
tiill  :iri.l  stent,  l'o-3  ft.  high,  sparingly  branched  at  the 
Miininit  :  hs.  (i|.])osite,  thick,  cuneate,  2.5  In.  long,  3- 
cl-tt  to  Til.-  iiii'lille,  divisions  broadly  linear,  midrib  3- 
lurv.d  1..  low  :  ln-ids  15^-2^2  in.  broad  :  akenes  oblong, 
narrowly  w  infill  ;  pappus  niinufe  or  obsolete.  Cent. 
U.S.    R.H.  1845:265. 

13.  delphiniJdlia,  Lara.  IVnnnial:  -lalimu'i,  branched 
above,  1-3  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  <ip|...~itr.  s.>>il,-,  -J-ii  in.  long, 
the  basal  wanting,  pinnatiliJ,  divisions  o-7,  broadly 
linear  ;  disk  dark  brown  :  akene  obovate,  narrowly 
winged;  pappus  teeth  short.    Southeastern  (j.  S. 

14.  verticillita,  Linn.  (C.  icntttVdHo,  Ehrh.).  Peren- 
nial; sparingly  branched,  1-3  ft.  high:  basal  Ivs.  want- 
ing, eauline  opposite,  sessile,  1-2-ternately  divided,  di- 
visions linear-flliform  :  heads  1-1  Kin.  broad:  akenes 
obovate-wedge-shaped,  narrowly  winged ;  pappus  nearly 
obsolete.    Eastern  U.  S. 

Cf.    Leaf-Jh'isions  coarsely  serrate  or  incised. 

15.  trichoap^rma,  Michx.  Annual  :  tall,  2-5  ft.  high, 
branched  near  the  summit,  glabrous:  Ivs.  2-4  in.  long, 
the  lower  wanting,  pinnatifld,  on  very  short  petioles, 
divisions  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or  incised; 
rays  pale  :  akene  4  lines  long,  cuneate,  flat,  wingless, 
ciliate  and  hairy;  awns  2,  very  short.    Eastern  U.  S. 

Var.  temiiloha,  Gray.    Leaf-segments  linear. 

16.  aristdaa,  Michx.  Annual  :  like  the  last,  but  Ivs. 
slightly  pubescent  beneath  ;  akenes  broader,  with  slen- 
der awns  as  long  as  the  body.  Cent.  U.  S.  B.M.  6462. 
R.H.  1869:72. 

17.  aiirea.  Ait.  Annual:  glabrous,  1-3  ft.  high:  Ivs. 
pinnatifld,  the  upper  sometimes  simple;  divisions  from 
lanceolate  to  linear,  sparingly  incised ;  outer  involucral 
bracts  narrowly  linear,  inner  black-punctate  :  akenes 
broadly  cuneate  very  small  (1-2  Imes  long)  nearly 
glabrous,  pappus  of  two  blunt  chaff \  \ erj  short  teeth 
Southeastern  U  '^  -\  erv  variable 

C   ansthsa   "\luh\      '  '         *       \    u 


sperma  Michx 
kinsoniana  Dougl 
and  winged  ikene 
Linn  Perenmil 
short  o%al  most]\ 
probably  not  in  tl 
Nutt     Annual      111 

worthii   Torr    1  (  i 


tncho 
-C  At 


,     auiiculata 

l^^    petioled 

_    peduncled 

involucratci 

.    involucral 

-  -r    Leateti 

1     ir  spatulate 

rpmii  ,1 

.kcne  winged 
nishhke    Ivs 

colored 

wing  of  akene 

C  ar 


Alt— O   atrnpu 


Hort  = 


Thelesperm  i  sp  —  ( 
dichdtoma   Miclix  =C    augustifolia  —  t      /      '     '  /' '    1  *<    ^C 
aunculata  —  C    hnifdtia    Nutt  =C    an„ni  iii    hi       <  nmn 

ra(a  Hort  =C  tinctona  —  C  o&iojlf/i^/((/  Nuir  i  1  ui  1  it  i 
K  M  \\n:  WD 
COEIAWDES  IS  the  seed  like  fruit  of  Coriandium 
satiium,  Linn  ,  an  umbelliferous  annual  of  S  Europe 
The  plant  grows  2-3  ft  high  glabrous  strong  smelling 
with  Ivs.  divided  into  almost  thread-like  divisions,  and 
small-white  fls.  The  plant  is  easily  grown  in  garden 
soil.  It  occasionally  becomes  spontaneous  about  old 
yards.  The  seeds  (or  fruits)  are  used  as  seasoning  and 
flavoring  in  pastries,  confections  and  liquors,  although 
they  are  less  known  in  this  country  than  caraway.  The 
plaiit  is  occasionally  cultivated  in  Amer.  gardens  along 
with  sweet  herbs. 

COKIANDBUM.    See  Coriander. 

COBIABIA  {corium,  skin,  leather;  as  frutex  coria- 
rius,  a  shrub  used  for  tanning  leather,  was  described  by 
Pliny).  Coriaridceie.  Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs: 
Ivs.  deciduous,  entire,  3-9-nerved,  opposite  and  disti- 
chous :  fls.  polygamous-monoecious  in  slender  racemes, 
small;  petals  and  sepals  5;  stamens  10:  fr.  berry-like, 
consisting  of  5  1-seeded  nutlets  enclosed  by  the  en- 
larged and  colored  petals.  About  8  species  in  Himal. 
and  E.  Asia,  Mediterranean  region,  N.  Zealand  and  S. 
Amer.     Ornamental  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  slender,  arch- 


374 


CORIARIA 


ing  brandies  imitating  pinnate  its.,  and  with  very 
showy  yellow,  red  or  blaclc  fr.  Theivs.  of  some  species 
are  used  for  tanning  leather  ;  the  frs.  are  poisonous. 
C.  Japdnica  has  proved  hardy  with  slight  protection  in 
Massachusetts,  and  C  terminalis  seems  to  be  of  the 
same  hardiness  ;  the  other  species  are  more  tender. 
They  grow  in  almost  any  good  garden  soil,  and  prefer 
sunny  position  Prop  readily  by  seeds  and  greenwood 
•  under  glass     also  by  suckers  and 


10   ft 


Japbnica    Gray      Shrub  i     i 

branches   quadrangular      h  '        )Vate    or 

ovate  lanceolate    3  nerved      i  i    n.,      fls  in 

•lilll'lr^  ricfmes  from  the  bi  H    i  i    i      i        u     fr  be 

conim.,  bii„lit  n  d  m  summei      I  ui^ii  ^  i     Molet  black 
wbiii  111         I    I      B  M  7501     O  I    W  ^i 

termmalis  11  iii  I  Herbaceous  or  suffruticose  2-3 
tt  I  1  ui  li  luiiliangular  hs  m  nrh  sessile  broad 
(\  iU    t>    >\  itt  iuii.olate     1    Ml   M     1  ir    I       T,  tlifi 

%ems    beueith     1- )    m        II  t 

shoots  of  the  current  ^eai       I 

from    Julj    until  late  m  fill       i    ir       I     ii  i 

easier  to  protect  from  frost  than  tin  t   rnu  i      I         i  il\ 
introduced  into  cult  as  C  Nepaleniis 

C  myrtifohn  I  mn     Shrub  4-10  ft      Ivs  liienel  „1   l  i 
fls  greenish   tn  in  tlie     11  ^\r     1    tr  1  1 1  k   i    i     i     i        M     li 
terranean  i  I         I        I      I  f     ^   /    /  IN 

Shnil     H  11    I 
blai-k      Hii  I 


CORN 

cross-breeds  between  Teosinthe  and  Maize.  Teosinthe 
and  the  only  other  species  which  show  close  botanical 
relationship  to  Maize  are  indigenous  to  Mexico.  Bota- 
nists now  almost  unanimously  concede  that  Maize  origi- 
nated in  America,  and  it  is  probable  that  it  is  indige- 
nous to  Me-Kico.    See  Zea. 

The  white  settlers  early  learned  from  the  American 
Indians  the  use  of  Maize  as  a,n  article  of  food  Several 
Indian  names  for  certain  preparations  which  they 
adopted  or  adapted  have  passed  into  the  language  of 
the  American  people  as  for  example  samp  hominy, 
succotash  Thej  cultivated  Maize  both  is  a  staple  field 
crop  md  in  the  giiden  under  the  name  of  Indian  Corn, 
which  n  ime  or  t'le  simple  name  of  Corn  remains  to  the 
present  tin  it  hi  t  \  li  ne  desij,nation  through- 
out tli  I  i  ii  1  I  II  I  111  lis  of  the  continent  It 
non  1  i„iKultural  products  of 

the  I  I  1   \    ted  to  its  cultnation, 

ml   II  1   I  rop      The  kinds  now 

1   1      iiltiiie  are  sweet  Corns  and 
I    I  111  1      which  are  more  strictly 
I    ii   1  1  I     ins   but  in  some  locali- 
'  'I       1      I    I  [     I    1     in   lie  also  found  under  field 

ill  111      till    1   mill    eitiier    is  a  truck  crop  or  for  can- 
II   1  If     the  lattn    to  supply  the   comparatively  limited 
i   111  md    in  domestic  markets      Sweet  Com  and   Pop 
(     in  onh  will  receive  special  attention  in  this  article. 
1      1  \r     f  1        irif  \TiON  —  Zea  almost  unitormly 

i        '  'I    1  mists  a  nionot\  pic  genus   its  one 

I  1  ut  Maize  is  an  e\tiemel}  ^ari- 

'  11.,  groups  nbich  are  separated  by 

i   'Mill        I     1      I    II  ii  As    a  working   classihcation, 

[I  1  b\  sfurte-sant  is  the  best  which  has  yet 
appeared  He  describes  7  agricultural  species  " 
These  are  2ea  tunicata  the  pod  Corns  ,  Z. 
eieUa  tlic  li|  (  rns  ( 1  ii,  j  ,1 ) ,  Z  mdmata. 
the  1  111     1     II        X  the  Dent  Corns; 

Z  an  /       iccharata   the 

hwe  t    I  I      ,J)    Z  ami/lea- 

lacihi  1 1       111      ^\      II     rns  Zea  Mays, 

Linii  ill  iii,N  t  liu  11  irur  li  order  of  grasses 
or  Cri  mime*  Culms  1  oi  more  solid  erect, 
I '  -1 )  ft  tall  or  more  terminated  by  a  panicle 
t  staminite  fls  (thetassel)    internodes  groo\ ed 


clusters  ot  2  to  4  often  o  ilijpm^  one  fl 
usually  pediceled  the  other  sessile  or  all  ses 
sile  glumes  herbaceous  palea membranaceous 
anthers  3  linear  The  eai  i  oiitums  the  pistillali 
Hs  on  a  hard,  thicken  1  I  i  In  1  |  ike  o 
spadix  (cob)  which  is  i  n  i  itha 

ceous  bracts  (husks)      i  sile 

in  longitudinal  rows 
hard  corneous  margin 
lower  abortive  glum 
singl 


COBS  is  the  name  applied  to  the  om,  r  iiiipi  r\  ,..\i-. 
part  of  the  bark  in  plants.    In  Ji^unt'"'  ■■:>- 

initis.  the  English   maple,  the  cork>    '  mI 

other  trees  and  shrubs,  it  forms  wiiiu^--  "n  in*    Ki  :in.  nr^. 
Till-  i-.irk  ..♦■  rriminiTfi.  comrs  from  tlle  l.iiik   ..1  yiir,,  ii.v 

/'-  '      '■   "    '    "I   11^  ','.  S„h,-r),  plantations  of  which 

1.-1..        .  .  Ill   i;ii.     The  cork  tree  of  the  cata- 

l"L;i         .' '  .    /I  -1  y/iH /ruse,  is  a  curious  tree,  cult. 

si.|.  I;,    r..r  ..iiiiiii.  nl,  W.  W.  ROWLEE. 

CORN,  MAIZE  (SWEET  and  POP).  A  tender  annual, 
cultivated  in  America  from  prehistoric  times.  The 
word  Maize,  Spanish  Maiz,  is  derived  from  the  name 
Mahiz,  which  Columbus  adopted  for  this  cereal  from  the 
Haytians.  Maize  has  not  yet  been  found  truly  wild. 
Its  close  relation  to  Teosinthe,  Euchlcena  Mexicana, 
Schrad.,  Is  indicated  by  the  known  fertile  hybrids,  or 


h    with 

a   I    (ilLkt  the 

anaccous     style 

form   veiy  long  (silk)     ovary  usually 

variable  in  length  and  size   often 

distichous     gram  vaiiable   in   shape    size  and 

color     See  Plate  \  II 

Sweet  Cokn  {Zea  baccharata,  Sturt  Figs. 
5ol  5i2  )  —A  well  dehned  species  group  charac- 
terized by  horny,  more  or  less  crmkled, wrinkled 
or  shriveled  kernel,  having  a  semi-transparent  or  trans- 
lucent appearance.  Sturtevant  in  1899  lists  61  distinct 
varieties.  He  gives  the  first  variety  of  Sweet  Corn  re- 
corded in  American  cultivation  as  being  introduced 
into  the  region  about  Plymouth^  Mass.,  from  the  In- 
dians of  the  Sus.|ii.-lifiiiii:i    in    I,7;i.     Srti,.ii,.k,  in  1854, 

tribution  of  Swrri  r..rii  mr..  .•iiiMMiii..ii  inii.Ii.  liiile  pro- 
gress prior  to  tlir  hi^t  liiilf  uf  tin'  iiiintn-iitli  ci-ntury, 
green  field  Corn  having  largely  occupied  its  place  prior 
to  that  period. 

Sweet  Corn  is  preeminently  a  garden  vegetable,  al- 
though the  large  kinds  are  sometimes  grown  for  silage 
or  stover.  As  a  garden  vegetable,  it  is  used  when  it  has 
reached  the  "roasting  ear" stage,  the  kernel  then  being 
well  filled  and  plump  but  soft,  and  "in  the  milk."  The 
kernel  is  the  only  part  used  for  human  food.   When 


CORN 

Sweet  Com  is  used  as  a  fresh  vegetable  it  is  often  cooked 
and  served  on  the  cob.  In  preparing  it  for  canning  or 
drying,  it  is  always  cut  from  the  cob.  Dried  Sweet  Corn, 
though  never  an  article  of  commerce,  was  formerly  much 
used,  especially  by  the  rural  population.  It  is  gradually 
being  abandoned  for  canned  Corn,  for  other  cereal  prep- 
arations, or  for  other  vegetables.  It  is  practically  un- 
known as  human  food  outside  North  America. 

Canned  Sweet  Corn  has  come  to  be  an  important 
article  of  domestic  commerce  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada.    A  considerable  amount  frm.s  to  Ala><kn.  )>ut  at 


dozen  -J-pouiHl  tins.  N.w  York 
on   <■(   l,H(i,.3(lil  cases.     Maine, 

in  r,ink  in  the  order  named. 
].:e  k  .'^n  per  cent  of  the  Corn 
■  I'nited  states  and  Canada. 
not  strictly  accurate,  they  are 

i^ive  a  general  idea  of  the  ex- 
liis  industry.  No  better  canned 
■t  than  that  produced  in  Maine, 
n  in  localities  having  a  season 


CORN 


375 


Grocer 

states  t 

States 

and    C'li 

cases,  each  con 

leads  with   the 

Illinois 

and  lo 

These 

four  sti 

which 

is   oann 

While 

these    liL 

the  bej 

it    oliI;(M 

tent  an. 

Corn  is 

1  iml  on 

where  : 

it  is   ]-.,,■ 

too  sho 

rt  lo  nni 

for  the  canneries  un- 
ny  supplies  the  seed, 
true  to  name.  The 
number  of  acres  and 


As  anil.'.S' 
der  contrail  t. 
guaranteeiuj; 
farmer  agrees 
deliver  the  whole  crop  to  the  cannery  at  a  stipulated 
price.  The  price  now  paid  in  western  New  York  is 
about  $10  per  ton  of  good  ears,  after  deducting  the  as- 
certained average  percentage  of  husks  and  reiectedears. 
Three  tons  per  acre  of  good  ears  is  onsideied  a  good 
yield  The  ears  are  snapped  from  the  stalks  with  the 
husks  on  n  1  1  i  il  1  1 1  1  p  wi„  n  1  o\e  t  the  can 
nenes     Tl       t  11         1        i  1       1    i  lige 

or  as  St  I  1  I  I  I        1  d 

inferi  II  I  Iks 

and  m  Ilk 

The  sto        1      1  1  1      I         I         i       1     to 

heat  or  n  11  \  hen  I  Ij  1 1  1  e  1  in  HioC  ta  ks  or 
bays 

As  a  field  ciop  Corn  is  grown  most  extensively  on 
medium  heavy  loams  It  luxuiiates  in  rich  warm  soils 
The  crop  rotation  should  be  planned  so  as  to  use  the 
coarse  manures  with  the  Corn,  which  is  a  gross  feeder. 
On  the  more  fertile  lands  of  the  central  plain,  nitroge- 
nous manures  may  not  always  be  used  to  advantage 
with  Corn,  but  in  the  eastern  and  southern  states,  where 
the  soil  has  lost  more  of  its  original  fertility,  stable 
manure  may  often  be  used  profitably  with  this  crop  at 
the  rate  of  from  8  to  10  cords  per  acre,  or  possibly  more. 

PZorciHf;, -Ti.  tin-  tvM-theni  part  of  fl,e  Corn  l..-lt  in 
the  centri'i  :'-l  "--'.  — i  -l:,frs.  tlml  is  to  ^:n'  noi-th  of 
the  Ohio  ;,    .     M     -  :    ,.  r<.  .|.-|.  f.ill  ]i|o,i,nL-  of  Corn 

land  is   -.     .  '  .  '<■.  .\.    I.ut    m  .vponmonis    at    the 

Illinois    :u:.l     |.,.;,:ii::i    -  X j., •  linient    stMllons,    tin-    liepth    of 

plowing  linslnnl  little  influence  on  the  crop.  In  sections 
of  the  eastern  states,  shallow  plowing  late  in  spring  is 
favored,  especially  if  the  land  be  in  sod.  In  warmer, 
drier  regions,  as  in  parts  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  list- 
ing has  been  niin-li  jn-aeticed  on  stubble  ground.  The 
listing  jilow.  inivinu  a  doulile  mold-board,  throws  the 
soil  into  alt(  i-niite  inrj-owsand  ridges,  the  furrows  being 
S  or  9  iii.-hes  <le.-iiei-  than  the  tops  of  the  ridges.  The 
Corn  is  planted  in  the  bott..in  of  tlie  furrow,  either  by 


lOf  1 


-horse  Corn 


ment  to  the  lister  plow,  c-on-i-i  inu  ot  a  sniisoil  ])luw, 
through  the  hollow  leg  of  whe-h  tie-  i  oi  n  is  clro],|.ed. 

Great  care  should  be  used  to  seeni-e  s l-(-orii  liaving 

high  vitality  as  a  precaution  against  the  rotting  of  the 
seed  in  the  soil  should  the  season  be  cold  and  wet  after 
planting.  Select  ears  for  seed  as  soon  as  the  Corn  is 
well  ripened.  Dry  them  at  once  by  artificial  heat  so  that 
the  seed  may  better  withstand  unfavorable  conditions 
of  temperature  or  moisture.  In  many  localities  so-called 
kiln-dried  seed  Is  much  in  favor.  In  selecting  seed  for 
a  field  crop,  seek  systematically  for  stalks  having  little 
or  no  growth  of  stools  and  bearing  single  large  ears. 
For  garden  use,  seed  from  more  productive  stalks  is  de- 
sirable, even  though  the  ears  be  smaller. 

In  the  north,  Sweet  Corn  should  be  planted  as  early  as 


can  be  done  without  involving  great  risk  of  loss  from 
frosts  or  from  rotting  of  seed  in  the  soil.  In  New  York, 
field-planting  is  generally  done  from  May  10  to  May  20; 
in  central  Minnesota  from  May  10  to  May  30.  The 
ground  having  been  plowed  and  prepared  so  as  to  make 
a  seed-bed  of  fine,  loose  soil  3  inches  deep,  the  seed 
should  be  planted  to  a  depth  of  from  1  to  3  inches.  The 
drier  and  looser  the  soil  the  greater  should  be  the  depth 
of  planting.  In  planting  small  fields,  the  ground  may 
be  marked  in  check  rows  so  that  the  hills  planted  at  the 
intersection  of  the  rows  will  stand  about  3!^  feet  apart 
each   way,   and   the   Corn    planted    by  a   hand-planter, 


552.  Early  Marblehead  Sweet  Corn. 

which  drops  the  desired  number  of  kernels  each  time  it 
is  thrust  into  the  ground.  For  large  fields,  the  check- 
row type  of  planter  may  be  used.  These  planters  drop 
and  cover  the  seed  in  hills  at  uniform  distances  apart, 
planting  two  rows  at  one  trip  across  the  field.  Field 
Corn  is  often  planted  in  drills  by  machines  adapted  to 
this  purpose  but  Sweet  Coin  ho  1 1  1  e  grown  under  m 
tensive  culture  an  1  sho  il  1  1  e  n  h  11  o  that  the  sur 
face  of  the  gro  m  1  n  av  1  e  kej  t  1  e  and  ent  relj  free 
from  weeds 
Till  for  th    I      I  t  1  e  a    well 


as  to  kill  w      1        II 

pulverizmf  tl  1 

a  mulch  a    1       t      I  tl  | 

Begin  t  lla-'e  a    tl  e  i 

slanting  to  th  harrow  and  B 

plement    t  II  the  Corn  is  t 

spr  ng  tooth        It       t 

type  1    V  111 

prefeial  1 

usel     Tl 

earth   t  w      I 

centei   of  th 

shoul  1  cov      all  th  i 

T  11  at  interval      t  I 
tivator  may  r  in  f  1 

inches  ieep  in  1  v       1 
cult  vat  oi     1       1  1  11 

the  lows    tl  111 

Con   ai  1  c  1  1         ' 

cult  vator    nil]  I 

It  should  lea  e  tl  e  1  ]  1 
2  to  i  inches  o  ei  the  ent  re  1 
tion  maj  1  e  deepei  e  1  f  jiec( 
though  s  I  e  C  r  i  ot  are 
roots  1  y  dee]       1  I 

pecially  av     1    I       I   II     1 
large  as  to  i  1 

casionally      1  I 

may  be  ne  e  t  I 

hard  and 
past irage 


At  fiist  thecul 
r  the  plant  to  4 


tl  e  Corn 
lei  tli  of  from 
e  ilier  cult  va 
ill  weeds   even 


but 


the 


to  1  e  es 


the 


he  Corn  get  so 
ultivator  Oc 
1  or  e  cult  -s  ator 
the  surface  soil 
h  crops  for  late 


co-(ei  ciops  r  \  t  nter  wneat  or  rye 
in  the  cornflel  1  a  1  It  vate  1  m  with  the 
last  cultivat  oi  The  see  1  co  ere  1  deeply  by  culti 
vat  ng  it  n  I  ecau  e  the  weather  i  pt  to  be  dry  at  this 
perio  1  Tl  e  1  wer  part  of  the  turro  ^  slice  is  thus  left 
con  pa  t  f  ri  h  ng  a  compact  see  1  bed  m  which  small 
grains  delight. 

The  cultivation  of  Sweet  Corn  in  the  garden  should 
follow  the  general  lines  advocated  for  field  culture,  but 
stable  manure  and  commercial  fertilizers  may  be  used 
more  liberally.   It  is  well  to  put  a  small  amount  of  a  com- 


376  CORN 

plete  coraraereial  fertilizer  in  each  hill,  and  mix  it  well 
with  the  soil  before  planting  the  Corn.  A  fertilizer  which 
has  a  large  amount  of  nitrogen  in  quickly  available  form 
should  be  chosen  for  this  purpose.  Dwarf  early  maturing 
varieties  may  be  planted,  for  early  use,  as  soon  as  the 
ground  is  sufficiently  dry  and  warm.  A  little  later,  when 
the  ground  is  warmer,  the  second  early  main  crop  and 
late  varieties  may  be  planted.  Later  successional  plant- 
ings insure  a  supply  of  green  Corn  till  frost  kills  the 
plants. 

Corn  is  not  grown  commercially  as  a  forcing  crop. 
Attempts  to  force  it  in  winter  have  not  given  encourag- 
ing results,  but  it  may  be  successfully  forced  In  spring, 
following  any  of  the  crops  of  vegetables  which  are  grown 
under  glass,  providing  the  houses  are  piped  so  as  to 
maintain  the  night  temperature  at  65°  F.  Provide  good 
drainage.  Give  a  liberal  application  of  stable  manure, 
and  thoroughly  mix  it  with  the  soil.  In  the  latitude  of 
New  York  the  planting  may  be  made  as  early  as  the  1st 
of  March.  As  soon  as  the  first  leaf  has  unfolded  the 
temperature  may  be  allowed  to  run  high  in  the  sun,  if 
the  air  is  kept  moist  by  wetting  the  floors  .ind  walls.  The 
glass  need  not  be  shaded.  Keep  night  t.-iti]...nitnri-  ,■1.,^,. 
to  6.')°  F.,  not  lower  and  not  much  hi  L- 1 1.  I  \ri,iii.,  -ii 
appears,  jar  the  stalks  every  two  or  lilt  ■  : 

atmosphere  is  dry,  and  thus  insure  aim  '    ; 
Early  maturing  varieties,  like  Cory,  ui  .  ■    ■   liil'    i    -in  n 
about  60  days  when  thus  treated.    Corn  may  he  forced 
in  the  same  house  with  tomatoes,  egg-plantj  and  other 
vegetables  which  require  similar  range  of  temperature. 

VABrETiES.  —  Some  of  the  desirable  varieties  for  the 
garden,  the  market  and  for  canning  are  listed  4)elow. 
These  varieties  are  named  for  the  purpose  of  showing 
the  range  of  variation  and  of  indicating  the  leading 
groups  ortypes,  not  to  recommend  these  particular  kinds. 
New  varieties  are  continually  supplanting  the  old. 

For  the  home  ffrerdcM.  — Extra-earlv:  F.arlv  Marblrhcad 
(Pig.  552) ,  Burbank  Early.  Second  Early :  ( 'n .vhy  F.arlv. 
Main  Crop:  Large  Eight-Rowed,  Hiikox  Iiii|iri.viil. 
Stowell  Evergreen.  Late  :  Black  Mexican,  Country 
Gentleman. 

For  marJc*.— Extra-early :  Early  Cory,  Perry  Hybrid ; 
Extra-early  Adams,  though  not  a  sweet  Corn,  is  largely 
grown  for  early  use.  Second  Early  :  Shaker  Early, 
Crosby  Early;  Early  Adams  is  grown  extensively  for 
market,  though  not  a  sweet  Com.  Main  Crop  and  Late : 
Mammoth,     Stowell      Evergreen,     Egyptian,     Country 

F  .' 


fad  and  de- 


I'.-i   .    i I'ESTS.  — The  most  ' 

stlu.lm     ill,,.  a.M,    of  Corn    in    tlir-    I'T.it.-l    StritH-    W    the 

smut  produced  by  the  para~iih'  -imh-  t  r  lm  .  /  ,-,'..,,,. 
Zece.      The    sorghum  -  head    -imii,    I  /,         '--/, 

also  attacks  Maize.     Smut  r,  ;-,  -  i  ;  ;i         inn 

attacks  the  ears.  The  grain-  .u.  1 1  :i:,~i..t  n.i  •(  int--  a 
mass  of  dark-color.. 1  Mimt  -p  i.  ■-.  an.l  l.iconii-  ex- 
ceedingly swollen  ami  .li-t..it.  .1  .lilt  of  all  semblance 
to  their  normal  outlin.  ~.  Int.  iii..ii  may  take  place  at 
any  growing  point  of  tin-  |i|..nt  I  run  .arly  till  late  in  the 
season,  hence  treatment  of  ^i  .  I  i  in  1.,  rnn-ic'ides  is  of 
no  value  as  a  remedy  for  (  .  i  r       .i.-struction 

of  smutted  parts  of  the  plan'  _  .^l.ecial  care 

that  the  smut  does  not  becm.  in.,.;  .  n  n  manure  which 
is  used  for  the  Corn  crop,  ait-  i.i,a,,ui,-~  wliichraay  be 
expected  to  lessen  the  prevalence  of  the  disease.  No 
remedy  is  known. 

The  only  other  disease  of  Sweet  Corn  which  is  known 
to  be  of  ef'i.nonii.-  imp.irtance  in  the  United  States  is  the 

ba.n, mil  lili-lii  ,  :,ii- ,1  \.:  r '■' mas  Steimrti.   It  has 

b.  '      '         :  ^  I    i-.y  and  Michigan,  but 

till         ;     ,  ,  -  :,     ,  I  ,    ,.       ,;    -•  I  ;i,-tive  ouly  on  Long 

l-^l:inil  -1,  .iirh,  .l\>;iri  \  :,M.in-  -f  Sweet  Corn.  Itischar- 
act.-riz.'.l  by  wilting  and  complete  drying  of  the  whole 
plant,  as  if  affected  by  drought,  except  that  the  leaves  do 
not  roll  up.  The  fibro-vascular  bundles  become  distinctly 
yellow,  and  are  very  noticeable  when  the  stalk  is  cut 
open.  The  di«i\T<p  "ntficks  the  pltint  at  any  period  of 
growth,  but   i^  ni-.-t  .1,  -tractive  about  the  time  the  silk 


CORNUS 

the  stored  product.  The  Corn  worm  is  also  known  south 
as  the  cotton-boll  worm.  It  is  destructive  to  Sweet  Com 
especially,  for  it  burrows  into  the  ear  and  feeds  on  the 
tender  green  Com,  rendering  the  ear  unacceptable  either 
at  canneries  or  in  market.  It  is  known  to  do  serious  dam- 
age as  far  north  as  w.-.-t.  rn  Xiw  Y..rk.  Tli.-  l.ist  known 
method  of  titilitinL' tliU  iii~..f  N  tin-  br.-akini;  of  the 
pupjB  cells  in  tli.'  .-aiili  ti\-  'liallnw  I'all  jil. i\\  ill;,^  which, 
at  best,  is  but  a  partial  nni.-.ly.  Win -».inn...  n.irthern 
corn-ror.t  w. It-Ill-,  white  grub.s,  and  ci-rtaiu  other  grass 
inseits  att.nK  i  -in  phmts.  One  of  the  best  preventive 
measiiii  -  i-  t.i  plan  the  rotation  so  that  Corn  does  not 
imnii-.li.it.  I     I'll...  aiiv  cereal  or  grass  crop. 

Pop<'.i|:n  [X,a  .  f,W«,  Sturt.). -Characterized  by  the 
excessive  proportion  of  the  corneous  endosperm,  and 
the  small  size  of  the  kernels  and  ear.  The  kernel  split 
laterally  shows  the  chit  and  corneous  matter  enveloping, 
and  in  some  cases  a  fine,  starchy  line.  The  small  size  of 
the  kernel  and  the  property  of  popping  makes  identifica- 
tion certain.  This  species-group  extends  throughout 
North  and  South  America,  and  has  claims  for  prehis 
toric  culture. 

Tlf  y.r<'p.af:tti..ti  of  soil,  planting,  and  tillage  recom 
,.,..,, I,. I  .,.,-,,,.  I '..rn  apply  equally  well  to  Pop  Corn, 

1  ~  \  ant,  in  1899,  describes  25  varieties 

1        I  ,  ;      1  .ii-e  popular: 

1 1 ,, ,..  r  I  .  .'.].  II.  -  r.tir  1  to  3  inches  long.  An  early-ma 
turing  sort,  with  broad,  golden  yellow  kemds. 

Rice,  White  Rice. -Ear  4  to  8  inches  long.  This  vigor- 
ous late  variety  is  widely  cultivated.  This  and  other 
Rice  Corns  are  characterized  by  deep,  ta{)ering,  beaked 
kernels. 

Pearl.  — Ear  4  to  8  inches  long.  Matures  somewhat 
earlier  than  Rice  and  later  than  Dwarf  Golden.  Kernels 
rounded  and  silvery  white.  §_  j^_  Beach. 

COKN,  BKOOM.    See  Sorrjhum. 

CORN  COCKLE.    Liirhiiis  Githago. 

CORNEL,  CORNELIAN  OHEBEY.    See  rri™».s-  Mas. 

CORN  FLAG.    GhuVohix. 

CORNFLOWER.    Centaurea  Cjanus. 

CORN,  INDIAN.    The  common  name  for  Zeu  Mays. 

CORN,  KAFFIR.    See  Sorghum  vulgare,  var.  Durra. 

CORN  POPPY  of  Europe  is  the  weed  of  the  grain 
fields  from  which  some  of  the  garden  poppies  have  been 
raised,  Papaver  Eh(eas. 

CORN  SALAD  (Valerianella  olitoria,  P&W.).  Valeri- 
aii.'iri  ,1 .  Known  also  as  Lamb's  Lettuce,  Fetticus,  and 
\  ttti.  ..>t.  It  is  a  native  of  Europe.  Sow  the  seed  in 
larlv  sj.riiig,  at  the  time  of  the  first  sowing  of  lettuce, 
and  make  successional  plantings  as  often  as  desired.  For 
very  early  salads  the  seeds  are  planted  in  September, 
and  the  young  plants  are  covered  with  a  light  mulch  and 
wintered"  exactly  as  spinach  is  often  managed.  Sow  in 
drills  a  foot  or  18  inches  apart  and  cover  lightly.  Work 
the  ground  thoroughly,  and  give  an  abundance  of  water. 
The  leaves  may  be  blanched,  but  are  usually  eaten  green. 
It  matures  in  60-65  days  during  good  spring  weather. 
Only  one  variety  is  offered  by  mo.st  American  seed.smen, 
but  several  sorts  are  known  to  European  gardeners.  It  is 
sometimes  used  for  a  pot-herb,  being  served  like  spinach, 
but  is  chiefiy  valuable  for  salads.  It  is  rather  tasteless, 
and  is  not  so  popultir  as  cri-ss  or  lettuce  on  that 
account,  but  i.i-rs..n-  -  I...  pi-  t',  i  a  \.fy  mild  salad,  or 
who  would  rath,  r  t:..t.  ',  ,',!  Ir.  -iiil'.  will  doubtless 
fancy  Cora  Sala.l.     h  !    in  mixture  with 

other  herbs,  a.s  h  till.  .. i  .i.-    ,,,   ,» liite  mustard.    It 

is  easy  to  grow.    Tlnri;  .ul  hu  .spi.i.il  enemies. 

F.  A.  Wacgh. 

C6BNUS  (ancient  Latin  name  of  Coj-nus  Mas).  Comd- 
cete.  Dogwood.  Shrubs  or  trees,  rarely  herbs:  Ivs.  op- 
posite, rarely  alternate  or  whorled,  deciduous,  entire  : 
fls.  small,  4-merous,  usually  white,  in  terminal  cymes 
(Fig.  5531  or  heads:  fr.  a  drupe,  with  2-celled  stoae.  Over 
30  species  in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere  and  one  in  Peru,   Hardy  ornamental  shrubs 


CORN  us 

with  handsome  foliage,  often  assuming  a  brilliant  fall 
coloring,  and  with  attractive  fls.  and  frs.  Nearly  all  are 
very  desirable  for  planting  in  shrubberies.  They  grow- 
nearly  as  well  in  shady  places 
under  large  trees  as  in  sunny 
exposed  situations,  and  thrive  in 
almost  any  soil.  One  of  the  most 
beautiful  in  bloom  is  C.  florida. 


CORNUS 


377 


and  tenninal 
flower-clusters.  Cor- 
nus  Baileyi. 


554.   Cutting  of  Cornus. 


with  extremely  showy  fls.  in  spring.  C.  cnndidissima  is 
one  of  the  best  for  shrubberies,  blooming  profusely  in 
June.  The  red-branched  species,  as  C.alba,  C.Amomum, 
C.  Baileyi,  C.  sanguinea,  are  very  attractive  in  winter. 
Prop,  by  seeds,  which  usually  do  not  germinate  until  the 
second  year.  The  species  with  willow-like  soft  wood,  as 
C.  alba  and  its  allies,  grow  readily  from  cuttings  of  ma- 
ture wood,  while  the  others  are  sometimes  increased  by 
layers.  Horticultural  varieties  are  mostly  budded  in  sum- 
mer on  seedlings  of  the  type,  or  grafted  in  early  spring 
in  the  propagating  house.  They  are  often  grown  iii  this 
country  from  nearly  ripened  cuttings  (Fig.  554) ,  handled 
in  frames  in  summer. 

Various  species  of  Cornus  have  many  interesting  uses. 
Our  native  C.  florida,  which  in  flower  is  the  showiest 
member  of  the  genus,  furnishes  a  useful  substitute  for 
quinine.  The  bark  of  all  parts  contains  the  same  sub- 
stances found  in  Cinchona,  but  in  different  proportions. 
It  is  inferior  in  effectiveness  and  more  difficult  to  obtain 
in  large  quantities.  It  is  sometimes  possible  to  ward  oft' 
fevers  by  merely  chewing  the  twigs.  The  powdered  bark 
makes  a  good  tooth-powder,  and  the  fresh  twigs  can  be 
used  for  the  same  purpose.  The  bark  mixed  with  sul- 
fate of  iron  makes  a  good  black  ink.  The  bark  of  the 
roots  yields  a  scarlet  dye.  The  wood,  being  hard,  heavy, 
and  close-grained,  is  good  fortool  handles.  The  Cornelian 
Cherry  has  pulpy  fruits  resembling  cornelian  in  color 
and  about  the  size  and  shape  of  olives,  for  which  they 
can  be  substituted.    The  ripe  fruits  are  soft  and  rather 


sweet.  The  name  Dogwood  comes  from  the  fact  that 
decoction  of  the  bark  of  C.  sanguinea  was  used  in  Enj 
land  to  wash  mangy  dogs.  The  small  red  berries  of  t 
Suecica  (not  in  the  trade)  are  eaten  by  the  Esquimaux. 
Index:  alba,  3  and  4;  alternifolia,  1;  Aniomum,  T 
Baileyi,  5;  hrachypoda,  2  and  suppl.;  Canadensis,  17 
candidissima,  9  ;  cnpitatn.  ]()  ;  rircinata.  (5  ;  rn^yuha," 
fasligiata.  10;   /•(> i;i;«./.  Id  :    tl.iri.l;i.  i:;  :    ././/...>;/■.■.,.  ir. 


talli,  14  ;  oblonga 
sanguinea,  8  ;  sr, 
stricta,  10;  TaUiri 


Fls.  in  ci 

Foliage  , 


Shrubs  or  trees. 
s  orpaiiiehs  without  involucr 

""''      .''    ,  '  ,1  u nihel-like  cyme 


1.  altemif oUa,  L i  1 1  I  l  -hrub  or  small  tree,  to 
25  ft.:  Ivs.  sleudi  r  ]Mii,,.,i  i.nih-  or  uvate,  usually 
cuneate,  acuminate  n.  ;■  :  -  ,iI..>n  c.  |.:i  I.  r,,-  \i  hit- 
ishbeneathandapin.  iii.,s 
lJ^-2Kin.wide:  tV.  ^  ,  ■ ,  :.  i,  .  ;;  ,,,  ,,  ,,  ,^,  ^,  ,„i 
red  peduncles.  M;i>-.  -Imn  \.  I  ;i  nn-u  i^k  t,,  i ,.  ,,ii,.  i,,  and 
Alabama,  west  to  Jliniiesi.tii,  .■^.r^.  :,:  :.'lii.  Km.  4i>:i.  — of 
very  distinct  habit,  the  Ijrauclies  being  arranged  in 
irregular  whorls,  forming  flat,  horizontally  spreading 
tiers,  as  in  the  picture.  A  variety  which  shows  thi.= 
habit  more  distinctly  than  the  common  form  is  var. 
umbraculifera,  Dieck.  Var.  arg^ntea,  Hort.,  is  a  form 
with  white-marked  fdliage. 

2.  macrophylla.  Wall.  (  C.  brarhypoda ,  Auth..  not  C.  A. 
Mey.).  Tree,  to  00  ft.:  Ivs.  slender-petioled,  broadly 
ovate  or  elliptic  ovate,  usually  rounded  at  the  base, 
abruptly  acuminate,  whitish  and  slightly  hairy  beneath, 
3-5  in.  long:  cymes  3-4  in.  wide:  fr.  bluish  black.  June. 
Himalayas  to  Japan.— With  the  habit  of  the  former,  but 
of  more  vigorous  growth;  not  hardy  north.  Var.  varie- 
g4ta,  Hort.   Lvs.  edged  white.    Gng.  3 ;  67. 

cc.    Foliage  opposite. 

D.    Fl.i.  in  ..^,./'.  !-::i.  .  flat  cymes. 

E.    Lrs.  u'hifish  J'f  appressed  hairs 

biiieati:  .  i I, t  bluish. 

3.  stolonifera,  Mi.iix.  i''.  .///"-.  Wangh).  Red-Osier 
Dogwood.  Fig.  556.  Shn\b,  to  S  ft.,  usually  with  dark 
blood-red  branches  and  prostrate  stem,  stoloniferons  : 
lvs.  obtuse  at  the  base,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, 2-5  in.  long:  cymes  dense,  1-2  in.  wide;  disk  usually 
red  fr  white  with  the  stone  broader  than  high  May, 
June  From  Bnt  N  Amer  to  Illinois  and  California 
B  B  2  545  G  C  II  8  679  -Var  flavir4mea,  Spath 
Branches  yellow  There  are  also  varieties  with  vane 
gated  lvs     Habit  bush  like  as  m  the  picture 


378  CORNUS 

4    Alba,  Linn    {C    Tutaiica    Mill  I      Shruli    to  10  ft 
with  usually  erect  vtem  and  bright  blood  red  branches 
mostly  with  glaucous  bloom  when  \  oung    h  s  obtuse  at 
the  base,  ovate  or  elliptic    somewhat  buUate  or  rugose 
above   acute   ^^-i^^.u1   long    cymes  dense   small    disk 


CORNUS 

DD.  Fls.  in  short  panicles  :  fr.  whit 
9.  candidlBsima,  Marsh.  (('.  jininrnl, 
oblotujAta,  Hort.).  Shrub,  6-J.j  It..  «iil 
Ivs.  cuneate,  ovate-lanceolate  <m-  lan.ii 
appressed-pubescent  or  nearly  sipnuth, 
VA-A  in.  long:  petals  white,  lanceolate; 
Tune.    Maine  to  N.  Carolina,  west  to  M 


eliminate, 

1  beneath, 

ite.    May, 

and  Ne- 


cles  in  fall. 

10.  Btricta,  L'H^rit.  (C.  foA(i3id(a,Michx.  C.  faemina, 
Mill.).  Shrub,  to  15  ft.,  with  purplish  branches  :  Ivs. 
lanceolate,  sparingly  and  minutely  ap- 
pressed-pubescent, green  on  both  sides,  lJ^-3  in.  long  : 
petals  white,  ovate-lanceolate:  fr.  pale  blue.  April,  May. 
Virginia  to  Georgia  and  Florida.  B.B.  2:  516.-Tender 
north.  Closely  allied  to  the  former,  and  perhaps  only 
\  iriety. 


»  dense  heads  or  umbels,  with  i 


yellow:  Ir.  light  bluish,  sometimes  whitish;  stone  usually 
higher  than  broad,  flat.  Siberia,  N.  China.-Var.  arg^n- 
teo-margin4ta,  Hort.  Lvs.  edged  white.  Var.  Spsethi, 
Hort.  Lvs.  broadly  edged  yellow  Var  Sibirica,  Lodd 
Branches  bright  coral-red.  There  are  also  some  other 
varieties  with  variegated  lvs 


spring  with  its  yellow   Us.. 
shining  scarlet  frs.    There  are  varieties 
lvs.  and  with  yellow  fr. 
12.  officiniUs,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.    Shrub 


rf    '.         I   ORN-ELIAN 

■      ''.  -'"  ft.:    lvs. 

II     nid  green 

il.    opposite 

.,'  '  I  iliii;;  the  invo- 

hlc.   iMarch, April. 

ic  shrub  of  dense 

I  tractive   in   early 

n  in  fall  with  its 

?s  with  variegated 


small  tree. 


^ 


EE.    ir 


veins  fls  like  those  of  the  former  pedicels  longer  than 
the  involucre  fr  scarlet  oblong  Japan,  China  S  Z  50 
—  Very  similar  to  the  Hst 


F.   Fr 


5.  Biileyi,  Coult.  &  Evans 
with  reddish  branches:  Ivs. ovate  t  II  t  r 
acurainate,white  beneath, with  wofli  i  I  (  1 
hairs,  2-5  in.  long:  fls.  in  small  i  il  i  ll\ 
cymes :  stone  of  the  fruit  much  bi  1  1  II  i  i 
pressed  and  flat-topped.  Pa  to  "M  I  W  it, 
G.P.3:465.-Averyhandsomespe  i  1  \tli 
with  dark  red  branches,  blooming  11  II  i  1 
of  a  distinct  grayish  hue.  due  t  tl  li  I  th  i  j  \  ii  1 
curled  lvs.  The  fall  color  of  foliage  and  winter  color  of 
twigs  are  unequaled.  Not  as  \et  m  the  trade  Well 
adapted  for  sandy  soil. 

pp.    Fr.  black,  blue  or  bluish  oi 
greenish  white. 

6.  oircin4ta,L'H6rit.  Shrub.VlO  ft 
the   young   branches    green     blotched 
purple,  older  ones   purplish      lvs   oi 
blcularor  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  short 
acuminate,  slightly  pubescent  above    pale  and  densely 
pubescent  beneath,  2-6  in.  long    cymes  rather  dense    fr 
light  blue  or  greenish  white    M»y  June      Em  -tb4 

7.  Ambmuin,Mill.(6'. .so-iVfn  Lmn    C  cceiulea  Lam  ) 
Shrub,  3-10  ft,,  with  purple  branches     lvs    rounded  oi 
narrowed  at  the  base,  elliptic  o\  ite  < 
dark  green  and  nearly  gl.ibi     i       1 
beneath,  usually  with  brown        I 
long:   cyme  compact  :   fr.  I- 
July.    N.  Brunswick  to  II- 
kota.    Em.  466.    R.H.  18«h:  1 1  i    .i~  . 
variegita,  Hort.    Lvs.  vantKai.-.l  »ri 

8.  sang:uinea,  Linn.  Shrub 
dark  blood-red  branches  :  lvs.  broad-elliptic  or  ovate, 
rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  usually  pubescent  on 
both  sides,  pale  green  beneath,  lj^-3^in.  long:  fls.  green- 
ish white,  in  dense  cymes:  fr.  black.  May,  June.  Eu., 
Orient.  —  Var.  variegita,  Hort.  Lvs.  variegated  with 
yellowish  white.  Var.  viridissima,  Dieck.  With  green 
branches  and  green  fruit. 


lanceolate 


12  ft.,  with  purple 


557.  Cornus  Mas  (sprays  XK). 

rarely  to  40  ft. :  lvs.  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  dark  green  and 
glabrous  above,  glaucous  or  whitish  beneath,  usually 
only  pubescent  on  the  veins,  3-6  in.  long :  involucre  white 


COKNUS 

or  pinkish,  3-4  in.  wide ;  bracts  4,  obovate,  emarginate: 
fr.  J^iu.  long,  scarlet.  May.  Massachusetts  to  Florida, 
west  to  Ontario  and  Texas,  also  E.  and  S.  Mexico.  S.S. 
5:112-13.  Era.4(i8.  G.F.  3:431.  B.M.526.  Gn.52,  p.  177; 
53,  p.  222.  J.H.  III.  28:  453. -One  of  the  most  beautiful 
American  flowering  trees  ;  hardy  north.  V'ar.  p^ndula, 
Hort.  With  pendulous  branches. 
Var.  rabra,  Hort.  With  pink  in- 
volULie  but  less  free  floweiing 
than  the  t-\pe  B  H  1894  500 
A.G  18  441  F  E  a  572  Neither 
variety  as  hardy  as  the  t^  pe 

14  Nuttalli,  And     Tree    to  80 
ft.      Ivs    ovate  or   obo\  ate,  usu 
ally  pubescent   beneath,  4-5   m 
long     involutre  white  or   tinged 
with    pink,    4-6   in 
across,   bracts  4-G,  ob 
long  or  obovate,  some 
times  roundish,  mostl\ 
acute      tr     bright  red 
ororinge  crowned  with 
the    broid      jk"  r' 
calyx     But   <  ..|i 
S.S  5   2U-I       ( 
species  sui  I   1 
beaut\  l>iit  IS  in 
successtulh  .  nil 
countrj ,  thougli 
into  different  American  and  European  gardens 

DD    F)S  cnnnnte  mtn  a  r/lobular  fleahy 
lifinl      {hKithiimia  ) 

15  Koiisa,  Buei ,  I  /  ntl,  ,,in  t  rnpdnicaS^eh  SuZuae 
C.Jap6nica,Kv 
to  20  ft  Ivs  ( 
green  above,  gl » 
2-4  in  long  ii 
bracts  ovate,  ai  i 
Japan,  China 
A.G    13   674      I 


CORREA  379 

pinnate  Ivs.,  and  purple  or  yellow  fls.  in  peduncled 
heads  or  umbels  ;  pod  jointed.  Separated  from  Orni 
thopus  by  floral  and  fruit  characters.  Species  25-30 
Mediterranean  region.  The  shrubby  C.  Mmerus  and  C 
glauca  are  useful  in  southern  California  and  the  south 
ern  states.  The  species  are  occasionally  grown  in  bor 
ders.  C.  glauca  is  sometimes  grown  under  glass 
for  spring  bloom,  after  the  manner  of  Cytisus. 
All  are  of  easy  culture 


Shrub  or  small  tree, 
ite,  acuminate,  dark 
d  pubescent  beneath, 
lute,  2y_-i  in  wide, 
globular  head  Ju 
>'I8     G  C    III    19  783 

HI     r,   9      M  DG 


June  and  contr  i 
hardy  as  far  no 

16    capitata 
Tree      h  i 

ends,   i|  [ 

creann  wlni       i 


/    uti,  III,,,     li,i,,ii  ,„     Liiidl  ) 

til   oblimg    nuroned  it  both 

lit  ibove  and  more  densely  and 

iii\olucre  about  2}/ -6  m  wide, 

111    acute    fniit  held  nwi  1  in 

across,  s(  irl.  t      luiK      HimaKyas     f  K   10  l""'!    (  n   ",4, 

p.  310      GC    III    16   501     J  H   111     II    Jl     -li.i^Htn 

tree,  with  showy  fls  and  frs  ,  hauh  .  iil\  -   nili 

AA     Lowheibi,     ffs   inilnis,   li,„,l     i,  ,tl,    ,„l,,i     u„ 


17    Canadensis   In 
ing  rootstock      U 
glabrous  or  ue  n  K 
peduncled  ,  in\olu.  i. 
red,  globose      Maj-Ji 
Colorado  and   Calif 
half  shadv  pi  ices 


both  bid.        1 1    uhii       I 
AUied  t..  I      I'l  ,     II      ,1 

beneath 
Him^l  u  , 

bescent  Inn     i 

N.Asii    BU  2  bii 
CORONA.    Same  as  ( 


tt  high,  with  creep 

ill    elliptic  or  obovate, 

liead  greenish,  long 

in    wide     fr    bright 

ei      south  to   Indiana, 

-  Handsome  plant  for 


*    brackypoda 
lilt  bsed  pubes 
I  I    lihylla  in  the 

I      111      ^1 II lib  to  10  ft 

1  to  Caht  —  O  Hfssei  Koehne 
^  shrub  Ivs  crowded  small  tx 
K'.ii  —  C  obUnga  Will    Shrub 


\\,  ti(    \mer    N    Eu 
Alfred  Rehder 


COBONtLLA  (Latin,  a  little  crown:  from  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  fls.).  Legnmindsce,  tribe  Sedys&rece. 
Crown  Vetch.    Perennial  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  odd- 


Cornus  flonda 


A     Floneis  yellOK 
B     Herbs 

Cappaddcica,  Willd  (.O  Ibei ica ,  Bieh  )  Low  peren- 
nial herb,  about  1  tt  high  Itts  9-11  obcordate,  ciliate: 
umbels  7-8  fld  fls  jellow  laige  Julj-\ug  stipules 
membranateous  rounded  ciliate  toothed  Asia  Minor. 
L  B  C  8  789  EM  2646  -A  good  trailei  for  lockeries 
and  the  margins  of  bordeis 

BB     Shtubs 

Emfinis,  Lmn  Scorpiov  Senna  Dense,  sjrmmetrical 
shrub,  4-6  ft  high  Ivs  deep,  glossy  green  ,  Ifts  5-7, 
obovate  stipules  small  peduncles  3  fld  fls  large, 
yellow,  tipped  with  red  Blooms  freely.  May  and  June. 
Showv,  half  hardy  h  Eu  BM  445  Gng  5  36.- 
E\  ergreen  m  S  states 

glailca,  LiTiti  (tHIhous  •-liiiili  2-4  ft  lii.b  stipules 
small,  lane  eiil  III  Iti  -7  I  \  iti  mm  lilunt  glau- 
cous fls  7-s  III  I  I  li  iiiiilii  1  ^  11  \  li  i_i  ml  l.\  daj  but 
not  at  night  ^  I  n  I  '^l  1  -<iii  i  tin  i  ommon 
garden  shrulis  "t  '^  t  liit  tli«.iiii„  ill  ilii  Mir 
AA     Flouers  uhite  and  j)ink 

viminUis,  Sahsb  Trailing  shrub  stipules  soon  de- 
ciduous ovate,  membranaceous  Ifts  13-21,  obovate, 
notched,  glaucous  umbels  6-10  fld  fls  pale  red  or 
white  with  a  red  stripe  on  the  banner  Algeria  —Prom- 
ising as  a  florists'  plant  for  cut  fls  Fls  all  the  year  in 
S   Calif 

v4na,  Lmn  Crown  Vetch  Fig  559  Straggling  or 
ascending,  smooth  herb,  1-2  tt  high  Ivs  sessile  ,  Ifts. 
11-25,  oblong  or  obo-s  ate,  blunt  and  mucronate,  ii-%  in. 
long  peduncles  longer  than  h  s  fls  m  dense  umbels, 
K  in  long  pinkish  white  June  to  Oct  Eu  B  M  258. 
Gng  5  337  —Trailing  plant  for  hard's,  herbaceous 
border  Jared  G   Smith. 

C0BB£A  (after  Jose  Francesco  Correa  de  Serra, 
Portuguese  author,  1750-1823).  But Acem.  Seven  spe- 
cies of  tender  Australian  shrubs,  rarely  cultivated  un- 
der glass  for  their  pendulous,  tubular  fls.  an  inch  or  two 


380  CORREA 

long,  usually  bright  scarlet,  but  also  white  or  yellow. 
Shrubs,  usually  with  dense,  minute,  stellate  hairs:  Ivs. 
opposite,  stalked,  entire,  and  with  transparent  dots.  C . 
speciosa  is  probably  the  best  and  most  variable  species. 
It  is  a  native  of  barren,  sandy  plains,  and  belongs  to  the 
large  and  much-neglected  class  of  Australian  shrubs. 


specidsa,  Ait.  {C 
shrub,  2-3  ft.  higli: 
covered  with  miiuH' 
in.  long,  elliptic,  ali" 
darl£  green  abovi-. 
curved  :  pedu 


^.  Muell.).  Tender 
ler,  brown,  opposite, 
Ivs.  opposite,  about  1 
de  as  long,  wrinkled, 


-fld., 


vithi 


pan 


IHin.  long, 
y  short  limb 
I'alyx  small. 


pendent,  tubular,  bright  s<-:ni'  r,  \\  i!)i  .i  \ 
of  4  spreading,  greenish  ytll.iw  -.  -inn,!. 
cup-shaped,  with  4  almost  ulisulLtt;  titt] 
exserted,  about  }i  in.  B.M.  4912.-Ther 
varieties. 

CORTADfiKIA.    See  Gyneriitm. 


COETtrSA  (named  by  the  herbalist  Matthiolus  after 
his  friend  Cortusus,  professor  of  botany  at  Padua). 
Primul&cem.  A  genus  of  possibly  4  species  of  which 
C.  Matthioli,  Linn.,  from  the  Swiss  Alps,  has  longbeen  a 
choice  and  delicate  but  not  very  popular  plant,  suited 
for  shady  parts  of  the  rockery.  It  was  long  considered 
the   only  species  of  the   genus.    It   is   an  herbaceous 


CORYDALIS 

perennial,  about  6  in.  high,  pubescent,  rhizomatous, 
with  a  few  loliir-^talkHil.  cordate,  7-I>-]obed,  dentate  Ivs., 
ami  a  vl,.ii.l..i-  s,a]ii'  li.arim.'  an  uiiila-l  of  about  7  small, 
rosy  |mtp|f.  ilr'>")>iii:,'  li^..  w  lii'-li  ai'jM-ar  in  summer.  It 
ha-'  -"iiir  i-.'sriiil.laiirr  f.  /',•,,„„/,,  ,.,rt iisMdes .  The 
genu-  has  [M.s-ihly  4  spt-cirs.  and  is  rlistinguished  from 

base  of  the  corolla,  and  its  long-acuminate  anthers. 
According  to  J.  B.  Keller,  its  culture  is  similar  to  that 
of  tlie  hardy  Primulas,  but  it  needs  winter  protection  in 
the  niirthern  states. 

CORYANTHES   (Greek    Unjs,  helmet,  and  anthos, 

flowir  referring  tn  the  shape  of  the  lip)  (hrhxldrnp 
tribi     I  and  Tin         in    1  n  i         In   h  i       1        1     r 


the  tiinin  li  T  it  j  rtion  bucket  or  pouch  like  column 
pnmtii  _  I  «n\\  I  1  elongated  terete  bicornute  at  the 
bi  t  'I  ^  I  ni\  1  pollinia  2  compressed  caudicle 
Ime  ir  in  u  tte  Pseudobulbous  Ivs  plicate  lanceo 
late  about  1  ft  long  The  bucket  part  of  the  labellum 
IS  provided  with  a  spout  like  structure  by  means  of 
which  the  bucket  overflows  when  about  half  full  of  a 


not  lasting,  the  sepals  being  of  such  delicate  texture 
that,  though  at  first  they  fully  expand,  they  soon  collapse 
and  liecome  imsightly.  Although  much  interest  attaches 
to  th.-  s]iecies  of  Coryanthes,  the  genus  is  not  generally 
lultivati-d,  sinte  the  fls.  last  too  short  a  time  and  are 
ii.it   iiarti.-ularly  brilliant.    For  culture,  see  Stanhopea. 

macr4ntha.  Hook.  Ground  color  rich  yellow  dotted 
with  red.  Hood  and  part  of  bucket  brownish  red:  fls. 
few,  in  drooping  racemes.    Caracas.    P.M.  5:31. 

macuiata,  Hook.  Sepals  and  petals  dull,  pale  yellow, 
bucket  blotched  on  the  inside  with  dull  red.  B.M.  3102. 
—  Var.  punctita  has  the  petals  and  sepals  bright  yellow, 
speckled  with  red.  the  hood  yellow,  blotched  with  red- 
dish orange,  the  pouch  pale,  speckled  and  spotted  with 
red.    Demerara.  Oakes  Ames. 

COR'JDAI.IS  (Greek,  lark,  the  spur  of  the  flower  re- 
sembling a  lark's  spur).  FumariAcecB.  A  large  genus 
of  hardy  plants  allied  to  the  Dutchman's  Breeches,  and 
with  finely  cut  foliage  of  a  similar  character,  but  weedier 
and  less  delicate  than  the  Dicentras.  They  are  all  of 
easy  culture.  They  prefer  full  sunlight  but  will  grow  in 
half-shade.  Prop,  by  division  or  seed. 
A.    Fls.  chiefly  pnrple  or  rose,  sometimes  tipped  yellow. 

B.    Plant  perennial :  root  tuberous  :  stem-lm.  feu-. 

bulbdsa,  DC.  (C.  sdlida,  Sw.).   Erect,  6  in.  high  :  Ivs. 
3-1,  stalked,  bitemately  cut,  segments  wedge-shaped  or 
oblong:  root  solid:  fls.  large,  purplish.    Spring. 
BB.    Plant  annual:  root  fibrous:  stem-lvs.  many. 

glailoa,  Pursh.  Annual,  1-2  ft.  high,  very  glaucous  : 
lobes  of  the  Ivs.  mostly  spatulate  :  racemes  short,  pani- 
cled  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  branches  :  fls.  barely 
K  in.  long,  rose  or  purple  with  yellow  tips  ;  spur  short 
and  round  :  capsule  slender,  linear;  seeds  with  minute, 
transverse  wrinkles.  Summer.  Rocky  or  sterile  ground. 
Nova  Scotia  to  Rocky  Mts.,  and  even  Arctic  coast, 
south  to  Texas.  B.M.  "l79.-Not  advertised  for  sale,  but 
probably  worth  cult. 

AA.    Fls.  chiefly  yellow. 

B.    Plant  perennial :  root  tuberous  :  stem-lvs.  few. 

n6bilis,  Pers.  Perennial,  erect :  Ivs.  biplnnately  cut ; 
segments  wedge-shaped  and  lobed  at  the  apex  :  fls. 
white,  tipped  with  yellow,  and  a  dark  purple  spot;  spur 
1  in.  long.  Spring.  Siberia.  B.M.  1953,  as  Fumaria 
nobilis.    G.C.  II.  19:725. 

BB.    Plant  annual  or  biennial:   root  fibrous  :  stem- 

ailrea,  Willd.  Annual,  6  in.  high,  commonly  low  and 
spreading  :  tts.  golden  yellow,  about  K  in.  long,  on 
rather  slender  pedicels  in  a  short  raceme  ;  spur  barely 


CORYDALIS 

half  the  leneth  of  the  body,  somewhat  decurved  :  cap- 
sules spreadiiiK  or  pendulous,  about  1  in.  long  ;  seeds 
10-12,  turirid.  I'btu^r  at  margin,  the  shining  surface  ob- 
scurely iiitt.-.l.  K'.iikv  banks  of  Lower  Canada  and  N. 
New  EiiKlaii.l.  ii.iitliwest  to  latitude  64°,  west  to  Brit. 
Col.  and  Ore.,  south  to  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex. ;  not  Jap.— 
Tbe  western  forms  have  the  spur  almost  as  long  as  the 
body  of  the  corolla  and  pass  into 

Var.  occident&lis,  Engelm.  More  erect  and  tufted, 
from  a  stouter  and  sometimes  more  enduring  root :  fls. 
larger  ;  spur  commonly  a.scending  :  capsules  thicker; 
seeds  less  turgid,  acutish  at  margins.  Colo.,  New  Mex., 
W.  Tex.,  Ariz.  Cult,  by  D.M.  Andrews,  Boulder,  Colo., 
who  considers  it  biennial. 

curvisiliqua,  Engelm.  Probably  a  biennial.  Com- 
monly more  robust  than  C.  aiireii,  ascending  or  erect, 
1  ft.  high  or  less:  fls.  golden  yellow,  over  %  in.  long,  in 
a  spike-like  raceme  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  body,  com- 
monly ascending  :  capsules  quadrangular,  IK  in.  long  ; 
seeds  turgid  to  lens-shaped,  with  acute  margins  densely 
and  minutely  netted.  Woods  in  Tex.  Cult,  by  D.  M. 
Andrews,  Boulder,  Colo. 

Ititea,  DC.  Erect  or  spreading,  6-8  in.  high,  annual,  or 
forming  a  tufted  stock  of  several  years' duration  :  Ivs. 
delicate,  pale  green,  much  divided  ;  segments  ovate  or 
wedge-shaped,  and  2-3-lobed  :  fls.  pale  yellow,  about 
H  in.  long,  in  short  racemes;  spur  short  :  pod  a  fourth 
or  third  of  an  inch  long.  Stony  places  of  S.  Eu.,  and 
runs  wild  in  Eu. 

C.cdva.  Schweigg.  &  Kort.  (probaoly  a  form  of  C.  tuberosa. 


W.  M. 

C0RYL6FSIS  (Corifltis  and  op«i's,  likeness;  in  foliage 
resembling  the  Hazel).  HamameliMcea.  Deciduous 
shrubs,  rarely  trees  :  Ivs.  alternate,  deciduous,  dentate  : 
fls.  in  nodding  racemes,  appearing  before  the  Ivs.,  yel- 
low ;  petals  and  stamens  5  :  fr.  a  2-celled,  dehiscent 
capsule,  with  2  shining  black  seeds.  Six  species  in  E. 
Asia  and  Himal.  Low  oriKiiii.iital  slnul.s,  with  sh-uder 
branches  and  pale  bluish   un-r.n.  .hstiin-t   io|i;ii;,-;   very 

attractive  in   early  spriiiLT.  wIi.m v.t-.mI   witli    vdlcnv, 

fragrant  fls.  Not  hardy  north  of  New  York.  Thi  y  grow 
best  in  peaty  and  sandy  soil.  Prop.  l)y  seeds  sown  in 
spring,  best  with  slight" bottom  heat,  aiid  by  cuttings  of 
half -ripened  wood  in  summer  under  glass;  also  by  lay- 
ers, rooting  readily  in  moderately  moist,  peaty  soil. 

pauciE16ra,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Low,  much-branched  shrub, 
2-3  ft. :  Ivs.  obliquely  cordate,  ovate,  sinuate-dentate, 
ciliate,  pubescent  and  glaucous  beneath,  1-2  in.  long  : 
racemes  2-3-fld.,  yi-%  in.  long  :  fls.  light  yellow.  Jap. 
S.Z.20.    G.P.  5:342.    Gt.  48:1467. 

spicitta,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Shrub,  to  4  ft. :  Ivs.  oblique  and 
rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  roundish  ovate  or  obo- 
vate,  sinuate-dentate,  glaucous  beneath  and  inilxseent, 
2-3)^  in.  long:  racemes  7-in-fld.,  1  '2  in.  !"Iil'-  H-.  bright 
yellow.    Jap.    S.Z.  19.    F,.^!.  .-.4'-      '    -  '    '      |{.H. 

1869,  p.  230  ;  1878,  p.  KLs.-Tlii^   -p.  .  ,  ,  ,■  and 

handsomer  foliage  and  tls.  .1  a  ih    ;  i^jiger 

racemes,  but  C  paucifluru  11u\vli.>  im-l  laulu-uly  and 
is  somewhat  hardier. 


C.  Himnlaydna,  Griff.    Shrub 
cordate-ovate,  4-7  1 
6779.  Tender. 


all  tree,  to  20  ft.:  Iv 
in.  long.  Himal.  B.^ 
Alfred  Rehdee. 


CCKYLUS  (ancient  Greek  name).  Cupullferm,  tribe 
BetulAcew.  Hazel.  Filbert.  Cobnut.  Shrubs,  rarely 
trees  :  Ivs.  alternate,  deciduous,  stipulate,  petioled,  ser- 
rate and  more  or  le.ss  pubescent :  fls.  moncecious,  ap- 
pearing before  the  Ivs.,  staminate,  in  long,  pendulous 
catkins,  formed  the  previous  year,  and  remaining  naked 
during  the  winter  (Fig.  i560),  each  bract  bearing  4  di- 
vided stamr-n?;  pistillate  in.'luilr.l  in  ;,  -mill,  --iily  bud 

included' or  siin-onn. I. ■il   liv  ,■!   hat\    -       ii...     >      iillvin 

clusters  at  Ihrona  of  short  l.ranrln.     I ,     ...i.^sin 

N.  Amer.,  Eu.  and  Asia  are  .lescr;l»d.  Xuia,  rous  va- 
rieties are  cult,  in  Eu.  for  their  edible  nuts.  They  are 
also  valuable  for  planting  shrubberies,  and  thrive  "in  al- 
most any  soil.    Prop,  by  seeds  sown  in  fall,  or  stratified 


CORYLUS  381 

and  sown  in  spring  ;  the  varieties  usually  bv  suckers, 
or  by  layers,  put  down  in  fall  or  spring  ;' th"ey  will  be 
rooted  the  following  fall.  Bud.lini,'  in  siiiumer  is  some- 
times practiced  for  growing  st:Mi.|;M M  i  n  .  -.  ann  grafting 
in  spring  in  the  greenhouse  f.ir  s.^o-.'o  \:in.ties.  They 
may  also  be  increased  by  cuttinu-s  of  matiirc  wood  taken 
off  in  fall,  kept  during  "the  winter  in  sand  or  moss  in  a 
cellar  and  planted  in  spring  in  a  warm  and  sandy  soil. 
Illustrated  monograph  of  the  cultivated  varieties  by- 
Franz  Goeschke,  Die  Haselnuss 
(1887).  See,  also,  bulletin  on  Nut- 
culture  by  the  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr. 


561.   Pistillate 

flowers  of 
Corylus  rostrata. 


A.    Husk  or  involucre  consisting  of  two  distinct  bracts 

{sometimes  parthj  connate). 
B.    Involucre  deeply  divided  Into  mmiji  linear,  nearly 
entire  segments,   denseh/    /<.  s.  t    irith    glandular 
hairs.    Tree. 
Columa,  Linn.     Tree,  to  70  ft. :    Ivs.  deeply  cordate, 
roundish  ovate    to    ovate-oblong,   slightly   lobed     and 
doubly  crenate-serrate,  at  length  nearly  glabrous  above, 
pubescent  beneath,  3-7  in.  long:  nut  roundish  ovate, 
4-5  in.  long.     From  S.  Eu.. to  Himal.  — Ornamental  tree, 
with  regular  pyramidal,  head,   not  quite   hardy   north. 
Rarely  cult,  for  the  fr.  under  the  name  of  Filbert  of 
Constantinople  or  Constantinople  nut. 

B.    Involucre   sparingly  glandular,  with  lanceolate  or 
triangular-dentate  lobes:  nut  slightly  compressed. 
Shrubs. 
Americana,  Walt.     Fig.   562.     Shrub,   3-8    ft.:    Ivs. 
slightly  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  broadly  ovate 
or  oval,  irregularly  siri-atc,  s]iariiii.'ly  pubescent  above, 
finely  tomentose  ben.  ,ith.  ::-il  in,  long:  involucre  com- 
pressed, exceeding  tin   nni,  tin   _'  In  arts  sometimes  more 
or   less    connate,  with    raiiit-r    s|nn-t.  irregular,  toothed 
lobes  :    nut    roundish   ovate,   about   H  in.  high.    From 
Canada  to  Fla.  west  to  Ontario  and  Dak.    B.B.  1:507.— 
Two  forms  of   involucre   are  shown  in  Fig.  562.    This 
figure  is  adapted  from  the  bulletin  of  the  Dept.  of  Agr. 
on  Nut-culture. 

Aveliana,  Linn.  Figs.  560,  562.  Shrub,  to  15  ft. :  Ivs. 
slightly  cordate,  roundish  oval  or  broadly  obovate, 
doubly  serrate  and  often  slightly  lobed,  at  length  nearly 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  :  in- 
volucre shorter  than  the  nut,  deeply  and  irregularly  in- 
cised: nut  roundish  ovate,  J<-?i  in.  high.  Eu.,  N.  Afr., 
W.  Asia. -Var.  aiirea,  Hort.  Lvs.  yellow.  Var.  laciniata, 
Hort.  (var.  heterophylla.  Loud.).  Lvs.  laciniately  in- 
cised or  lobed.  Var.  p^ndnla,  Hort.  With  pendulous 
branches.  There  are  also  many  varieties  cultivated  for 
their  fruit. 


AA      Hull   tuhuhl 

biaets 
B      Iiunlucre    lanipamilate,    uilh 

1<t)qe   (hntati    spteading  lobes 

Pbntica,  Koch  shrub  Ivs  cor 
date  roundibh  o\  ate  or  broad  oval 
doubly  serrate  m\  olucre  flnelj 
pubescent,  with  few  glandular  hairs 
at  the  ba^e  nut  large  broad  ovate 
W  Asia  F  S  21  222  3-i  as  C 
Colutna  -From  this  specieb  the 
Cob  Nuts  seem  to  hi%e  originated, 
also  the  Spanish  Nuts  are  probably 
mostly  cross  breeds  between  this 
species  and  C  Aiellana  or  C 
maxima,  or  between  the  two  latter 
species 

BE     Tninlni  le  ti 

th<  mil  into  a  beak 

mizima      Mill       (C      tubuldsa 
■^  lUd  )      shrub     sometimes   small 
tree   to  W  tt      l\s   (ordate,  round 
ish  ovate,  slightly  lobed  and  doubh 
serrate,   3-6    in     long       involucre 
tinely  pubescent   outside    nut  ob 
long,  large,  kernel  with  thm  red  or 
white  skin      b    Eu— \ai 
piirea,  Hort    (C^   Aiellana pm 
puiea,  Hort)     L\s    deep  pur 
plish  red     Many  %arieties,  with 
large   uuts,  known  as  Filberts 
or  Lambert  s  Filberts 

rostrita,  Ait      Pigs   561,  562 
Shrub,  2-b  ft       Ivs    rounded  or 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base  o\  \\ 
orobo%ate    denseh  serrate  and 
sometimes  slightlj  lobed 
glabrous  at  length   except  spar 
ingly  pubescent  on  the  veins  Le 
neath  2K-4  m  long     involucr 
densely  beset  with   bristlj 
hairs,  beak  long  and  narrow 
nut  ovoid   \i  in   long    East 
ern  N   Amer    west  to  Minn 
and  Colo     G  F  8  345     B  B 
I    508 

Cahfbmica,  Rose  Fig 
562  Allied  to  C  tOhtrata 
bhrub  to  20  tt  1 
villous  beneath  involucre 
with  a  short  beak,  whuh  is 
often  Haring  and  sometiires 

C  hit  mikylla  Fisnh    Allied 
to(    \\ellini  Li\s  more  lobed 
m\t-Iu  reUr^e  spre  uling  longerthui 
tr    with  lute    trimgiilir    nearly  en 
teeth     \   Chini    lip    <  oftired  I  \  impi 
ers  )-(  Man  hi  urun  Maxim   Alludt. 

beset  with  stroiiK  bro^n  bristles 

enlarged  it  the  apex    iiid  lacmiately  divided 

narrow    entire  segments     Amurland 

Siibiildi    Blume     Allied 

rower    involucre  densely  coated  with  loo' 

pressed  less  bnstlj   hairs    beak  long  at 


rowed  toward  t 


Culture  for  the  Nuts  —Hazel, 
The  three  native  Hazels,  C    l«i 
nica  and  C  rosiraia, haxe  htm 
to   cultivation,   but  have   n  t 
worthy  of  naming  or  propi^-  itm. 
r    iiellana    C    Pi  iiti  a    iii  1    ' 
ducrd  al   n-thi     \tl  tnti  1       i 


mixture    has 

t.il      \|    11111.1 
1    mil    lit  il  1  li 

1    1      111  li    it. 
iliil     It.  1  Hi/ 
.   1st    luttb.\ 

b.en  suggested  as  a 
It    iKorded   success- 
it      ire  lacking.    Ex- 
iit.m;s  on  the  Pacific 
^1    Iter  success  with 
1     till  re  than  in  the 
li  i\  H  not  developed 

I  he  r.  lUii    1 
^mtrica 
moderatih    m 
absence  .it    . 
cmity  ,  fi 

11   lit      f  the  Hazel  in 

in.  d  soil; 

1                    tn.m  vi- 

M  licriods 

that  species     It  attacks 

.  hes    and  later  the  older 

killing  the  root,    Bo)  deaux 


I  I  111  111  t  It  they  are  de- 
ti  \cd  i\  tiust  fertilization 
c  in  be  accomplished  by  sus- 
pending branches  from  trees 
from  other  localities,  even  of 
other  species  of  Corylus. 

Propagation  by  seeds  is  easily 
done  by  stratifj  ing  in  fall  and 
planting  m  nursery  rows  in 
earlj  spring  Seedlings  vary 
exceedmglv ,  and  varieties  are 
perpetuated  by  budding,  graft- 
ing, suckers  or  lavers  ;  com- 
monlv  bv  the  last  two  methods. 
\  'onsidei.llp  supply  of  well 
I      t    1     u   k    IS  em  be  obtained 


Mill  to  promote  root 
t  rmation  stools  for  layering 
should  be  heavily  manured  t.i  force 
long  and  slender  shoots  suitable 
f  ir  bending  These  should  be 
staked  down  in  winter  or  spring 
and  covered  wifh  earth  They  may 
lie  removed  to  nursery  rows  or 
ir.  hard  at  end  of  first  season. 
Planting  should  be  at  a  distance 
f  10  to  20  feet  in  well  prepared  soil, 
in  fall  or  spring  Ground  may  be 
.  ropped  with  low  growing,  culti- 
vated  plants  while  trees  are  young, 
but  should  be  maintained  in  good 
tilth  and  fertility 

Pruning  is  of  special  importance 
w  ith  this  nut  Trees  are  usually 
htaded  at  height  of  1  or  2  feet, 
thiiu„'h  often  pii  nutted  to  take  nat- 
ural form  v\  hii  li  IS  that  of  a  many- 
stemmed  bush  dt  signated  a"  stool." 
Trees  are  classifaed  according  to 
height  of  clear  trunk  into  "stan- 
dard 'half  standard  '  and  "dwarf 
standard  '  A  short  trunk,  with 
V  ase  form  head  of  six  or  more 
branches  is  preferred  Suckers 
should  be  kept  down,  unless  desired 
for  propagation  Both  sexes  of  blos- 
soms arc  borne  on  1  vear  old  lateral 
tui_  I  spiis  M  irch  or  April, 
itt  I  tl  w  1  t  both  sexes  have 
11     111    1      1  nsidered     best 

1  Hilling  as  unneces- 
sai  >  s  icrifice  of  pollen 
can  thus  be  avoided. 
Strong  shoots  should 
be  headed  back  to 
promote  spur  forma- 
tion, and  old  wood 
that  has  home  fruit 
should  be  removed 
annually. 


or  in  a  refriger 

Hazelnuts    in 

"^  sometimes 

I  ;il>road,  espe- 
itirr  indefinite 
general,  such 


of  the  highest  quality  :  husk  smooth. 


COEYLUS 

The  nuts  should  not  be  gathered  until  ripe,  a  condition 
indicated  by  the  browning  of  the  edges  of  the  husk.  If 
left  until  fully  ripe,  many  of  the  nuts  will  rattle  out  and 
be  lost.  The  highest  prices  are  obtained  for  freshly 
gathered  nuts  in  the  husks.  To  prevent  husks  from 
molding,  they  should  be  well  dried  or  slightly  sulphured. 
Hazelnuts  may  he  held  for  considerable  periods  in  tight 
receptacles,  as  casks  or  jars,  by  sprinkling  salt  over  them 
and  storing  them  in  a  cool,  dry  pli 
ated  compartment. 

Pew  insects  trouble  the  Enr. 
America,  the  nut  wcpvil  of  Fiirniu 
not  haviii','  yit  \u-ru  iKitni.il'  ■  '  i 
does  consi.l.-ralilc  iiijmv  i,.  ■  i  .    : 

Nuts  ana  FUlH-rt>  ;iivi,  in^  ,     .^ 
cially  in  Eu-hmd.  t..  disi;^'i,:>..    ,,  , 
forms  of  C. -Ice'/niin  and  ('.  M'i,r;, 
varieties  as  have  husks  shorter  than  their  fruits  are 
termed  Nuts,  while  such  as  have  husks  as  long  as  or 
longer  than  their  fruits  are  designated  Filberts. 

But  few  varieties  are  known  in  America,  most  of  the 
Hazels  grown  being  seedlings  from  imported  nuts.  Va- 
rieties of  C.  Avellana  and  C.  maxima  are  not. clearly 
distinguishable,  but  in  general  those  with  husks  longer 
than  the  nuts  are  assigned  to  C.  maxima,  and  those  with 
short  husks  to  C.  Avellana. 

Alba  (White  Filbert).  Regarded  inEngland  as  one  of  thebest 
varieties.  Can  be  kept  in  husk  longer  than  most  others  because 
of  constricted  form  of  husk.  Kernel  covered  with  a  white  skin. 
Known  as  Avelinier  Blanche,  Wrotham  Park,  etc.  Succeeds  iu 
California. 

Cosford  (Miss  Young's.  Thin-shelled).  Nut  obi 
shelled,  of  excellent  quality:  in  a  hirsute,  laciniated  1 
the  same  length  as  nut. 

Crispa  (Cape  Xut,  Frizzled  Filbert).  Nut  thin-shelled,  some- 
what flattened,  late;  in  husks  curiously  frizzled  throughout  and 
wide  open  at  the  mouth.  Very  productive. 

Doivnton  Large  Square.  Nut  very  large,  semi-square,  thick- 
shelled  and  weU  flUe ■         "      ' 

shorter  than  nut. 

Du  Chilly.  A  fine.  large,  compressed-cylindrical  variety,  with 
moderately  thick  shell,  and  of  fine  quality.  Introduced  from 
France  by  Felix  Gillet,  of  California.  The  largest  Filbert  grown 
in  America  so  far  as  known. 

Grandis  (Round  Cobnut).  Nut  large,  short,  slightly  com- 
pressed, of  good  quality  when  fresh,  with  a  thick  and  hard  shell ; 
in  a  short  husk,  much  frizzled  and  hairy.  One  of  the  1 
ties  ;  considered  the  true  Barcelona  nut  of  eomme 
known  as  Downton.  Dwarf  Prolific,  Great  Cob,  Pears 
lific  and  Round  Cob. 

Jones.  A  short,  roundish  nut,  of  medium  size.and  good  quality, 
somewhat  grown  for  several  years  in  central  Delaware.  Bush 
hardy  and  \igorous,  producing  suckers  freely,  and  thus  far  free 
from  disease. 

Lambert  (Lambert's  Filbert.  Lambert's  Nut,  Filbert  Cob  ; 
Kentish  Cob.  erroneously).  Nut  large,  oblong,  somewhat  com- 
pressed: shell  rather  thick:  kernel  plump  and  of  rich  flavor:  an 
excellent  keeper.  Husk  quite  smooth,  longer  than  nut  and  but 
slightly  cut  in  margin.  Tree  productive.  Considered  the  best 
variety  grown  in  England,  where  it  has  been  known  since  1812. 

Purple-leaved.  Nut  large  and  of  excellent  quality:  in  a  husk 
longer  than,  the  fruit.  Planted  for  ornament,  and  productive  of 
good  nuts  under  proper  treatment.  The  leaves  and  husks  are 
of  a  deep  purple' color,  which  is  retained  until  frost.  The  stami- 
nate  catkins  are  tender  and  often  injured  by  frosts  in  winter, 
but  when  supplied  with  pollen  from  some  more  hardy  variety 
it  yields  large  crops. 

Bed  Aveline  (.\velineer  Rouge.  Red  Hazel) .  Nut  large,  ovate, 
thin-shelled,  with  a  smooth,  red-skinned  kernel,  and  of  sweet 
nutty  flavor.  This  variety  is  prized  in  eastern  California  as  a 
productive  sort  of  good  quality. 

Spanish.  Nut  very  large,  oblong,  thick-shelled,  with  a  smooth 
husk  longer  than  the  fruit.  Sometimes  confounded  with  Grau- 
<lis.  Vf.  A.  Tavlor. 

C0RYN6STYLIS  ( Greek,  describing  the  club-shaped 
style).  Violficeiv.  Woody  climbers,  with  alternate  Ivs. 
and  racemes  of  lonff-stalki-d  vioIet-Iike  fls.  C.  Hyb4nthU8, 
Mart.  &  Zucc.  (('.;/"/'.  -'  .1  n!.;:t:;.  (iin-.  Curyndstylis 
AublUii,noTt.].  i-  ■  •  .  •  •  I'.  Am.  rica.  The  Ivs. 
are  large,   ovat.-,    -           .  Im.-.  in  short  axillary 

fascicles,  which  ar ^ -  .il.m;;  the  stem,  long- 
spurred,  2  or  3  tiiiiL.-  .1.,.  ..u  .;u  .1.-  a  viukt.  F.S.  21 :  2213. 
—A  handsome,  vigorous  warmhouse  climber,  and  cult,  in 
the  open  in  S.  California.    Prop,  by  cuttings  and  seeds. 


COSMIDIUM  383 

COK'S'FHA  (Greek  for  summit  or  (ojo. -where  the  Ivs. 
grow).  Palm&cea,  tribe  Corilphea.  Tall,  spineless, 
monocarpic  palms  :  trunk  stout,  ringed  :  Ivs.  terminal, 
large,  orbicular,  flabellately  divided  to  the  middle  into 
'-lanceolate  segments ;  segments  indupli- 
1  the  bud;  rachis  none;  ligule  small:  petiole  long, 
concave  above,  spiny  on  the  margins  :  sheaths 
-|i:idi\  -.ii;i:ii>  ..rr.t.  pan  i.-iilatclv  much  branched; 
il.ii-.  >h<;,t!iini.'  the  peduncle  and 
'  I      fr-^.  :i^   hir:.'!-  as  a  cherry,  with  a 

i'iM   '!       "    '    i'- 'i :  TrMpi. Ill  A  vi;i..indMalay  Archi- 
ll,,, ,,,.,.  ,.,,1,,,  ,,,,.,!  rhesameasCham- 

1''    "iliMiise  plants,  prop, 

i  nuts  are  made  of 


pelagu.  Th.  - 
serops  and  L: 
by  seeds.  L 
the  Talipot  i 
Coryphas  :i 
of  young  pli 
'ith  stable 


•  L'  tM,,  I!  ,  ,,iMni.r'-iaUy,  the  growth 
slow,    (iood  loara  well  enriched 

I  night  temperature  of  65°  and 
abundant  moisture,  are  the  chief  requisites  in  their  cul- 
ture, with    a    moderately    shaded    house    during    the 


eiata,  Roxb.  (C.  Gebdnga,  Blume).  Trunk  straight, 
60-70  ft.  high,  2  ft.  in  diam.,  spirally  ridged:  Ivs.  lunate, 
8-10  ft.  in  diam. :  segments  80-100,  separated  nearly  to  the 
middle,  ensiform,  obtuse  or  bifid  :  petioles  6-12  ft., 
with  black  margins  and  curved  spines.  Bengal  and 
Burma. 

umbraculifera,  Linn.  Talipot  Palm.  Fig.  563.  Trunk 
annulate,  60-80  ft. :  Ivs.  sub-lunate,  6  ft.  long  by  13  ft. 
wide,  palmately  pinnatifid,  conduplicate  above  the  mid- 
dle :   segments  obtusely  bifid  :  petiole  7  ft.,  the  spines 


^fe 


563.   Corypha  umbraculifera. 

along  its  margins  often  in  pairs.  Malabar  coast  and 
Ceylon.  A.P.  12:313.  Gng.5:213.  The  picture  (Fig.  563) 
is  adapted  from  Martius'  Natural  History  of  Palms. 

0.  australis,  R.  Br.  See  Livistona.  — C.  macrophylla.yioTt.=t— 
O.  minor,  Jacq.  See  Sabal.— C  Wbgani,  Hort.,  is  a  dwarf  round- 
Ivd.  plant.  A.G.1.5:307. 

Jabed  G.  Smith,  and  W.  H.  Taplin. 

COSMANTHUS.    All  included  in  Phacelia. 

COSMlDIUM  is  Thelesperma. 


COSMOS  (from  the  Greek  word  with  a  root  idea  of 
orderliness  hence  an  ornament  or  beautiful  thing 
which  fats  the  present  case  fanalh  and  usualU  the  uni 
^ers(    because  of  its  orderliness)      CompdbitiB      A  ge 


s  of  annual  ( 
all  tropii  al  American  mosth  Mcxic 
ally  glabrous  l\s  opposite  jitn  t  1 
kinds  m  some  others  entii  i  i 
shades  of  rose  crimson  an  1  i  |  1 
spec  IPS  and  white  horticulT  i  1 
cled   soIitar>  or  maloose  I    i  I 


peiennial  herbs, 
1  often  tall  usu 
cTit  HI  the  garden 
i  11  t-ypically 
tl  ne  -sellow 
t         1  ng  pedun 


and  slender  ai  i 


moth. 


api.\ 


The  genus 


attractive  and  individual  Moreover  these  teeth  are  often 
somewhat  wavy  giving  the  wh  1  flower  a  frilled  appear 
ance.  The  wild  Cosmo  i  t  II  f  fi  r  that  is  it  has 
open  spaces  between  It  I  mcultnation 

have  broadened  and   i  "d  ha^  e  o\  er 

lapped,  so  that  the  n(  \     i  1     -v    an>  vacant 

spaces  between  the  ra\      1        i  li  1  unbroken 

face.     This   same  ten  1  n  j 

has  prevailed  in  the  garden  _        ,     ,     \       

evolution  of  many  other  fa 
vorites,  notably  the  shoul 
dered"  Tulips  rose  pet 
aled  Geraniums  and  single 
Dahlias.  The  named  vane 
Cosmos  may  always 


but  the 


Thc> 


I  and  b\  th         1   r 

Uy  some   form  of 
\  ellow  or  white 

s     (r     7      I    tMtw:)  IS    perhaps, 

1  II  r  T>  1  ha     It  has 

I  Dahlias, 

1  le  those 

l\  beaked 

L   mi-iL  sLd  cu  thi_  bit  k      1 1  III    til 

genera  in    ha\  ing  2  rigid   persistent  1  I 

these  gi  nera  tht  awns  ha%e  no  retrors    I  1       I' 

The  akenes  are  linear   as  in  Cosrai  s   u   I     11      "  '    J 
tiopical  species  of  Bidcn.s,  but,  alth' 
the  apex,  they  are  not  distinctlv  beaked,  as  in 
cies  of  the  genus  Cosmos.   The  plant  is,  perhaps,  near 
est  to  Bidens. 

Among  the  garden  annuals  that  have  come  into  p: 
nence  in  recent  years,  the  Cosmos  has  a 
most  brilliant  future.  Until  189.o  there 
were  in  the  two  leading  species  only  three 
stroiiL'lv  niMrk.-.l  .■..!. .is:  white,  pink  and 
<Tiii.-"i'i.    'I'll.  ^.    .■.II. I    lii.i   l.-ss  clearly  de- 

fi  ill   '        ;  III  1 1.. w  forms  have 

duct'd  in  LSI"'..  Although  Cosmos  has  been  vastly  im- 
proved within  the  last  five  years,  it  still  leaves  much  to 
be  desired  and  offers  amost  promising  field  to  the  plant- 
breeder.    The  twosp.-.-i.s  aiv  still  t....  late  in  c.iuiiig  into 

bloom  and  too  tall  nm!  i.iIk  I- iI  mi-  i.i  tl,.  n  imlut  ..f 
growth.but  the  si-;i~.ii   i    '-  ii.,i:'-     i|,i -i  i  ,   :,  n  ith 

dwarfer  forms  coijtii        !     i i,   i     i         -    i  .  .  .  s- 

sary  to  be  pat 


Til-  . 


slightest  fr..-i  kill-  ' 
new  strains  ;.r.-  -i.i.l  i 
At  first  CosiiL.s  11... 
The  best  varieti.  -  ■ 
times  reach  4  an.l 
Pure  white  flower-  .  i 
wild,  but  some  of  th.. 
The  group  is  totally  I. 
Interesting  to  try  for 


y  if  ever  found 
.  .1 1,  ties  are  nearly  pure. 
1. light  reds.  It  would  be 
of  red  by  crossing  with 
the  dark  "blood'- red  C.  diversifolius  (known  as  the 
Black  Cosmos.  Dahlia  Zimapani  and  Bidens  atrosan- 
tfititw(t).  wliii-Ii.  however,  would  be  a  somewhat  violent 
',-n,--,  a-  iliiii  I  -  ,.  ]..  V  -i.m  iii^. .  i.iiv-rtowering, tuberous- 
1-1  n       I  III  .       I  II-  is  closely  related  to 

III       1,1,  ,:    II    I    —       li.i   first  two  being   of 

i^r.i.i  LMr.l.ii  ini|i.ii'iaii.'.  iiii.ttli.'  Iiitter,  though  weedy, 
having  possibilities.  The  rays  of  Cosmos  bipiniiatits  are 
typically  obcordate  in  outline,  narrow  at  the  base,  broad 
at  the  apex  and  with  three  strongly  marked  teeth,  which, 
as  in  Coreopsis,  are  a  great  part  of  the  chnractoristic 
beauty  of  the  flower.    In  the  wild  sincl.-   Iv.ibli.i  tln-se 

teeth  are  so  short  that  they  serve  "n I ''•    -mii- 

metry  of  outline,  and  in  the  highl.r.  mii- 

ties  of  single  Dahlias  these  teeth  ar.    i  i    n..t 

wholly  obliterated.  This  will  perha].-  h.n  .i  liiiiii.ii  to 
the  Cosmos,  at  least  in  America.  On  the  contrary,  the 
rays  of  the  Cosmos  sometimes  have  an  extra  number  of 
teeth,  often   6   or   7  altogether,  and  the   effect 


iuorgia.  In  the  east,  for  best  results 
to  sow  seed  indoors  in  April  and 
IS  soon  as  danger  of  frost  is  past, 
l.'ii  giiiuiid  often  fails  to  produce 

III.  Ml  I  ii.iiii.s  before  frost.  The 
;  I  .U'S,  but  some  of  the 

I I     I    1.  ^rree  or  two  of  frost. 


inches,  and   some 


A  cultivated  form.  The  rays  of  wild 
flowers  have  only  three  teeth  and 
they  r ' '' 


luch  more  pronounced. 


ties,  muck  as  the  highest  bred  single  Dahlias  always 
have  8  rays  all  exactly  alike,  while  it  is  a  mark  of  Dah- 
lias of  low  degree  to  have  more  than  8  rays  or  an  unsym- 
metrical  arrangement  of  them.  A  new  feature,  too,  is 
the  advent  of  a  distinct  ring  of  color  formed  by  a  dash 
of  crimson  at  the  base  of  each  ray.  The  wild  Cosmos 
is  not  troubled  by  a  spot  of  yellow  at  the  base  of  each 
ray,  as  is  the  wild  Dahlia.  In  the  case  of  the  single 
Dahlia,  the  yellow  color  at  the  base  of  tlie  ray  never  be- 
comes definite  and  conspicuous  enough  lo  form  an  addi- 
tional attractive  feature,  as  it  does  in  Ghrijsavfhemum, 
carinatiim,  but  it  often  spoils  the  unity  of  effect  and 
fails  to  harmonize  with  the  chief  color  of  the  flower, 
especially  when    the   latter    is    m;iy:ent:i,  crimson,  rose, 

or  any  allied  shade.    Th.  i-.      t  nil  cl..uble  forms  of 

Cosmos  as  yet,  and,  as  r.  j  ,  .i-  _       marked  types 

of  doubling,  the  Cosmos    :         i  .  '   s   behind  the 

China  Asters.  In  the  sji,  i  i.r.ns.  I'li,  incurved  or 
cupping,  and  n-fl.  \.  I   il  ,  i.    to  be  looked  for,  and 

can  be  fixed  if  lip  i  -  nt  demand  for  mainte- 
nance of  the  till'  .        I 

It  is  amistakr  |..  ,  '  -in  too  rich  soil,  as  one 


COTOXEASTER  385 

AA.   Bays  yellow:  disk  yellow. 

sulphtireus,     Cav.      Pubescent,    4-7   ft.    high,   much 

lirMii.-hi"! :  Ivs.  Mftfj,  1  ft.  or  more  long,  2- or  3-pinnately 

cut,  l"ii'  -    I  I".  '  ..I'l.  .  ipiiiriv.ii.it.-.  with  rachis  and  midrib 
cilii:.    .  I  :iMi:.- ali.inah.  .iitire  or  2-.3-toothed: 

IH'fiuii.  \  ,     i.Mi-.  fiakril :   oiiici-  involucral  bracts 

H.   Ill  'I',   "    aai-,    -i-.in,  'J   liiirs    long;    inner  ones 

acrc'ss.  |ial,-.  piiic- c.i  u"l.l.  II  yellow:  rays  8,  broadly  obo- 
vat.',  slii.iiL'iv  ::  tiinili.d  at  the  apex,  ribbed  beneath: 
anthers  ..t  tIic  disk  'xs.rteil,  black,  with  orange  tips: 
seeds  linear,  1  in.  long,  including  the  slender  beak. 
Mex.  U.K.  8:  485. -Int.  1896;  parent  of  all  yellow  forms. 
AAA.  Jiays  dark  red:  disk  red. 
diversifolius.  Otto  (B) dens  alru.s, iDr/K I nea,  Ortg.  B. 
diililf'iih  s.  s.Wais.     ihtlihd  /.iiii.i  luiiii.  \iwvA  ).    Black 

CnsM,,..      r.-iMlrr  annual,  IJ    |.i  in.  hi-li,  with  tuhiTsmore 
slrinl.  r.  anil  iaa|iiii  i  hl'  in.  a.'  rar.-  in  \v  iiitnr.  tliuli  those  of 


Cosmos  bipinnatus  has  many  " 
and  its  colors  run  through  white, "  washed  "  or  faded 
pinks,  and  reds.  The  plants  grow  7-10  ft.,  and  bloom 
in  fall  only.  A  dwarf  variety  of  this  species,  and  start- 
ing out  with  Dawn  (white  shaded  to  pink  at  center)  has 
developed  colors  until  it  now  includes  white,  pink  and 
crimson.  The  plants  are  some  414  ft.  high,  and  bloom  in 
July.  The  seed  is  only  one-half  the  length  of  the  typical 
C  bipinnatus  This  selection  was  continued  until  double 
blooms  weie  secured,  but  double  blooms  perfected  no 
seed 

C  tulphureus  is  futireh  di  tmtt  fi  m  tl  e  at  ve  the 
foliage  being  1  i    ad         i    1    n  1  1  t    -n  1    I  t    the 

flowei b  vary  f  1  c  1  1      ill  II  II  I        I     I      les 

to   the    rich   oi  u  II  I     I  I       I    I  I         t  11 

late   variety      (.  Ij  I  I  utti    i 

bloom  1}<;  m  in  di  1  1  t  1  1  th  1  11  ^  i  1  1  .,  mil 
grows  about  6  ft  hi^h  The  t  ill  1  ite  variety  has  fine 
rich  orange  flv  2'2-H'4  m  in  diameter  with  verj  heavy 
coarse  and  dtuse  f  liage  glows  7-12  ft  high  and 
blooms  II    (  I       tt  I  ()  t  I    I   1        riit  Kl  nhke  a 

hybril  I    I     t  11 

late  II  I  I     I  is 

2%  i  I  le 

tween  1  to 

bloom  II  I  1  I  1  y 

May  1>  la  a  pi  I  ticm 

base    ti   top  III  til 

killed  Vvfiost  i    1    1       ime 

sprea  I      Tl  1  I  I  I     uly 

requii  I  1     I  I      t  ng 

ofse    I  I        eis 

until  tl  1    I  e  till 

late  V  1  I         1  I  I    1 1   md  4 

ft  m  I  r    \ 

The  variety  Dawn  and  its  comj  anions  m  white  pmk 
and  crimson  and  Klondyke  shoul  1  be  planted  in  3  foot 
nw  !  ft  I  If  ^  itltiof  tl  1  \  e  ^  ellow  V  irieties 
si       n  I  nil        I    II  M        Tiiensoffered 

a  OS   seed   is 

t  gpiminates 
n  \\  hen  cab 

Il  1  -1    u  1    I  I        Li      tetj    Cosmos 

'"• "  ■>'      '  "  Cult  by  A  W  Smith 

A    Bays  uhite  pink  or  o  imson     duk  yellou 

bipinailtus  Ci\  ri„  504  Clilrjus  annu  1  /  10  ft 
high     Ivs  bii  I  I  I        1     r        t        nfire 

involucral  seal  t        I        bite, 

pmk  or  cum  I  |  t  1  cak 

much  shorter  tl  I    "\1  1  I        41  >^^8 

RH  1892  372  -IL      11  I  uci    i.e  i         C   I  ij 

bndus  Hort  ,  is  picsuiuablj  a  tiade  name  for  mixed 
varieties  of  C  bipinnatus,  but  see  G  F   1  47o 


C6ST0S  (old  classical  name).  Scitaminclcew.  Spiral 
Flag.  About  30  perennial  thick-rooted  herbs,  in  the 
tropics  of  America,  Africa,  Asia  and  Australia,  cult,  for 
their  flowing-limbed  showy  fls.,  which  are  in  termi- 
nal, bracteate  spikes.  Corolla  tubular,  equally  cleft,  not 
showy:  one  staminodium,  enlarged  and  bell-shaped,  usu- 
ally with  a  crispy  limb,  and  forming  the  showy  part  of 
the  flower  (ealU-d  the  lip),  cleft  down  the  l>ack:  ovary 
3-l"(niIr.l:  tilaiiiciits  petaloid.  More  or  le--  il.  -In  planis, 
pri/.ial  in  \vaniilinusi.'s,  and  grown  in  till     a  .  I         -    I    a. 

This  int. na-stiiiL.' genus  of  tropical  Ileal  '     my 

rich,  ninist  soil,  hut  luxuriates  in  tliat  .a  a  _  a.ai^  ,,r 
sandy  character,  when  under  partial  shade,  i  ji|.  plants 
are  readily  propagated  by  cutting  the  canes,  or  sfalks, 
into  short  pieces  of  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  and  plant- 
ing in  sifted  peat,  or  fine  moss  and  sand,  covering  but 
lightly.  The  roots  may  also  be  divided,  lint  this  is  a  slow 
means  of  propagation.  Specimen  plants  ie,|niie  rather 
high  temperature  to  bring  out  the  ri.h  .a,l,,rs  ..t  the 
leaves,  which  in  some  species  are  prettily  marked  witli  a 
purplish  tint,  and  are  usually  arranged  siiirally  en  the  as- 
cending stem.  This  gives  rise  to  the  name,  "Spiral  Flag." 
A.  Lea  res  green  and  plain. 
B.    Floicer  u-Jiite. 

specidsus,  Smith.  Four-5  ft.,  stout,  erect:  Ivs.  ovate  or 
lance-ovate,  nearly  1  ft.  long,  silky  beneath :  bracts  red : 
fl.  large,  with  a  flowing  while  limb  and  pink  center, 
3-4  in.  across,  not  lasting.  E.  Ind.  I.H.43:5G.  Gn. 
47:1004. 

BB.   Flower  red. 

igneus,  N.  E.  Brown.  One-3  ft.:  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceo- 
late, 4-6  in.  long:  bracts  not  colored  nor  conspicuous: 
fls.  clustered,  orange-red.  Brazil.  I. H. 31:511.  B.M.6821. 
J.H.  III.  28:11. 

AA.  Leaves  party-colored. 

muaiious,  Hort.  Lvs.  obliquely  lanceolate,  4-5  in.  long, 
dark  green,  marked  and  tessellated  with  silvery  gray. 
W   Wrica  —  C  zibrina  is  very  likely  the  same 

E  N  Eeasoner  and  L  H  B 

C6TINUS     A  section  of  BJm^ 

COTONEASTEE  I  11111 


petals  -)  stamens  about  20  fr  a  black  or  red  pomaceous 
drupe,  with  2-5  stones.  About  25  species,  m  the  tem- 
perate regions  of  Europe  and  Asia,  also  in  N.  Africa,  but 
none  in  Japan.  Ornamental  shrubs,  many  of  them  with 
decorative  frs.,  remaining  usually  through  the  whole 


Mb  COTONEASTER 

winter,  while  only  a  few,  like  the  hardy  C.  mitltiflora  and 
the  tender  C.  friqirln.  are  cnnspirunus  with  ahnndant 
white  fls.     Of  th-  ^..-.-i.--  -!»(,  ,] nti-r.  rr.1  fr-  .  ('. 


hardy,  and  C.  Sm  '  '  -  Ihi, 

C.microphylla  -.iul  u  north 

as  New  York,  Willi.    '     ' in-   iIIh-   m.   iin   most 

tender.  The  half-i-v,rt;r(in  <,r  fvcriirepn  C.  hnri^on- 
ialis  and  C.  microphi/Ua,  with  its  allied  species,  are  well 
adapted  for  rockeries  on  account  of  their  low  almost 
horizontal  growth.  Cotoneasters  thrive  in  any  good,  well- 
drained  garden  soil,  but  dislike  very  moist  and  shady 
positions.  Prop,  by  seeds,  sown  in  fall  or  stratified ;  the 
evergreen  species  grow  readily  from  cuttings  of  half- 
ripened  wood  in  August  under  glass ;  increased  also  by 
layers,  put  down  in  fall,  or  by  grafting  on  C.  t-utgariSj 
hawthorn,  mountain  ash  or  quince.  Monogr.  bv  H. 
Zabel,  Mitteil.  Deutsch.  Dendrol.  Gesellsch.,  1897:14-32; 
1898:37-38. 

A.    Foliage  deciduous  or  semi-persistent:  fls.  usualJy 
in  cymes. 

B.   Fls.  with  erect  petals,  usually  in  few-fid.  cymes. 
C.    I/i-s.  whitish  tomentose  beneath,  deciduous. 

vulgiris,Liii(ll.(r'.  hiln,e'rrima,Med.).  Shrub, toi  ft. : 
Ivs.  ovate  or  oval,  a.-titi-  or  obtuse  and  mucronulate,  gla- 
brous anil  'lark  :,'i-oi-ii  al>ove.  whitish  and  at  length 
greenish  tomi-ntosc  heueath,  %-2  in.  long:  cymes  nod- 
ding, 2^-fld.:  fls.  pale  pinkish;  calyx  glabrous  outside: 
fr.  globular,  bright  red.  May,  June.  Europe,  W.  Asia, 
Siberia. 

tomentdsa,  Lindl.  Shrub,  to  6  ft. :  Ivs.  broadly  oval, 
obtuse,  dull  green  above  and  pubescent  when  young, 
whitish  tomentose  beneath,  1-2H  in.  long  :  fls.  3-12, 
white;  calyx  tomentose  outside  :  fr.  bright  brick-red. 
June.  Eu.,  W.  Asia.— Sometimes  cult,  as  C.  speciosa, 
Hort. 

cc.   Lvs.  green  beneath,  with  oppressed  hairs,  semi- 
persistent  or  nearly  so:  calyx  appressed-hairy 
outside. 

acuminjkta,  Lindl.  Erect  shrub,  to  6  ft. :  lvs.  oblong  to 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  appressed-hairy  on  both  sides,  dull 
above,  l!^-3  in.  long:  cymes  2-5-fld.,  nodding:  fls.  white 
or  slightly  pinkish :  fr.  deep  red,  oblong.  June.  Hima- 
'ayas  LPC  '""'n'—  ir..„.-7..s>  jj  3  1889-348 
Fig    J  (as  f      A   / 

Slmonsi  Bak    ^1  I  ngl  ranches  to  4  ft 

hs    r  unli  h         I  I  ,il  ove    K  1  m    long 

II  t     t  1  1      il     white   slightlj  I  mk 

1  1      I  11       I  ih      Himahnas  -Ontof  th( 

I  juKs   often  under  the  name  t     s 


// 


c  In  lt(  (  or  acute  M  1%  tn  loi  g  deciduous 
nummal&na  lisch  .S,  Me\  Shrub  to  4  ft  with  erict 
or  spreauiug  urauches,  rarely  proHLraie:  ivs  ruuiioisii 
or  broad  ovate,  whitish  or  grayish  tomentose  beneath, 
glabrous  above:  cymes  very  short-peduncled  3-12  fld 
peduncle  and  calyx  tomentose :  fr.  red.  May.  June  From 
N.  Africa  and  W.  Asia  to  Himalayas  and  Turkestan  — 
Var.  racemUIdra,  Wenz.  (C.  Fontanesi,  Spach)  Lvs 
acute  at  both  ends :  cymes  5-12-fld.  R.H.  1867  i\  \  cry 
decorative  and  hardy.  Var.  orbicularis,  Wenz  Low 
and  divaricate:  lvs.  roundish  or  obovate,  K-%  m.  long, 
cymes  3-6-fld. 

multifldra,  Bunge  (C.  refUia,  Carr.).  Shrub,  to  6  ft., 
with  usually  slender,  arching  branches :  lvs.  broad  ovate, 
usually  acute,  slightly  tomentose  beneath,  soon  becoming 
glabrous :  cymes  very  numerous,  6-20-fld. :  calyx  and 
peduncles  glabrous:  fr.  red.  May.  Spain,  W.  Asia  to 
Himalayas  and  China.  R.H.  1892,  p.  327.- Very  decora- 
tive in  bloom,  and  hardy,  but  less  free  fruiting. 


COTTON 

CC.  Lvs.  acute,  2-5  in.  long,  semipersistent. 
frigida.  Wall.  Large  shrub,  to  20  ft. :  lvs.  oblong,  acute 
at  both  ends,  glabrous  above,  tomentose  beneath  when 
young:  cymes  long-peduncled,  very  many-fld.,  pubes- 
cent: fr.  scarlet.  April,  Mav.  Himalayas.  B.R.  15:1229. 
L.B.C.  16:1512. -One  of  the  most  beautiful  in  fl.  and  fr., 
but  not  hardy  north. 


microph^Ua,  Wall.  Low,  prostrate  shrub,  densely 
branched:  lvs.  cuneate  oblong  or  obovate,  acute,  shining 
above,  densely  pubescent  beneath:  fls.  usually  solitary; 
calyx  pubescent:  fr.  bright  red.  Mav,  June.  Himalavas. 
B.R.  13:1114.    L.B.C.  14:1374.    R.H."  1889:  348,  Fig.  3'. 

buxitdUa,  Wall.  Lowshrub,similar  to  the  former:  lvs. 
eliiptic-ovate  or  broad  oval,  acute,  dull  and  sometimes 
pubescent  above,  tomentose  beneath,  J^-^  In.  long: 
cymes  1-3-fld. :  calvx  pubescent:  fr.  bright  red.  Hima- 
layas. R.n.  isso::;is,  Fi-.  4. 


r.  ,i,,:t,i;.if,r  1,111,11    A:i!."i  i.. 

c. 

acumin; 

ata.   Lvs.  oval 

.  acute. 

1m 

bove:  fr.  black.    Dah 
11.   Allied  to  C.  frigida 

iiria  to 

n' China  '  llanlv  -  c  ./f/"/,./  1 

I.  Lvs. 

broaJ-filiptir;  Ir  .lark  l.r..wii,  t 

■l.jl 

.ose.   L.B.C.  16:1522.- 

■C.an- 

gmtifdlia.  Fran.h.    Low,  ofteii 

■s.  linear -lane 

eolate. 

tomentose  beneath,  persistent. 

Yn 

■  C.  a rbo resent: 

»,Zab., 

not  Wenz.  Allierl  to  C.  nnmmul 

lari 

a.    Fr. 

hlack.    Himah 

ivas.— 

C.bf!cillaris.Vf:M.    Allic.l  toC 

id'la 

Lvs.  smaller,  nsnallr 

.  .h 

ivn.     Hinialiiv; 

IS  -  a. 

fnT.'/7''','^.r.'',V''    .''':-'""'.  Vr    i'', 

; ,"■'" 

14:1  :<■-'■  "n'lLlV      .■  'V-n.,.'.-' 

■ 

....  Ill- 

lan<-poli,t,-.,rfUii-.ti.-,  whitish  I,., 

'    r.-.l 

.   Yun- 

nan.— r.  Fekinensis.  Zah.    All 

s.  dull 

and  sparingly  hairy  above:  fal.\ 

Ir! 

black. 

N.  China.-C.  Pyracanthn.  Spa. 

tunditblia.VfsXi.  (C.  mi.'roplivll. 

"Mlk-d 

toC.bvixifoIia.bntofm..>.    i|.. 

lar,  appressed-hairy  b.  1 1 .  ■ 

Himal.-iyas.  B.R.  14:11-7  -■     - 

(AtflHtVo/.a,  B.-ik.   Allif.lt...     I 

oblong,  obtuse.  R.H.  IsM.     1-   1 

:'•               •        1'        • 

.'.1 

to  C.  \lilgaris.    Lvs.  glatir.ms ;  tl 

ia.' 

■olitory: 
or  C.  r 

C.  WheHen.  Hort.=  C.  bn.Mitol; 

innimularia,  v 

ar.'or- 

mcuians.  Alfred  Rehder. 

COTTON  belongs  to  the  irenus  Gossypium  (name  used 
hv  Finn  )  of  the  Jfih  trr  p  The  species  are  now  much 
confused  1  ut  it  is  gi  neralj  agreed  that  the  Sea  Island 
Cotton  is  of  the  species  6   Barbad^nse,  Linn.    The  up- 


565.   A  Cotton 


land  Cotton  is  probably  derived  chiefly  or  wholly  from 
6.  herbctceum,  Linn.  The  former  is  native  in  the  West 
indies.  The  nativity  of  the  latter  is  in  dispute,  but  it 
is  probably  Asian.  The  Cotton  flower  is  mallow-like,  with 
a  subtending  involucre  of  3  large  heart-shaped  bracts. 


COTTON 

The  carpels  or  cells  of  the  pod  are  3-5.  These  carpels 
break  open,  and  the  cotton  covering  of  the  seeds  makes 
a  globular  mass,  — the  Cotton  boll  (Fig.  565).  Cotton  is 
not  a  horticultural  crop,  and  is  therefore  not  considered 
In  this  work.  The  reader  will  find  "The  Cotton  Plant" 
(published  by  the  Dept.  of  Agr.,  Bull.  33),  a  useful 
monograph. 

COTTONWOOD.     Species  of  Popiilit.'i. 

COTYLEDON  (a  name  u-.-l  l.v  Pliny).  r,-„..,v„M,vr, . 
Includes  A'chererhi.  Sii.i-ul.nt  hn  h^  ,.r  >linil.s.  ivu-.Iy 
annual;  branches  and  leav.>  Tln.k  ;unl  iii-li\  :  l\  ^.  ..pj.u- 
site  or  alternate,  petiolati'  ■■v  -i--il.':  r;il\x  .'i  pjrt.  .1.  ;i- 
long  as  or  shorter  than  tin-  .-..iclhi  tulir;  |iitaN  .'..  iiirt 
than  the  10 


COTYLEDON 


387 


iicle  ;    scape 


Species  60  or  more.    Calif,  and  Mes.,  Afr.,  As.  and  Eu. 
See  I.H.  10:76  for  an  account  of  numy  of  the  species. 

Large-growing  Cotyledons.  ^U'-h  as  ('.  if!hh!f!<ini ,\tiv. 
metalUca,  should  be  incr.a>..l  l.y  .uttiims  tak,  ii  after 
the  bedding  season  is  ov.i-.  'Y\\'-  I" -t  iihiIim,!  is  t..  cut 
off  the  top  of  the  plant,  dnss  ilir  l"iti..ni  part,  and  jjaco 
the  cuttings  in  empty  i-inch  pnts,  tin-  huttom  leaves 
resting  on  the  rira  of  the  pot  until  the  cut  heals  over  and 
a  few  small  roots  are  formed.  They  may  then  be  potted 
off  into  suitably  sized  pots,  using  sandy  loam.  No  water 
will  be  nei'dfd  for  several  days,  and  when  given  it  must 
beonly  spaiinirly.  Tlnold  stemsshould  be  placed  rather 
close  to-,  til,  1-  111  vliall.iw  lioxes  and  kept  in  awarm,  dry 
place,  win  I---  tin  \-  will  tVirm  small  growths  along  the 
stems;  tins.-,  wln-n  laru'c  enough,  may  be  put  into  boxes 
of  dry  sand,  and  potted  in  thumb-  or  3-inch  pots 
when  they  have  made  a  sufficient  quantity  of  roots. 
When  it  is  desired  to  increase  the  low-growing  bedding 
kinds  on  a  larger  scale,  the  plants  should  be  lifted  before 
the  ground  gets  too  wet  and  cold.  They  may  either  be 
boxed  in  dry  soil  and  kept  in  a  cool,  dry  house,  or  placed 
thickly  together  in  a  frame,  taking  care  that  no  drip  is 
allowed  on  the  plants,  and  giving  no  water.  The  most 
convenient  time  for  propagation  by  leaves  is  during  the 
months  of  November  and  December,  when  the  fall  work 
of  rooting  soft-wooded  plants  is  over.  Leaves  rooted  at 
this  time  will  make  plants  large  enough  for  planting  out 
the  following  season.  They  will  take  from  three  to  four 
weeks  to  root,  according  to  the  kind.  The  leaves  must 
be  taken  from  the  plant  as  follows ;  Grasp  each  leaf  be- 
tween the  thumb  and  forefinger,  give  a  gentle  twist  first 


side  then 
taking  care  that  tin 
accompanies  it.  «>t!i 
will  not  form  fri'ii 
inches  deep  in  tin 
the  sand  bed,  in  tl 
bases  touching  ftn 
give  no  water  unti; 
ance,  and  only  sli 
plants  are  large  e 
sandy  loam,  and  ki 
60°P  at  night. 

For  bedding  purposes  the  following 
ployed  very  successftilly:  C.  ntrnpnrpiit 


other  until  the  leaf 
lit  tuid  in  the  axil  of  the  leaf 
In-  liaf  will  root  but  a  plant 
a  1-1  tl  depression  about  two 
ami  f"ur  inches  wide  across 
w,,  nuvs  of  leaves  with  their 
I-   iM.ttnm  of  the  depression; 

mil  I ts  make  their  appear- 

It.iH-tirds.  When  the  little 
Iny  should  be  boxed,  using 
temperature  of  not  less  than 


aave  been  em- 

ir.  rnlifnrnica, 

■■>■.'  rai-.    mi'tal- 

Uca,  !'■!•  'i"ifl"'' 'I  >■< .   J' ■■   ■     •- '"      ..inifla 

var.  ;//"'.    ■       .  ./  .,.  ,,7o- 

hosa  val-  s    ;  i/.ills, 

parvif"/".  ~-.ain-  nf  till-,'  arr  ii..t  mHi-i-i  -I  in  ihr  Ameri- 
can trade.  Several  of  the  kinds  make  ver_  orn.imental 
winter  flowering  plants;  among  them  areC.  gibbi flora 
and  its  forms,  C.  fulgens  and  C.  coccinea.  For  this  pur- 
pose the  large  plants  should  be  lifted  from  the  beds  and 
carefully  potted,  as  they  make  a  much  finer  growth  in 
the  open  ground  than  when  grown  in  pots. 

Cult,  by  G.  W.  Oliver. 

A.   Z/vs.  crowded  in  a  rosette  at  the  base  of  the  stem. 
B.   Fls.  white,  tinged  with  green. 

^dnlis,  Brewer  {Sediim  iditle,  Nutt.).  Stems  cespi- 
pitose,  very  short  and  thick;  Ivs.  cylindrical  or  obtusely 
3-sided,  3-4  in.  long,  erect,  whitish  or  glaucous-green, 
not  mealy:  fls.  white,  resembling  those  of  Sedum.  %  in. 
in  diam.,  short-pedicelled,  along  the  upper  sides  of  the 


flexuous  branches  of  the  cymose 
high.    San  Diego.  Calif.-Int.  1883. 

BB.   Ji'ls.  pale  yellow. 

Califdmioa,  Baker  (C.  Idxa.  B.  &  H.).  Lvs.  in  a  ro- 
sette, concave,  ligulate,  lanceolate,  acute,  glaucous, 
mealy,  slightly  yellowish,  8  in.  long:  fls.  pale  yellow,  on 
weak  lateral  flowering  stems  1-2  ft.  long,  with  short, 
ovate,  clasping  lvs.  or  bracts  and  bi-  or  trifid  racemes. 
Calif. 

BBB.   Fls.  pale  flesh  color. 

puIveruUnta,  Baker  (Echeveria  pulveruUnta,  Nutt.). 
Lvs.  in  a  rosette,  silvery  green,  very  mealy,  spatulate, 
tnute,  the  tips  reflexed,  the  cauline  lvs.  gradually  di- 
minishing into  broadly  cordate,  clasping  bracts:  pani- 


cles dichotomously  branched  ;  pedicels  .slightly  longer 
than  the  pale  flesh-colored  fls.  Plants  1  ft.  in  diam. 
S.  Calif.  F.S.  19:1927,  1928.-A  fine  plant  for  carpet- 
bedding. 

BBBB.    Fls.  red  and  green  or  red  and  yellow. 

seciinda,  Baker  (Echeveria  secilnda.  Booth).  Stem- 
less;  lvs.  in  a  rosette,  crowded,  cuneiform,  mucronate, 
glaucous,  curving  upward  ;  fls.  in  a  1-sided,  recurved 
spike,  reddish  yellow  :  peduncle  long,  6-12  in.  high. 
June-Aug.  Mex.  — Pine  for  borders  or  carpet-bedding. 
There  is  a  var.  glaiica,  Hort. 

lanceoUta,  B.  &  H.  {Echeveria  lanceoUta,  Nutt.). 
Lvs.  in  a  rosette,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  mealy; 
stem-lvs.  or  bracts  small,  cordate,  clasping,  distant  ; 
panicle  narrow,  dichotomous:  fls.  red  and  yellow.    Calif. 

B4rbeyi,  Schw.   Whole  plant  hoary-white :  lvs  thick, 
fleshy,  shovel-shaped :  fls.  olive-green  and  red.    Plower.« 
freely  in  spring  and  summer.    Abyssinia.    Gt.  45,  p.  465. 
—  An  exquisite  plant  for  carpet-bedding. 
AA.    Jjvs.  scattered  along  the  erect  or  branching  stems. 

faaciculiris,  Soland.  Smooth,  1-2  ft.  high  ;  lvs.  pale 
greenish  white  with  a  yellowish  margin,  glaucous,  few, 


388 


COTYLEDON 


Saunders'  Ref.  Bot.  05. 


sessile,  cuneate-ohovate,  thick,  flattened,  slightly  eon- 
cave,  cuspidat.- :  p:iiii.-Ie  branches  long,  .scorpioid:  Hs. 
large,  1  in.  I^ni;.  pi uilmt  ;  calyx  lobes  short,  broadly 
ovate-aoutr:  ,(ii,,lhi  n  1 1. .■  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  yel- 
low-green !iihI  .iull  11,1;  corolla-lobes  reflexed.  S.  Afr. 
B.M.  M(r>.    J. 11.  lll.:J'.l:443. 

orbicul4ta,  Linn.  Plant  erect,  2-4  ft.  high:  Ivs. 
opposite,  flat,  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse,  mucronate, 
glaucous  and  mealv,  with  red  margins :  fls.  large,  reddish, 
panicled.  Fls.  June-Sept.  S.  Afr.  B.M.  321.  R.H. 
1857,  p.  347.-Grows  well  from  cuttings. 

Hisp&nica,  Linn.  {Pistorlnia  Bispdnica,  DC).  An- 
nual or  biennial,  branched,  6  in.  high,  erect:  Ivs.  small, 
nearly  cylindrical,  oblong,  few,  sessile  :  fls.  erect,  in 
cymes,  reddish;  corolla  trumpet-shaped,  lobes  spread- 
ing.   Spain,  Morocco.    R.H.  1895,  p.  472. 

AAA.   Lvs.  croivded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

reticulata,  Thunb.  Stems  much-branched,  fleshy : 
lvs.  few  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  cylindrical,  acute, 
erect,  fleshy,  soft,  smooth:  fls.  in  an  erect,  dichotomous 
panicle.  The  wiry  fl. -stalks  remain  on  the  plant  and  give 
it  the  appearance  of  being  enclosed  in  a  network.  G.C. 
m.  21:282. 

gibbifldra,  Moc.  (Echeviria  gibbifldra,  DC).  Stems 
1-2  ft.  high:  lvs.  flat,  wedge-shaped,  acutely  mucronate, 
crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches :  fls.  short-petioled : 
panicle  branches  1-sided,  spreading;  corolla  gibbous  at 
the  base  between  the  calyx  lobes,  the  tube  white,  the 
tips  touched  with  crimson.    Hex.    B.R.  1247. 

Var.  met^llica,  Hort.  {Echereria  metallica,  Hort.). 
Lvs.  large,  obovate-spatulate,  C  in.  wide  by  7  in.  long,  a 
beautiful  glaucous  purple  with  metallic  reflections:  fls. 
yellowish  with  red  tips.  1 
An  excellent  lieiMins;  iilai 

The  t'lilli..'.   '  •■   -11. •  .i.,mMi: 
Hort.    s: 

Tex.  all    .■.   •  r 

Hort.    Aniiu.M,  uiii:  M  'I...,,   ; 

C.  atropiir/nireii,  iiakiT 
titsa.  Baker,  have  beea  cat;.: 
has  red  fls.  and  dark  punili 
ish  Qs.  and  glaucous  green  n 


COUCH  GRASS.    Agropyrum  repens. 

COVER-CROPS.  The  use  of  Cover-crops  in  orchard- 
inL'  niaik^  ,■!  ^|.ei-ific  advance  brought  about  by  changed 

I    1   '  -     The  term  is  less  than  10  vears  old,  hav- 

'  111  ,1  (  applied  in  this  connection  by  Bailey,  in 
r  'I      I    'rnell(N.  Y.)  Experiment  Station,  p.  333, 

I  ii  1  11  111 .  I -I ;,  f  hough  Cover-crops  were  used  previous 
to  that  date.  In  the  early  days  of  orcharding  in  this 
country,  the  soil,  rich  in  humus  and  undepleted  of  its 
natural  resources,  gave  satisfactory  crops  of  fruit  with 
trees  growing  in  sod.  As  time  went  on,  the  waning 
vigor  of  the  trees  was  stimulated  l.  i...  .,;,ln_'  up  the 
sod,  adding  barnyard  manure  to   il  .  i    '    -■i\ing 

thorough  cultivation  throughout  11  lli-  sys- 

tem gave  unsatisfactory  results  in  i  I  :-..iM  1-,  par- 

ticularly in  the  north,  as    it  rip:..      ...    i..   piv.eiit  the 

trees  from  ripeim  /   'in    >■   ^ I  .  mly  to    enable 

them  to  endure  ;'  r  injury  to  the 

tips;  root-killiiiL.'                .,  ,    i ,.:  ...,.  occasionally 

severe  on  soils    nn..-,.;  nm  during  the^ 

winter.    About  tliis  tiiu.    :  i.i-  members  of 

the  pea  and  bean  tribe,  a  <  i  .  -:  i  .  iln-  soil,  became 
recognized  more  fully  til, II      iimr.gh  the  dis- 

covery of  the  nitrogen-ci'lli  :  :  -  i  housed  in  the 
nodules  borne  by  the  roi.i  -  i  :  i  i.  The  best  or- 
chard practice  of  the  pn  ~  i  r  in  the  peach- 
growing  areas  of  the  s.ur  :  :  i.h-  districts  of 
the  north,  consists  in  ^'i\iii^  :li.  mn-i  ihorough  culti- 
vation possible  during  the  iio.jii-|.ro.iaeing  period  of 
the  \ear.  — that  is,  till  about  the  time  the  fruit  trees' 
t.  rininalliiiiN  are  formed,— then  seeding  this  thoroughly 
pnhi  ri;:e.l  surface  with  a  suitable  Cover-crop,  which 
is  plow.a  under  early  the  following  spring. 

Cover-cropping  is  the  raising  of  a  crop  in  the  orchard 
after  cultivation  should  cease  (about  midsummer),  that 
will  protect  the  roots  of  the  trees  by  preventing  alternate 
freezing  and  thawing  and  deep  freezing  of  the  ground; 


COWPEA 

that  will  add  something  to  the  fertility  of  the  soil  when 

turiii  '!  iih'li  I  111  -pring;  that  will  improve  the  physical 
eoh'ii  I.  '  1'  .  nil;  that  will  occupy  the  ground  to  the 
ex.:  I-.    In  the  south  the  considerations  are 

]n-: iral,    except   that  the    contingency  of 

There  ale  two  classes  of  Cover-crops:  the  nitrogenous 
and  the  non-nitrogenous.  Of  the  latter,  rye,  buck- 
wheat, oats,  millet,  com  (maizel.  ra]io  and  turnips  are 
principally  used.  These  plants  shouhl  hi-  sown  much  later 
in  the  season  than  the  clovers,  i  .  pi  a-  m  n:.-.t  nitrogen- 
ouscovers.  They  are  valuable  ■  I-  ' .  il  il  i- hard  and 
tough  in  texture,  as  advance  aj.  i  ■  -  imeswhich 
may  be  used  when  an  improveil  ph;.  -i.  il  Iition  is  se- 
cured. Buckwheat  is  particularly  useful  m  ameliorat- 
ing hard  soils.  It  should  not  be  sown  early  enough  to 
allow  seed  to  form  before  frost.  These  add  compara- 
tively little  nitrogen  to  the  soil.  Among  nitroeenous 
Cover-erops,  erinison  clover,  red  clover,  cowpeas,  soy 
bean-  I  1  I  i  111  iiikI  vetch  are  the  most  prominent.  In 
til.  .  .  .'i  i-lover  and  cowpea  (of  which  there 
an  I  are  much  in  vogue.  Cowpeas  are  un- 
sati-ia.  I.  1  \  .  la.iver,  north  of  the  peach  belt,  owing  to 
their  sensitiveness  to  light  autumn  frosts.  In  apple- 
growing  sections  where  the  soil  is  mellow,  red  clover 
does  well.  A  mixture  of  crimson  clover  and  oats  is  used 
in  peach  sections  in  Michigan  with  success  ;  12  quarts 
of  the  former  to  3  pecks  of  the  latter  per  acre  are  sown 
about  the  middle  of  August.  The  Geneva  Experiment 
Station  recommends  a  mixture  of  K  bushel  of  buck- 
wheat to  1  bushel  of  field  peas  per  acre  for  clay  soils. 

The  question  of  what  * 'over-eroi.^-  to  use  is  best  deter- 
mined by  an  examina" '    ii  .    .  haracter  of  the  soil, 

and  the  condition  of  1 1  .    :  ^.    If  the  trees  are 

growing  slowly  on  nil  1 1  Me  soil,  it  will  prob- 

ably be  advisable  to  11-1    1   I  I n._.M.. us  Cover-crop.    If, 
on  the   other  hand,  the  trees   are  making  a  luxuriant 
growth,  and  the  soil  is  of  the  heavy  order,  a  member  of 
the  non-nitrogenous  group  should  be  tried. 
Kinds  of  Cover-crops. 

a.  Rye,  two  bushels  per  acre. 

b.  Buckwheat,  }4  bushel  per  acre. 

c.  Oats,  2}4  bushels  per  acre. 

d.  Com,  broadcast  1  bushel  per  acre. 

e.  Rape  or  ttirnips,  3  pounds  per  acre. 
2.  Nitrogenous— 

a.  Crimson  clover.  16  pounds  per  acre. 

c.   Sai  1^  ' 1  Is  per  acre. 


Veteli,  1  busliei  per  acre. 

John  Cbaiq. 
COWBERRY.    Usually  means  faccinium  I'itis-Idcea. 
In  parts  of  Scotland,  Comarum  palustre. 

COW-HEBB.     Saponaria  Vaccaria;  not  cult 

/       COWFEA.     Fig.  567.    The  American  name  for  Vig:na 

Cfttjang,  Walp.  (  r.    .S-;),,'„.s;,s  Eiiill.  1.1.1 t   the  Legu- 

mlnosEe  allied  to  Doliiln.-  an.I  I 'ha In-.    I  rom  Phaseo- 

lus  (the  common  beani.  \  i-na  iliili  !■-  in  m.t  having  a 
spiral  keel,  style  haii\  alu.x..  .-ii-ma  ..liiii|ue  or  in- 
trorse,  and  other  minor  1. 1  Imual  charai  ters.  In  other 
than  American  literature,  the  Cowpea  is  known  as  China 
Bean  and  Black-Eved  bean.  In  the  S.  it  is  commonly 
known  as  Black  Pea.  Botanically  it  is  a  bean  rather 
than  a  pea.  The  Cowpea  is  a  raiubling,  tender  annual, 
native  to  China  and  Japan.  In  this  country  it  is  exten- 
sively grown  in  the  southern  states,  as  a  hay  crop.  It 
is  also  invaluable  as  a  green-mantire  crop  (see  Cover- 
crop).  It  is  to  the  south  what  clover  is  to  the  north 
and  Alfalfa  is  to  the  west.  It  is  sown  broailcast  after 
the  manner  of  field  peas.  From  3  to  5  pecks  of  seed  are 
used  per  acre.  See  C'ovrpeas,  Fanners'  Bull.  89,  Dept. 
of  Agric,  by  Jared  G.  Smith.  l_  h_  b. 


CRANBERRY 


389 


forei^T  1        1        1  I 

and  tLe  1  lu  tl  e  Mi  i 

States  ot  Amtn  d~iUu  tidted  bj  <_ 

hundred  kinds  of  fruits  of  the       / 
mted  at  Bui 
lington  and  pul  h  he  1  at  Phil    1  1}  hi 
in  1817     Grape  1    i      lit 

not  included  ii   tl  till 

but  an  article    t  1  I        \ 

Parmer  for  Juh    11  II 

was  acquainted  ■«  ith  1 1  i  \  t  I  had 

done  muth  grafting     Hi    1      k  I  the 

time  of  the  Downings  an  1  w      J  au- 

thors     The  lUustraticnt,  weie     \  lue, 

but    show   mly   the   size  an!       itl  i         li     t    and 

whether  it  was  dotted  splashed    i  stieikel 

Co-^e  said  181 1  that  he  had  been  for  many  Years 
activeh  engaged  in  the  rearing  plinting  and  cultivat- 
ing of  fruit  trees  on  a  scale  more  extensive  than  has  been 
attempted  1  v  anj  other  individual  of  this  count\  He 
also  had  a  nitunal  reputation  fir  his  cider  at  an  age 
when  it  wdb  the  most  famous  and  characteristic  bever- 
age of  the  people,  and  when  apple  trees  were  cultivated 
more  for  cider  than  for  a  table  fruit. 

William  Coxe  belonged  to  one  of  the  most  retined  fam- 
ilies of  Philadelphia.  His  early  education  was  some- 
what meager  by  reason  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  but 
he  became  a  cultured  gentleman.  John  Jay  Smith  gives 
this  pleasant  picture  of  him:  "Well  do  we  reraeniber  his 
extensive  library  in  his  tine  mansion  tm  the  'Bank'  at 
Burlington,  when  as  a  little  boy  we  were  assigned  the 
duty  of  bringing  away,  or  taking  home,  some  book  or  pam- 
phlet from  his  ever  open  stores  of  information.  »  •  * 
His  person  was  handsome,  and  his  bearing  that  of  the 
'old-fashioned  gentleman,  improved  by  mixing  in  the 
best  society,  but  retaining  the  forms  of  the  greatest  po- 
liteness and  suavity,  that  modern  usages  are  too  rapidly 
casting  off.  An  errand  to  Mr.  Coxe's  was  a  cherished 
privilege ;  never  was  the  opportunity  neglected  by  him 
to  place  in  the  hand  of  his  visitor  some  fruit  that  he  so 
well  knew  would  be  appreciated  by  a  youthful  appetite. 
The  finest  Seckel  pears  we  have  ever  seen  were  not  un- 
frequent  deposits.    He  had  an  especial  fondness  for  the 


Seckel  pear,  which  is  certainly  among  the  half  dozen 
most  famous  pears  of  American  origin,  and  which  was 
pronounced  by  Downing  to  be  the  finest  tlavored  of  all 
pears."  Coxe  was  made  an  honorary  member  of  the  Hor- 
ticultural Society  of  London  for  making  known  the  mer- 
its of  this  pear  through  Dr.  Hosack.  The  city  of  Bur- 
lington has  pvopptional  interest,  both  natural  and  his- 
torical, and  lia-  a  l..iiiitv  ,.t'  its  own.  Either  the  first 
willow  or  th.'  lir-t  |i.i|il:ir  |.laiited  there  is  said  to  have 
been  brought  ti  in  IliMt.tv  in  the  hand  of  William  Coxe. 
He  planted  ni.-mv  tf-ms  tm  In-autify  the  town  and,  in  par- 
ticular, extended  the  front  of  the  "Green  Bank."  It  is 
pleasant  to  think  of  William  Coxe  in  connection  with 
the  willow-fringed  bank  of  the  Delaware.  Biographi- 
cal details  are  unfortunately  only  too  meager.  A  few 
other  details  mav  be  gleaned  from  the  Horticulturist 
11:301-307(1856).  W.  M. 

CKAB'S-EYE  VINE.    Sen  Abrii.s. 

CRAB-APPLE  in  its  widest  sense  means  a  small 
apple.  The  Crab-apples  of  history  are  fruits  of  Pijrus 
baceato.  For  more  restricted  uses  of  the  word  crab,  see 
Pyrus. 


CEAMBE  (old  Greek  substantive).  Cruciferie.  Per- 
ennial hardy  herbs,  with  small  white,  fragrant  fls.  in 
panicled  racemes:  Ivs.  mostly  thick  and  large,  more  or 
less  cut  or  lyrate.  Of  easy  culture.  Little  known  in  this 
country.  C.  maritima,  Linn. ,  is  the  Sea  Kale  (which 
see).  "C.  cordifolia,  Stev.,  of  the  Caucasian  region,  is 
cult,  as  a  border  plant.  It  is  an  excellent  foliage  plant, 
withstanding  the  winters  in  the  northern  states.  Lvs. 
very  large  aii'l  Innv--,  .-..rdnte  and  ovate,  toothed,  gla- 
brous or  iicini  --  ■'-  -'  ill  but  very  numerous,  in  great 
branchy  ). ail  .li  .and  nearly  as  broad.    Gn. 

50,  p.  31;i.     '    I   .  I       I     r  the  first  two  years  from 

seed  the  i.lani  mal  .^  .i.ly  lvs.;  but  the  third  year  it 
may  be  expected  to  bliami.  after  which  the  plant  usu- 
ally becomes  weak  and  dies.  l_  jj_  g_ 

CRANBERRY.  A  name  applied  to  trailing  species  of 
til.-  u  ■ni;-  \";n,  iiirnii  .  i:  in.'tveit.).  Of  the  true  Cnuiher- 
rir-a    1.      i.  ill  North  America,  — the  small 

(I.'  "    .  ,    in.l   the  large  (  F.  mnm.iin-- 

p.iiii.  'IIh  -.  Hi  liiii.  li.  swamps,  where  they  trail 
their  slenikr  -r.ins  ami  little  oval  evergreen  leaves  over 
the  sphagnum  and  la. -try  turf.  The  red,  firm  berries 
ripen  late  in  fall,  ami  ..Itin  persist  on  the  vines  until 
spring,  when  well  i.n.teited  with  snow.  Each  berry  is 
borne  on  a  slender  pedicel  ;  and  the  curve  of  this  pedi- 
cel in  the  European  species  is  said  to  have  suggested 
the  name  Craneberry,  which  is  now  shortened  to  Cran- 
berry.    See  laccjii !!(»!. 

The  large  Cranberry,  Vacclnium  macrocarpon,  is  now 
cultivat.il  ..II  hundreds  of  acres  in  the  United  States; 
anil  tlii~  (  raiil..rry  culture  is  one  of  the  most  special 
ami  int.  r.-^rini.'  ..f  all  pomological  pursuits.  This  Cran- 
benv  irn.ws  ..nly  in  North  America;  and  North  America 
is  tlie  only  country  which  has  a  domestic  or  cultivated 
Cranberrv'.  Because  Cranberry-growing  is  such  an  un- 
usual type  of  horticulture,  it  is  thought  advisable  to 
devote  considerable  space  to  it  in  this  Cyclopedia. 

Cranberries  may  be  grown  i.n  hind  both  low  and  high; 
but  it  is  the  general  .■\i..ii.  ii.  .•  that  low,  boggy  lands 
are  the  only  ones  wlii.li  l'i\  .■  i.,  inianently  good  results. 
In  the  winter,  the  natuial  (  i  aiil.-  riy  bogs  are  usually 
flooded,  and  in  suniimi-  tin  v  at-.-  fn-e"  of  standing  water. 
The  flowers  are  often  ctuight  by  the  late  frosts  of  spring, 
and  the  fruit  mav  be  in.iured  by  the  early  frosts  of  fall. 
Bogs  are  often  ruined  by  fire  in  times  of  drought.  In- 
sects and  fungi  often  play  havoc  with  the  crop. 

The  ideal  bog  for  Cranberry  culture  is  the  one  in 
which  the  natural  environments  of  the  plant  are  most 
nearly  imitated,  and  in  which  the  grower  can  have  the 
greatest  control  over  the  diflSculties  mentioned  above. 
It  should  have  the  following  qualifications  :  (1)  Capa- 
bility of  being  drained  of  all  surface  water,  so  that  free 
water  does  not  stand  higher  than  one  foot  below  the 


390 


CRANBERRY 


surface  in  the  growing  season.  (2)  Soil  which  retains 
moisture  through  the  summer,  for  Cranberries  suffer 
greatly  in  drought.  (3)  Suflacient  water  supply  to  en- 
able it  to  be  flooded.  (4)  A  fairly  level  or  even  surface 
so  that  the  flooding  will  be  of  approximateh  uniform 
depth  over  the  entire  area.  ( 5 )  Not  over  liable  to  f  i  osts 
Bogs  which  contain  moss  or  sphagnum  and  which  have 
a  peaty  or  mucky  soil  are  usually  chosen  If  heath  like 
shrubs  grow  naturally  in  the  bog,  the  mdications  are  all 
the  better.  The  presence  of  the  Cassandra  or  Leather 
leaf  is  regarded  as  a  good  augury  Black  ash  red 
maple,  swamp  huckleberry,  and  white  cedar  swamps  are 
often  very  satisfactory.  Old  mill-ponds  often  give  good 
results. 

Before  the  Cranberries  are  planted  the  bog  must  be 
cleaned  of  trees,  bushes,  moss  and  roots  This  may 
be  done  by  "turfing,"  which  is  the  digging  out  of  the 


CRANBERRY 

Hood  in  spring  or  fall,  to  kill  insects  or  to  protect 
from  frosts.  The  objects  of  flooding  are  as  follows :  (1) 
to  protect  the  plants  from  heaving  in  winter;  (2)  to 
avoid  late  spring  and  earh  fall  frosts  (3)  to  drown  in- 
sect«  (4)  to  protect  tn  m  dr  ught  (5)  to  guard  against 
fire  Unless  serious  t  <  ntii  t,  n  les  arise  the  bog  is 
flooded  only  m  wmti  r  \  tl  1  M  ^  looks  like  a  lake 
(Fig  5G8)  Good  ri  uli  r  It  n  I  now  and  then  in 
dry  or  upland  bo„  « 1  i  I  i i  f  i  flooded  but  such 
bogs  ormeadow»rai  h  „n  iiiut  im  lesuHs  and  they 
are  less  advised  than  t  rm  rh 

There  are  thiee  centers  of  Cianberry  growing  m  North 
America —Cape  Cod  peninsula  New  Jersey  Wisconsin. 
"     '    '  "     '  '  (If     It  was  in  the  Cape 

'II  I     1      I    _  in      The  first  at- 

'  I  \      William  Ken- 

\    1  list     sa-s  s  that 
1    1  I        cultivated   the 

I       I      \     Hajden   of  Lin- 
'1  1 1         I  tiom  his  farm  in 

ill  1  I  li  brought  him  in 

1     il  t    I     n  1  subsequent  edi- 

'1       I      II        mil      It  IS  not  said 
I  em      were  wild  or  cultivated. 
ith  all  the  increase  m  production, 


Each  has  methods  pecu 
Cod  region  that  Craul 
tempts  were  made  f    i 
rick    writing   in   Ih 

Capt    Henry  Hall       I 
Cianb  iivtwentv  \ 


swamp  growth,  or  by  "drowning,"  which  is  deeply 
flooding  the  place  for  a"  year.  The  method  of  preparing 
the  surface  for  receiving  the  plants  varies  in  different 
regions.  Open  ditches  are  run  through  the  place  in 
suflScient  number  to  carry  off  the  surface  water.  They 
are  usually  made  2  to  4  feet  deep.  If  some  water  stands 
in  them  during  the  summer,  better  results  are  expected. 
These  ditches  usually  feed  into  one  main  or  central 
ditch;  and  this  main  ditch  is  preferably  the  one  which, 
when  dammed  at  its  lower  end,  floods  the  bog  by  back- 
ing up  the  water.  Growers  prefer,  if  possible,  to  divert 
a  living  brook  through  the  bog,  or  to  straighten  and 
deepen  one  which  may  exist  there  ;  but  in  the  absence 
of  a  brook,  a  reservoir 
may  be  constructed  above 
the  bog.  Sufficient  water 
supply  should  be  had  to 
(  o\  er  the  entire  area  from 
December  until  April  or 
earlv  May,  to  a  depth  of  at 
^  least  one  foot.    The  lower 

^^■^l  places  will  have  a  deeper 
^s=^^"   covering,  but    4  or  5   feet 
m  pi  ices  usually  does  no 
harm    m    the    winter.     It 
Cranberry  haud-picker     aNo   I)  iv  be  necessary  to 


prices  are  higher  than  thosi 
received    by   Mr.     Hayden. 

In  the  third  (1841)  and  subsequent  editions,  it  is  said 
that  "an  acre  of  Cranberries  in  full  bearing  will  produce 
over  200  bushels  ;  and  the  fruit  generally  sells,  in  the 
markets  of  Boston,  for  $1.50  per  bushel,  and  much  higher 
than  in  former  years."  It  was  as  late  as  1850,  however, 
that  Cranberry  culture  gained  much  prominence.  It  was 
in  1856  that  the  first  treatise  appeared  :  B.  Eastwood's 
"Complete  Manual  for  the  Cultivation  of  the  Cranberry." 
About  1845,  Cranberry  culture  began  to  establish  itself 
in  New  Jersey. 


In  the  Cape  Cod  r 
surface  covering  is 
off.    The  obiect  is  t. 


IP  l>o!:'s  are  "turfed."  The 
liiill  -'(uares  and  hauled 
1 1 1 1  surface  in  order 
;  nullity.  The  bog  is 
.  r|.  :iii  ^;in(l  is  spread  over 
the  entire  area  to  the  dcj.tli  i.f  aliout  4  inches.  In  this 
covering,  the  Tines  are  planted.  The  sand  keeps  down 
weeds  and  thereby  lessens  subsequent  labor;  it  affords 
a  moisture-holding  mulch  for  the  muck;  it  renders  the 
plantation  easier  to  be  worked  in  wet  weather,  and  it  pre- 
vents the  too  vigorous  growth  of  the  vine.  Every  four 
of  five  years  a  fresh  sanding,  to  the  depth  of  an  inch  or 
less,  is  given.  This  keeps  the  vines  short  and  close. 
Formerly,  whole  roots  or  "  sods  "  of  Cranberry  were  used 


CRANBERRY 

for  pluntiug,  but  now  cuttings  are  employed.  These  cut- 
tings are  G-  or  8-inch  pieces  of  vigorous  runners,  with 
the  leaves  on.  They  are  thrust  obliquely  through  the 
sand,  only  an  inch  or  two  of  the  top  remaining  un- 
covered. They  are  set  about  14  inches  apart  each  way. 
In  three  or  four  years  a  full  crop  is  obtained.  The  bogs 
are  kept  .liaii  bv  iii.  mis  of  hand  weeding.  At  Cape  Cod, 
it  is  estii.Kit.  .1  tli:ii  tin-  sum  of  $300  to  $500  per  acre  is 
requin-a  i..  lit  ami  j.laiit  a  bog.  A  good  yield  from  a 
bog  in  lull  iMsiiiii-  i-  M  barrels  to  the  acre  ;  but  200 
barrels  ha\  e  bet^n  tiruwu. 

In  New  Jersey,  the   general  tendency  is  to  omitjthe 
sanding.     The  bogs  are  not  cleared 
plants  are    often  set   directly    in 
the  earth  bottom,  after  the  heavy 
turf  is    removed.     The  bogs-or 
meadows,   as    they    are    usually 
called  — are  not  kept   so  scrupu- 
lously clean.  It  is  thought 
that  a  reasonable  q- 
tity   of    grass    prev 


CRANBERRY 


391 


by  the  form  of  the  berry, -the  bell-shaped  (Fig.  570), 
the  bugle-shaped  (Fig.  571),  and  the  cherry-shaped 
(Fig.  572).  There  are  many  named  VM.i.ti.s  in  .M.h  of 
these  classes,  differing  in  size,  color,  lii  iimm'^n.  Im  .  [.iiig 
qualities,  productiveness.  These  v;ui,ii.^  Ii:i\i  In  in 
selected  from  plants  which  have  apjM-an  <l  ii;iiui;illy  in 
the  bogs.  Some  of  them  have  been  discovered  in  wild 
bogs.  The  demands  of  the  market,  as  respects  varie- 
ties, are  constantly  changing.  In  Massachusetts,  the  fol- 
lowing varieties  are  now  popular:  Early  Black,  Howe, 
Matthews,  McFarlin. 

The  Cranberry  is  now  a  staple  article  of 
food  in  N<irth  America.    "Turkey  and  Cran- 
berry satice"  may  be  said  to  be  the  national 
dish.     The   berries   are   used   in   great  va- 
riety of  dishes.    All  rit.iit  lias  iH-cn  made  to 
open   an   Euro|iiaii    niarkii.  ami   an   agent 
was  sent  abroail  m  Is'i:;  Im-  ihai  jiurpose  by 
nilMrry  Trailt-   Company, 
e  export  trade   has   now  assumed   some 
portance,  and  is  growing.    The  appro.Ki- 
Cranberry.       '"'**''  Cranberry  crops  for  a  series  of  years 


lost      1  1  I       inp 

IS  said  1  \  s  ni  tl  it  tli  ti  uiii.,'  lit  t  the  old  ind 
large  vines  m  the  riking  tends  to  rtnewthe  plants, 
and  this  is  undoubtedh  tiue,  but  there  are  bettei 
ways  of  keeping  the  Mnes  young  and  short,  as  by 

"  3g  or  mowin^r  In  the  East,  raking 
rarely  employed  unless  the  crop  is  very  poor  oi 
prices  vet^  low  ei  unless  hard  frost  is  expected 
in  which  case  the  beiries  may  be  raked,  the  bog 
flooded,  and  the  berries  caught  at  the  flume  Some 
times  tht  bog  is  flooded  when  haid  frost  is  tin  iti  m  d 
and  the  water  is  iUowed  to  liiiiain  ill  \Miit  i  m  1 
the  berries  aie  haivested  m  the  spnng  I  ut  sm  h 
early  floodin.,'  may  miure  the  ^  ines  The  pi  ii  i  i  iid 
for  the  picking  ot  Cianberiies  is  usually  about  40  to 
50  cts.  a  bushel  Three  to  four  bushels  is  considered  to 
be  an  average  diy  s  picking  There  are  vaiious  devices 
to  facilitate  the  picking.  On  Cape  Cod  a  popular  im- 
plement is  the  Lumbert  picker  (Fig.  569).  The  machine 
is  thrust  into  the  vines,  and  the  operater  closes  the  lid 
by  bearing  down  with  his  thumb;  drawing  it  backward 
pulls  off  the  berries.  Usually  the  pickers  are"lined-off  " 
(Fig. 568)  by  cords  stretched  across  the  bog,  thus  limiting 
each  one  to  a  particular  area,  which  he  is  required  to 
pick  clean.  The  berries  are  cleaned  by  running  them 
through  a  separator,  by  passing  them  over  a  screen, 
by  floating  off  the  litter  by  dowsing  them  in  water,  and 
by  other  means.  Dowsing  usually  reduces  the  market 
value.    They  are  then  marketed  in  barrels  or  crates. 

1  there  are  three  general  types,  determined 


572     Makepeace  Cranberry 
Natural  size     Type  of  the  Cherrj  Ci^uuerries 

CRANBERRY   CHOrS,  IN   BUSHELS 

1877           1878           1879  1880 

NewEngland 250,600 

NewJersey 128.700 

TheWest 113,430 

Totals 400,828      295,760      233,000  492,630 

1882          1883          1884  1885 

New  England....      193,664     141.964     130.583  280,879 

New  .Jersey 78,507      118,524      124,648  198.125 

TheWest 50,000      135,507        24,783  264,432 

Totals 322,171      395,995      280.014  743,436 


143,186 
461,025 


274,799 
234,254 
31,396 


392 


CRANBERRY 


■  'f  good  qualitv  now 
The  following  table 
^  i]iug"and  "closing" 
seasons: 

MAY 


1887  1888  1889  1890  1891 

New  England....      307,563  260,000  350,000  375,000  480,000 

New  Jersey 163,788  225,000  200,000  200,000  250.000 

The  West 140,672  100,000        70,000  225,000        30,000 

Totals 612,023  585,000  620.000  800,000  760,000 

1892  1893  1894  1895  1896 

New  England....      375,000  .575.000  185,000  420,000  600,000 

NewJersey IBO.OOO  325,000  200,000  200,000  200,000 

TheWest 65,000  100,000  25,000        10,000        30,000 

Totals 600.000  1,000,000  410,000  650,000      830,000 

1897  1898  1899 

New  England....      400.000  425,000  425,000 

NewJersey 250,000  300,000  175,000 

TheWest 50,000  75,000  85,000 

Totals 700,000      800,000      685,000 

Average  prices  f"i   i  ii 
range  from  $4.50  t..  -' 
(by  Rider)  gives  :i  -i. 
prices  per  bushel  t^r'  I  ^  ' 

TEAR  Ol 

1877 $2  00  ®  $2  50  ^  00  ®  $4  50 

1878 2  00®  2  25  2  25®  2  50 

1879 1  75  ®  2  00  5  00  ®  6  00 

1880 1  50  ®  2  00  50  ®  1  00 

1881 1  50  ®  2  00  2  00  ®  3  00 

1882 2  75  ®  3  00  2  00  ®  3  50 

1883 2  75  ®  3  00  5  25  ®  5  50 

1884 2  75  ®  3  00  2  50  ®  2  75 

1885 1  .50  ®  1  70  50  ®   75 

1886 125®150  3  75®4  00 

1887 1  75  ®    2  00  2  75  ®    3  00 

1888 135®  2  00  75  ®  1  00 

1889 1  50  ®  2  00  4  00  ®  5  00 

18!)0 2  00  ®  2  25  3  00  ®  3  50 

1891 1  50  ®  2  00  1  25  ®  1  00 

1892 125®150  2  00®300 

1893 1  25  ®  1  50  2  00  ®  3  00 

1894 2  00  ®  2  50  50®   75 

The  Low -bush  Cranberry,  or  Wolfberry  (F.  Vitis- 
Idiea),  is  much  used  in  Nova  Scotia  and  other  parts,  and 
is  gathered  and  shipped  in  large  quantities  to  Boston; 
but  it  is  not  cultivated.  This  berry  is  also  common  in 
Europe,  where  it  is  much  prized.  The  quantities  of  this 
fruit  imported  into  the  U.  S.  from  various  sources  is  con- 
siderable. For  example,  between  July  24  and  Dec.  31, 
1897,  the  following  imports  were  received  (as  compiled 
by  Rider) : 

From  Nova  Scotia 31,748  qts.  ®  $1,284 

Sweden  and  Norway 19,905  qts.  ®    1,014 

Newfoundland 7,256  Qts.  ®       279 

Germany 1.500  qts.  ®       180 

Denmark 864  qts.  ® 27 

61.273  qts.  $2,784 
or  1,915  bu. 
The  Cranberry  is  subject  to  the  attacks  of  various 
insects,  for  most  of  which  the  best  remedy  is  flooding, 
although  the  fruit-worm  is  probably  best  destroyed  by 
spraying  with  arsenites.  There  are  also  fungous  troubles. 
For  information  on  all  these  difficulties,  the  bulletins 
of  the  New  Jersey  Experiment  Station  are  the  best 
literature. 

The  best  literature  on  the  Cranberry  is  comprised  in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Cranberry  Growers' 
Association,  with  headquarters  at  Trenton,  N.  J.  This 
society  holds  an  '"  annual  meeting "  in  January,  and  an 
"'  annual  convention  "  in  August.  Begiiming  with  1880, 
it  has  published  regular  reports  of  each  of  these  gather- 
ings. The  standard  books  are  White's  "Cranberry  Cul- 
ture," largely  from  the  New  Jersey  standpoint,  and 
Webb's  "Cape  Cod  Cranberries."  l.  H.  B. 

Notes  by  a  Wisconsin  Grower.  — Cranberries  are 
raised  mainly  in  the  states  of  Massachusetts,  New  Jer- 
sey, Wisconsin,  Michigan  and  Minnesota.  The  eastern 
marshes  are  mostly  "made,"  while  in  Wisconsin  there 
are  thousands  of  acres  of  natural  marsh  as  yet  entirely 
uncultivated,  as  well  as  much  that  is  cultivated. 

The  natural  soil  for  the  Cranberry  is  peat.  Sand  is 
also  good,  but,  when  used  alone,  must  have  a  new  coat 
of  it  spread  over  the  ground  every  few  years,  as  it  be- 
comes exhausted  and  the  vines  become  woody  and  cease 


CRAN 

to  bear.  The  ideal  soil  seems  to  be  a  foundation  of 
peat,  with  from  2  to  4  inches  of  sand  spread  over  it. 
It  is  very  desirable  that  the  surface  should  be  level,  so 
that  it  can  all  be  kept  equally  moist.  The  leveling  is 
usually  done  by  "scalping,"  i.  e.,  taking  off  the  sod  and 
carrying  it  away.  This  also  removes  the  moss  and 
other  foul  vegetation,  and  gives  the  vines  a  chance 
to  take  full  possession  of  the  ground.  If  scalping  is 
considered  too  expensive,  the  moss  may  be  killed  by 
floodinir  in  winter  and  drawing  the  water  oif  in  spring  ; 
but  it   tik-  -  I  )   tliree  years  for  it  to  rot  suft  i.  Wly 

to  all"  ill.    Plowing  is  sometimes  resorted 

to  wli.  I  I  .III-,  or  the  .sods  turned  upside  down 

by  s,., ■  ,,„.;,„.. 

The  In-st  Mit>  i.ii-  Cranberry  raising  are  those  which 
afford  a  perfect  water  supply.  There  should  be  a  reser- 
voir of  water  on  the  upper  side  of  the  marsh  (and  if  it 
is  on  the  north  or  northwest  so  much  the  better,  as  it 
will  then  be  more  sure  protection  from  frost),  which  can 
be  emptied  on  to  the  marsh  at  short  notice ;  and  there 
must  also  be  good  drainage,  to  carry  it  away  from  the 
marsh  quickly  when  desired.  A  level  piece  of  marsh 
which  has  vines  already  growing  on  it  looks  very  tempt- 
ing to  the  uninitiated^  but,  if  it  has  not  a  good  water 
supply,  it  is  better  to  leave  it  in  the  natural  state  and 
take  the  crops  which  grow  in  favorable  seasons,  than 
to  spend  money  improviiiR  it. 

A  good  sand  Timr  !'  t'-:--  t  '   t'-:^-' •  T^nr  riTi'.-  -tream  in 

a  sandy  ret-'i.'i     '  •    -    i:  ' -i  r  can  be 

drawn  from  Til'  i.   a  reser- 

voir to  hold  ni:'    i  .  tly  from 


the 


dit.-Ii.-,  ii  I-  il.-^ii:,M.-.  ai  l.a-t  fMi- 111.  r.'s.i-vi.ir  dams, 
to  civil-  tliini  Mill)  -ami.  Tlii-  slii.ul.l  lir  |iut  iiio.stly  on 
the  tiiji  aii.l  iiinirr  -111.-,  ami  sli,,ii|,l  ^[,,]„-  frmii  file  top  of 
the  dam  to  the  center  of  the  ditch.  This  prevents  musk- 
rats  from  doing  very  much  damage,  and  the  dam  is  not 
so  apt  to  be  washed  out  by  high  water  as  when  built  in 
a  perpendicular  wall.  The  cheapest  way  to  move  sand 
to  build  dams  or  fnr  sprr-adinir  oti  the  marsh  is  to  haul 
it  on  sleighs  in  tin  winf.  i-.  A  ]i!atf.irm  is  built  on  rock- 
ers, so  that  thii  li-a.l  iiia\  Im.  i1uiii|i..1  at  one  side  of  the 

sleigh;    and  t^v.l  lua.N   in  a  jila a  good   peat   dam 

will  make  a  heavy  n-.  iMnr  il  nn.  The  pit  from  which 
sand  is  taken  shonli!  I.  \m  II  j.r.iU  .-ted  with  snow  or 
sawdust  to  prevent  its  in  i  /m-  liaiil>.  One  of  the  best 
ways  of  making  wast.  -ai.  -  i-  in  jilace  three  joists 
lengthwise  of  the  dam  a  lirtl.-  I.,  l..i\  the  bottom  of  the 
ditch,  and  a  platform  built  upon  them,  and  the  whole 
settled  down  as  firmly  as  possible;  then  the  dam  is  built 
right  onto  the  platform  for  3  or  4  feet  on  each  side,  and 
then  the  sideboards  put  in  place,  and  cleats  nariled  up 
and  down  into  which  to  slip  the  sluice  boards.  It  is  a 
good  plan  to  have  an  outside  ditch,  which  will  carry  sur- 
plus water  around  the  marsh  instead  of  across  it,  in  wet 
seasons. 

Planting.  — There  are  several  methods  of  planting 
vines.  One  way  is  to  sort  the  vines  and  then  cut  them  up, 
roots  and  all,  in  pieces  about  eight  inches  in  length,  lay- 
ing them  down  three  or  four  in  a  place,  pushing  the  lower 
end  into  the  ground  by  means  of  a  stick  shaped  like  a 
paddle;  or  it  is  sometimes  done  by  a  piece  of  iron  fast- 
enened  to  the  bottom  of  a  shoe.  This  method  leaves 
the  plants  in  an  upright  position,  and  they  do  not  grow  so 
rapidly  as  when  pushed  into  the  ground  obliquely  or 
laid  on  top  of  the  ground,  as  their  first  growth  is  to  make 
nmners.  Sometimes  the  vines  are  cut  in  a  hay  cutter, 
sown  by  hand  like  wheat,  and  then  rolled.  A  good 
method  of  planting  in  the  west  is  to  take  vines  without 
cutting  and  drop  two  or  three  in  a  place  and  step  on 
them ;  if  put  a  foot  apart,  they  will  soon  cover  the  ground, 
and  will  bear  a  good  crop  in  three  years.  The  greatest 
care  must  be  taken,  while  sorting  vines,  that  they  do  not 
dry  out,  for  if  they  do  they  are  worthless. 

In  subsequent  culture  is  when  water  comes  into  use. 
The  ditches  should  be  about  ten  rods  apart,  each  ditch 
having  a  dam  built  below  it  of  the  material  thrown  from 
the  ditch  ;  the  drain  ditches  running  down  through  the 
marsh  need  not  be  quite  so  close  together.  To  promote 
the  growth  of  vines,  it  is  only  desired  to  hold  the  ditches 
about  half  full,  so  that  the  ground  may  be  moist,  but  if 
water  is  kept  up  onto  vines  at  this  time  thev  will  be 


CRANBERRY 

drowned  and  do  nothing.  When  frosty  nights  come, 
after  vines  have  begun  to  grow,  water  should  be  drawn 
from  the  reservoir  to  cover  them,  and  let  off  the  next 
morning.  If  the  ends  of  the  new  shoots  get  frozen,  it  is 
a  decided  set-back,  and  especially  so  when  the  vines 
have  reached  the  bearing  age,  as  then  it  cuts  off  the  crop 
and  hurts  the  prospect  for  the  coming  year  by  taking 
the  terminal  bud.  The  vines  do  throw  out  side  shoots, 
however,  and  sometimes  the  second  season's  crop  does 
not  seem  to  be  much  affected  by  it.  When  the  plants 
are  in  blossom  (which  is  all  through  July)  the  ground 
must  not  get  too  dry,  or  the  blossoms  will  blast.  This 
trouble  was  experienced  in  many  places  during  the  sum- 
mers of  '86  and  '87,  when  it  was  so  dry  that  nothing  but 
a  stream  fed  bv  springs  could  begin  to  furnish  a  supply 

of  water.     Through  the  most  of  tli.'  ~ui r.  ii    is  best 

to  keep  the  water  from  4  to  8  iui'ln  ~  K.  In.  i1m  -urfaoe, 
but  before  the  spring  frosts  are  I'M  1- ii  i  !.(  i  n  r  i,.  keep 
it  nearly  to  the  surface,  and  if  it  is  ;i  s.a^on  mi  .In-ui^ht, 
draw  water  down  over  the  marsh  aljoul  uuc-e  a  week. 
After  the  fruit  has  set,  if  obliged  to  flood  as  a  protection 
against  frost,  be  sure  to  draw  the  water  off  quickly  the 
next  morning,  or  the  berries  will  be  scalded. 

The  marsh  should  not  be  flooded  for  winter  till  quite 
late,  some  time  in  November,  generally,  as  the  fall 
frosts  do  not  injure  the  vines,  but  help  them  harden,  so 
that  they  will  endure  the  winter's  snow  and  ice  without 
injury.  Sometimes  during  the  late  winter,  a  rain  or 
thaw  will  let  surplus  water  on  the  marsh  and  this  may 
lift  the  ice,  and  that  will  take  the  vines  with  it,  right  out 
of  the  ground.  This  should  be  guarded  against  by  open- 
ing waste-gates  an.l  .Irawiiii,' off  tlie  extra  water.  The 
flood  should  be  I.  ft  ,.,,  il,.  ,,,:„-),  in  th,- si.rins;  until  the 
spring  frosts  arc  i.      i  'i;       n^in  ili.- linn'  for  draw- 

ing off  the  watir  i     -        I  II  111'-  -Oili  "f  -Miiy.and 

it  must  be  closily  ., ,,; ::,,;,  ..lui  I  s,  a>  tin-  viia-s  are 

then  very  tender  and  wiii  n^i  In  ar  us  hard  a  frost  as 
they  will  after  they  have  been  uncovered  a  few  weeks. 

Berries  are  gathered  in  two  different  ways  :  one  is  to 
pick  them  by  hand,  the  other  to  rake  them.  The  hand- 
picking  is  mostly  done  by  women  and  iduldreu  or  In- 
dians. Every  thirty  pickers  sli.mM  liavi-  an  nvi  iMcr, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  the  vim  ,  aii-  ]iiri^,il  .-li-an 
and  that  no  refuse  is  allnwcil  u,  ^o  int"  th,  l..i\  ;  al^..  tc 
give  a  check  for  every  btish.-l  li..x  lillnl,  timl  ti.  carry 
the  full  boxes  to  the  wagon,  car  or  boat.  The  pickers 
in  the  west  use  shallow  peck  boxes  to  pick  in,  and  when 
these  are  filled  they  empty  them  into  the  bushel  box. 
The  pickers  are  placed  in  a  row,  thirty  of  them  occupy- 
ing from  80  to  90  feet,  and  a  rope  should  be  stretched 
each  side  of  them  to  keep  them  going  straight  ahead,  or 
else  they  are  very  apt  to  turn  to  the  right  or  left  for 
better  picking. 

The  cheapest  way  of  gathering  berries  is  to  rake  them 
with  what  is  called  a  "scoop  rake"  (Fig.  573).  It  needs 
stout  men  to  use  these  to  advantage,  at  least 
those  who  are  not  troubled  with  backache, 
they  must  keep  a  stooping  positii 
stantly.  Rakes  should 
not  be  used  in  young 
vines  where  there  are  a 
great  many  runners,  as 
they  would  pull  them  up 
by  the  roots  too  much, 
but  as  the  vines  get  older 
and  the  fruit  shoots 
stand  up  out  of  the  way 
of  the  runners,  rak' 
does  not  seem  to  injure 
them.  The  rakers  should 
have  ropes  stretched  be- 
tween them,  each  man 
being  given  a  space  from 
one  to  three  rods  wide, 
and  every  ten  should 
have  an  overseer,  who 
will  also  rake  most  of  the  time.  Rakers  are  hired  by  the 
day,  but  hand  pickers  pick  by  the  box.  The  rake  is 
much  used  in  the  west. 

If  the  berries  can  be  taken  to  the  warehouse  in  a  boat 
along  the  ditches,  it  is  the  best  way,  as  they  bruise 
easily  and  should  be  carefully  handled  ;  but  if  that  is 
not  practicable,  then  thev  must   be  taken  in  wagons 


CRASSULA 


393 


573.   The  hand  scoop  i 


which  are  driven  as  close  to  the  picking  ground  as  pos, 
sible  ;  or  a  portable  track  may  be  laid  onto  the  marsh- 
and  :i  car  used.  The  bushel  boxes  which  are  used  have 
the  sidr^  and  l.'dtom  made  of  lath,  with  small  spaces 
between:  and  tlii^e  boxes  are  used  to  cure  the  berries 
in,  lieini;  [died  n|'  III  tiers,  so  that  the  air  can  circulate  be- 
tween them.  Tlie  herry  bouse  sh,.nld  be  built  with  dead 
air  spaces  in  the  wall-,  and  windnHs  shonld  I.e  darkened 
and  building  kept  clov,  ,|  diiniiL,-  t!ie  day.   s,m-  .s7../r/./r. 

Cranberries  are  generally  slni'iad  in  iiarrets.  bnt  snnie 
use  bushel  crates,  thunch  in  whatever  they  are  packed, 
the  greatest  care  should  be  taken  to  put  them  up  in 
good  shape.  If  picked  before  they  begin  to  ripen, 
and  then  packed  so  that  when  they  reach  their  destina- 
tion they  are  settled  from  one  to  three  inches  in  the  barrel, 
dealers  will  not  want  them,  and  this  kind  of  manage- 
ment has  much  to  do  with  low  prices.  Before  putting 
into  barrels,  the  berries  are  put  through  a  Cranberry 
mill,  and  then,  if  there  are  still  a  few  bad  berries, 
they  are  put  on  tables  made  for  the  purpose,  and  the 
rest  of  the  bad  ones  picked  out  by  hand. 

The  profits  of  the  business  depend  so  much  upon  the 
amount  of  expense  which  has  been  necessary  to  improve 
the  marsh  that  it  is  impossible  to  give  any  exact  figures. 
The  smaller  the  marsh,  the  <|uieker  it  can  be  improved 
and  made  to  begin  to  pay  a  in-oflt.  Anyone  who  under- 
takes to  improve  a  large  marsh  ouj^ht  not  to  expect 
much  from  it  short  of  ten  or  fifteen  years,  though,  if 
carefully  inanticied.  it  may  lie  made  to  pay  cost  of  im- 
proving after  tlnec  i.j-  t"i>nr  years. 

There  is  ti  small  -and  in.ii'sh  in  Wisconsin,  made  after 
an  attempt  tn  lanii  the  hiinl  had  utterly  failed  because 
the  soil  was  su  ponr.  wliitdi  has  yielded  a  better  income 
for  several  years  than  the  best  farm  in  the  county.  It 
is  a  profitable  business  when  honest  work  and  careful 
management  are  united  in  it,  but  not  otherwise. 

H.  B.  TUTTLE. 

CEANBEREY  TREE.  Same  as  High-bush  Cran- 
berry.  ribiinlKin  Upilliis. 


CRASSULA  (Latin,  t!iirl-ish .■  refr 
leaves  and  stems).  t'r"s^-nh'i-.n  'I') 
name  to  the  order  Cr  inii.,,,  .,1, 
cultivated   succuleni    i       .  iU>.  others  of  widely 

different  habit,  — aliiiiii     '       i Imijether.  The  order 

is  closely  related  te  iIm  >  i  .  ii  la.ice.-e,  and  differs  in 
having  the  carpels  of  the  "vary  entirely  free  and  equal 
in  number  to  the  petals,  but  the  fc.»rms  pass  easily  into 
the  Saxifragacese  through  Francoa  and  Tetilla,  and 
back  again  through  Triaetina.  The  genera  are  ill  defined, 
and  certain  species  of  Sedum  cross  over  the  lines  of 
Crassula,  Cotyledon  and  Sempervivum,  while  between 
Crassula  and  Tillsea  no  good  distinction  can  be  made. 
For  these  reasons  it  seems  best  to  give  a  key  to  the 
genera  of  garden  importance. 

A.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals. 
B.    Petals  free,  or  connate  only  at  the  base. 

1.  Crassula.     Floral  parts  in  5's:    calyx  shorter  than 

the  corolla. 
BB.   Petals  often  connate  to  the  middle  or  beyond. 

2.  RocHEA.     Calyx  many  times  shorter  than  the  tube  of 

the  corolla. 
AA.    Stamens  normally  twice  as  many  as   the  jyetals 
(sometimes  equal  in  nttmber,  especiallg  in  Nos. 
S,6,8). 
B.   Petals  free,  or  connate  only  at  the  very  base. 

3.  Sedum.    Floral  parts  usually  4-5 :  scales  small. 

4.  Sempervivum.     Floral  parts  6  to  many  (rarely  5): 

scales  small. 

5.  MoNANTHES.     Floral  parts  G-12 :  scales  petal-like. 
EB.    Petals  often  connate  to  the  middle  or  beyond. 

6.  Kalanchoe.     Calyx  4-parted. 

7.  Bryophtli^um.     Calyx  large,  inflated,  shortly  4-cut. 

8.  CoTVLEDON.     Calyx  5-parted. 

The  floral  parts  of  Crassula  are  normally  5,  rarely  6-9, 


394 


CKASSULA 


but  cultivatinn  prohahly  changes  the  number  of  parts 
not  infr-'in-ntlv  <'i-T^^nlas  are  herbs  or  shrubs,  rarely 
;iitnii  n-iiMI  III  i  wnl  fleshy:  Ivs.  opposite,  rarely 
^1  ■  t  her  at  "the  base,  entire  or  with 

■  III  I  iN   small,  white,  rose,  or  rarely 

>  ■  I  -    rarely  in  heads.    For  C.  coc- 


rhea. 


W. 


I  1.1--11I  I- ,11.  .-n  .  iili"Usi-plantsrequiringadry  atmos- 
pliii.  .luiiii.-ili.  1. -tiiii;  ].criod.  While  making  growth, 
thfj  iii.iN  I"  u.  .ited  hkt  other  greenhouse  plants  In  the 
way  of  watering,  placing  them  in  the  lightest  and  airiest 
part  of  the  house.  The  pots  must  be  drained  so  that  any 
surplus  moisture  will  easily  pass  through.  The  soil 
should  consist  of  sand,  loam,  broken  brick,  and  a  very 
small  quantity  of  leaf-soil  or  thoroughly  rotted  cow- 
manure.  Propagation  is  usually  from  cuttings.  Some 
of  the  species,  such  as  C.  falc'ata,  do  not  give  much 
material  for  this  purpose,  and  they  should,  there- 
fore, be  headed  over  and  the  tops  put  in  dry  sand 
in  the  spring,  allowing  water  only  when  they  show 
signs  of  shrivelling.  The  cut -over  plants  should 
be  encouraged  to  make  side  shoots,  which  may  be 
rooted  after  they  are  large  enough. 

Cult,  by  G.  W.  Oliver. 
A.    Floral  parts  normally  in  o's. 
B.    Lvs.  petioled. 

cord4ta,  Soland.  Height  1-3  ft.:  stem  shrubby:  Ivs. 
flat,  wide,  stalked,  cordate,  obtuse,  entire,  glabrous, 
spotted  above  :  cymes  panicle-like  :  fls.  red<iish,  some- 
times pure  white.  Winter.— Closely  allied  to  C.  spathu- 
lata. 

spathulata,  Thunb.    Glabrous  herb  :   stem  somewhat 

shrubby,  decumbent,  branching:   Ivs.  stalked,  roundish, 

crenate,  glabrous,  shining  above:  corvmbs  panicle-like: 

fls.  rosy;   fM-fal-a.ut;..    L.  B. 

Not  ai'lv.'-rt'i-.'.]    |..r'  -:,1.  .  I'.i.t 
likely  to  l..-  .-ultM  air.l  :,-  ("'. 


BB.    Lvs.  not  petioled. 

r.    Foliage  glaucous. 

falcata,    Weiidl.      Height 

s  it.:    Iv^.   -rowii  tou',.ther 


1>.  Miiall, 


dense,  terminal  corymb : 
corolla  tube  !4  of  an  in.  long, 
as  long  as  the  limb  or 
shorter.    B.M.  2035. 

Foliage  not  glaucous. 
Uctea,  Soland.  Height  1-2 
:  ^trm  shrubby,  branch- 
-'  '"i-tuous  below:  lvs. 
narrowed  and  grown 
-■  :i'  r  at  the  base,  gla- 
I-.  spotted  along  the 
aiijiii:  cvmes  panicle-like, 
iiiiv-Hcl. :  fls.  white,  small. 
intir.  B.M.  1771.  L.B.C. 
T.Ck-  a    free  -flowering 

'In  i-i-  iv  a  form  with 


quadrifida.    Baker.     Fig. 

574.  Perennial:  lvs.  oblong- 

spatulate,   the    upper    ones 

rounder,  decussate :  fls.  with 

574.   Crassula  quadrifida.  their  parts  in  4's,  panieled, 

1X^3.)  white,  tinged  red.     w.  M. 

CEATiGUS  (ancient  Greek  name,  derived  from  liratos, 
strength,  on  account  of  the  hardiness  of  the  wood ) .  Bosd- 
cew,  suborder  Pdme<p.  Haw.  Hawthorn.  .Shrubs  or 
small  trees,  usually  spiny:  lvs.  alternate,  deciduous, 
stipulate,  serrate,  often  lobed  or  pinnatifid :  fls.  white,  in 


CRAT^GUS 

some  varieties  red,  in  corymbs,  rarely  solitary;  petal- 
and  calyx-lobes  5;  stamens  many,  rarely  less  than  10; 
styles  1-5:  fr.  a  drupe-like  pome,  with  1-5  1-seeded  bony 
stones.  About  70  species,  in  the  temperate  regions  of 
the  northern  hemisphere,  most  abundant  in  N.  America. 
Hardy  ornamental  shrubs  and  trees,  mostly  of  dense  and 
low  growth,  with  handsome  foliage,  turning,  in  most 
species,  to  a  brilliant  coloring  in  the  fall;  many  have 
very  decorative  frs.,  and  also  handsome  fls.  Some  of  the 
best,  with  showy  frs.,  are  C.  Crus-ijalli.  C.  Lavallei, 
C.  cordata,  C.  pinnatifida  ni'ij^r.  1  .  ',r  <-  .  lut  the  frs. 
of  the  last  drop  very  early,  vli:  1    i)m- others 

the  frs.  remain  a  long  time  on  1  1m        i.:  ~   iiu-varie- 

ties  of  (7.  wonof77/?m  have  vi  )\  .i  .iiii  .  lU,;  also  C. 
mollis,  C.  Cnts-galli  and  otl,.  i~  ,1,  iiaii.i-..iii.  ni  bloom. 
For  the  S.  states,  V.  ,rst^r,,h^  and  il,,    I. In.    fruited  C. 

brachi/acantha   are   aitani_'  ilir   ~f   d- i-orati\e.    Well 

adapted  for  hedges  ai-i    ( '.  ,„,.„,.,,-,,„„,  r.  1  ij  iimantha, 
C.  Crus-galli,  C.  conlnl.i  an 
thorns  grow  in  almost  any  s 

rich,  loamy,  somewhat  moist  one,  andalso  in  strong  clay. 
Prop,  by  seeds,  sown  in  fall  or  stratified;  before  stratify- 
ing, most  of  the  pulp  may  be  removed  by  laying  the  frs. 
in  shallow  piles  and  allowing  til.  in  i.i.i..:n'.  Then  they 
are  mixed  with  sand  or  sift.   1  n    i   ni.-d  in  the 

ground  or  kept  in  boxes  in  f 
as  C.  rnrdnta.  C.  cnecinea.  < 
first  vr.arnn.l  :,r.-  -^..vn  in  ^r-r 


iiiate  the 
^jiecially 
>  rminate 


the  t'  ^  _,    i ;     .. ,,  u  at  once, 

the  s.--d  1..  d-  nniM  I....  li,..a;  :l.i  n.ui.di^-d  dunug  the  first 
summer  to  prevent  drying.  Tlie  young  plants  should  not 
be  allowed  to  remain  over  one  year  in  the  seed-beds,  as 
they  form  long  tap-roots  and  are  then  difiicult  to  trans- 
plant. Varieties  and  rarer  kinds  are  easily  budded  or 
grafted  on  .-■.■.  .llm,-  -t...  I,  ..(  C.  Oxyacantha,  or  other 
common  str.m  _     1  .  .  i.  s. 

Index:    ,/.    .  i    suppl.;    apiifolia,  14   and 

suppl.;  Aro,,,.:.  i-;  .,,  .r  .,  av,  IS;  Carriiri,  7;  coccinea, 
3;  cordata,  l:i;  *_riis-Kaiii,  :<:  I>oiii;la-.i,  V2.  iri;  flava,  2; 
Lavallei,  7;  leucophlaus,  i);  lii,-i<l.i .  .';  nia.ra.'antha,  10; 
mollis,  4;  monogyna,  16;  nii;ra.  L'l :  .nh.i.itissima,  19; 
orientalis,  19:  Oxyacantha,  1.'),  IC;  iHn-iit.,1,,1.  1;  pinnati- 
fida, 17:  populifolia,  13  and  .sujipl. ;  pruuifolia,  C;  punc- 
tata, 8;  piirifolia,9;  sanguinea,  11;  subvillosa,i;  tana- 
cetifolia,  20;  tomentosa,  9;  uniflora,  1. 
a.  Foliage  of  the  flowering  branches  not  at  all  or  very 
slightly  lobed;  no  veins  going  to  the  sinuses. 
B.     Fls.  IS,  rarely  more. 

1.  onifldra,  Mcench  (C. parvifblia,  Ait.).,  Dense,  low 
shrub,  with  numerous  slender  spines,  rarely  spineless, 
3-8  ft.:  lvs.  on  short  not  glandular  petioles,  cuneate, 
obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  irregularly  or  doubly  crenate- 
serrate,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  at  length  glabrous 
above,  X-IM  in.  long:  calyx  pubescent,  with  large  ser- 
rate lobes:  fr.  pyrifonn  or  globose,  yellow,  H  in.  across, 
with  2-5  stones.  May,  June.  N.  Jersey  to  Arkansas  and 
Florida.    S.S.  4:191. 

2.  Hiva,  Ait.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  to  25  ft.,  usually 
very  spiny:  lvs.  on  short  glandular  petioles,  cuneate, 
obovate,  glandular-dentate,  pubescent,  at  length  glabrous 
and  shining  above:  fr.  globular  or  pyrifonn,  greenish, 
yellow  or  red,  Ys,  in.  across.  Va.  to  Florida.  S.S.  4:189. 
B.H.  23:1932, 1939. 

BB.   Fls.  in  6-many-fld.  corymbs. 
V.    Lvs.  on  slender,  often  glandular  petioles,  usually 
broadly  ovate  and  truncate  at  the  base,  slightly 
lobed:  calyx  lobes  dentate. 

3.  coccinea,  Linn.  Scarlet  Thorn.  Shrub  or  tree, 
rarely  to  25  ft.,  with  short  spines:  lvs.  broadly  ovate, 
sharply  doubly  serrate,  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  spar- 
ingly ,iinirp';-iHd-).nl>pscent  above,  2-3  in.  long:  corymbs 
usiiall,  -liL-lii.  \  (l.ius:  fr.  red,  globose  or  oval,  K-}^  in. 
acr..-  I  .  Newfoundland  to  Florida  and 
Te\a^  ,  ,  A|  ;„i,a.  S.S.  4:180.  Em.  493.  B.M.3432. 
—  Till  I .  ar-  a  niinil..-r  of  allied  forms  which  have  been 
considered  usually  as  mere  varieties,  but  may  be  per- 
haps distinct  species.  None  of  them,  however,  surpasses 
the  true  C.  coccinea  in  decorative  value,  and  they  are 
only  of  botanical  interest. 


CRATAEGUS 

4.  mailis,  Scheele  (C. s«6iJJHdso,  Schrad.  C.eoccliien, 
var.  mdlHs,  Torr.  &  Gr.).  Fig.  575.  Tree,  to  30ft..  with 
short,  stout  thorns  :  Its.  broadly  ovate,  sharply  and 
.doubly  serrate,  densely  pubescent  beneath,  3— 4  in.  long: 
corymbs  densely  villous-pubescent :  fis.  with  red  disk :  fr. 
about   Xin.  across,  usiuilly  pear-shaped.     April,  May. 


)Pa.,w.-i  u.y.hr.. 
C.tomentosa).    HI'    '       'I 
species,  with  hn  _ 
and  frs.,  ripeniim  ,i,  >■  ,  ;■  n 
maturity. 

Var.  tUiifoUa,  Kochne.    L 
not  glandular:  stamens  20. 


S.S.  4:182.  Em.  494  (a 
"f  the  most  decorative 
foliage  and  showy  fis. 
.ut  dropping  soon  after 

ore  pubescent,  petioles 


veins  beneath  when  young, 2-3  in.  long:  corymbs  pubes 
cent:  fr.  red:  stones  with  two  furrows  on  the  inner  side. 
May-June.  — Probably  hybrid  between  C.  Crus-galli  and 
C.  macracantha.    B.R.  22:1868. 

7.  LavAUei,  Herincq.  (C.  Carrier!',  Vauv.).  Small  tree 
to  20  ft.,  with  spreading  branches,  nearly  unarmed, 
when  older:  Ivs.  elliptic  or  oblong-obovate,  acute,  pu- 
bescent, glabrous  above  at  length,  irregularly  serrate, 
3-4  in.  long  :  corymbs  rather  few-fld.,  pubescent  ;  fls. 
large,  with  red  disk  :  fr.  bright  orange  or  brick-red, 
ovoid  or  globular.  K  in.  across.  Mav.  R.H.  1883:  108. 
G.C.  III.  21:118,  I19.-Probably  hybrid  between  C. 
Crus-galU  and  C.  Mexlcana;  originated  in  Prance. 


5T5.  Crataegus  mollis 


Lii.  uH  i-alUtr  short  and  stout,  not  glandular,  peti- 
oles, cuneate  and  usually  entire  at  the  base,  and 
mostly  broadest  above  the  middle. 


D.    I^r.  red  i 


i-Unn 


■itherhard. 


E.    Habit  of  fr.  noddimj  or  p: ml 
F.    Coloroflvs.  dark  yr,'  ,1  ,,,,.1  sliiii.ii.i  ,,hore.  t-har- 
taceous:  calyx  lnh,  .■<  ,  n  <■/  ..«  il,,'  fr. 

5.  Cros-g&lli,  Linn.  Shrub  or  tree,  to  40  ft. ;  branches 
wide-spreading,  rigid,  often  pendulous,  with  numerous 
slender  spines:  Ivs.  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  irregularly 
and  sharply  serrate,  quite  glabrous,  1-2K  in.  long,  often 
semi-persistent:  corymbs  glabrous :  fr.  usually  globose, 
red.  Mav^une.  Quebec,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  S.S. 
4:178.  Em.  492.  R.B.  1:116.  G.F.  7:  295. -A  very  deco- 
rative species  of  distinct  habit,  handsome  in  bloom  and 
with  showy,  bright  red  fr.,  remainitiL.'  on  tin-  inaiirlns 
often  until  spring;  the  Ivs.  assuiii.  ;i  iTilli.mt  ..i:iiiu-i- 
and  scarlet  color  in  fall.  Var.  inermis.  1..:'.  S|  nn  I- -s 
form.  Var.  Uneiris,  Ser.  Lvs.  lim  ai-  Ian. .  .,;ai.  .  \  ar. 
nana,  Nichols.  Dwarf  form.  Var.  ovaliiolia,  Liudl. 
Lvs.  elliptic.  B.R.  22:1860.  Var.  pyracanthifolia.  Ait. 
{var.  salicifdlia,  Ait.).  Lvs.  oblanceolate.  Var.  splen- 
dens,  Ait.  (var.  liicida,  Kort.).  Lvs.  elliptic-oblanceo- 
late,  very  shining. 

6.  prunifdlia,  Pers.  Shrub  or  tree,  to  30  ft. :  branches 
spreading  or  somewhat  ascending,  spiny:  lvs.  obovate, 
or  roundish  obovate,  doubly  serrate,  pubescent  on  the 


FF.    ('.)/.)/■  of  Irg.  dull  above,  with  impressed  veins, 
pubescent. 

8.  punctata,  .Tacq.  Fig.  576.  Tree,  to  25  ft. :  branches 
horizontally  spreadine.  with  short,  stout  spines  or  un- 
armed: lvs.  broadly  ol'ovatr.  olituse  or  ai'iiti-.  nai-iowed 
at  the  base  into  a  ratlin-  I.iim-ijiarL'iiinl  ].ctiol,.  ii-n  iru- 
larly  serrate:  coryniK-  ['uluvrrnT  :  iN.  iar-f  ;  .aiUx 
lobes  entire:  fr.  pyrifonn  or  siihirlobo-.,..  n-.i.  .lottiAl, 
about  Km.  across.  Mav.  From  Quebec  to  Out.  ana 
Ga.  S.S.  4:184.  Var.  aiirea.  Ait.  (var.  xanthocdrpa, 
Roem.).    Pr.  yellow:  lvs.  sometimes  slightly  lobed. 

EE.    ffabit  of  fr.  erect,  becoming  soft :   corymbs 
maini-ll'l..  hirije. 

9.  tomentosa,  Linn,  i  r.  /.,/,a;r./i."/.  Ait.  C.leiicoplilceos, 
Mcench).  Shrub  or  snull  tr.  .-.  lo  Jn  ft.,  with  spreading 
branches  unarmed  orAJtli    -hort    -nines:  lvs.  cuneate. 


;  furrows  ou  the  inner  .-.nie.    Jan.-.    From  Hudson  Bay 

o  Ga.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Mo.    .S.S.  4:183.     G.F.  2:425. 

J.R.  22:1877.— Var.  aurantlaca,  Lge.    Fr.  yellow. 

)D.    Fr.  shining,   blood-red   or  scarlet,  rarely   yellow, 
globose,  with  soft  and  juicy  flesh  ;  stones  with  2 
furrows  on  the  inner  side  (plain  in  all  the  fore- 
going except  ]Vos.  6  and  9). 
10.  macrac4ntlia,  Lodd.  {C.  coccinea,  var.  macracdn 


396 


CRATAEGUS 


Iha,  Dudl.).  Fig.  577.  Shrab  or  small  tree,  to  20  ft.,  of 
dense  growth,  with  numerous  long  and  slender  spines: 
Ivs.  rather  slender-petioled,  broadly  elliptic  or  ovate, 
doubly  serrate,  glabrous,  shining  and  dark  green  abore, 
almost  glabrous   beneath  .   corymbs  more  or  less  vil- 


"'***^^^^^ 


-m^ 


*^/^ 


576.  Crataegus  punctata. 

lous;  fls.  fragrant;  calyx -teeth  glandular-serrate:  fr. 
X  in.  in  diam.  May,  June.  Quebec  to  Va.,  west  to  Mo. 
and  Dak.  S.S.  4:181.  B.R.  22:1912.  L.B.C.  11:1012  (as 
C.  glandulosa).  A.G.  11:509.  — Sometimes  cultivated 
under  the  name  of  C.  Douglasi.  Var.  succul^nta,  Rehd. 
(<7.  succuUnta,  Schrad.).  Lvs.  pubescent  beneath  : 
pedicels  and  calyx  densely  tUIous. 

11.  sangulnea,  Pall.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  with  up- 
right, spreading  branches  and  short  spines :  lvs.  ovate 
or  broadly  ovate,  narrowed  into  the  petiole,  irregularly 
serrate  and  slightly  lobed,  more  deeply  lobed  on  vigor- 
ous shoots,  nearly" glabrous,  l}^-3  in.  long:  corymbs 
pubescent  or  glabrous;  fls.  large;  stamens  20,  with  pur- 
ple anthers  :  fr.  K  in.  in  diam.  Siber.,  Dahur.,  Amur- 
land.  Var.  AltUca,  Loud.  (var.  xanthocdrpa,  Kegel). 
Pr.  yellow,  smaller  :  anthers  whitish:  lvs.  more  deeply 
lobed. 

DDD.    Fr.  black,  shining  ;   atones  with  2  furrows. 

12.  Soiiglasi,  Lindl.  (C  samjulnea,  var.  Doiighisi, 
Torr.  &  Gr.).  Tree, to  40ft.,  with  slender, often  pendu- 
lous branches,  unarmed  or  with  short  spines:  lvs.  short- 
petioled,  broadly  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  serrate  and 
slightly  lobed,  nearly  glabrous,  pubescent  i 


rib  above 
calyx  loin 
Sept.  M;i 
21:1810. 

AA.     Foil, 


1.  long:  corymbs  glabrous 
te  :  fr.  ripening  in  Aug.  o 
to  Calif.    S.S.  4:175.    B.E 


i.hed, 


ith 


going  from 
thr  iin.irih  ^,  II,,  sinuses  {see  also  No.l);  stones 
jtl,ii,i  ..»  Ill,  11,11,  r  side  except  Jfo.  Is. 
B.  Fr.  m-ii  siiiiil!.  nhnut  y^in.  across:  calyx  lobes 
si'iiiiriil,il  hi)  It  distinct  line  from  the  fr.  and  fall- 
ing off  at  Unyth. 

13.  cordita,  Ait.  (C.  ocfri«?ia,Mnch.  C.  popnlifdlia, 
Walt.).  Washington  Thorn.  Tree,  to  30  ft.,  with 
slender  spines  :  lvs.  slender,  petioled,  triangular  or 
broadly  ovate,  usually  truncate  at  the  base,  3-5-lobed, 
sharply  serrate,  lK-2Min.  long  :  corymbs  many-fld., 
glabrous  :  styles  5 :  fr.  depressed-globose,  shining, 
bright  coral-red.  June.  111.  to  Ala.  and  Va.  S.S.  4:18G. 
B.R.  14:1151.  — A  very  desirable  species,  with  beautiful 
fall-coloring  and  large  clusters  of  bright  red  fr.  remain- 
ing a  long  time  on  the  branches. 

14.  apiifdiia,  Michx.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  rarely  20  ft., 
with  stout  spines  and  the  branchlets  pubescent  when 
young:  lvs.  slender,  petioled,  broadly  ovate,  pinnately 
5-7-cleft,  serrate,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  %-l%  in.  long: 
corymbsfew-fld.,  villous,  pubescent;  styles  1-3:  fr.  oval, 
1-4-1-5  in.  high.  May.  Va.  and  Fla.  to  Tex.  S.S.  4:188. 
—A  handsome  species  with  graceful  foliage  and  an 
abundance  of  white  fls.  in  spring  and  small  but  bright- 
colored  frs.  in  fall. 

BB.    Fr.Hin.or  more  across  :  calyx  not  separated. 

C.    Fr.  red  or  yellow. 

D.   Branches  and  lvs.  glabrous. 

15.  Oxyacintha,  Linn.   Hawthorn  or  May  of  English 


ORAT^GUS 

literature.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  to  15  ft.,  with  spreading 
branches  and  stout  spines :  lvs.  short-petioled,  cuueate 
or  truncate  at  the  base,  roundish  or  broadly  ovate,  3-5- 
lobed,  with  incisely  serrate  lobes,  1-2  in.  long:  corymbs 
5-10-fld.,  glabrous:  fr.  globular  or  roundish  oval,  %-%m. 
high,  scarlet;  stones  2,  with  2  furrows  on  the  inner  side. 
May.  Eu.,N.Afr.  B.R. 13:1128  (as  C.  oxyacanthoides). 
Var.  xanthoc&rpa,  Roem.  Has  yellow  fr.,  very  distinct 
and  showy.  — Often  confounded  with  the  following,  and 
less  commonly  cultivated. 

16.  mondgyna,  Jacq.  (C.  Oxydcantha,  Hort.).  Shrub 
or  tree,  to  20  ft.,  with  stout  spines:  lvs.  on  rather  slender 
petioles,  ovate,  3-7-lobed,  lobes  with  few  teeth  at  the 
apex,  1-2  in.  long:  corymbs  many-fld.,  with  usually  hairy 
pedicels:  fr.  oval,  with  usually  1  stone,  Ys-Vi  in.  high. 
May,  June.  Eu.  and  N.Africa  to  Himalayas.  — Many  gar- 
den forms  are  cultivated;  some  of  the  mot-t  distinct  are 
the  following.  With  single  fls.:  Var. bicolor, Hort.  (var. 
Giimpperi  bicolor).  Fls. white,  edged  pink.  F.S.lt;:l()51. 
Var.  punicea,  Hort.  Fls.  deep  red.  F.S.  15:l.')n9.  Fig.  1. 
L.B.C.  14:1303.  Var.  rosea,  Hort.  Fls.  pink,  petals  with 
white  claw.  With  double  fls. :  V^ar.  Alba  plena,  Hort. 
With  white  double  fls.  F.S.  15:1509,  Fig.  2.  Var.  PatiU, 
Hort.  (var.  cocclnea,  Hort.  Var.  Faiifs  3Vic  Double 
Scarlet).  Fig.  578.  Bright  scarlet,  one  of  the  most 
showy.  I. H.  14:536.  Var.  pimicea  pWna,  Hort.  Scarlet- 
red.  R.B.  24:101.  Var.  rubra  plSna,  Hort.  Red.  F.S. 
15:1509,  Fig.  3.  Variptios  difFcrintr  in  lv«.  ;ind  habit: 
Var.  laciniflta,  Loud,  \.v<.  ,],;-\,]y  i.imintiiid  wifli  incised 
serrate  lobes.  Var.  pteridifolia,  I."U'I.  i\ar.  filicifdlia, 
Hort.).  Similar,  but  Iv^.  li'tii^rr.  \\  iili  ikhi-ww  ir  ;ind  more 
incised  lobes.  F.S.  2ii:2ii7ii.  \:ir.  quercifolia.  Loud. 
Lvs.with  broad,  rounded  andcrciKit.-  L.Im  „.  \;ir,  hdrrida, 
Carr.  Branches  with  fascicles  < if  nuiii.vniis  stout  spines 
F.S.  14:1468.  G.C.  111.24:13.  V;ir.  p6ndula,  H..rt.  With 
pendulous  branches.  Var.  pfindula  rdsea,  Hort.  A  pen- 
dulous form,  with  pink  fls.  Var.  stricta.  Loud.  (var. 
pyra>nid(ilis,'BoTt.).  Of  fastigiate,  upright  habit.  \'ar. 
semperfldrens,  Andr6  (var.  Britanti,  Carr.).  Low,  grace- 
ful shrub,  flowering  untU  fall.  R.H.  1883,  p.  140.  There 
are  also  some  vars.  with  variegated  lvs. 


577.  Crataegus  macracantha  ( 


17.  pinnatifida,  Bunge.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  to  20  ft. : 
lvs.  slender-petioled,  cuneate,  elliptic-ovate,  pinnately 
5-9-cleft,  incisely  serrate:  corymbs  many-fld.,  usually 
pubescent:  fr.  globular  orpyritorm,  dark  red,  punctate, 


CRAT^GUS 

jp/:f\M 

t  n       {-        J 

\ 

1      1 

N    Ch 

iO    —  \a     ma3u 

111 

ply  lobed     f 

al   1 

n    1 

t    C   II 

50   0  0 

ID     Ji  a     lit 

//      p  b 
1     I     J       ft      I 

b 

1    I 

t 

J   I 

18    Azirolus 

L    n    (C    1   i 

=;(? 

)     ^1 

b       t 

to         f        1 

1      tp        Id 

un 

t      d     plj 

3      111          1 

1      1  be            1 

ut 

latth 

fp      K        Ik 

n  p   b         nt   1 

1  nt            ml 

i   wrtl      In 

1>    t      e 

n 

1 

y  11  w 

flob   la 

1     /I     n    a 

Mo 

N    Af      a 

n    A    a     B  R 

189    {a    C  A 

) 

RH 

18  6   441 

-   \a    Sn&ca 

B           L       gl  b 

u     f 

11 

dd    h 

1    11          B  K 

18      (       f     V 

) 

CREPIS 
(     d  id  a    Mn  h    (C    fl 


0  ate    11  pt      d    ply  p 

1  b         1  ghtly  pub 

n  ath  ymb     d  n 

sh     t    fls  wh  t     b       m 
S  E  Eu     L  B  C  11  10 
C   a    nfbl  a    M     h  =  C 
m  11     -  1 


4    FRED  ReHDER 


CBAT^VA    ( 
1  d    al  plant 
I  ppo     at       b 


1             1 

a      ntal  fe 

11      btt       a     mat      1                 d 
t  ma  h  t     ubl         Th      1      e 
1                        ult    at  d    n  Eu     p     as 
nh  u        hrab 

reUg  6sa  !• 

t  f  (f  ^           7     Bu  h    H  n    )     L     fl  t 
1      S       1        d      tamen      0     8  -Cult  by 

C   1  f 

CKEAM  NUT  /     tl    II 

CEEEPINC    PHIFL  E       V 


CBfiPIS  (  h       pvl 


and  belonging  to  C.  prumfoha.- 


Im         gl  b  h  n     g 

n     f        d    P    b  bl    h  bnd 

•  C.  alabra,  Hort.,  not  Thbg.= 


(                 11 

Lnn     P      nn    1 

ri  1     1 1                   mb]  n      a 
3  f  t  h  gh   and  at  1  a  t  a 

u    n  bl    m   pla  t 

d  w  th     h  rt       ugh 
Uh    w    nkl  d      oa      ly 

t    la         fl     h      1 

m  what        d  t      1 

n   1  ng    n  lud  ng  a  pet 

as    long.  fls.    bright 

jellow.   involucre    loose. 

398  CREPIS 

hairy.  July,  Eu.,  Asia,  Minor,  Himalayas.  Gn.  53,  p. 
493.  — The  tallest  aud  largest-fld.  of  the  genus.  Its 
white,  plumy  masses  of  seeds  are  also  attractive. 

C.  aurea,  Keiehb.  Height  1ft.,  fis.  orange.  .June.  Eu.  The 
commonest  perennial  species  of  the  genus  abroad.  Repays  rich 
soil.—  C.  rubra,  Linn.  Annual  height  6-32  in.;  lis.  red.  usually 
solitary.  Italy.  Greece.  The  commonest  of  the  annual  species 
abroad. 

CRESCfiNTIA  (after  Crescenzi,  thirteenth  century 
Italian  agricultural  writer).  BignontAcece.  This  genus 
is  chiefly  interesting  for  the  Calabash  tree,  and  has  no 
near  allies  of  horticultural  importance.  It  consists  of 
tropical  trees,  glabrous:  Ivs.  alternate,  solitary  or  clus- 
tered in  nodes  :  fls.  large,  tubular,  with  a  fluted  ."i-i-ut 
limb,  yellowish,  with  red  ori.ur|ilf  v.ins:  calvx  L!  i.;iit.  ,1 
or  deeply  5-cut.  The  Calal.;.~li  ti>  .■  i-  a  nativ.  ,,i  i,,.,,,- 
cal  America,  is  especially  faniiliar  m  ili.'  W.  -i  Irrh.  -, 
and  can  be  grown  outdoors  in  cKtr.-in,-  s.  Fla..  S.  i  alil. 
The  outer  skin  of  the  fruit  is  removed,  aud  the  seeds 
and  pulp  from  within,  and  the  hard,  woody  shell  is 
used  for  water-gourds  and  for  all  sorts  of  domestic  ves- 
sels, according  to  size  and  shape.  The  growing  fruit 
can  be  made  to  assume  various  forms  by  skillful  tying. 


Cui4te,Linn.  Lvs.4-6in.long,broadly  lanceolate, taper- 
ing at  the  base :  fls.  solitary,  pendulous;  calyx  2-parted 
corolla  constricted  bejow  the  middle,  and  then  swelled 
above,  malodorous  when  decaying;  stamens  4,  some- 
times 5.  B.M.  3430. 

CBESS.  The  ordinary  garden  Cress  (Lepidium  sati- 
vum), sometimes  called  peppergrass,  is  still  absent  in 
the  majority  of  American  gardens,  although  its  leaves 
have  the  pleasant  pungency  of  the  Water  Cress,  and 
might  be  used  more  freely  as  a  condiment,  to  be  served 
with  salads,  or  for  garnishing.  The  quick  sprouting 
habit  of  the  seed  i-  |in.\  .rl.ial.  If  rr.—  i>  wanted  in 
Its  prime  continU"ii-l> .  -.■.■.!  mu^t  In-  -imn  i  \  i  r-v  few 
days.  The  youn;;  iilani-.  uliirh  jrjay  !.:■  Lit  iln.Lly  in 
drills,  need  protec-ii..ii  11..111  tlie  il.a  lieetle.  a-  ilii>  is  as 
fond  of  Cress  pungency  a.s  any  guuiiiiaiul.  I'ur  winter 
use,  garden  Cress  may  be  grown  in  large  flower  pots, 
boxes,  or  on  a  bench,  in  any  light  and  reasonably  warm 
place.  There  are  curled  and  broad-leaved  types.  Aus- 
tralian or  Golden  Cress  is  a  broad,  yellowish -leaved  va- 
riety. Water  Cress  {Ifastiirthim  officinale),  a.  h&Tdy 
perennial  and  important  market  crop,  can  be  grown  in 
moist  soil  in  the  greenhouse,  or  in  almost  any  ditch, 
pool,  or  shallow  water  course.  Covered  with  water,  it 
winters  well.  To  introduce  it  in  any  suitalile  place,  all 
that  is  necessary  is  to  scatter  seed  i.r  a  few  freslily-cut 
branches,  and  it  will  soon  spread  aud  tlourisli.  "Erfurt 
Sweet"  is  a  superior  strain.  Similar  ti.  Water  Cress  in 
form  of  leaf  and  in  taste  is  the  Upland  Cress  {Burba- 
rea  viilnarix),  a.  hardy  biennial  which  can  easily  be 
grown  from  seed.  T.  Grein-er. 


CEIMSON  FLAG.     .S'c7ii 


styli; 


CRINKLE  ROOT.  One  of  the  names  of  Dentaria 
diphylla. 

CRtNUM  (Greek  name  for  a  lily).  AmaryUidiceo'. 
A  rather  large  and  cosmopolitan  genus  of  splendid  flow- 
ering bulbs,  mostly  tender,  closely  allied  to  Amaryllis, 
and  distinguished  bv  the  loiiL'er  perianth  tube.  Lvs. 
mostly  persistent,  u^naliv  l.iv.rel :  ris.  few  or  many  in  an 
umbel,  often  very  irii.M,int  kmI  with  three  types  of 
coloring,  pure  whiti  ,  i.m-i.  I  i.d  <.r  purplish  down  the 
center,  or  flushed  with  tin-  same  colors  ;  perianth 
spreading  or  funnel  sliaped;  tube  straight  or  curved; 
segments  linear,  lanceolate  or  oblong. 

The  species  of  Crinum  require  widely  different  cul- 
ture, and  their  geographical  distribution  furnishes  an 
important  clue  as  to  their  rarity  and  the  degree  of 
warmth  required.  There  are  only  two  hardy  species,  C. 
longifolium  and  U.  Moorei,  the  latter  being  iess  hardy 
than  the  former,  but  with  finer  flowers.    These  two 


■  lasting 
between 
tind  the 


brilliant 
laces  far 


CRINUM 


species  differ  from  all  others  in  blooming  : 
stead  of  durinir  a  sli.u-t  period,  and  in  tin-  i 

the  two,  ('.   /'"'"  "",    1-   iial-Oh   :    ■         ■      '    .     1/ 

flower,  thotiLHi  li'i  I.  r  than ''    ■  I  <iuite  as 

showy  as  that  nf  1 '.  M<.,,r,  /.  Th.  'r,  !.i  hi  Li-  tliree  well 
marked  colors,  white,  rose  and  puridisli.  X  single  bulb 
of  the  white  variety  has  given  fifty  flowering  bulbs  in 
four  years.  W.  Watson  says  that  tliis  cross  can  easily  be 
repeated  by  amateurs.  The  outdoor  kinds  require  a  deep, 
well  drained  soil  an<l  ]>h  my  .i'  nai-  [  ure  during  the  grow- 
"  .  W.  Watson,  Lon- 

■  -  lis  positions  on  ter- 
races or  lawns,  or  in  e  1 1  .  -  ..  n.  i .  n^uers  are  wanted  to 
rnnihinc  with  arcliit.  .  i,.i .  ..1  >iaiiiaiy  for  smnraer effect, 
thr\  ar--  ..t  thi-  jT.ai.  -i  ■,  aine.  The  Agapanthus  is  fre- 
'jiniiilv  a^"^^n  i^r  -la'li  purposes,  but  the  Crinum  is 
^iai-'ai\  kn.^wn  in  tin-  p-liataeter.    Of  course  largespeci- 

nieiis  air  n'  .  ,|.  ,1.  I'Mt  ..n htained  thev  are  not  easily 

lost."  Tile  l.nlli-  •<<  Crjninns  are  ni.'sily  irruwnin  Hol- 
land and  in  Flm-ida,     TI niv  nati\-e  -|„.eie^,  r.  Ameri- 

and  striking'  s].erta('le  when  seei 
from  civilization.  It  is  no  wonder 
Florida  gardens. 

Of  the  greenhouse  Crinums  some  are  evergreen,  others 
decidous;  some  warmhouse,  others  coolhouse  species. 
Like  Pancratiums,  tliev  r.  q-iire  tr>..  inn.'li  ^i-n.-,  to  he  as 
popular  here  as  in  the  iiM  w  e  1  1  s,,.i  ,,  .  ,~|Hiiallv 
of  C.  amahile  and  CI  I  1     1    -  i<ni    -av's 

(G.F.  10:  217):    "Vnv.  ....  ■  :  ,-'  ■■!   taffy 

loam,  dry  cow-manure  ami  a  litil..  rliaiviaJ.  W  hen  they 
are  grown  in  large  pots  they  do  not  require  aimual  re- 
potting :  in  fact,  our  large  plants  have  not  been  shifted 
for  the  past  five  years.  A  top-dressing  of  good,  rich  soil 
is  all  that  is  necessary,  and  when  they  are  well  estab- 
lished liquid  manure  is  very  beneficial."  C.  amabiJe 
may  be  taken  as  a  type  of  the  coolhouse  and  C  gigan- 
teiim  of  the  warmhouse  kind.  Of  the  latter  species,  W. 
Watson  says  (G.  F.  4:  221) :  "It  is  gigantic  only  in  the 
size  of  its  flowers.  The  erect  scapes  are  produced  sev- 
eral times  a  year  at  varying  seasons.  The  flowers  are 
powerfully  and  deliciously  fragrant,  and  last  about  a 
week.  This  species  requires  plenty  of  moisture  all  the 
year  round,  and  it  is  happiest  when  planted  in  a  large  pot 
of  rich  soil,  or  better  still,  in  a  bed  under  the  shade  of 
palms."  -w.  M. 

Among  the  great  family  of  large-flowering  Amaryllids 
I  do  not  recall  anv  more  beautiful  in  bloom  than  Crinum 
Moorei  and  its  hybrid  C.  Poivellii.  The  culture  of  the 
former  is  of  the  simplest.  It  requires  potting,  and  is  not 
fastidious  as  to  soil.  It  is  well  to  grow  it  along  into  a 
fair-sized  tub  with  its  offsets,  of  which  it  is  prolific,  until 
it  makes  a  good  specimen,  as  it  will  then  be  more  effective 
in  the  garden  when  in  flower.  In  late  fall  it  should  be 
removed  to  a  coolhouse  and  kept  fairly  dry  till  new 
leaves  appear  in  midwinter,  when  it  may  have  more 
moisture,  the  supply  being  increased  on  removal  out- 
doors in  spring.  C.  Powellii  has  a  shorter  necked  bulb 
and  drooping  channelled  leaves  sometimes  4  feet  long, 
while  C.  Moorei  has  spreading  leaves  2  feet  or  more 
long.  C.  Powellii  is  especially  valuable  for  its  hardi- 
ness. In  a  sheltered  place  at  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  it  is 
cut  to  the  ground,  but  reappears  in  the  spring,  being 
protected  only  by  a  small  mound  of  ashes  or  earth,  which 
serves  to  throw  off  moisture. 


J.  N.  Gerard. 

Alphabetical  list  of  species  described  below:  C.  Abys- 
sinicum,  l(i  :  amabile,  3  ;  .•^niericanum,  4  ;  aquatieum, 
15;   Asiaticuni.  1:    auL'-nstiiTii    d;  oj/s7rrt?e,  2;   campanu- 

latnm,  15;  Tr//..  i/,..  ,  n    , '  ,,„    i;  Colensoi,  10;  cras- 

.sifolium,  l.i:    JlhM.a   :     :  ,-.  Ait.,  7;    erubes- 

(■e««,HBK.,,s:  tiinlii!      ,  .    jmteum,  21;  grandi- 

florum,  9;  Herb.  rti.  1'.';  //.,'-  -  '  i.-./h.  19;  hybridum,  1; 
KirkU,  11;  Knnthiannm.  Hurt.,  19;  Kunthianum, 
Roem.,  8;  lineare,  17;  longifolium,  9;  Mackenii,W; 
Makoyanum,  10;  Moorei,  10  ;  Jfatatense,  10  ;  ornatum, 
14  ;  pedunculatum,  R.Br.,  2  ;  pedunculatum,  Hort.,  1  ; 
Powellii,  18;  pratense,  5;  riparium,9;  scabro-Capense, 
19;  scabrum,  19;  Sehmidtii,  10;  Sinico-scabrum,  1 ;  va- 
riabile,  13  ;  Sanderianum,  14 ;  virgineum,  22;  Virgini- 
cum,  19  ;    Zeylanicum,  12. 


399 


A.    Perianth    erect,   with    spreading,  linear  segments  : 
stamens  spreading.    Stenaster. 
B.    Color  white  :  tube  greenish. 

1.  Asiiticum,  Linn.  Bulb  4-5  in.  thick;  neck  B-9  in. 
long  :  Ivs.  20-30  to  a  bulb,  3-4  ft.  long,  3-4  in.  broad  : 
pedunjle  13^-2  ft.  long,  1  in.  thick:  fls.  20-50  in  an  um- 
bel; spathe  valves  2— t  in.  long  ;  pedicels  J^-1  in.  long: 
perianth  white ;  tube  erect,  tinged  with  green,  3-4  in. 
long ;  segments  2K-3  in.  long;  filaments  tinged  red,  2 
in.  long  :  ovule  1  in  a  cell.  Trop.  Asia.  B.M.  1073.— 
Baker  gives  5  botanical  varieties,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant in  the  American  trade  is  probably  var.  Sinicum, 
Baker  ((7. pe(?!i«cH?<i'"»i,  Hort.,  not  R.Br.).  St.  JoH.s  ^ 
Lilt.  Bulb  6  in.  tin.  k.  Is  iii  I'.ii.,'  h^.  3  in.  broad, 
with  undulated  I '1_  •'  .  mwu  4-.'i  ft 
high  :  pedunck-  J  •  iicri.mtli 
white.  China.  'II  int..  two  ot 
equal  size,  small  .',  I  Si  i-illiims 
flower  in  5  years.  \  ji  dt,Lliiialuiu,  1.  a.  i ,  Ins  a  slupiiif; 
instead  of  erect  fl. ;  pLuaiitU  m.  .,'niLUts  tmgcd  red  at  tip. 
Sillet.  B.M.  2231.  Var.  prdcerum,  Baker,  is  larger  than 
the  type,  with  lv«.  5  ft.  Ions,  U  in.  wide:  perianth  tube 
and  limb  5  in.  long,  the  latter  tinijed  red  outside.  Ran 
goon.  B.M.  21)84.  Var.  anomalum.  Baker,  is  tn  akisli 
looking,  its  h  s.  being  expanded  into  a  bru.id,  mi  iiihi.i 
nous,  striated  and  plaited  wing.  Tliere  is  notliiiiu'  Iiki 
it  in  the  genus.  Var.  aninistifolium,  Hurt.,  is  dw.irt,  J  tt 
high.  China.  B.M.  2908.  C.  Eboraci,  Herbert  ( t'.  Ay- 
briditm  Todbrce,  Hort.).  Similar  to  the  variety  next 
mentioned,  but  half  the  size.  Garden  hybrid  between  a 
small  form  of  C.  Asiaticnm  and  C.  longifolinm  C 
Ebftraci,  var.  capp^dom,  Reasoner  (C  cappcdum.  Re  i 
soner).  Habit  much  like  C.  Asiaticum,  but  Ivs  ta]ii  i 
ing  to  a  slender  point,  semi-erect,  4  ft.  high  fls  al)  ui 
20,  segments  4  in.  long,  %  in.  broad,  spreading,  whii 
sometimes  changing  to  pink.  Garden  hybrid  betwi  ■  n 
C.  Asiaticum,  var.  Sinicum  and  C.  longiMnim  In 
creases  both  by  offsets  and  splitting  of  the  bulb  mi 
two.  C.  Sinico-scdbrum,  Hort.,  hybrid  of  C.  Asiatii  iiih 
var.  crossed  with  C.  scabrum,  and  intermediate  in  is 
pect  and  fl. 

2.  pedunculattim,  R.  Brown  (C.  anstrdle  Herb  ) 
Bulb  4  in.  thick  ;  neck  6  in.  long:  Ivs.  25-30  to  a  bulb 
fls.  20-30  in  an  umbel;  .spathe  valves  3-4  in.  long  pedi 
eels  l-l^iin.:  perianth  greenish  white,  not  tinged  with 
red  outside  :  filaments  short,  bright  red  :  style  shorter 
than  the  filaments  :  ovules  3  in  a  cell.  Austral  B  R 
52.  — The  bulb  grows  above  ground  on  a  large  rootstock 

BB.    Color  purplish  red  outside:  tube  purplish  led 

3.  am&bile,  Don.  Bulb  large ;  neck  1  ft  or  more 
long  :  Ivs.  25-30  to  a  bulb  :  peduncle  2-3  ft  long  fls 
20-30  in  an  umbel,  very  fragrant ;  spathe  valves  4-5  in 
long  ;  pedicels  14-1  in.  long  :  perianth  with  a  crimson 
center  band,  tinged  outside  bright  purplish  red  tube 
bright  red  ;  segments  4-5  in.  long  :  stamens  an  inch 
shorter  than  the  segments.  Sumatra.  B.M.  1605  R  H 
1856:241.  — Supposed  by  Herbert  to  be  a  spontaneous 
hybrid  betweon  C.  Asiaticum,  var.  procerum  and  C 
Zeylanicum:  fls.  sterile,  bulb  increases  by  small  offsets 
A  stately  ornament  of  most  Florida  gardens  ,  often 
sold  under  the  name  of  C.  augustum,  which  is  a  similar 
but  smaller  natural  hybrid  presumably  between  C  biac 
teatum  and  C.  Zeylanicum,  and  has  more  obtuse  Ivs 
than  C.  amabile. 

AA.    Periayith  erect,  xvith  spreading ,  lanceolate  seg 

ments  :  stamens  spreading.    Platyastet 

B.    Lvs.  few,6-10toa  bulb. 

4.  Americ^num,  Linn.  Fig.  579.  Florida  Swamp 
Lily.  Bulb  stoloniferous,  ovoid,  3-4  in.  thick  neck 
short:  lvs.  lH-2  in.  broad:  fls.  3-6,  usually  4  ,  pedicels 
none  or  very  short:  perianth  creamy  white;  tube  green 
ish.  Native  in  river  swamps,  Fla.  and  westward  B  M 
1034. 

5.  prat^nse.  Herb.  Bulb  ovoid,  4-3  in.  thick  neck 
short:  Ivs.  6-8,  V4-2  ft.  long,  lJ^-2  in.  wide,  channeled 
margin  entire:  fls.  6-12;  perianth  white.  Var.  ^legans, 
Carey,  has  a  longer  necked  bulb,  decumbent  peduncle, 
and  tube  an  inch  shorter  than  the  segments.  B.M.  2592. 
Var.  7enilBtum,  Carey,  has  about  30  fls.  in  an  umbel. 
Ind. 


Bulb 


ll,  la 


rye. 


ilh  a  Ion 


6.  augustum,  Roxb.  (C  amabile,  var.  augiistum, 
Gawl).  Bulb  conical,  6  in.  thick;  neck  long:  lvs.  20-30, 
3-4  in.  broad:  peduncle  much  compressed  :  fls.  12-20; 
pedicels  sometimes  an  inch  long  ;  color  strong  purplish 
red  outside,  banded  within  :  tube  purplish.  Mauritius. 
Seychelles.    B.M. 2397.    B.R. 8:679. 


thick  ,    neck 


HBK  ,  not 
Tube  longei 
vl.ite  New 
J  lie  outside 


7  erub^scens  \it  Bulb  ovnul 
short  lvs  2-3in  bn.id  sh.hth  i 
eels  none  or  ver\  sh  .it  1  i  i 
within  tube  bright  i  I  1 1  | 
L   B  C    1   31 

8  Kunthi^num,  Roeni  ( (  / 
Alton)  Lvs  wivv  fls  4-i  in  i 
than  m  No  6  7-8  m  Ion„  I 
Granada  Var  Nicaragufense  1  i 
the  segments  longer  m.l  li      I   ii_   i    m  i  n  mower 

AAA    Perianth  funni  I    I'l     I    til    /    '/"'"   ntli/ curved, 
•segments  obi  «/    /       uln,/        In,,   „     and  style 

E     Bulbs  long  nickid 
i       Filament',, ed 

9  longiidlium,  Thuiil  ,  i  ,  IT  il  I  ,  i! 
lis  lonqifolia  Linn  '  'i  1  'i 
long  2-3  m  wide  m  I 
1-2  in  long     peridutli  in        i  i     i 

times  on  the  face   \Mtli    i  v\liiu      iii  L  ti      i     1  ii\ 

Natil  BM  661  \  ar  album,  Hort  Iju  3J  p  1J3  -The 
hardiest  Crinum  enduring  the  winter  of  the  middle 
states,  if  protected  with  litter  during  cold  weather. 
Propagation  by  offsets  or  seed,  which  is  produced 
abundantly.  C.  grandiflbrum,  Hort.,  is  a  new  hybrid 
with  C.  Careyctnum,  said  to  partake  of  the  hardiness  of 
C.  longifoUum. 


*•(•;, 


CRINUM 

ents  white  or  pinkish, 
entire:  peduncle  SS  ft.  long. 

Mo6rei,  Rook.  f.  ( C.  Makoyinum,  Carr.  C.  Co- 
i.  ('.  Mackenii,  and  C.  NataUnse,  Hort.  C. 
liillii.    K,-K,-l|.      Fitr.   fiSd.      Bulb 


nian 
I  of  lus. 


Old, 


ift. 


long,  3-4  in.  wi.h       .r,  ,    i ,.  veins 

rather  distant.  .11  :,    ]_■;   ped- 

icels 1%  to3  ill.  I. 11-  I" n mill  Hushed 
with  ro.se  on  botli  .•ii.iis.  with  n  white 
Tariety ;  segments  wide.  Natal  and 
Kaffraria.  B.M.  Cll."!.  G.C.  III.  2:499. 
R.H.1877,p.  417.  R.H. 1887:  300.  R.B. 
22:  196;  23:61.  Var.  Album,  Hort.  Gt. 
1072.  Gn.  52,  p.  122,  and  var.  platy- 
p^talum,  Hort.,  are  cultivated.  C. 
Colensoi  has  a  longer  tube,  smaller 
flower,  with  a  paler  and  narrower  limb. 
DD.  Margin  of  Ivs.  ciliated  :  peduncle 
12-18  in.  long. 

11.  KlTkii,  Baker.   Bulb  globose,  6-8 
in.  thick,   sometimes   6  in.  long  :     Its.  580. 
3K-4  ft.  long,  4-4X  in.  wide,  margin    A  young   plant   of 
rough,  veins  close:  fls.  12-15  ;  pedicels       Crinum  Moorei. 
none  or  very  short;    color  white,  with  a    Quite  weaned  from 
very  distinct  crimson  band  down  the       its  seed  and  begiu- 
center.  Zanzibar.    B.M.  6512.-Recog-       J"ng  its  own  life, 
nized  at  a  glance  by  its  short,  very  stout  peduncle  and 
very  large  acuminate   Ivs.,  with  a  distinctly    ciliated 
edge.— A  warmhouse  species. 

BB.   Bulbs  short-necked. 
c.   Fls.  numerous,  usually  more  than  8  in  an  umbel. 

12.  ZeyUnicum,  Linn.  (Amaryllis  orn&tn.  B.  M.  1171). 
Bulb  globose,  5-6  in.  thick  :  Ivs.  10-12,  2-3  ft.  long,  3-4 
in.  wide,  wavy,  margin  roughish ;  peduncle  stout,  purple : 
fls.  10-20;   perianth  bright  red  outside  in  the  middle 


CRINUM 

species  from  Zanzibar,  probably  not  known  outside  of 
one  or  two  botanical  gardens. 

13.  varl4bile.  Herb.  (C.  crassifdlium,  Herb.).  Bulb 
ovoid,  3-4  in.  thick  :  Ivs.  1^-2  ft.  long,  2  in.  wide,  weak: 
fls.  10-12  ;  perianth  flushed  red  outside  :  filaments  red. 
Cape  Colony.— A  rare  species. 

.cc.    Fls.  fewer,  usually  less  than  8  in  an  umbel. 

D.  Bulbs  small. 

E.    Tube   long,  5-6  in.:  stamens  nearly   as  long  as  the 

perianth  segments. 

14.  Sanderianum,  Baker  (C.  ornAtum,  Bury).  Bulb 
slobosc,  2  in.  tlii.;k  ;  neck  2-3  in.  long  :  Ivs.  10-12.  thin, 
I'j-i  ft.  Iiini;,  1'.,  in.  broad,  margin  much  crisped:  fls. 
:i-6  ;  perianth  with  a  distinct  band  of  bright  red. 
Corisco  island.     .Sierra  Leone.     Gn.  52:  1131.- Closely 


lied  I 


C.  : 


EE.     Tube 


luch  shorter  than   the 


segn 


nts. 


third  ;  segments  oblong  lanceolate,  3-4  in.  long,  1  in. 
broad.  Midsummer.  Tropical  Asia  and  Africa. -A 
warmhouse  species.  The  most  commonly  cultivated 
species  of  the  genus.  Native  throughout  tropical  Asia 
and  Africa.    Usually  sold  as  C.  Kirkii,  which  is  an  allied 


F.  Lvs.  S-i  ft.  long. 

15.  campanulitiun,  Herb.  (C  a^KiiV/cHwi,  Burchell). 
Lvs.  linear,  deeply  channelled,  3^  ft. :  fls.  6-8:  perianth 
rosy  red.  Cape  colony.  Kaffraria.  B.M.  2352. -A  very 
distinct  species. 

PF.   Zvs.  1-2  ft.  long. 
G.    Pedicels  very  short  or  none. 

16.  Abyssinioum,  Hochst.  Bulb  ovoid,  3  in.  thick :  lvs. 
about  6,  1  ft.  long,  %-l  in.  wide,  veins  close,  margin 
rough  :  fls.  4-6,  pedicels  very  short  or  none.  Mts.  of 
Abyssinia. 

GG.    Pedicels  %  in.  long. 

17.  lineire,  Linn.  f.  Lvs.  linear,  l>^-2  ft.  long,  H  in. 
broad,  glaucous,  channelled  :  fls.  5-6  ;  pedicels  %  in. 
long ;  perianth  tinged  red  outside ;  filaments  red. 
Cape  colony.  — Rare. 

DD.  Bulbs  large. 
E.  Pedicels  1-114  in.  long. 
18  P6wellii,  Hort.  Pig.  581.  Bulb  short-necked:  lvs. 
about  20.  spreading,  ensiform,  acuminate,  3-4  ft.  long, 
3-4  in  broad  near  the  base,  margin  smooth:  fls.  aliout  8; 
perianth  peach  blossom  color,  with  white  and  purplish 
varieties.  — Garden  hybrid  of  C.  longi folium  and  C. 
Moorei  According  to  Baker,  the  bulb  is  globose,  but 
J   N.  Gerard  says  it  is  long,  like  a  leek. 

EE.    Pedicels  very  short  or  none. 
F.    Margin  of  lvs.  rough. 
1')    scabrum.  Herb.     Lvs.  2-3  ft.  long,   1^2-2  in. 
de  closely  veined,  margin  scabrous:  fls.  4-8:  pedi- 
cels  none   or    very    short : 
perianth  banded  bright  red. 
Apr.,  May.    Tropical  Africa 
from  Guinea  to  Abyssinia. 
B.M.  2180.     F.S.  21:2216.- 
Common  in  Florida  gardens, 
a  very  showv  and  easily  cul- 
tivated species.  C.  Hfirberti, 
Sweet    {U.  -icabro-Caphise, 
Hort.    C.  Kunt h  i  i n u m  , 
Hort.,  notRoem.).  Fls.  sim- 
ilar to  C.  scabrum,  but  color 
lighter,  the  plant  taller  and 
larger.      Garden  hvbrid  be- 
tween   ('.    srabrum   and    C. 
ilium.  Thisisadoubt- 
lue.  C'.llerbrrliinium, 
\VaII.  =  C'.  ^eyhniicum.     C. 
Ilcrbertlauum,  Ilort.  Kocm. 
&  Schultes=  C.  strictum     C. 
Virginicum.  Garden  hybrid, 
^■---■--    —  resembles    C.  Herbert!,  but 

the  plant  is  smaller  and  the 
flowers  larger  and  brighter 
in  color.  .See  also  No.  22. 
20.  Jimbridtulum,  Baker.  Lvs.  as  in  C.  scabrum,  but 
margins  ciliated  with  small  membranous  scales  :  peri- 
anth banded  red.  Angola.  Gn.  55,  Feb.  11.  Allied  to 
C.  scabrum.— A  wholly  different  plant  is  passing  in  the 
trade  under  this  name. 


CKINUM 

KF.    Miirgin  of  h'S.  smooth. 

21.  giganteum.  And.  Bulb  5-6  in.  thick  :  Ivs.  12  or 
more,  2-3  ft.  long,  3— t  in.  broad,  narrowed  toward  the 
base;  veins  distant,  with  distinct  cross  veinlets  :  fls.  4-6, 
rarely  8-12  :  tube  4-7  in.  long  ;  perianth  pure  white;  seg- 
ments much  imbricated.  So.  Afr.  B.M.  923.  F.S. 23:2443. 
G.  F.  4:  223.     I.  H.  33:  617.-  A  very  fragrant  species. 

22.  virgineum,  Mart.  Foliage  as  in  C.  giganteum ;  fls. 
about  6  ;  tube  3-4  in.  long  ;  perianth  pure  white.  South 
Brazil.    See  also  C.  Virginicum,  under  No.  19. 

In  addition  to  tlie  above  species  the  following  are  advertised, 
but  not  sufficiently  described :  C.  nibile,  C.  Yeminse,  and  C. 
Zanzibarinse.  T.  L.  Mead  and  W.  M. 

CK0C6SMIA  (Greek,  odor  of  saffm,,.  which  i<  porreiv- 
able  when  the  dried  fls.  are  placed  in  \v;inn  w.itrri.  Iri- 
d&ceai.  This  genus  has  only  one  s|..ri,  v,  an. I  is  not 
clearly  distinguished  by  Baker  fniin  ihr  .I.in.Iv  allied 
Tritonia,  but  according  to  the  authur  ft  the  ycuus,  it 
differs  in  the  stamens  being  separated  at  equal  dis- 
tances instead  of  grouped  at  one  side,  the  form  of  the 
limb,  the  tube  not  swelled  at  the  top,  and  the  fruit 
3-seeded  instead  of  many-seeded.  The  name  of  this 
genua  is  spelled  Crocosma  by  Baker,  but  it  was  first 
spelled  L'rocobmia. 

Crocosnua  aurea  is  a  showy  bulbous  autumn  bloom- 
ing plant,  which  is  hardy  south  ot  Washington,  D.  C, 
with  slight  inotiitiiin  iinl  m  thf  iioith  is  treated  like 
Gladiolus  ih,  l.nll.s  1.,  nu'  s,  t  i.nt  in  the  spring,  after 
danger  "t  tic. St  m.l  Iitt.  il  in  tli.  t  ill  t.n  winter  storage. 
It  is  of  e,is\  ,  ultiii.  iimI  IS  in,.],  u  III  a  b\  oftsets  or  by 
seeds.  Bulbs  sh.mM  I"  st,,i,,l  m  iii_.it  m  sphagnum  to 
prevent  them  tmin  li.  <  >  niiii_'  t li\. 

airea,  Planch  (/m/  „,  ,  an  i  I'ippe.).  Heightv2ft.: 
bulb  globose,  emiltin,-  .  n~.  t,  li..in  clefts  in  the  side: 
scape  lK-2  ft.  high,  liat\  I  .  I""  n  iki  il  or  onl\  bracted 
above,  compressed,  2wiiu'il  U-  ilisin  lions  slimiii 
than  the  scape,  linear,  i  n- it  im  iiiiiid  Imt  with  ^ 
distinct  midrib:  fls.  sessil,  m  ih.  i  mi  I.  ]iiilii].s  _' , 
scattered  over  a  long  s,  ,^  ,ii  with  I  n  1  il.w.i^  iml 
seeds  at  tin  s  mit  tinn  j  i  1 1  mili  In  i_lit  i  i  ni-.  \i  ll..« 
towardiintci  fnln  ^1.  n.li  i  .iu\iil  I  in  I  n,  ^c^niints 
longer  tli  in  th.  ml"  <  i|  -iil.  <  <  lli  <l  1  mp  nut  ^  Mi 
July-Oit     \    s    7    7(iJ      1     Ml'.       Ms,,  mt,  i .  stin^   is 

crocoimiflom.  Var.  impenaliB,  Hort.  (Fig.  582),  grows 
about  4  ft.  high.  Vai.  maculita.  Baker,  has  dark 
blotches  above  the  b,ise  ot  the  J  inner  segments.  J.  H. 
III.  33:  567.  j.  N.  Gerabd  and  W.  M. 

CEdCUS  (Greek  name  of  Saffron).  IrUldcew.  Stem- 
less  plants  (the  grass-like  Ivs.  rising  from  the  ground  or 
corm),  with  solid  bulbs  or  corms.  Fls.  showy,  in  many 
colors,  funnel-shaped  and  erect,  with  a  very  long  tube 
and  6  nearly  or  quite  equal  segments.  Stamens  3. 
Ovary  3-loculed:  seeds  many,  nearly  globular.  The 
flowers  open  in  sunshine.  They  come  in  fall  or  spring, 
liut  the  best  known  species  are  spring-flowering,  which 
an-  anionf;st  the  earliest  of  spring  bloom.  The  new 
ciirni  usnallv  grows  on  top  of  the  old  one  each  year, 
so  that  the  plants  tend  to  rise  out  of  the  ground.  "The 


CROCUS 


401 


practically  the  best  for  general  cultivation  are  C.  Im- 
perati,  C.  Siisiaiiits  (Cloth  of  Gold  Crocus)  and  the 
Dutch  hybrids,  mostly  of  (\  Jltrsiacus.  These  flower  in 
about  the  oi-d.  r  ii:iiii,-.l,  Tho  rosy  flowers  of  C.  Jmperati 
may  be  exju-t,  ,1  wtih  tin-  earliest  snowdrops.  The 
named  spei-i.s,  lia\  in-  sln.i-ter  flower  tubes  than  the 
Dutch  hybrids,  art-  iiot  a.s  liable  to  injury  by  the  severe 
weather  of  the  early  year.  The  autumnal  species  are  not 
satisfactory  garden  plants,  the  flowers  mostly  appearing 
before  the  leaves,  and  being  easilv  iniured.  C.  speciosus 
and  C.  satii-i,s  are  probablv  the  most  satisfa.-tory.  The 
latter  specio-  li:i-  Im,  n  iiMn  .  :ii<  <|  i  tMni  luiii-  imme- 
morial, till'  sii:-'  I  ^  ■      .1    '      ■  I     '    il  ,  Kit  ion,  and 

beingasour ■  ■    ■  !'■  ■    i:       monofthis 

species  is  a  -iii.i  1 1    ii.:i   n.     u    i'r:i ,  S],,iiii   ami  Italy. 

The  eormv  .li.-ni<i  i.  nlant.-.l  about  3  inches  deep, 
in  a  well-woiki  i|  ainl  jm  i  i .  <riy  drained  soil  which  is  free 
from  clay  or  tin-  .Ic n.x  inu'  Imnius  of  manure,  etc.  They 
should  be  carefully  ixaiiiiiMil  and  all  bruised  and  imper- 


^  and  replanted  every 
■  easily  (see  Bulb). 
1  in  a  4-inch  pot  for 
s   S.   European   and 

S.--I;.     A    |io|iiilar  ac- 


corms,  therefore,  slionl.l 

three  or  four  years.     (  i  o 

A  half  dozen  conns  max 

this  purpose.     Tin-   !;■  nn 

Southwestern  Asian.     If 

The  best  account  of  tli- 

Monograph  of  tin-  linin- 

count  of  the  historv  ami  siirri.v,  l,\   r,,ik,r.  w  ill  l.c  found 

in  Gardeners'   Chronii'li-  for   lsT:i,  pp.  Iii7.  17!i,  'JDl,  434, 

542,   609,   680,  1402,  1431,  1466,  1533,  1633.     A  condensed 

account  is  contained  in  Baker's  Handbook  of  the  Irideie, 

1892.  L.  H.  B. 

Many  forms  of  Crocus  are  well  known  in  gardens, 
where  they  are  Justly  valued  as  among  the  showiest 
and  brightest  of  winter  and  spring  flowers.  About  two- 
thirds  of  the  species  are  classed  as  vernal  and  the  bal- 
ance as  autumnal  flowering:  but  the  various  members  of 
the  tribe  would  furnish  nearly  continuous  bloom  from 
August  to  May  were  the  season  open.  While  there  are 
numerous  species  interesting  to  a  botanist  or  a  collector. 


feet  ones  rejected,  as  they  are  very  susceptible  to  attacks 
of  fungi,  which,  gaining  a  footing  on  decrepit  corms,  will 
spread  to  others.  The  careful  gardener  will  examine  all 
exotic  small  bulbs  annually,  or  at  least  biennally,  until 
they  show  by  the  perfection  of  their  new  bulbs  that  they 
have  become  naturalized,  or  are  suited  to  their  new  en- 
vironment. In  this  case  they  may  be  allowed  to  remain 
until  crowding  requires  their  division.  This  examina- 
tion should  take  place  after  the  leaves  are  matured  and 
dried  up.  Increase  may  be  had  from  new  corms  which 
are  produced  more  or  less  freely  in  different  species  over 
or  on  the  sides  of  old  corms.  Seeds  are  often  produced 
freely,  but  are  apt  to  be  overlooked,  as  they  are  formed  at 
the  surface  of  the  soil.  These  germinate  readily  and 
most  freely  at  the  growing  time  of  the  plant.  They 
should  preferably  be  germinated  in  seed  pans,  which 
should  be  exposed  to  freezing  before  the  natural  germi- 


402  CROCUS 

Dating  time.  They  usually  form  flowers  the  third  season. 
The  Crocus,  as  is  well  known,  is  amenable  to  modern, 
forcing.  It  is  also  useful  for  naturalizing  in  the  lawn, 
although  the  grass  will  run  out  the  plants  in  a  few  years, 
if  the  bulbs  are  not  replaced  by  strong  ones. 

J.  N.  Gerard. 

Crocuses  are  scarcely  known  in  the  Amer.  trade  under 

their  species  names.     They  have  been  much  hybridized 

and  varied.     The  common  Crocuses  of  the  trade  have 

.s-  cliictiv.  but  C.  Siisianus,  C. 

\  I.,:!:., -us   and    '_'.  sativtis  are 

I    :^  I  rv     cultivate     many 

:   -li'-  ill  theirAmerican 

I  till   iiMiuiicil  iu  the  following 


descended  from  O. 
Mcesiacus,  C.  xt:  II' 
frequent.  The  I  > 
species,  and  thin 
lists;  the  species  m 
synopsis. 
Index :   Ancyrens 


,  4;   a.sturicus,  20;  aureus,  2;  Ban- 


aticus,8;  biflorus,6;  Boryi,24;  By zantinus, 29 ;  chry san- 
thus,  5,  15  ;  etruscus,  IS;  Hiulriaticus,  IS;  Imperati.  U; 
iriditlous,  29;  hi-t  >•  ■ . '2:  luTiL-itliiT.i  ,  'JO:  lunlin-.  25; 
Moesiacus,  2;  nml'-'r:  ''  iii-.  ■■  ' "  ■.  m  ''  -.m.^'s, 
24:  pulchellus,  _-     -  J    -  -ati- 

vus,17;  8erotinu>.  ^  I  ,   ,-;   iilII:      ,■  -..    ?-ti-l- 

laris,  3;  Susianu.s.  1,  huu  nuuu.,.,  i5;  .Si;;i  '  "  ,'.'.  T'uu- 
masinianus,  10;  Tourneforti,  24  ;  veruus,  :i  ;  versicolor, 
7;    vitellinus,  16;  zonatus,  19. 

A.    Slooming  in  spring, 
B.    Style-branches  entire  or  merely  toothed. 
c.    Fls.  yellow,  at  least  inside. 
1    Susi4nus,  Ker.  Cloth  of  Gold  Crocds.  Corm  5^in. 
in  diam. :  Ivs.  6-8  in  a  tuft,  reaching  to  the  fl.,  narrow- 
linear,  with  revolute  edges  and  a  central  band  of  white : 
perianth  segments  1%  in.  or  less  long,  orange-yellow, 
becoming   reflexed,  the  outer  ones  brownish  or  striped 
on  the  outside  ;    anthers  orange,  longer  than  the  fila- 
style-branches  long   and    spreading.     Crimea. 


very  early. 


B.M.  652.-Bloomh 

2.  Moesiacus,  Ke 

Crocus.    Later,  en 

ping  thefl.,  nan•<•\^  lim m  .  \'  iili  i .  (li m  il  i  il--  -  imi!  \\  hite 

central    band  :     -i  - i        !         .  II. .w, 

IKin.long,  h  to  -  I       I        '  .:  ilMTs 

pale  yellow,  hiiM  III  I    ,ii   im    il.-i  . -.iiha l..i,.irtlian 

the  filaments;  si  \  1. -I.i.iin  li.  .>  n;cHv>i'|K  .1  1/.  ilir  an- 
thers. Transylvania  to  Asia  Minor.  B..M.  2US(i.- Va- 
riable. A  sulfur-vellow  form  is  C.  sulphiireus,  Ker. 
B.M.  1384.  There 'is  a  striped  form.  B  M.  938.  A  cream- 
white  form  is  C.  Idcteus,  Smith. 

3.  BteU4ris,  Haw.  Supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  the 
above,  and  known  only  in  cult.  Blooms  with  No.  2. 
Lvs.  only  4-G,  narrow-linear,  reflexed  edges,  white- 
banded  :  perianth-tube  short,  the  segments  1-lKin. 
long,  bright  orange,  the  outer  ones  striped  and  feath- 
ered with  brown  on  the  back  ;  anthers  pale  orange,  a 
little  longer  than  the  fllaments  ;  style-branches  some- 
what overtopping  the  anthers. 

4.  AncyrSnsis, Maw.  Conn  %m.m  diam. :  lvs.  3-4,  as 
tall  as  the  fl. ,  very  narrow  :  perianth-tube  exserted  ; 
segments  bright  orange-yellow,  1  in.  or  less  long,  not 
striped,  nor  colored  outside  ;  anthers  orange-yellow, 
much  longer  than  the  filaments  ;  style-branches  red- 
orange.    Asia  Minor. —  Blooms  early. 

5.  chrysAnthns,  Herb,  (not  B.R.  33:4.  Pig.  1,  which= 
C.  Olivieri,  var.  Suterianus).  Corm  small:  lvs.  as 
high  as  the  fl.,  very  narrow:  perianth-tube  2-3  times  as 
long  as  the  segments,  the  latter  IJi  in.  or  less  long,  and 
plain  orange-yellow  (varying  tinted  or  striped  on  the 
outside,  or  even  nearly  white);  throat  glabrous;  an- 
thers orange,  twice  as  long  as  the  roughened  filaments ; 
style-branches  red-orange.    Macedonia  and  Asia  Minor. 

CO.    Fls.  lilac  or  white. 

6.  bifldrus,  Mill.  Scotch  Crocus.  Corm  %  in.  or  less 
in  diam.:  lvs.  4-6,  overtopping  the  fls.,  very  narrow, 
with  deflexed  edges  and  a  white  central  band:  perianth- 
tube  exserted,  the  segments  1)4  in.  long,  purple  tinged, 
the  outer  ones  3-striped  down  the  back,  the  throat 
bearded  and  yellowish  ;  anthers  orange,  exceeding  the 
filaments  ;  style-branches  orange-red.  S.  and  south- 
western Eu.  B.M.  84.'i.-  Runs  into  many  forms,  some 
of  them  almost  white 


CROCUS 

7.  Terslcolor,  Ker.  Corm  %  in.  or  less  in  diam. ;  lvs. 
4-5,  as  high  as  the  fls.,  otherwise  like  the  last;  perianth- 
tube  exserted:  segments  lii  in.  long,  pale  or  dark  pur- 
ple, often  striped  and  feathered  with  dark  purple; 
throats  glabrous,  whitish  or  yellowish;  anthers  yellow, 
twice  as  long  as  the  filament;  style-branches,  orange- 
yellow,  equalling  or  overtopping  the  anthers.  S. 
Prance.    B.M.  1110. 

8.  Baniticus,  Heuff.  Corm  globular,  %  in.  in  diam. : 
lvs.  usually  2,  thin  and  fiattish,  and  becoming  ii  in. 
broad,  glaucous  beneath:  perianth -tube  scarcely  ex- 
serted; segments  1%  in.  or  less  long,  bright  purple,  and 
never  striped,  but  often  dark-blotched  towards  the 
tip;  throat  glabrous;  anthers  orange,  a  little  longer  than 
the  white  filaments;  style-branches  short,  orange-yel- 
low somewhat  fringed  at  the  tip    Hungary. 

9  v^mus  AU  Fig  583  Corm  1  m  or  less  in 
diam  lvs  2-1  as  high  as  the  fl  often  K  in.  broad, 
glaucous  beneath  but  green  above  with  reflexed  edges, 
and  a  central  white  band    pernnth  segments  1-lK  in. 


583    Crocus  vernus  (X  J4) 


long  lilac  white  or  purple  striped  throat  pubescent, 
ncNerA  11  n  intbeis  lemon  yellow  exceeding  the  flla- 
nifnt  t\\     lianhes    orange  yellow       S.    Eu.     B.M. 

8(0        Ki     1    H    isi  >  p   331     Gn   54,  p   79.     The  com- 

10  Tommasimanua  Herb  Corm  globular,  K  in.  in 
diam  lvs  appearing  with  the  fls  ,  narrow  ( %  in. 
broad)  perianth  tube  little  exserted,  segments  IK  in. 
or  less  long,  pale  red  bluish  sometimes  dark  blotched 
at  the  tip  ;  throat  glabrous  ;  anthers  pale  orange,  a 
little  longer  than  the  white  glandular  filaments ;  style- 
branches  short,  orange-yellow.  Dalmatia  and  Servia.— 
Distinguished  from  C.  vernus  by  its  glabrous  throat. 

11.  Si^beri,  Gay.  Corm  globular,  %  in.  diam.;  Its.  4- 
6,  as  high  as  the  fl.,  glaucous  beneath,  %  in.  broad:  per- 
ianth-tube short-exserted ;  segments  1-1 J2  in-  lo°gi 
color  of  C.  vernus;  throat  yellow  and  glabrous;  anthers 
orange,  twice  as  long  as  filaments;  style-branches 
nearly  entire,  orange-red.    Greece,  Crete. 

12.  reticuiatuB.Bieb.  Corm  Kin.in  diam., covered  with 
honey-combed  fibers:  lvs.  3-5,  as  high  as  the  fl.,  very 
narrow,  with  reflexed  edge  and  a  white  band:  perianth- 
tube  mvich  exserted;  segments  1-1  V^  in.  Iniiir,  white  to 
purple,  the  three  outer  ones  ^tri]"  li;  tlin.iit  trlabrous; 
anthers  orange,  twice  the  lenu'ili  nt  '  In  "i mi-''  ti laments; 
style-branches  scarlet,  overt<.|ii.i]ii;  tin  anilurs.  S.  E. 
Eu.  — Varies  to  white. 

13.  Etniscus,  Pari.  Corm  1  in.  or  less  in  diam. ;  lvs. 
about  3,  very  narrow,  as  tall  as  the  fl. :  perianth-tube 
short  exserted :  segments  1-%  in.  long,  lilac,  or  the  outar 


CROCUS 

ones  cream  colored  and  sometimes  purple-feathered 
outside;  throat  yellow,  slightly  pubescent;  anthers  or- 
ange, twice  as  long  as  the  glabrous  filaments;  style- 
branches  nearly  entire,  orange.  Italy. 
BB.  Style-branches  fimbriate,  branched, or  cut  into  very 
narrow  divisions. 

14.  Imper^ti,  Ten.  Corm  nearly  or  quite  1  in.  in 
diam.:  Ivs.  4-6,  exceeding  the  fls.,  very  narrow;  per- 
ianth-tube little  exserted;  segments  1-1  Y^  in.  long,  lilac 
or  even  white,  the  outer  ones  buff  and  .S-striped  on  the 
outside;  anthers  yellow,  exceeding  the  filaments;  style- 
branches  fimbriate.    Italy.    B.R.  23:1993.    Gn.  54,  p.  79. 

15.  Olividri,  Gay.  Corm  nearly  globose,  >$-%  in.  in 
diam. :  Ivs.  4-5,  as  tall  as  the  fl.,  beeomiiii;  ^4  in.  broad: 
perianth  tube  little  exserted;  segments  l.iit;lit  oraii^'r  yel- 
low and  never  striped,  i%  in.  or  less  imiLT  ;  tlnM;ir  ^d:i- 
brous;  anthers  orange,  twice  thelenf,'tli  "I  iIm-  roii^'liish 
filaments;  style-branches  orange,  sleiniiT-fi-rkcii.  \'ar. 
Suterid,iius,  Baker  ((7.  chrijsantlius,  Bot.  Reg.)  h.is  nar- 
rower and  more  rolled  Ivs.     Greece  to  Asia  Minor. 

1«.  vitellinus,  Wahl.  (P.  Sip-lacus,  Boiss  &  Gaill.). 
Corm  %  in.  or  less  in  diam. :  Ivs.  4-6,  as  high  as  the  fls., 
narrow-linear;  perianth  tube  short,  exserted;  segments 
1  in.  or  less  long,  orange-yellow,  the  outer  brown-tinged 
outside ;  style-branches  divided  into  many  capillary 
parts.  Asia  Minor.  B.M.  6416. -Rare  in  culture. 
AA.     Bhu.mhui  ill  full. 


Cur 


or 


the  fl., 


very  narrow, 
little  exserted  ;  segments 
lac  or  even  white;  throat 
nger  than  filaments;  style- 
bright  red  (the  source  of 
1895,   p.  573.-The  com- 


ciliate-edgi'cl  :  i"iiaiitli  tii 
oblong  aiid  .>hruv,  .  I.jj^h 
pubescent;  aiitli,r~  y,ll,.«- 
branches  1  in.  or  nnnf  loi 
Saffron).  Asia  Minor.  R 
monest  fall-blooming  spec 

18.  Hadri4ticus,  Herb.  Much  like  C.  sativus:  usually 
Bmaller-fld..  pure  white,  the  segments  pubescent  at  base; 
anthers  bright  orange,  more  than  twice  longer  than  the 
white  or  purple  filaments.  Greece,  etc.  — Runs  into  sev- 
eral forms, 

19.  zonitus,  Gay.  Corm  somewhat  flattened  or  de- 
flexed,  }4-Hm.  in  diam.:  Ivs.  appearing  after  the  fls., 
narrow-linear:  perianth-tube  exserted,  2-3  in.;  segments 
1-2  in.  long,  rose-lilac,  purple-veined  and  orange-spotted 
within  ;  throat  yellow,  pubescent ;  anthers  white,  2-3 
times  longer  than  the  yellow  filaments:  style-branches 
short  and  yellow.     Cilieia.    G.C.  III.  23:85. 

BE.    Style-branches  fimbriated  or  forked  at  the  top. 

20.  longiU6rus,  Rafin.  Corm  Min.  diam. :  Ivs.  3-4,  very 
short  at  floweringtime,  very  narrow:  perianth-tube  much 
exserted;  segments  oblong  and  bright  lilac,  IK  in.,  never 
striped  ;  throat  slightly  pubescent,  yellow ;  anthers 
orange,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  "filaments:  style- 
branches  scarlet,  slightly  compound.     S.  En.  — Not  fre- 

21.  ser6tinus,  Salisb.  Corm  1  in.  or  less:  Ivs.  4-0,  as 
high  as  the  fl.,  very  narrow:  perianth-tube  little  exserted; 
segments  oblong,  I'i  in.,  lihir  ur  ]iurple,  indistinctly  or 
not  at  all  striped;  tlir.iit  L'lalir..u^  ;  :inthers  yellow,  much 
exceeding  the  tilann-nt':  stylr  lii-aiiches  orange-yellow, 
fimbriated.     Spain. -Net  lic-.ni.iil. 

22.  SAlzmanni,  Gay  (C.  tiniiitnnus.  Herb.).  Corm 
somewhat  depressed,  1  in.  in  diam, :  Ivs.  about  6,  not 
prominent  at  flowering  time,  very  narrow:  perianth-tube 
much  exserted;  segments  IK  in.  long,  plain  lilac;  throat 
pubescent,  yellowish;  anthers  orange,  longer  than  the 
filaments:  style-branches  slender,  orange.     Morocco. 

BBB.    Style-branches  capillary  -divided. 

23.  nudiilorus.  Smith.  Cormvery  small,  stoloniferous: 
Ivs.  3^,  appearing  after  the  fls.,  very  narrow:  perianth- 
tube  much  exserted  ;  segments  1)4-2  in.,  lilac  ;  throat 
glabrous;  anthers  large  and  yellow,  twice  as  long  as  the 
filaments.  Mts.  S.  France  and  Spain.  — Long  known  in 
cult.,  but  not  common. 

24.  Bdryi,  Gay.  Corm  globular,  H  in.  or  less  in  diam. : 
Ivs.  3-6,  narrow-linear,  as  high  as  the  fls. :  perianth-tube 
short-esserted;  segments  1-VAxa.  long,  white,  sometimes 


CROTALARIA  403 

lilac-lined  at  the  base  outside;  throat  yellow,  glabrous; 
anthers  white,  somewhat  longer  than  "the  orange  fila- 
ments: style-branches  scarlet,  divided  into  many  capil- 
lary segments.  Var.  Toumefdrtii,  Baker  (C.  Orphan- 
idis.  Hook.  f.    B.M.  5776)  has  lilac  fls.   Greece. 

25.  m^dius,  Balbis.  Cormglobular.lin.orlessindiam.: 
Ivs.  2-3,  appearing  in  spring,  narrow,  becoming  a  ft.  or 
more  high:  perianth-tube  much  exserted;  segments  IK- 
2  in.  long,  bright  lilac ;  throat  glabrous,  whitish;  anthers 
pale  orange,  twice  the  length  of  the  yellow  filaments: 
style-branches  scarlet,  with  many  capillary  divisions. 
S.  France,  Italy. 

26.  Astiiricus,  Herb.  Corm  globular,  %  in.  or  less  in 
diam. :  Ivs.  about  3,  appearing  in  fall  but  not  maturing 
till  spring  :  perianth-tube  short-protruded  ;  segments 
IKin.  long,  lilac;  throat  pubescent;  anthers  bright  yel- 
low, longer  than  the  white  filaments  :  style-branches 
orange,  with  many  capillary  divisions.     Spain. 

27.  specidsus,  Bleb.  Corm  not  stoloniferous,  1  in.  or 
less:  Ivs.  usually  3,  developing  after  the  fls.,  thin,  very 
narrow,  becoming  1  ft.  long  :  perianth-tube  much  ex- 
serted ;  segments  1 K-2  in. ,  lilac  and  feathered  with  darker 
color;  anthers  very  large,  bright  orange,  much  exceeding 
the  filaments.  S.  E.  Eu.  and  Asia.  B.M.  3861.  B.R. 
25:40.  — Handsome. 

28.  pulchSllus,  Herb.  Corm  small,  somewhat  de- 
pressed:  Ivs.  iiroiliic-.-.l  aflir  flowering,  maturing  in 
spring:  periaiith-tiilM>  nnn  h  exserted;  segments  1-1 K  in. 
long,  bright  lilar.  incn  ,11-  k-ss  indistinctly  striped; 
throat  glabr.ius.  luiyhi  \r|li,w;  anthers  white,  longer 
than  the  pube.sceut  vlIIuw  filaments  :  style-branches 
orange,  with  many  capillary  branches.  Greece  to  Asia. 
Minor.    B.R.  30:3. 

29.  Byzantlnns,  Ker  (C.  iridiflbrns,  Henff.).  Corm 
K  in.  in  diam. :  Ivs.  2-A,  developing  after  the  fls. :  peri- 
anth-tube much  exserted;  segments  2  in.,  or  less  long, 
the  outer  ones  dark  lilac  and  acute,  the  inner  ones 
shorter  and  pale  lilac  or  white;  anthers  orange,  longer 
than  the  filaments.  S.  E.  Eu.  B.M.  6141.  B.R.  33:4.— 
An  old  garden  plant,  but  rarely  seen  in  this  country. 

L.  H.  B. 
CEOSNES.     See  Stachys  Sieboldi. 

CBOSS.  The  offspring  of  any  two  flowers  that  have 
been  cross-fertilized.  A  cross-breed  is  a  cross  between 
varieties  of  the  same  species.  Synonyms  are  half- 
breed,  mongrel,  variety-hybrid.  Crossing  is  the  opera- 
tion of  cross-pollinating.  Cross-pollination  is  the  trans- 
fer of  the  poUen  of  one  flower  to  the  pistil  of  another. 

CEOSSANDKA  (Greek,  fringed  anthers).  Acanthct- 
cew.  Greenhouse  evergreen  shrubs  of  minor  impor- 
tance, comprising  9  species  from  India,  tropical  Africa 
and  Madagascar.  The  one  in  the  trade  has  handsome  4- 
sided  spikes  or  scarlet-orange  fls.  The  perianth  has  5 
segments,  the  2  upper  ones  being  smaller.  It  is  culti- 
vated south  outdoors  to  a  slight  extent,  and  also  rarely 
in  noithem  greenhouses. 

undolsefdlia,  Salisb.  (C.  infundibnlifdrmis,  Nees). 
Height  1  ft.,  rarely  3  ft. :  Ivs.  often  in  4's,  especially  be- 


low,  but  also   oppositr,  .ivati' 

a.'tniiinate,  stalked:  fls. 

scarlet-orange,  overlai.|iht-  ..n 

raiMiilMT  in  dense  spikes. 

2-3  in.  long.    Ind.    B..M.  ::is(;. 

K.li.  I,s;)l:156. 

0.  «dTO,Hook.  Unl.i"MHii..l  0, 

";i>  1.  ^  in,  high:  stem  green. 

glabrous:  Ivs.  opposite, .  h  -     i 

1,.  i    :,n-,.  for  the  size  of  the 

plant,6in.long,  oboval.l.i. 

:  ,11    .iv.nabove,  paler  he- 

neath,  wavy,  more  obtns,        , , 

-:  lower  Ivs,  stalked. 

upper    ones  sessile:^  s,.:,.      :     ,  ^. 

;...:   tis.  yellow;    tube 

.      .:;      l;.,M.    4710.- 0.  Gui- 

n^lsi!%es.  HriLXt"':  i;  >',"''-u. 

1  ii:iii    iv,l,  rusty  pubescent: 

Ivs.  2-4  pair.s,  :.i-:in,,  l..,m    ,  ii,|,i,- 

■     -1.    n    ,-il)ove,  with  golden 

netted  nerves,  r.-Mi-li  1..  nr.Hl,     . 

i.il  .   -Mlii.in',  temlin.^l.  slen- 

aer,3-5  in.  high;  ll-   nu r..i,,,  m, 

1.1!;   li.dr  lilac,  with  2-darker 

spots  on  the  2  smallr-t    sr-i,i,,i,is 

.  aiul    a  white  eye,    Guinea. 

CEOTALAEIA  (Greek,  rattle,  Castanet;  from  the  rat- 
tling of  the  seeds  in  the  pod).  Rattle-bos.  A  very 
large,  tropical   genus,  of   which   the   most    interesting 


404 


CROTALARIA 


species  is  C.  rettisa,  a  hardy,  yellow-fld.  rnniial,  which 
has  been  compared  to  a  dwarf  sweet  pea.  For  best  re- 
sults, the  seed  should  be  started  early  indoors,  after  be- 
ing soaked  in  warm  water.  The  name  is  commonly  mis- 
spelled Crotolaria.  Greenhouse  kinds  are  subject  to  red 
spider.    C.juncea,  yields  the  Sunn  hemp  of  India. 


Lvs 


reWsa,  Linn.  Annual,  V4  ft.  high:  branches  few, 
short:  lvs.  entire,  very  various  in  shape,  but  typically 
obovate  with  a  short  mucro,  clothed  beneath  with  short 
appressed  hairs  :  -fls.  about  12  in  a  raceme,  yellow, 
streaked  or  blotched  with  purple;  standard  roundish, 
notched.  Cosmop.  June-Aug.  —  Introduced  189G,  as  a 
novelty  and  called  "dwarf  golden  yellow-flowering  pea." 
"golden  yellow  sweet  pea,"  etc.  The  flowers  are  mu^h 
less  fragrant  than  the  true  sweet  pea. 
AA.     Lvs.  foliohite. 

longirostrita.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Greenhouse  plant,  her- 
baceous or  somewhat  shrubby,  much  branched,  3  ft. 
high;  branches  long,  slender,  glabrous;  petioles  1/4  in. 
long;  leaflets  3,  oblong,  with  a  minute  mucro,  glabrous 
above,  hoary  beneath,  with  very  short,  appressed,  silky 
hairs:  racemes  erect:  calyx  with  2  upper  lobes  ovate, 
the  3  lower  ones  lanceolate :  fls.  as  many  as  25  in  a  ra- 
ceme, yellow  with  reddish  stripe  along  the  back  of  the 
unopened  flower;  standard  wider  than  long,  reflexed, 
notched.    W.  Hex.,  Guat.    B.M.  7306.    F.R.  1:809. 

Cap6nsis,  Jacq.  Stout,  much  branched  shrub,  4-5  ft. 
high:  branches  terete,  appressedly  silky;  stipules  when 
present  petiolulate,  obovate  and  leaf-like,  obsolete  or 
wanting  on  many  petioles;  leaflets  broadly  obovate,  ob- 
tuse or  mucronulate,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent  on 
one  or  both  sides :  racemes  terminal  or  opposite  the 
lvs.,  loose,  many-fld. :  calyx  and  pod  pubescent;  wings 
transversely  wrinkled  and  pitted.  S.  Afr. — Cult,  in  Fla. 
by  Reasoner  Bros.  -^^  jj^ 

CBOTON  (Greek  name  of  another  plant).  Euphorbi- 
dcecp.  Some  500  species  of  trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs, 
widely  distributed.  They  are  sometimes  dioecious,  but 
commonly  the  fls.  are  monoecious  and  mostly  in  terminal 
spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  of  sterile  fls.  4-6  (usually  5) 
pMi-l.-.l.  Ilir  staiiii-iis  ,")  i.r  niorr;  |ic-tiils  u-iKilIy  ]. resent, 
lull  -iiKill.     I'.ilyx  .i|'  r.i-tilr  11-.  .".-Ill  i,,ii-tr,l.  |„iiiK  none 

allrriKiti'.  A  IVw  s|M-i-ii-s  ;irT  lialn.-  Im  tlir  I'.  S.;  they 
are  mostly  aiiim.,1  heil.s  of  no  U.,ru.-uiu„-.,\  ^:,\,lv.  The 
Crotons  of  florists  are  Codiaum^.  \\liii)i  -.  <■, 

C.  Tiglium,  Linn.,  is  the  only  sp.  i.  ^  kiM,«  n  t..  be  in 
the  Amer.  trade.  The  seeds  yield  tin-  <  r'.ton  ..il  of  com- 
merce, one  of  the  mostpowerful  of  [.iirgatues.  It  is  a 
small  tree  of  Southeastern  Asia.  Lvs.  ovate-acumi. 
nate,  serrate,  stalked,  varying  in  hue  from  metallic  green 
to  bronze  and  orange.  Offered  in  South  Ol.  as  an  orna- 
mental and  curious  plant.  L.  jj.  B. 

CROWFOOT.     See  RuHHnvuhi.o. 

CROWN,  or  CORONA.  Any  outgrowth  from  the  throat 
of  the  perianth,  as  the  trumpet  of  a  Narcissus,  or  the 
fringe  of  a  Passion  Flower.  Crown  is  also  applied  to 
the  top  of  a  bulb,  corm,  or  upright  rootstoek :  also  that 
part  of  a  plant  at  the  surface  of  the  ground. 


CROWN  BEARD. 


CROWN  IMPERIAL.     FritiUaria  ImperiaUs. 
CROWN  OF  THORNS.     Knphorbia  splendens. 


CBUCIANfiLLA  (Latin,  a  liltle  cross;  from  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  lvs.).  Bubidcea>.  Ckoss-wort.  This 
genus  contuins  a  hardy  rock  plant  of  minor  importance. 

Not  nvi-i-  t'lMf  •_'!  .^i-.M^ips,  of  herbs  often  woody  at  the 

base;  I'l i'  -  'i-i  .!!v  long,  slender,  4-comered:  upper 

lvs.    .i|  :  If    stipules:    lower   lvs.   or  all   in 

whorl-  lunar  or  lanceolate,  rarely  ovate  or 

obovati:  !U.  -mall,  white,  rosy  or  blue.     Natives  of  the 


CRYPTOGAMS 

Mediterranean  region  and  western  Asia.  The  genus  la 
closely  related  to  Asperula,  and  is  distinguished  by  the 
flowers  having  bracts,  not  an  involucre,  and  the  style 
branches  distinctly  unequal  instead  of  nearly  equal. 
The  species  below  has  lately  been  referred  to  Asperula. 
It  is  of  easy  culture,  preferring  light,  moderate  loam  and 
partial  shade.  A  delicate  plant  for  the  front  of  borders, 
and  capital  for  the  rockery.  Prop,  chiefly  by  division, 
and  also  by  seeds. 

styI6sa,  Trin.  {Asperula  cilidta,  Rochel).  Pros- 
trate, 6-9  in.  high:  lvs.  in  whorls  of  8  or  9,  lanceolate, 
hispid:  fls.  small,  crimson-pink,  in  round  terminal  heads 
half  an  inch  in  diam.;  floral  parts  in  5's;  style  club- 
shaped,  long  exserted,  very  shortly  twice  cut  at  the  top. 


-Aug.     Persia. 


B.  Keller  and  W.  M. 


CRUEL  PLANT.     Same  as  Mosquito   Plant,  Cyn 


chii 


ifoli 


CRYPTANTHUS  (Greek,  for  hidden  flower:  the 
flowers  concealed  beneath  the  bracts).  BromelicLcecK, 
Brazilian  epiphytal  Bromeliads,  differing  from  .^chmea 
and  Billbergia  (which  see  for  culture)  in  the  tubular 
calyx  and  the  dense  heads  of  fls.  nearly  sessile  amongst 
the  lvs.  Mongr.  bv  Mez  (who  recognizes  8  species)  in 
DC.  Monogr.  Phane'r.  9  (1896). 

A.    Lvs.  not  narrowed  or  petiolate  above  the  sheath. 

acatllis,  Beer  [TiUdndsia  acaiiHs,  Lindl.  C.  unduli- 
tus,  Otto  &  Dietr. ).  A  few  inches  high,  suckering 
freely :  lvs.  sea-green,  long-pointed  and  spreading,  weak- 
spiny:  fls.  white,  nestling  deep  in  the  foliage.  B.R. 
14:1157.— A  very  variable  plant,  of  which  Mez  recog- 
nixes  the  following  leading  types : 

Var.  genulna,  Mez.  Stemless  or  very  nearly  so  :  lvs. 
sub-elliptic-lanceolate,  strongly  undulate,  gray-scurfy 
beneath,  scurfy  above. 

Var.  discolor,  Mez  ( C.discolor,  Otto  &  Dietr. ) .  Stem- 
less  or  nearly  so:  lvs.  elongated,  scarcely  undulate,  sil- 
very-scurfy below,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above. 

Var.  rtber,  Mez  (C.  riiber.  Beer).  Produces  a  branch- 
ing stem  or  trunk:  lvs.  short,  strongly  undulate,  reddish. 

Var.  bromelioldes,  Mez  (C  bromelioldes,  Otto  & 
Dietr.).  Stem  tall:  lvs.  much  elongated,  scarcely  undu- 
late, remotely  spinulose. 

Var.  diversildliuB,  Mez  (C.  diversifdlius,  Beer).  Stem- 
bearing:  lvs.  elongate-lingulate,  deep  green  above,  sil- 
very-scurfy beneath. 

zon&tus,  Beer.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  margin 
undulate  and  densely  serrate-spinulose,  marked  with 
transverse  bands  of  white:  fls.  white. 

bivittatus,  Kegel  (Billbirgia  bivitt&ta,  Hook.  B. 
vittAta,HoTt.).  Nearly  or  quite  stemless :  lvs.  long-ob- 
long, curving,  long-pointed,  somewhat  undulate,  spiny, 
dull  brown  beneath,  green  above  and  with  two  narrow 
buff  or  reddish  bars  extending  the  length  of  the  leaf: 
fls.  white.    B.M.  5270. 

AA.    Lvs.  narrowed  or  petiolate  above  the  sheath. 

Beilckeri,  Morr.  Lvs.  10-20,  oblong,  pointed,  canalicu- 
late at  base,  very  finely  spiny,  brownish  green  or  rosy 
and  spotted  or  striped  with  light  green:  fls.  white. 

L.  H.  B. 

CRYPTOGAMS  are  flowerless  plants,  an.i  th.y  ,in.<hice 
not  seeds  but  spores.  The  whole  vej^t-rutil.-  l.iti^'il<iiii  has 
been  split  into  two  vast  classes,  the  tl.iw.  rim.'  plants  or 
phanerogams  and  the  flowerless  oms  <ir  .■iy[,i,,i.-ams. 
Cryptogam  means  "concealed  nuptials,"  and  pliantrngam 
means  "  visible  nuptials."  These  names  were  given  when 
it  was  thought  that  the  sexual  parts  of  the  flowerless 
plants  were  very  minute  or  even  wanting.  The  word  is 
now  falling  into  disfavor  with  botanists.  Cryptogams 
are  of  less  horticultural  interest  than  the  flowering 
plants,  although  they  include  the  Ferns,  and  some  inter- 
esting smaller  groups,  asSelaginellas,  Lycopods  or  Club 
Mosses.  Two  other  vast  groups  are  the  Seaweeds  or 
Algae,  and  the  Fungi.  For  the  edible  Fungi,  see  Mush- 
rooms. For  parasitic  Fungi,  see  Diseases  and  Fungus. 
For  a  general  sketch  of  the  Ferns  and  their  allies,  see 
Ferns. 


CRYPTOGRAMMA 

CEYPTOGBAMMA  (Greek,  a  concealed  line,  alluding 
to  the  sub-marginal  sori).  PolypodiAcece.  A  small  genus 
of  subalpine  Ferns  of  both  hemispheres.  Lvs.  of  two 
sorts,  the  sporophylls  contracted  and  the  sori  covered 
by  the  infolded  margin  of  the  segments,  forming  pod- 
like  bodies.  Besides  our  native  species,  a  second  one, 
(7.  erispa,  is  found  in  Europe,  and  a  third  in  the  Hima- 
layas.   Name  often  incorrectly  written  Cryptogramms. 

acrostichoides,  R.  Br.  Rock-Brake.  Height  about 
8  in.:  lvs.  4-6  in.  long,  on  tufted  straw-i-ul..r.-.l  stalks, 
tri-quadripinnatifid,  with  toothed  or  in.N'  '1  ^.L-ni.  nts, 
the  sporophylls  with  longer  stalks,  loss  .livi.l.'l  mul  with 
pod-like  segments.  Canada  to  Colorado,  California  and 
northward.  L.  51.  Underwood. 

CEYPT6tEPIS  (Greek,  hidden  scale).  Asclepiadct- 
cece.  Glabrous  shrubs,  erect  or  twining,  of  tropical 
Asia  and  Africa.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  in  a  loosely  fork- 
ing, few-fld.  cyme.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  with  5  scales 
at  base.  Corolla  with  spreading  limb,  the  tube  short- 
cylindrical  or  carapanulate,  the  lobes  .5  and  linear, 
spreading  or  deflexed  and  twisted  ;  corona  of  5  scales 
attached  at  or  near  the  middle  of  the  tube.  Follicles 
terete  and  smooth,  spreading.  Only  cult,  in  S.  Calif,  and 
S.  Fla.  C.  Buchanani,  Roera.  &  Schult.  A  twining 
shrub  with  yellow  fls.,  resembling  those  of  an  Echites. 
C.  longijldra,  Kegel.  Dwarf  and  compact,  growing  with 
long  lvs.  tinted  with  red;  tubular  white  fls.,  as  in  Boii- 
varditi  jasminiflora.    Both  species  are  from  India. 

CEYPTOMfiKIA  (Greek,  kryptos,  hidden,  meros,  part; 
meaning  doubtful)  Coniferw  Large  pyramidal  tree, 
with  a  straight  slender  trunk,  covered  with  reddish 
brown  bark  and  with  verticiUate  spreading  branches, 
ascending  at  the  extremities  lvs.  spirally  arranged, 
linear-subulate  acute,  slightly  curved,  decurrent  at  the 
base:  fls.  monoecious,  stammate  oblong,  yellow,  forming 
short  racemes  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  pistillate 
globular,  solitar>  at  the  end  of  shoit  bi  mchlets  cont 
globular,  with  thiek  wedge  shaji  d  sides, 
furnished  w-ith  a  recurved  point  on  the  b  k  k 
and  with  pointed  lobes  at  the  apex    e  ich  scab  » 

with  3-5  narrow  winged,  eiett  seeds  One  spt 
cies  in  China  and  Japan,  extensively  plmtc^ 
for  avenues,  and  as  timber  trees  m  tht  1  ittc 
country,  where  the  hght  and  easily  woikcd  1  u 
durable  wood  is  much  used  It  is  hinh  as  f  1 
north  as  New  York,  and  thrives  in  shtltLiti 
positions  even  in  New  England  It  setms  ho\\ 
sume  the  bi  nit 
itr^  With  1 
looks  best  , 

sembles  the  ^»aH(  It  is  tin  i<  tcm 

sometimes  grown  111  1  11  U  t  111 

rich,  loamy  and  m  1  t  1  1  1  1  It  nd  p*  si 
tion.  Prop,  by  seeds  il  tirtii  ^s  t  giowii  , 
wood,  especially  vir  (/  ifa>tti  which  grows  V(  1 ' 
readily.  The  horticultural  varieties  are  aK 
sometimes  increased  by  giaftmg. 

Japdnica,  Don  Tree,  attaining  125  ft  U  s 
linear-subulate,  compressed  and  slightly  4  or 
angled,  bluish  green,  K-1  m  long  cone  blown 
ish  red,  %-l  m  across  S  Z  124  R  H  IbhT 
p.  392.  Gng.  4  1'I7  i  E  111  510  &  F  0  44(i  - 
Of  the  gardiM  1      1      st  desirable  is  var 

filegans,  Hi  i  \  eitch)   Low  dense 

tree,  with  1 1    r  s  and  pendulous  branchlets 

lvs.  linear.  Mjih  nid.  -iii,  si)reading,  longer  than  m  the 
type,  bright  gneii,  changing  to  bronzy  red  in  fall  and 
winter.  Very  handsome  when  young,  but  short-living, 
Var.  araucaroldes,  Carr.  Of  regular  pyramidal  habit, 
with  short,  thick  falcate  lvs.,  resembling  Arniivaria 
excelsa.  Var.  compacta,  Hort.  Of  very  compact  habit, 
with  bluish  green  foliage.  Var.  L6bbi,  Carr.  Of  com- 
pact habit,  with  shorter  and  mure  appressed  bright  and 
deep  green  lvs.  Var.  nana,  Knight.  Dwarf  and  pro- 
cumbent, densely  branched  form;  adapted  for  rockeries. 
\'ar.  spiralis,  Veitch.  Slender  shrub,  with  strongly 
falcate  lvs.,  twisted  spirally  around  the  branchlets. 
S.Z.  124.  Fig.  4.  Alfred  Rehder. 


CUCUMI 


405 


CEYPTOPtEUM  (Greek,  hidden  wheat).  Gramlnete. 
This  genus  includes  a  plant  sometimes  catalogued  with 
ornann  Tiiiil  ^'i:i--i  -.  I.ut  it  is  no  more  ornamental  than 
a  loiii;   I  luack-grass  would  be.   C.  Elchard- 

soni.Srl,    ,.;       1  ;■< 01  ii;£(!fcaj-d«o«i,Schrad.), is  simi- 

lar to  .1  ;,    /.7.    ./  '!  ininim,  hut  has  longer  awns.     It  is 
leafy,  and  grows  1-1'.,  ft.  high.  p.  g.  Kennedy. 

CEYPTOSTfiGIA  (Greek,  hriipto,  conceal,  and  stego, 
■aled  crown  in  the  corolla  tube, 
vi,  .1  sr/epiaddcew.  A  genus  of 
1  •  limbers,  one  from  tropical 
,ir.    The  juice  of  C.ffTO)!- 
-iiiishine,  produces  caout- 
\  :'i'l    in  India  for  this  pur- 
led in  Old  World  greenhouse.; 
a  be  of  easy  culture  in  a  warm 
house  and  propagated  by  cuttings. 

grandifldra,  R.  Br.  Stem  erect,  woody,  branches  twin- 
ing :  lvs.  opposite,  short-stalked,  oblong,  entire,  3  in. 
long,  IM  in.  wide  :  fls.  in  a  forked  raceme,  reddish  pur- 
ple, becoming  lilac  or  pale  pink,  about  2  in.  across, 
twisted  in  the  bud.  Trop.  Afr.  B.  R.  5:  435.  — Once  cul- 
tivated at  Oneco,  Fla.,  by  Reasoner. 

CUCKOO  FLOWEE.     Cardamine  pmtensis. 

CUCKOO  PINT.     See  Arum. 


r;  referring  t 

only  two  speci"s 
Africa  and  rm<-  1 ' 
diflora,  when  '-\j 
chouc.  The  plin 
pose.  It  is  rarel; 
for  ornament.    It 


CUCUMBEE.  Plate  VIII    The 

derived  from  a  South  Asian  species  Gi 
Cucumii)    which  has  long  been  kii 
The  so  called  West  In  1 
classed  with  the  Cudii    I 


Cucumbers  are 
116  sativus  (see 
in  cultivation. 
!i  IS  commonly 
The 


Snake,  or  Serpent  C  u  it    perly  a  musk- 

melon,  and  should  be  il  illy  as  Cucitmis 

Melo,va,r  flexuosiis  (ct  \m  i.ii  \i\  „U())  The  '  Musk 
Cucumber"  IS  Chch»i;s  «i(  sf/i(i/i!  Hort  Probably  this 
IS  identical  with  Concombre  musqu^,  referred  to  iSicana 
ndnrifrra  b-^  Le  Potager  d  un  C  urieux,  known  in  this 
f  '         il  <nini      The   Handera  Cucumber  is 


584     House 


English  Cu 


Cucumts  Saeleuxii,  Paill  et  Bois  (Pot  d  un  Curieux), 
but  It  IS  not  m  cultivation  m  this  counti  >  N  one  of  these 
is  of  any  particular  importance  except  the  common  types 
of  CKciinws  satiiiis  These  are  extensively  cultivated 
in  all  civilized  countries  as  field  and  as  garden  crops. 
They  come  into  commerce  as  pickles  packed  m  bottles 
and  barrels,  and  are  very  extensively  used  in  this 
form.  Of  late,  the  forcing  of  Cucumbers  under  glass 
has  come  to  be  an  important  industry  in  the  eastern 
states  ;  and  this  industry  seems  to  be  rapidly  in- 
creasing. 

Cucumbers  will  thrive  in  any  good  soil  not  extremely 
heavy  nor  sandy.  Good  com  or  wheat  land,  if  in  garden- 
ing condition  with  respect  to  tilth  and   drainage,  will 


406  CUCUMBER 

answer.  Or  for  the  earliest  crop,  a  situation  witli  a  more 
pronouncedly  sandy  soil  may  serve  best.  In  most  parts 
of  America  the  field  crop  of  Cucumbers  may  be  grown 
from  seed  planted  in  the  open  ground  after  danger  ot 
frost  is  past.  Put  6  to  12  seed',  in  the  hill  ( havmg  enough 
to  provide  against  the  ravages  of  insects )  the  hills  being 
4  by  6  feet  apart.    The  early  crop  may  often  be  planted 


585     Three  prominent  vaneties  of  EngUsh  or 

Forcing  Cucumber 

S  Sion  House     E  Duke  ot  Edmburgh    T  Telegr  iph 

in  the  same  way,  and  protected   t   r  fm      1  \    i     ish 

■covered  frame  placed  over  each  bill  II             i        me 

times  started  in  greenhouses  or  h  1 1  t   i  in 

the  open  ground ;  but  this  method  i  niless 

great  pains  be  taki  11      The  nieth    '  II    lilir 

sods  in  1 1  1  till 

with  v. Ill       J        .  1 

Early.-iilir  :,:i..h  ^  i  i     i   i  i     i   i  t  i     I       n  1   , 

companied  by  very  i  m  ml  i  (  nihitnt  i  ptnn  n  ig  iinst 
insects,  for  the  tirst  month  is  the  most  i  ritit  il  in  the 
life  of  the  Cucumber  plant  When  the  vines  begin  to 
cover  the  ground,  cultivation  may  be  discontinued 

Cucumbers  are  often  forced  m  waniihr  u  p  iFis;  M) 
in  winter  and  spring  Tht  lu„(  >ii_li  li  t  hiii_\iir 
ties,  as  Telegraph  and  Sk  II  H  u  .  di.  si  ii  p  turtd 
by  some  growers,  but  thi  ^^tllI  ^[  iii  \  m  ri  n  ni  irt 
popular  in  America    es)    <iil'\  1    i     iiiii_   t   i   iiu    ifter 


lettuce  or  flowerin,  i  1   nt 

II      lilt      ue  stirted  in 

3-inch  pots,  and  1 1    i    in     1 

1      II     I     tlie  benches  at 

intervals  of  2'/.,  t..      it      11 

1     tl    1    ti  lined  on  wire 

trellises  near  thp  it       i  1 

1  1     h       I    .  mill,  IS  like  a 

night  temperature  ot  1  n    i 

f    1        1  dure 

of  70°  to  75°.    The  Whit    - 

1  1  tid 

ious,  and  will  take  a  s  , 

In 

forcing  Cucumbers   it  i 

111                 V    ung 

plants  should  sutT.  i  n      1 

111  ^  ui  11  iU  a  I     Iruit 

age.    (Consult  !::■           1 

1       k,  and  Cornell  Bull 

31,  andMunsoii.  \i 

1     pt    1896  ) 

Cucumbers   f..i 

1    11  Id   be   gathered  when 

.quite  small.     In    1      t      1      i 

X    111.    as  pickles    seem   to 

CUCUMBER 

stand  pretty  much  In  inverse  ratio  to  their  size.  Vines 
on  which  fruits  are  allowed  to  ripen  cease  bearing 
almost  iiumediately.  The  young  fruits  may  be  success- 
fully preserved  in  brine,  from  which  they  are  soaked  out 
with  fresh  water  as  wanted,  and  put  into  vinegar,  which 
they  readily  absorb. 

There  are  a  great  many  varieties  of  Cucumbers  in  cul- 
tivation.   This  means  that  the  group  is  variable,  the  va- 
rieties comparatively  unstable,  and  varietal  distinctions 
somewhat  uncertain.     Nevertheless,  there  are   certain 
dominant  types  which  may  be  separated,  and   around 
which  most  of  the  varieties  may  be  conveniently  classi- 
fied.   The  principal  types  are  the  following  : 
Common  Cucumber.  Cucumis  sativus. 
I.  EngUsh  forcing  tye   (var.  Anglica):    Fig.  585.    Large- 
leaved,  strong-growing,  slow-m.ituriiig  plants,  not  suited 
to   outdoor   culture :    fr.  large,  long,    smooth,  usually 
green,  with  few  or  early-deeiduous  black  spines.    Tele- 
graph, Sion  'Honse.   Noa's    Forcing,  Tailbys   Hybrid, 
Kenyon,  Lome,  Edinburgh.  Blue  Govra,  etc. 
U.  Field  varieties  (Hill  or  Ridge  Cucumbers). 
a.  Black  Spine  varieties. 

1.  Netted  T{ir---i,-iTi  t?T"      S'mnll,  slmrt  jointed  vines, 

beariiii;  i .,,,,,',,  i., ,    >,ii„ll,  eUipsoi- 

dal  tV. Mark,  decidu- 

-.        'link  reddish 


yellow,. 
bearing 

Early  Clu- 


Eiirly 


long  ana  ir'-e-growmg;  tr.  large  ana  long,  green, 
ripening   yellow,   -nith    scattered,    large,  black 
spines.   Long  Green,  Japanese  Climbing. 
b.  White  Spine  varitt its. 

5.   White  S].!'  .     ■•   ■  ■        •    ..     -;,,  .1    ^..,|„,, ■',,,,,   r^,,.-•: 

whitV     ..  ...      ^i'.'i'i'.'.'." 

TIn-n-...  W     :■.,  -i.mc. 


..     •    1  ii'-umber,  Cluyifmi^  Melo,  var.  flexuosvs. 
I.:;   those  of    nmsknielon  :    fr.  very  long, 
■  '  .1  ''vlindrical,  green,  tardily  yello^ring, covered 
.  .wuLLv  hairs. 


Staminate  flower  of  Cucumis  Melo. 


CUCUMBER 

West  India  Gherkin.  Cunnnis  Aiwuria  :  Pigs.  590.  591.  Vines 
small  and  slender,  somewhat  resembling  a  slender  water- 
melon plant :  fr.  very  abundant,  small,  ellipsoid,  covered 
with  warts  and  spines,  green,  tardily  whitening.    Good  for 

The.se  varieties  are   mostly  all  ffood  for  one   purpose 


ririi,..  iMi-  riii-  fniii-.  I'l..  White 
!<piue  v;triftie.s  Lire  gr.jia  luvurites  for 
slif'ing,  and  only  less  so  for  pickling. 

The  unrelenting  enemies  of  the  Cucuraliei 
in  the  field  are  the  Cucumber  beetles  {Dia 
brotica,  spp.)  and  the  squash  bug  {Anasa 
tristis).  No  effectual  preventive  measurts 
are  known  except  to  cover  the  young  plants 
with  small  wire  or  hoop  frames,  over  which 
fine  netting  is  stretched.  If  the  plants  are 
kept  quite  free  from  attack  till  these 
tors  are  outgrown,  tlieywill  nsiially  su 
tie  damage.  Plants  staitiil 
houses  (see  above)  ni:i\-  us 
this  is  the  chief  a.lvaiita-e 
cumber  beetles  ar»-  k<jpt 
strewing  tobaeec.  st.iii~^  tl 
kerosene  emulsion  will 
young  squash  bug's  without  killini.'  tlic  vines,  but  usu- 
ally not.  ''In  the  greenhouse.  Cucumbers  are  liable  to 
damage  from  mite,  aphis,  root-gall  and  mildew.   Forthe 


CUCUMIS  407 

bed  in  which  the  temperature  of  the  soil  is  70  to  80°. 
Place  them  3  or  4  inches  apart.  In  about  ten  days  they 
will  be  large  enough  to  transplant  into  pots.  Six-inch 
pots  are  preferred,  two  plants  in  each.    In  two  weeks 


ivpt  free 


first,  and 
The  Cu 
at  times  by 
!ie  plants  ;  and 
seommode    the 


idwinter,  hand-poUu 


they  will  be  large  enough  to  set  in  the  house  where  they 
are  to  grow.  The  plants  are  set  3K  feet  apart  in  the 
row  and  rows  6  to  7  feet,  according  to  the  size  of  the 
house.  The  vines  should  bear  in  four  weeks.  The  crop 
depends  upon  the  season.  The  spring-grown  plants  will 
produce  double  the  crop  of  the  fall-  or  winter-grown. 
The  pollinating  may  be  done  with  bees.  One  hive  in  a 
house  of  24  by  100  feet,  or  in  that  proportion,  will  be 


.  may  be  neces- 

bers  are  not  often 
rlie  green-fly  comes 
.  II  with  water,  and 
"inetimes  appears, 
n  care  of  properly. 
'US  diseases  but  to 
I.  Radishes  or  to- 
is.  If  radishes  are 
hen  the  Cucumbers 
e  Cucumbers  begin 
of  the  house  when 


^irf 


mite,  syringe  the  plant  and  pick  off  the  infested  Ivs. ; 
for  aphis,  use  tobacco  fumigation  and  pick  infested  Ivs. ; 
for  root-gall,  use  soil  which  has  been  thoroughly  frozen; 
for  mildew,  improve  the  sanitary  conditions,  and  then 
use  snltur."— Bailey,  Forcing-Book.        p_  j^.  Waugh. 

FoRciNii  OF  Cri  fMHEiiS.-Tli.'  -rowiuicof  Cucumbers 
under  gl;i<-  lia<  Ih-ccuu-  a  hii-u'i-  iii.lu-iry.  Some  years 
ago  thev  w.r,.  f,,rr,_.,i  ,iiil\-  lu  tli,-  -iniii-.  but  to-day  they 
are  grown  all  tli,-  year  r..uu.l.  Tli.-  iii"st  difficult  time 
is  in  the  .short  days  of  winter.  At  sueh  times  there  is 
always  a  good  price  for  them  and  a  brisk  demand,  and 
the  prospect  is  as  good  for  the  future.  The  house  may  be 
even  span  and  run  either  way,  but  many  use  two-thirds 
span,  with  the  long  way  to  the  south.  When  they  are 
continually  grown  year  after  year,  it  would  be  best  to 
have  double  glass  and  double  thick,  but  for  early  fall 
and  late  spring,  one  thickness  of  double  glass  is  suffil- 
eient.  The  house  may  be  any  length  desired.  For  heat- 
ing, str:iiii  i-  11  .    1m  -f,  with  pipes  arranged  so  that  they 

shall  u.i    :•,  from  either  side  of  the  house. 

Pipes    1  T.r    are    large    enough.      Larger 

pipes  ;.'n  .    1 .1  i,  ,1.  at  in  one  place. 

The  soil  .~L.juK!  lu  g..od  loam,  new  soil  preferred,  from 
sod  land.  The  plants  are  started  in  a  box  or  small  bed, 
where  the  temperature  can  be  run  to  about  90°.  In 
four  or  five  days  they  will  he  ready  to  transplant  into  a 


to  bear;   but  all  crops  sliouli 
the  Cucumbers  are  bearing. 

In  this  country,  the  White  Spine  type  of  Cucumber  is 
mostly  used  for  forcing,  although  the  long  English  kinds 
are  sometimes  grown  (particularly  for  home  use). 

W.  W.  Rawson". 

CUCUMBER  ROOT.  Same  as  Indian  Cucumber, 
Jledeola  Virginica, 

CUCUMBER  TREE.    S,ee  Averyhoa  am\  Magnniiii. 

CUCUMIS  (old  Latin  name)  Ciuuthitii-ea'.  Sterile 
fls.  in  clusters,  not  long  stalked,  the  fertile  ones  solitary 


rrr^^ 


and  mostly  short  stalked  in  the  axils  corolla  of  5  deep, 
acute  lobes  stamens  not  united  stigmas  3,  obtuse: 
tendrils  simple      Herbaceous  vines    of  nearly  30  tropi- 


408  cucuMis 

cal  species,  mostly  African  and  East  Indian.  The  cult. 
species  are  annual.  Monogr.  by  Cogniaux,  DC.  Monogr. 
Phaner.  3.  See,  also,  Naudin,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (Bot. )  IV. 
11:9;  12:108 


nor  tiiherculale)  at  maturili/. 
'nliea.  Boxb.  C.  iitilissimus, 
i.'iN.  Fig.i.  586,  587.  Long-run- 
.  round-heart-shaped  or  reni- 

lobed  :  fr.  in  many  sizes  and 
ling  edible.  S.  A.sia.— When 
s.  are  usually  more  lobed.   See 


A.    Fr.  sm„„th  1 1 

Mdlo,   LiTi'i 
Roxb.).    Ml  : 

form,  sunii  , ,:,, 
shapes,  thu  ium  i 
forced  uudur  ghis 
Melon. 

Var.CantaIup6nsis,  Naud.  Cantaloupe.  Rock  Melons. 
Fruits  mostly  hard-rinded,  more  or  less  warty,  scaly  or 
rough,  often  deeply  furrowed  or  grooved.— Name  de- 
rived from  Cantaliippi,  near  Rome,  a  former  country 
seat  of  the  Pope,  whitherthis  type  of  melons  was  brought 
from  Armenia.  In  the  U.S.  the  word  Cantaloupe  is  often 
used  as  a  generic  name  for  Muskmelou,  but  it  is  prop- 
erly a  name  of  only  one  group  of  muskraelons— the  hard 
and  scaly-rinded  (see  Waugh,  G.  F.  8:183). 

Var.  reticuIittuB,  Naud.  Nutmeg  or  Netted  Melons. 
Fruits  softer  rinded,  more  or  less  netted,  or  sometimes 
almost  plain  or  smooth.— Comprises  the  common  musk- 
melons,  aside  from  Cantaloupes. 

Var.  saccharlnus,  Naud.  PrNEAPPLE  Melons.  Com- 
prising varieties  of  oblong  shape  and  very  sweet  flesh. 
Not  sufficiently  distinct  from  the  last. 

Var.  inoddrus,  Naud.  Winter  Melons.  Lvs.  lighter 
colored,  less  hairy,  narrower :  frs.  possessing  little  or 
none  of  the  common  muskmelon  odor,  and  keeping  long. 
The  winter  muskmelons  are  little  known  in  this  country, 
although  they  are  worthy  of  popularity.  Much  cult,  in 
parts  of  the  Mediterranean  region.  See  Bull.  96,  Cor- 
nell Exp.  Sta. 

Var.  flexudsus,  Naud.  (C.  fleindsiis,  Linn.).    Snake 
Melon.      Snake   Cucumber.     Fr.   many  times   longer 
than  broad,  greenish  at  maturity,  variously  curved  and 
furrowed.    A.  G.  U:  203.-Fr.  often  2-3  ft.  long,  and  1-3 
in.   in    diameter.     Grown 
mostly   as  an   oddity,  but 
it  is  useful  for  the  mak- 
ing of  conserves.  The  hard- 
shelled   Snake  Gourd  is  a 
Lagenaria  (which  see). 


Var.  acidulus,  Naud.  Cucumber  Melon.  Frs.  oblong 
or  cylindrical,  mottled  or  unicolored,  the  flesh  white  and 
cucumber-flavored.  No  varieties  in  the  Amer.  trade  are 
of  this  group,  but  they  are  occasionally  seen  in  botanical 
gardens  and  experimental  grounds,  which  import  seeds 
of  oriental  plants. 

Var.  Chlto,  Naud.  (C.  ClMo,  Morr.).  Orange  Melon. 
Mango  Melon.    Melon  Apple.    Vine  Peach.    Garden 


CUCUMIS 

Lemon.  Vegetable  Orange.  Vine  less  robust  than 
that  of  the  Muskmelon,  and  lvs.  smaller  :  fr.  size,  shape 
and  color  of  an  orange  or  lemon,  without  markings,  with 
a  white  or  pale  yellow  cucumber-like  flesh,  with  no  musk- 
melon odor  -Not  ediile  in  its  natural  state,  but  useful 
forthennkmgof  preserves  |  or  "maiiRoes  ")  and  pickles. 
Name  proiiounci-cl  kei-to.  Cf.  Bull. 
15,  Cornell  Exp.  Sta.:  A.  G.  U:2U(i. 
Var.  Dddaim,  Naud.  (C.  Du<hum, 
Linn.  C.  odoratissimtis,  Moench ). 
DuDAiM  Melon.  Pomegranate 
Melon.  Queen  Anne's  Pocket 
Melon.  Vine  small,  as  in  the  last: 
fr.  size  and  shape  of  an  orange,  some- 
what flattened  at  the  ends,  very  reg- 
ular and  smooth,  niiirbled  with  lougi- 
tudinal  markings  o(  cinnamon-brown 
overh  mi -yellow  exceedingly  fragrant.  — A  most  hand- 
some gourd  like  fruit,  and  highly  and  deliciously  per- 
fumed. Not  eaten.  A  nearly  odorless  and  scarlet-rinded 
form  is  separated  by  Naudin  as  var.  eryfhratis. 

AA.  Fruit  spini/  or  tuberculate. 
satlvus,  Linn.  Cucumber.  Figs.  588,  589.  Long- 
running,  prickly  :  lvs.  usually  3-lobed  ( or  strongly 
angled),  the  middle  lobe  most  prominent  and  often 
pointed:  fr.  prickly  or  muricate,  at  least  when  young, 
but  in  some  varieties  becoming  smooth,  mostly  oblong, 
the  flesh  white.     S.Asia.     See  Cucumber. 


Var.  Anglicus.  Figs.  584,  585.  English  or  Forcing 
Cucumber.  A  product  of  cultivation  and  selection, 
within  the  last  century  (see  Forcing-Book,  pp.  192-4), 
distinguished  from  the  common  or  field  Cucumbers  as 
follows;  fruits  (and  ovaries)  very  long  and  slender,  little 
if  any  furrowed,  spineless  or  nearly  so  at  maturity, 
nearly  or  quite  green  at  maturity,  comparatively  few- 
seeded:  fls.  very  large;  lvs.  very  broad  in  proportion  to 
their  length,  with  shallower  sinuses:  vines  very  vig- 
orous, with  long  and  thick  tendrils. 

Var.  Sikkim6nsis,  Hook.f.,  cult,  in  the  Himalayan 
Mts.,  but  not  known  to  be  in  this  country;  has  large  7-9- 
lobed  lvs.  and  cylindrical-club-shaped  fr.     B.M.  6206. 

dips&ceus,  Ehr.  (C.  erindceus,  Hort.),  Dipsaceous 
Gourd.  Ostrich-Egg  Gourd.  Hedgehog  Gourd. 
Plant  and  foliage  like  that  of  C.  Melo:  fls.  long- 
stalked;  fr.  1-2  in.  long,  oblong  or  nearly  spherical, 
becoming  hard  and  dry,  densely  beset  with  long  scales 
or  hairs,  and  looking  like  a  bur.  Arabia,  Afr.  R.H. 
1860,  p.  210.    Cult,  as  an  ornamental  Gourd. 

Angiiria,  Linn.  (C.  grossulariwfirmis,  Hort.).  Bub 
Cucumber..  West  Indian  Gherkin.  Gooseberry 
Gourd.  Figs.  590,  591.  Stems  slender,  hispid  ;  lvs. 
deeply  cut  into  3-5  narrow  obovate  or  spatulate  di 


CUCUMIS 

water-melon  like:  fls.  small,  the  pistillate  long-stalked: 
fr.  1-3  in.  long,  cucumber-like  but  more  spiny.  Supposed 
to  be  native  to  the  Amer.  tropics.  B.M.  5817.-Cult.  both 
for  the  oddi'v  of  its  frts  and  for  the  making  of  pickles 
The  Gherkins  of  mis.ed  pickles  however  are  \oung 
Cucumbers. 

C.  aculdiiguJus    Hort  =Luffa  —  C  pcien>ii!   Jaines=Cu 
curbita.  L    H    B 


CnCUBBITA    (classical    name)       Cucu, 
bitdcea.   Gourd     Pumpkin    Squash    \  ine 
like  herbs,  tendiil  bearing    inhabitants   ot 
warm  countries    Fls  monoecious  luge 
yellow,  solitar-v  m  the  a\ils   the  stam    (^"^^ 
inate  long  stalked  the  pistillate  short 
stalked  :    corolla  o  lobed      stamens  3 
arising   from  the    bottom  of   the   fl      ind  unit    1    ir 
column:    stigmas  3    but  2  lobed      o\ai\    inteuor     ( 
closing  a  hollow  receptacle    tendrils  2- i  torke<l      \1  ( 
30  species.    The  morphology  of  the  Pepo  oi  t  ouid  tr 
may  be  illustrated  bv  the  Turban  bquash    (  Figs    I'li  5 
594. )     In  this  fruit  there  is  a      squash  m  ide  a  squisl 
The  inner  part  bears  the  corolla  and  the  st\  les      It  is  1 
ovary,     The  corolla  is  attached  about  the  edge  of  1 


CUCURBITA  409 

peduncle  very  hard  and  deeply  furrowed  when  mature, 
not  enlarging  next  the  fr. :  the  tr.  very  various  in  form, 
color,  season,  size.  — Probably  native  to  trop.  Amer.,  but 
unknown  wild      Cult   by  the  Indians  when  Amer   was 


593.  Young  Turban  Squash,  in  which  the  withered 
corolla  has  become  detached,  but  hangs  on 
the  remains  of  the  styles  and  stigmas. 

inner  Squash,  as  the  withered  remains  in  Fig.  592  sh< 
Sometimes  the  withered  corolla  becomes  detached.  ' 
hangs  onto  the  withered  remaius  of  the  stigmas,  as 
Fig.  593.  The  longitudinal  section  of  the  tlower  ( F 
59i)  explains  the  structure.  The  corolla  is  shown  at  i 
The  top  ot  the  ovary  is  at  O.  The  stigmas  an-  on 
ovary.  The  part  encircling  thi- ovary  CMit^idc  of  O 
the  hollowed  receptacle.  Or<li]i:nih  tli.  r.  .-,■[, t;ic1i' 
closed  at  the  top,  completely  cMiiiiniim  tin-  ..\;ii\: 
in  the  Turban  Squashes  th.-  r iit.i,  I.    ,1,,,  ,  nor  .  \t. 


older    ll.Mipli.ilo^,M>    iield 
this  outer  pai-T  ..f  tlir  S,|n;isl,  to 

ceptaole.  The  Cucurbits  are 
monographed  by  Cogniaux.  DC. 
Monogr.  Phaner.  3.  Also  by 
Naudin,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ( Bot. ) 
IV.  vol.  6.  See  Pumpkin  and 
Squash. 

A.    Lrs.  lobed:  stalks  of  fruits 

strongly  ridged. 

P^po,    Linn.     (C.    Melopepo, 

Linn.).     Pumpkin.     Figs.    595, 

596.      Annual:     long -running, 

prickly  on  stems  and  petioles  : 

594.  Section  of  Flower  of    Ivs.  3-^5-lobed,  dark  dull  green: 

Turban  Squash.  corolla-tube  widening  upwards, 

Showing  the  ovary  inside    *e  pointed  lobes  erect  :    calyx- 

the  hollowed  receptacle,      lobes    narrow,    not    leaf  -  like  : 


^^J^ 


596.   Stem  of  Cucurb 


Early  Sugar  Pumpkir 


AA.  Lfs.  not  lobed  (except  sometimes  on  young  shoots): 
stalks  of  fruits  not  prominently  ridged. 
indxima, Duchesne.  Squash.  Figs. 601-604.  Annual: 
long-running,  the  stems  nearly  cylindrical,  little  prickly 
and  often  hairy:  Ivs.  orbicular  or  kidney-shaped,  com- 
monly not  lobed,  the  basal  sinus  wide  or  narrow,  the 
margin  shallowly  apiculate-sinuate:  corolla-tube  nearly 


595     Plant  of  Cu 


t    \  1     in  ,       Wltt- 

ut     h   11  L    I    I  11    I     o,s  (lSb8) 

Blsh  1  LMPkiSb  bcALLOP  and  Sum- 
mer Croorseck 'squashes  Plant  compact  little  or  not 
at  all  running      Of  horticultural  origin 

■Var   ovifera    [C    <  i  >f         U  ,v  \      <     mi       Fig  597. 
Plant  slender    runnm        '  "  '      Pepo, 

usuall>  very  promin   i  i  i    md  in- 

edible   egg  shaped    ^1  t      often 

striped     R  H    1894  i     I  -  i  x    i      I  \  seeds- 

men   under  the    mnu         i     i       /  \  a      j  i/i  ifoimis, 

depiessa    annulala    tt       ^       (  ' 

moschata     Dmli     n         '  uifotmis     Carr.). 

Cushaw  China  C  \n  m  \  i  i  i  nei  k  and  Winter 
C  ROOKS  E<  K  Squashes  1i„s  j9b  d99  600  Annual: 
long  running  less  prickly  and  sometimes  soft  hairy: 
Ivs  more  rounded  than  those  of  C  Pepo  but  lobed  often 
grayish  ti  with  a  widening  tube  and  large  erect  lobes: 
calyx-lobes  large,  often  leaf-like :  peduncle  becoming- 
deeply  ridged  and  much  enlarged  next  the  fr.  Possibly 
of  East  Asian  origin. 


41U  CUCURBITA 

the  same  diani.  at  top  and  bottom  (Figs.  ti02,  603),  the 
corolla-lobes  large  and  soft,  and  wide-spreading  or  droop- 
ing:  pednnple  at  maturity  soft  and  spongy,  not  ridged 


CUNNINGHAMIA 

.Tapanoso  Trockneck,  Dunkard,  and  Sweet  Potato  Pump- 
kin- I  ^  1  I  ■-)  a.re  C.nwuchata.  The  fruit '.tern  (as 
^li  '  II. ,  r)99,  604)  is  a  distinguishing  charac- 

ti  M  lit.   fruits.    C.Pepo  and  (J.  maxima,  and 

i     ':  I     mnsrhata  do  not  intr-rcross.    ('.  I'iih, 


/ 


'c^t 


"1      "Ti      ^f^    jfft^jj  597.   Cucurbita  Pcpo.  var.  ovifera. 


nor  prominently  enlarged  next  the  fr. :  fr.  very 
but  not  light  yellow  nor  warty  nor  crookneek-shaped, 
usu.illv  late-ripening,  the  flesh  orange  and  not  stringy. 
Prnbahly  American, 
foetidissima,  Kuuth  i  <'./„  r.'inus, 


scarcely  prickly:  Ivs.  large, cordate- 
triangular,  grayish  pubescent,  the 
margin  shallowly  apiculate-cre- 
nate  :  fl.  nearly  as  large  as  in  C. 
Pepo  and  similar  in  sliaj'e.  the  pis- 1 
tUlate  on  a  pccluiii  Ir  _■    ;  m,  h.ni;: 

smooth,  green  :npl  .    I!  i,..!, 

not  edible.  SiuMh,  ;,iM  «:,-..», 
Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Mex. 
and  westward  to  Calif.  R.  H.  185.5: 
61;  1857,  p.54. -In  its  native  haunts, 
the  root  is  tuberous,  4-7  in.  in  diam. 
and  penetrating  the  earth  4-6  ft. 
Roots  at  the  joints.  The  plant  has 
a  fetid  odor.  Sold  by  seedsmen  as 
a  gourd,  but  the  fruit  does  not  often  599^  Sten 

ripen  in  the  northern  states.     Use- 
ful on  arbors  and  small  trees,  when   coarse  vines   are 
wanted 

The  terms  Squash  and  Pumpkin  are  much  confused 
In  Euiopt  the  liigc  %  irieties  ot  (  urciibtta  maxima  are 
known  i^  1  iiiiij  kiiis  1  ut  11  Tins  countr\  the  fruits  of 
this  *;]H    1        lit       I  II         Squashes     In  America, 

the  will  1     1     II  I  1  II      1   1   ^  I        li   ire  used  almost  mdis 
crimm  tt   l\        1  1   i  ill  species  being  known 


C.  r.pn  (var.  nnfi-ni)  and  to  Xa</.  nana  riihjan.-. 

L.  H.  B. 

CUDEANIA  (derivation  unknown),  rriicdcew.  Trees 
or  shrubs,  with  deciduous,  alternate,  stipulate  petioled 
Ivs.:  fls.  dioecious,  in  globulaTli.  i.N  .  (ill.  ctive  fr.  globu- 
lar. About  3  species,  in  8.  uimI  I  \-ii  mmI  Irop.  Austr., 
of  which  only  one  is  sometiiiM  -  miIh  ii.  ,1  It  requires 
protection  in  the  north,  and  1^  ii^iki1I\  pn.p.  by  green- 
wood cuttings  in  summer  under  glass. 

tricuspidata.  Bureau  (MacUira  tricuspiddta,  Carr.). 
shnil>,  w  ith  si.  iider.  spiny  branches:  Ivs.  elliptic-ovate, 
iicununate.  entire,  sometimes  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  nearly 
glabrous,  lJ^-3  in.  long:  fl. -heads  axillary,  on  short  ])e- 
duncles:  fr.  globose,  about  1  in.  across.  China.  R.  H. 
1864,   p.  390.—  Much    resembling   Madura,  and    of   no 


special  decorative  va! 


Alfred  Rehdek. 
CULM.    The  stem  of  a  grass. 
CULVER'S   BOOT.     Veronica    Vi 


CUMIN,  or  CUMMIN,  thi 


curbita  moschata. 


[  Cucurbita  moschata— Large  Cheese  Pumpkin. 

CUNlLA  (origin  unknown).  LahiAtce.  This  genus 
contains  a  low-growing,  tufted,  hardy,  native  perennial 
plant,  rarely  cultivated  in  borders  for  its  profusion  of 
small,  white  or  purplish,  2-lipped  flowers,  which  are 
borne  in  corymbed  cymes  or  clusters.  The  genus  con- 
tains not  more  than  16  species,  2  North  American,  "2 
Mexican,  and  the  rest  Brazilian.  They  are  somewhat 
woody,  and  usually  have  small  Ivs. :  the  whorls  of  flowers 
are  sometimes  loosely  corymbose, 
sometimes  axillary,  few-fld.,  much 
shorter  than  the  Ivs.,  sometimes  many- 
fld.,  in  dense  spikes  or  terminal  heads; 
calyx    10-13-nerved,5-toothed:   perfect 

Mariana.  Linn.  Maryland  Dittany. 
Height  1  ft. :  Ivs.  smooth,  ovate,  ser- 
rate, rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  nearly  sessile,  dotted,  1  in.  long. 
Dry  hills,  southern  N.  Y.  to  S.  Ind., 
sodth  to  Ga.  and  Ark.  J.H.  III.  35: 321. 


CUNNINGHAMIA  (after  J.  Cunningham,  botanical 
collector,  who  discovered  this  Conifer  1702  in  China). 
Coniferm.  Tree,  with  stout  trunk  and  verticillate, 
spreading  branches,  pendulous  at  the  extremities ;  Ivs. 


CUNNINGHAMIA 

linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  densely  spirally  arranged  and 
2-rowed  in  direction:  tts.  monoecious;  staminate  oblong, 
pistillate  globose,  in  small  clusters  at  the  end  of  the 
branches:  cones  roundish-ovate.  1-2  in.  long,  with  round- 


411 


An  exceedingly  mteresting  genus  of  tropical  and 


.    (lOb    ind    60b)  aie  at    least    two    well 

diate    t\pes     One  of  these  (exemplified 

I  has  2  luge  and  4  small  petals    the 

)    has   2   conspicuous  petals   and    the 

1  Utely   aboiti^e      These  two  t>pes  are 

1  ien  plants      The  series  of    intergra 

1  Ic  ti  1  1  \    r        III         m  xUiRh  there 

Iternating 

1  he  plants 
!■  1 1,  d  or  altei 


often  borne  ii 

have  a  vei 

he  slender  ascen 

be   with  its  quee 


n.  The  flowers 
and  some  of  the 
3ld  angle  made  b} 
descending  calyx 
the  base     The  purple 


stamens  add  to  the  interest      Nearly  all   Cupheas  are 


ish-ovate,  serrate  and  pointed,  coriaceous  scales,  each 
with  3  narrow-winged  seeds  at  the  base.  One  species,  in 
China.  A  very  decorative  Conifer  for  warmer  temperate 
regions,  much  resembling  the  Araucaria  Brasiliensis. 
It  prefers  a  halt-shaded  position  and  sandy  and  loamy, 
humid  soil.  Prop,  by  seeds  or  cutting  of  half-hardy 
wood  in  late  summer"  under  glass;  short  sprouts  from 
the  old  wood  of  the  trunk  or  larger  branches  are  the 
best ;  cuttings  from  lateral  branches  grow  into  weak  and 
one-sided  plants. 

Sinensis,  R.  Br.  {C.  lanceolAta,  Lamb.).  Tree,  attain- 
ing 80  ft. :  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  with  broad,  decurrent 
base  sharply  pointed,  finely  serrulate,  light  green  and 
shining  above  and  with  two  broad,  whitish  bands  be 
neath  13^-2K  m  long  cones  1-2  m  high  China,  cult 
inJipan     B  M  2743     S  Z  104  10",      VhkedRehder 


CUPANIA(iftirFi 
of  HortusHthulKus  . 
large   ind   ill  tU  lined 


St  impn 


rhi.  li 


1  ither 
.s  the 
ized  in 


the  West  Indies  from 
red  edible  fruits  that  are  much  iinproi  ed  by  tookmg 
The  flowers  aie  so  fragrant  as  to  desel^e  distilling  The 
tree  reaches  a  height  of  30  ft  and  is  cultivated  m  Ja 
maica  to  a  height  of  only  3,000  ft  ,  but  can  endure  a 
slight  frost     It  IS  also  cult    in  So    Fla      C    sapida  is 


now  referred  to  Blighia  by 
stamens  and  scale  longer  th 
oldi-     i  rip.d  LrowinL   trr. 
mtr...lii       1  11,1     --    1    a  1    \<\ 

reason  of  it 
n  the  petals 
with  edible 
1  1  mceschi 

s  long  exserted 

C   anacaidi 

fruit,  has  been 

sapid  i 
lets       1   1 

Pltchei    .V   M  m 
"with  handsom 

1 

dl      IS     1 

e  leaves 

'I't 

/ '  Kon  )   Akee  Tree  Leaf 
1  ii.    ^elned     fls  whitish 
w  IS    once    advertised    by 
araental    warmhouse   plant 
racemes  of  white  flowers 

CtPHEA (fi 

eek    cii 

th.  l.i 

'"' 

i,f,nm_  t. 

the  prominent 
1     LutluAcea- 

grown  from  seed  and  treated  as  tender  annuals,  but  C. 
ignea  is  chiefly  prop,  by  cuttings.  They  are  of  easy  cul- 
ture, and  the  whole  series  is  worth  growing.  In  addition 
to  the  species  described  below,  C.  Hookeriina,  Walp., 
is  cult,  as  C.  Razlii,  Carr.  It  has  lanceolate  Ivs.,  with 
vermilion  and  orange  calyx.    R.H.  1877:470. 

ery  minute  and  inconspicuous, 
microp§tala,  HBK.  ( C.lminens, 
Planch.  &  Linden).    Stem  shrub- 
hr,  more  or   less    branched  :  1-2 
ft.  high ;  br.anches  and  calyx  sca- 
brous :      Ivs.    oblong  -  lanceolate, 
at  both    ends,  but  without  a  dis- 
petiole,  rigid,  scabrous:  fls.   borne 
singly    in    suoc-ession  at   a   point  above 
the  axils,  which  distinguishes  this  spe- 
cies   from    all    others    here    described  ; 
petals  C,  minute,  borne  between  the  calyx 
teeth,  and  shorter  than  them  ;  caljTf  12- 


toothed,  scarlet  at  tlie  basp,  yellow  towards  the  top, 
greenish  at  the  mouth;  stamens  and  filaments  red: 
ovary  2-oelled,    many-seeded.    Mex.     HBK.  Not.  Gen. 


,  |.i,;..  ..  .•iM  •    h 

ke  that 

1-  .,!,.-  ,.u  il...  ui 

.per  lip 

included.     Mex, 

.     B.R. 

S.    4:412.    R.B. 

22:85; 

miniata  and  V. 

p.  209,  t.  551.  R.H.  1857,  p.  151.  F.S.  10:994 
(1854). -The  picture  first  cited  shows  a  1  sidtd  raceme, 
the  second  a  panicle  and  tht  third  a  common  raceme 
In  this  species  the  cahxtubt  is  the  attrutivL  portion 
while  the  petals  are  inconspicuous  1  he  tube  is  not  2 
lipped,  but  almost  regular 

AA.  Petals  C,  all  conspicuous  but  2  of  IJi  «i  muih 
larger  than  the  rest 

procumbens,  Cav.  Annual  herbaceous  1  in  high 
procumbent,  sticky-pubescent  with  characteristic  pur 
plish  hairs:  Ivs.  ovate  lanceolate  with  white  hairs   1 J^- 


AAA.    Petals  6,  all  of  the  same  size. 

hyssopiloUa,  HBK.   Pig.  COG.   Stem  shrubby;  branches 

numerous,  strieose:  Ivs.  lanceolate,  rather  acute,  obtuse 

glabrous   above,  strisr.s.-pilosf  aloiit;   the 

idrib  and  veins,  as  may  be  kooii  witli  a  haml  1.  ns:  Hs. 

with  their  slender  pedicels  scarc-lv  Imul^.  rilian  tin-  Ivs.: 

ments  villous  :  ovary  5-6- 
seeded.  Mex.  —  C.  hyssopi- 
phxjlla,  Hort.,  Pitcher  & 
Manda,  is  presumably  a  typo- 
graphical error.  This  is  the 
least  attractive  of  the  species 
here  described,  and  is  no 
longer  advertised,  but  it  still 
lingers  in  a  few  conservato- 
It  is  easily  told  from  its 
showier  relatives  by  its  much 
smaller  Ivs.  (less  than  K  in. 
long)  and  much  branched  and 
very  woody  appearance. 

AAAA.    Petals  normally  2, 
the  other  4  abortive. 
B.    Size  of  petals  very  small. 
cyJtnea,  Moc.  &  Sesse.    (C. 
striguUsa,  Hort.,  not  HBK.). 
Stem       herbaceous,       erect  : 
branchlets  hispid:  Ivs.  oppo- 
site,   stalked,  ovate,   cordate, 
acuminate,    villous    on    both 
peduncles  alternate,  racemose  :    calyx  slightly 
scarlet  at  the  base   j  ellow  at  the  top :  petals  2, 
patulatL    anthers  and  pt  t  ils  violet-blue.    Mex. 
■.     ittijiltn    I    Lindl.     F.S.  1:15  & 
I  julovi  I  ut  n(  ither  of  these  plates 
IHR     whRli  IS  a  different  species, 
lirauches  and  calyx  clammy-his- 
icute  at  both  ends,  clammy,  glsk- 
scabrous    below :  petals   nearly 
\uled 


Hubbard  Squash. 


BR    12  14  (1846) 
P  M    11    '41  IS  li 

IS   til        '  ' 


'^    ',./  ^^'pTr^ ,  .^^^^ 


CUPHEA 

BB.    Size  of  petals  larger. 
c.    Calyx  6-toothed. 

L14vea,  Lindl.    Red,  White-and-Blue  Flower.    Pig. 
COT.     Stems    numerous     herbaceou       hispid     branches 
ascending    Ivs    ahnost   se  sile   e  pecially  near  the  top 
ovate-lanceolate   stngose    racemes   short   few  fld      ca- 
lyx green  on  the  ventral  side  purple  on  the  back  and  at 
the    oblique  6  toothed  mouth      petals  2    large    scarlet, 
obovate,  the  other  i  abortive    stamens  11      Guatemala 
B.B.  16:138b      J  H    III   31  JOa  —It  isdoubtful  whether 
the  plant  described  bv  Lmdley  is  the  same  as  the  Mex 
ican  plant  originalh  described  bj    Lexarsa   which  was 
said  to  have  petaK  of    dilute  scarlet      Lind 
ley's  plant  had  a  green  calyx   but  the  plant 
in  the  trade  is  colored      I    ed  for  baskets 
and  bedding     Often  mis  pelled  Llai<e 
CL       Cahfx  12  toothid 

miniata  Brongn  ^tem  <^hrubb^  eiect 
branches  few  hi  pid  Iv  opposite  tin  up 
per  ones  not  quite  oppo  ite  with  i  \tiy 
short  petiole  ovate  icute  entirt  \Mth 
white,  silky  hair  «lii  h  ii  i  ii  i  1  tiieath 
fls.  solitarj    sul  I  ill  tht  pedun 

cle   adnate  to  tl  li  xway  as 

to  appear  betw  1      petaoles 

raceme  few  fld  i  ill--  i )  P  M 
14:101.    R  H    1S4  ii   \       .  ho  -\  ar 

comp&cta,  Hort  b  H  i  43  (  t  41  p  bJ7 
This  is  referred  to  t    Llaiea   Lex    b-s  Index  //  11 

Kewensls      The   ibove  de  ciifti  n  i     from  '  '    ' 

the  original  one  m  B  ^  '  i  f  \  in  Houttt 
describes  severil  Intiil  \  iii  tits  in  F  ►? 
5,  p.  487,  whiih  lirt  i  1  i  th  in  ize  color 
and  marking  of  I  T  I  <  1\\  ]  in  long  his 
pid,  green  at  the  1  1  nil      ibove    12  toothed  at  the 

tip:  petals  2    scarlet   w  ivv     The    peciflc  name  J«u»«/« 
means  cinnabar  red   and  refers  to  the  petals 
AAAAA     Petali  nnni 

Ignea,  DC  (C  pluti/  entia  Hort  mt  B  nth  )  Fig 
608.  Branches  mewhit  ingled  h  petiokd  t^ite 
lanceolate  icummite  nin  wtd  it  the  I  t  e  li.,lith 
scabrous:  flower  stilk  2-4  tirais  Unger  th  tu  thi  h  d 
stalks:  cahx  glibrou  hirtlv  I  toothed  bright  red  ex 
cept  at  the  tip  which  his  a  dirk  ring  and  a  white  mouth 


CUPRESSUS 


413 


linear-subulate  anc'  spreading:  fls.  monoecious,  minute, 
solitarj'  on  short  branchlets;  staminate  ovate  or  oblong, 
yellow;  pistillate  subglobose:  cones  globular  or  nearly 
so  consisting  of  3-7  pairs  of  ligneous  peltate  scales 
with  a  mucro  or  boss  on  the  flattened  ape\  each  bearing 


v:  ^^ 


niny   or    numerous    seeds     but 

che  lower   scales   usually  sterile 

and   smaller      they   ripen    the    second    year       About 

10  species  in  C     \mer    north  to  Calif  and  Ariz      and 

from  "^   Fii   to  Ss   E    \  ii      Bv  some  bf  tanists  the  allied 

(  li     tl  p     I    ,       1        1  In  1    1      HilIiK    ornamental 

I         '  ms  to  be 

of  frost 


Urm  regard  to  soil  and     n  I 

sandy  loamy  soil      For  pr  i  II 

young  plants  should  be  rtii  il 

nursprv  to  secure  a  firm  ru  I  i  I  il  i  i  il  « lU 
n  tleir  trin  pHnting  well  Mju  ^,r  I  }  M  T  M  i  teis 
in  Touin   cf  Lnm    hoc  31  312-3ol  (189o) 

Corneyana  7    fas 

veniana   4      Otuadalupensis 

111  6    Lambertiana  2    Lau 

Lindleiji   6      Lusitanica 

ipa    2     majestica  7     sem 


perviren 


..c* 


606.   Cuphea  hyssopifolia 

petals  none:  stamens  11  or  12.  glabrous. 
2:180  (1846).  P.M.  13:267  (1846). -This  is  sold  only 
as  C.  platyeentra,  although  De  Candolle  corrected  the 
error  in  1849  (F.S.  5:500  C.).  This  is  a  remarkable  in- 
stance of  the  persistence  of  erroneous  trade  names. 

W.  M. 
CUPULE.   The  husk  or  cup  of  an  acorn.    The  oak  be- 
longs to  the  Cupuliferae. 

CnPBfSSnS  (ancient  Latin  name  from  Greek,  S"!!- 
parissos).  Cypress.  Trees,  rarely  shrubs,  with  aro- 
matic evergreen  foliage  :  branchlets  quadrangular  or 
nearly  so:  Ivs.  opposite,  small,  scale-like,  appressed,  mi- 
nutely  denticulate-ciliate,   on    young    seedling    plants 


A    Bianilu     iiilU  iH  hi  tserect  orspieading 
lets  shoit  and  usually  gather  stout 
B     Cones  1-1^4  in  acioss  uith  8-14  scales 
1    sempfrvirens,  Linn     Tree  to  80  ft    with  erect  or 
horizontil  branches  nnd  dark  green  foliige     Ivs   closely 
ay  pressed      ovate      tl  tuse 
gUmlular     cones  tbltng  rr 
netrlv  globose     scales  8-14 
with     i   short   boss    on   the 
1  a  k    s   Eu    W  Asia    Var 


cal   C\Ii 

and    R  i 

planted  m  s,    |  \        iior 

lEontaiis,  tTuid   (t    /       ^   n 

tahs,       Mill  )  Brinches 

horizontally    spreading 

forming  a  broad,  pyramidal 

2.    macroc&rpa,       Hartw 
Monterey  Cypress.     Tree, 


Cuphea  ignea  (X  %), 


414 


CUPRESSUS 


to  40  ft.,  occasionally  to  70  ft.,  with  horizontal  branches, 
forming  a  broad,  spreading  head:  branchlets stout :  Ivs. 
rhombic  ovate, obtuse,  closely  appressed,  not  or  obsciirely 
glandular,  dark  or  bright  green:  cones  globular  or  ob- 
long;  scales  8-12,  with  a  short,  obtuse  boss  on  the  back. 


10:  n2 


Gn.  53,  p.  219.     G.F.  7:245.    V: 
spreading,  light  glaucous.   Ajm 
ita,   Knight.     Of  narrow,  1)M:i 
Var.  Guadalup6nsis,  Mast,  i  ' 
Branches  spreading:   Ivs.  \  i  i 
"       ^   "ipelsl.   (i.e.  Ill 


Mast. 


(C.  Lh. 


ing 


branche 


lutea,    Hor 


i-o.n.'j,  ic(77i  6-3  scales. 
Pig.  609.  Shrub  with  sev- 
".o  20  ft.,  forming  a  dense, 
pyramidal  head  :  Ivs. 
ovate,  obtuse,  thickened 
at  the  apex,  glandular, 
dark  green  or  glaucous: 
cones  oblong,  %-l  in. 
high  :  scales  usually  6, 
with  prominent  conical 
and  curved  bosses  on 
the  back.  Calif.  S.  S. 
10:528.  R.H.  1870,  p.  155. 
G.C.  III.  9:403. 

4.  Goveni&na,  Gord. 
Tree,  to  50  ft.,  with  slen- 
der, erect  or  spreading 
branches,  forming  a 
road,  open  or  pyramidal 


abundant  stiiminate  tls. 
in  spring  :  cones  sub- 
globose  or  oblong;  scales 
G-8,  with  short,  blunt 
bosses.  Calif.  S.  S. 
10:.527.  Var.  comp&cta, 
Andr^.  Of  compact,  pyr- 
amidal habit.  K.H.  189G, 
p.  9.  Var.  glaikca,  Carr., 
with  glaucous,  and  var. 
viridis,  Carr., with  bright 
green  foliage. 

5.  Ariz6nica,  Greene. 
Tree,to  40,rarely  to  70  ft. , 
with  horizontal  branches,  forming  a  narrow,  pyramidal 
or  broad,  open  head  :  branchlets  stout :  Ivs.  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, thickened  at  the  apex,  inconspicuously  glandular, 
very  glaucous :  cones  subglobose,  %-l  in.  across;  scales 
6-8,  with  stout,  pointed,  of%en  curved  bosses,  Ariz., 
Calif.    S.S.  10:526.    6.0.111.18:03. 

6.  B^nthami,  Endl.  Tree,  to  70  ft.,  with  horizontal 
branches,  foniiiiii,'  :i  livraiiii.lal  limil :  Iimi.IiI.--  -len- 
der:   Ivs.  I.valr-.,1,IM.,.    Ml-    :,, ■,,!<..     k,  .  i,  ,■  '    .       ]r.it 

thickened  at  iIm- .■i|H\.  in. Mii-piru. Hi  ~      ^  ■!      .n-lit 

green:   cm.  -  ;,l-l.iilai-.  '  ,-   ,  in.  a.r.i--  .    ^.   ,  .  -  ..   -,  >MtU 

shr.rt   ,.,,:■•.,.    !,„,.,.     .Mt-x.    Var.   Lindleyi,  -MaM.    ,  C. 

I.ir'  !  111.    Branchlets  regularly  arranged,  of 

II.   I  -III  :    cones  small,  with  small-pointed 

Ihi-  I         I  ,: .  Kiiightiina,  Mast.    Branchlets  very  regu- 

larh  air:aiL;i.l,  Irinlike,  drooping,  glaucous:  cones  with 

stoiit,  conical-pointed  bosses.   G.C.  III.  16:669. 

AA.    Branchlets  slender,  more  or  less  pendulous :   Irs. 

usually  acute  and  keeled,  not  thickened  at  the 

apex:     cones    about    %in.   or    less    across    (see 

also  C.  Bentlmmi). 

7.  toruldsa,  Don.  Tall,  pyramidal  tree,  to  150  ft.,  with 
short,  horizontal  branches,  ascending  at  the  extremities: 
branchlets  slender.  (I-'m.'.it'l'-  b-^  rl^'-T^ii'i''  *>v:itp.  acute, 
appressed  or  slisrhti  .  -  -  •  i  ■'  '  >  ■  ■■  Uriirlit  or 
bluish  green:  com-  i  iK..iit  ';in. 
across;  scales8-lii.  II,  li  Corneyana, 
Mast.  (C  CocHei/ir/i-,    Knijii         W  n  h  ili -tim  tly  pendu- 


CURCU-MA 

Ions  branches  :  cones  oblong,  larger.  \:u\  maj^stica, 
Gord.  (0.  ma jMica,  Knight).  Of  iii..r.- viL;.ii.iii.- ^'n.wth, 
with  drooping  branchlets,  greyish  -n  ,  n. 

8.  Lusit&nica,  Mill.  Tree,  to  :."  ft.,  with  spreading 
branches  and  more  or  less  peuduloii.-  I.r-am-lilets:  Ivs. 
ovate,  acute,  glaucous:  cones  pedicelled,  about  Kin. 
across,  covered  with  glaucous  bloom  ;  scales  6-8,  with 
conical  pointed  bosses.  Habitat  unknown;  much  cult, 
in  southwestern  Eu.     G.C.  III.  10:761. -With   several 

'.I.  funebris,  Endl.  Tree,  to60ft.,  with  wide-spreadmg, 
peiidiilous  liranches  and  branchlets,  branchlets  slightly 
tlatteiieil  :  Ivs.  deltoid-ovate,  acute,  light  green,  often 
slightly  spreading  at  the  apex:  cones  short,  peduncled, 
globose,  about  %  in.  across  ;  scales  8,  with  a  short 
mucro.  China.  P.P.G.  I.  p.  47,  fig.  31.  G.C.  1850:439. 
P.S.  6,  p.  91. 


t^i: 


Ida, 


Staiint      I      ,    ,,     ,   .       ,      V  ![,,,      ( '.  Lusitanioa.- 

thurn.  ,  ,  Hl.l,  I  ,,,  ,,,'.,  ■  iii,,hes:  Ivs.  oblong- 
I.an'-.,,,l.,i,,    ,11,1,-11  ~], I,,  I, nil-     ,,,.,,>    appressed:    cones 

C.  (/luri/'fra,  .\utli.=l.'.  Bi-iithanu.  ALFRED  Bbhder. 

COBCULlGO  (Latin,  curcalio,  weevil ;  referring  to 
the  beak  of  the  ovary).  AmaryllidAcea.  This  genus 
contains  an  uncommon  foliage  plant  with  the  habit  of  a 
young  palm  and  a  curious  floral  structure.  The  genus 
is  closely  related  to  Hypoxis,  but  differs  in  its  succulent 
indehisceiit  fruit,  and  "because  in  many  species  the  ovary 
has  a  I.  h-  I,  111:  a,  liii'h  looks  like  a  perianth  tube,  but 
tlii-  !,,  '  ,''::■  -,,liil,  and  bears  upon  its  summit  the 
st\l,.  I         :,;,,  center  of  the  perianth.    The  follow- 

in:.-   -:  11   south  and  north,  being  used  by 

liuri-'-  .    jardinieres,  and  general  decorative 

work.  I  ,,utdoorsin  summer.    It  is  of  easy 

cultni,  ,.  .  -  perfect  drainage,  and  is  prop,  by 

Tile  <  iiritil  i_,,,-  are  exceedingly  ornamental  plants  for 
large  greenhouses,  where  a  high  temperature  is  main- 
tained. To  have  them  looking  their  best  they  should,  if 
possible,  be  planted  out  in  a  bed,  where  they  will  attain 
a  height  of  5  feet.  Their  gracefully  arching  leaves  are 
so  constructed  that  they  move  continually  from  side  to 
side  with  the  slightest  movement  of  the  air.  The  va- 
riety variegata  is  one  of  the  best  variegated-leaved 
plants.  While  not  so  robust  as  the  green  form,  it  is 
more  adapted  to  pot-culture.  The  soil  should  be  two 
parts  loam  and  another  of  rotted  cow-manure  and  sand. 
Drainage  must  be  carefully  arranged,  as  the  plants  need 
an  abundance  of  water.  The  green-leaved  kind  stands 
the  summers  well  in  the  neighborhood  of  Washington, 
if  protected  from  the  sun  and  afforded  an  abundant  sup- 
ply of  water. 

Propagation  is  by  division.  The  pieces,  before  pot- 
ting, will  make  new  roots  rapidly  if  placed  in  the  sand 
bed  of  a  warm  propagating  house  for  a  few  days. 

reourvita,  Dryand.  Height  2%  ft.  or  more  :  root 
tuberous:  Ivs.  from  the  root,  1-3  ft.  long,  2-0  in.  wide, 
with  a  channelled  stalk  one-third  or  one-fourth  the 
length,  the  blade  lanceolate,  recurved,  plated  :  scapes 
about  as  long  as  the  leaf-stalks,  covered  with  long,  soft 
brown  hairs,  recurved  at  the  end,  bearing  a  head  of 
drooping  yellow  fls.,  each  %  in.  across  :  bracts  one  to 
each  fl.,  and  about  as  long.  Trop.  Asia,  Australia.  B.R. 
9:770.  Var.  striata,  Hort.,  has  a  central  band  of  white. 
Var.  variegita,  Hort.,  has  longitudinal  bars  of  white. 
(t.  W.  Oliver  and  W.  M. 

CUECUMA  (Arabic  n  mi,  .  .v  ,'  ,  ,„  ;«,5cf(f .  A  much 
neglected  group  of  ciin  !  I,  i  warmhouse  her- 
baceous plants  with  gni  1  -,  ,i  |,,.sed  of  large  con- 
cave or  hooded  bract-.  ,1     ,   ii   I  lie  llowers  scarcely 

protrude  their  gaping  lu.a.ili-.  ILe.^^,  tieshy  bracts  are 
perhaps  the  showiest  feature  of  the  plant,  the  topmost 
ones  being  colored  with  gorgeous  tropical  hues.  One 
species  was  once  advertised  by  John  Saul,  but  all  the 
others  mentioned  below  are  equally  interesting.     These 


CURCUMA 

curious  subjects  are  almost  unknown  in  American  con- 
servatories, but  with  the  spread  of  private  greenhouses 
in  America  they  will  surelv  be  grown,  at  least  in  some 
of  the  finer  fanciers'  collections.    The  following  cultural 


CURRANT 


415 


standing  high  above  the  Ivs.,  and  all  the  bracts  have  fls..  while 
the  others  have  a  sterile  portiun  of  tht-  spike  which  is  brightly 
colored.      In  this  specie'^  Tt  (^  ^v^^'<■   i-    -linrt  and   green  and 

the  fls.  are  prominent  aii.lui    i.     '  .  - i:  M  .i909.-C.jlu«(ra- 

Msicn.Hook.  f.,  hasitsiipii.  ■     •    .^  pink  and  the  fls. 

pale  yellow.   .Australia     r.  -     ,     -. ajia.  Wall.,  has 

a  long  jiii.l  ^pli-uiliil  sj.il,.  I  I     ,  I ll.v  changing  from 


.M 


CUELED  LEAVES 


i-tT  bracts  white, 
.Mted  Ivs.,  which. 
.-How  of  the  flow- 
iilor.    Himalayas. 


f  the  peach  is  a  fungims  disc 
CURMfiKIA.    All  referred  t 


•  nomaln 


said  that 

not  in  flower.  In  spring  the  tubers  should  be  deprived 
of  last  year's  mold  and  repotted  in  a  fresh  mixture  of 
light  loam,  leaf -mold  and  turfy  peat,  the  pots  being  well 
drained,  ,ind  placed  in  a  warm  pit  or  frame  in  bottom 
liiar.  Water  should  be  given  sparingly  until  after  the 
l>hiTit  lias  made  .some  growth.  The  young  roots  are  soft 
;iii'l  siirciilent,  and  are  likely  to  rot  if  the  soil  remains 
wtt  tor  a  longtime.  After  flowering,  the  leaves  soon  show 
signs  of  decay,  and  water  should  be  gradually  with 
drawn.  During  the  resting  period  the  soil  should  not 
i)e  allowed  to  get  dust-dry,  or  the  tubers  are  likeh  to 
shiiv.l.  Til,-  ]. hints  are  propagated  by  dividing  the 
tnii.  r-  iM  -;.ii'i-.  The  flowers  of  Curcuma  are  large  and 
;:  !    il.ove,  and  with  a  3-toothed   lower  lip 

|]i  -I  en  2  teeth,  which  are  the  tips  of  the 

riii'iM  1-        I  li' .  uiiias    are    essen- 
tiaily     ti-o[iiral    iiiauts,    and    the 

maintain  sufficient  heat  while  al- 
lowing them  enough  air. 
cordata.  Wall.    Lvs.  1  ft.  long, 

nate.  the  same  color  on  both  sides.       , 
obliquely  penninerved  :  bracts  ii  f'^ 
a    cylindical    spike,    the    uppi  r  ^ 
part    forming    a    sterile    portion 
called    a  coma,  which    is   a  rich 
violet,  with  a  large  blood-colored 
spot  :     fls.    yellow,   with    a   pink 
hood.    Burma.    B.  M.  44.'!5.  — This 
is    now  referred  to  C.  peliolata, 
Roxb.,  but  B.  M.  5821   seems   at 
least  horticulturally  distinct,  with 
its  rose-pink  bracts. 

C.  allnflbra.  Thwaites,  differs  from 
the  others  here  described  in  having  its 
spikes  sank  below  the  lvs., instead  of 


CURRANT.  Four  species  of  Currant  are  known  to 
American  gardeners  as  fruit-bearing  plants.  Hibes 
ritbrum  (Fig.  610)  includes  all  the  red  and  white  varie- 
ties. This  species  is  found  wild  both  in  Europe  and 
North  America.  Biles  iiiyrum  (Fig.  611),  the  European 
black  Currant,  nltlion-h  wrll  known  in  .\in.  ri.-a.  has 
never  become  iriiHt-iilly  pnpnlrti-,  alrlion-h  it  i^  much 
prized  by  the  fi.r.  i-n  |M,|,iihii /.•.'--,    .  I  „-.  , ..  ,);i««i 

(Fig.  612),  luoiv  ^o,.„no,ll^    k,„.vn  a~   /,'-'.>   •  ,o-,./„,„,  i.s 

the  wild  blackCurraut  uf  Auirnr:,,  It  i-  \ .  rv  -.imilar  in 
character  to  the  European  bhirl,  Cunaiii,  an.!  is  now 
and  then  transferred  to  gardens.  J,'''n.s  ,'Hr,init  (Fig. 
613),  oftener  grown  for  ornanieiii.  lia-  al-o  1,,,  n  planted 

for  fruit,  having   la-en   sold    fi- nm.    I"    II under 

various  \  an^'lal  nam.  -.  III!'  1II--I  r.  .  '  la  l.,ai  ^  i]m-  Cran- 
dall.    -.    //  i      -  -      -...-only 

th.-  lir-    ,     ■        .        .  .  .  ,    It  isa 

natn'.'  ..'.    .•   -    ,   ■   .    Mal>   -,   a I~   pr..|!1; aill  iirc   is  COn- 

stati-s  aial. .  \r,  |.i  uii<li-r  irrigation  or  in  specially  favor- 
alil«'  location-,  iiiak.  s  Iiut  a  partial  success  in  the  drier 


Both  c-vpuricucu  and  the  natural  habitat  of  the  plant 
indicate  that  a  cool,  moist  soil  is  best  adapted  to  its 
growth.  Strong,  moist  loams,  with  a  considerable  ad- 
mixture of  clay,  are  preferable.  Even  a  stiff  clay,  well 
drained  and  in  good  tilth,  will  give  good  results.  In 
small  supply  for  the  home  gtirlm.  it  iiia>  Ii.-  -rown  in 
almost  any  soil.  A  cool  laiitlM  in  .  \|H,^nrc  oi-  yiartial 
shade  is  always  desiraliha  an. I  tli.  ncr..  niilax  ..ruble  the 
soil,  or  the  more  nearly  .l..i->  tin-  !..iaTi..n  ai.j.n.ach  the 
southern  range  of  adaptation,  the  more  important  does 
this  become.  For  this  reason  western  growers  often  find 
the  best  results  to  come  from  planting  in  orchards,  and 


416 


CURRANT 


the  home  gro%ver  may  attain  the  same  end  by  utilizing 
the  north  side  of  buildings  or  fences.  Elevation  may 
aid  in  offsetting  the  unfavorable  influence  of  lower  lati- 
tude. It  is  an  extremely  hardy  fruit  so  far  as  cold  is 
concerned,  but  cannot  endure  continuous  high  tempera- 


bundance  of 
)Ut  responds 
e,  applied  in 
mented  with 
:  the  quality 


plant-fo.M,  ^1.  V  '    I  -    —    '     ' 

the  fall.   l-<.-Nr.   h,    I,.,  :,,,,,    11,,-    I,,,,'.,    h, 

applications  ui  poiasli,  wiiu-h  will 
of  the  fruit. 

Propagation  is  best  effected  by  means  of  long  hard- 
wood cuttings  ( Fig.  614 1 ,  taken  either  in  fall  or  spring. 
In  nursery  practice  they  are  commonly  taken  about  Sep- 
tember 1,  as  soon  as  the  leaves  fall.  The  leaves  are 
sometimes  stripped  from  the  plants  a  week  or  so  before 
taking  the  cuttings,  if  they  have  not  already  fallen.  The 
cuttings  may  be  planted'  at  once,  or  tied  in  bundles 
and  buried  upside  down,  with  2  or  3  inches  of  soil 
o\er  the  butts  This  is  thought  to  favoi  the  production 
of  the  callus  and  to  aid  the  formation  of  roots.  At  the 
approach  of  cold  weathei  tin  \  nj  i\  bt  taken  up  and 
planted  in  nurserj  row  s        1  t   x  ith  a  mulch  of 

soil  or  other  material  dni  I  il  )s  mulch  being 

raked  awav  to  expose  t!  l  i  ing.    Planting 

may  be  delajed  until  ^i  lis  being  taken 

up  and  stored  in  sand  oi  11         u    il  1   i    orbeingmore 

deepH  covered  and  allowed  to  riiuiiu  -nhere  they  are. 
The  commoner  practice  is  to  plant  the  cuttings  in  nur- 
serv  rows  soon  after  thev  are  taken  They  are  said  to 
root  more  quickh  if  ini  ked  m  damp  moss  a  week  or  two 
befort  pi  iiitiii^'  Mill  inn.,  .  t  s  nie  sort  is  essential  dur- 
ing till  wiiit  I  1  I  I  I  h  1  thing  surpasses  the  soil 
itself  t  t  tl  1    i  111]  It  111  l\  not  in  the  drier  climate 

of  the  Plan--      It  tl        iittiii.,-^  are  kept  until  spring, 


planting 
low  temt 


the  climate  and  the  lighter  the  soil  the  longer  should 
the  cutting  be.  In  planting,  only  1  or  2  buds  are 
left  above  the  surface,  and  the  soil  should  be  pressed 


:  must  be  done  vt 
low  temperature.  This  ii 
able  in  nursery  practice. 
6  to  10  inches,  according 


613.  Buffalo  Currant 


firmly  about  the  base.  Rich,  moist  soil  should  be  se- 
lected. A  former  practice  was  to  cut  out  all  lower  buds 
in  order  to  insure  a  tree  form  of  growth.  This  is 
seldom  practiced  now,  and  never  for  commercial  plant- 
ing. Single-eye  cuttings  under  glass,  greenwood  cut- 
tings and  layers  may  be  employed,  but  have  little  to 
rpi-iiniiiiitid  Thrm.  Seeds  may  be  used  as  a  source  of 
Tu-w  \  iiri.ti,  s.  ami  are  best  sown  or  stratified  as  soon  as 

l',>r  111-  liiiiil  I'lanting  cither  1-  or  2-year-old  plants 
mav  II.  11-., I.  -.1  at  distances  varying  to  suit  the  con- 
veniiii f  till-  cultivator.  Four  by  6  feet  is  a  con- 
venient c.iiiliiiKitiiin,  allowing  cross  cultivation  at  inter- 
vals. The  land  should  be  in  fine,  mellow  tilth  as  deep 
as  plowed,  and  if  the  underlying  layers  are  hard  and 
impervious,  it  should  be  subsoiled.  Setting  is  most  con- 
veniently done  by  marking  the  land  in  each  direction, 
plowing  furrows  one  way  and  planting  at  intersections. 
The  soil  should  be  closelv  firmed  about  the  roots,  with  a 
loose  layer  Ifft  at  tlip  siii^farc  to  act  as  a  mulch.  Where 
fall  planting-  -n,,-.  .  .N  it  j-  desirable,  since  the  Currant 
starts  so  cai  l\  ini..  l'i-..h  ill  ill  the  spring.  In  many  parts 
of  the  count  r>  Tail  pi  am  mi;  is  too  uncertain,  while  spring 
planting,  if  ..l..ii.-  .ally  riiuugh,  is  always  safe. 

Subsequent  tillage  should  be  frequent  but  shallow,  as 
the  roots  run  near  the  surface  and  are  easily  injured  by 
deep  cultivation.  Good  results  are  obtained  by  mulch- 
ing, which  is  sometimes  more  convenient  in  garden  cul- 
ture. Refuse  material  of  any  sort  may  be  used  ;  even 
coal  ashes,  especially  on  heavy  soil,  give  good  results. 
Mulching  is  seldom,  if  ever,  desirable  in  commercial 
work. 

Pruning  is  simple,  but  important.  Fruit  is  borne  on 
both  old  and  young  wood,  but  the  best  of  it  is  near  the 
base  of  1-ye'ar-old  shoots  and  on  short  1-year-old 
spurs.  The  younger  the  wood  the  finer  the  fruit,  but  a 
fair  supply  of  old  wood  must  be  left  to  insure  produc- 
tiveness. From  4  to  8  main  stems*are  desirable,  and 
these  should  be  frequently  renewed.  No  wood  over  three 
years  old  should  be  allowed  to  remain.  Superfluous 
young  shoots  should  be  cut  away,  though  the  buds  at 
their  base  may  be  left  to  develop  fruit -bearing  spurs. 
Shortening-in  vigorous,  straggling  shoots  maybe  called 
for,  especially  with  young  plants,  but  the  most  important 
thing  is  a  judicious  thinning  out  of  the  old  wood,  and 


plants,  more  subject  ti.  ilau 
with  no  opportunity  f"r  r.  i 
ning  the  fruit  by  t-iipi  iiiL'  ■ 
ters  have  shown  an  inrn:r 
The  fruit  should  be  pick^ 
care  to  prevent  crushing 
from  the  stems.  If  proper 
well,  but  if  carelessly  pieki 


1  the  Currant  borer, 

speriments  in  thin- 
er  end  of  the  clus- 

and  in  yield. 

Ii\ ,  taking  especial 
s  Ml-  t.-aring  them 
ir  vi;in,l.s  shipment 
qui.kly  spoil.    For 


lart  baskets,  shippeil  in  crates,  like  any  other  ber- 
though  the  9-pound  grape  basket  is  now  largely 
"     '  '      '  package,  both  for  the  ship- 


by  the  advantage  of  youi 
soil.  Yields  vary  greatly. 
not  average  50  bushels  per 
as  high  as  250  bushels.  Wi 
yield  from  100  to  15i)  Imsh. 
amount  will  be  obtain.  ,1  ,,i 
ful  attention  to  detaiU.  In 
per  bush  may  be  exp'  .  n  ii ,  t 
scarcely  vi.-l'.l  as  m. 


g,  vigorous  plants  in  fresh 
Many  growers  doubtless  do 
lere,  while  others  may  secure 
th  good  care  Currants  should 
K  IHi-  acre,  though  even  this 
ly  li>  i;m.m1  culture  and  care- 
uai.i.  n  culture  2  to  4  pounds 
I  n-li  many  neglected  plants 
I  nilcr  favorable  condi- 
iiitable  crop,  though, 
M  .-  subject  to  fluctua- 


inds 


Fay 


1  varnti.  ^  .u  -  i,."r.i  (.roiitable.  Some  of  the 
s.)rts  an-  sHccter,  but  find  little  demand 
irkct.  Victoria  is  one  of  the  most  popular 
ind  varictiis.  Cherry  and  Versailles  are 
biy  more  largely  grown  than  any  others. 
>  capricious,  succeeding  remarkably  well  in 
locations,  but  proving  unsatisfactory  in 
others  ;  its  habit  of  growth  is  straggling  and 
undesirable.  Red  Dutch,  though  small,  is  still 
highly  prized  on  the  Plains  ;  Prince  Albert,  a 
very  productive  late  variety,  is  popular  with 
canners  and  for  jelly.  Among  newer  varieties 
the  Wilder  is  promising.  White  Grape  and  the 
newer  White  Imperial  are  popular  white  vari- 
eties. Black  Currants  are  little  grown  in  the 
United  States  but  are  popular  in  Canada.  Black 
Naples  (Fig.  611)  is  the  most  popular  kind. 

The  best-known  insect  enemy  is  the  imported 
Currant  worm  {Pteronus  RilesU),  which  never 
fails  t.)  strip  the  leaves  from  neglected  bushes 
throufxliout  the  eastern  United  States,  though  as 
yet  unknown  on  the  Plains.  It  begins  feeding 
on   the  clusters  of  leaves  close  to  the  ground, 


and  if  taken  in  time  may  be  poisoned  with  arsenites, 
though  powdered  hellebore,  at  the  rate  of  a  teaspoon- 
ful  to  a  gallon  of  water,  is  the  common  remedy,  and 
the  one  which  should  be  used  after  the  fruit  sets  and 


616.    Tree-form  training  of  Currant. 


J.^^' 


^*^ 


m 


the  insects  have  scatt.i.  :       .r  i 
ported  and  native  Curr      :    '     ' 
Theycanonlybeconfrnll    I  : 
infested  canes  early  in  -: 
emerge.    The  Currant   il,      ;, 
times  causes  si-ri'niv  iniiM\   n>  iIk 
eggjust  beneatli  tin-  -kin,  wii.rc  tin 
causes  the  fruit  m  mm  r.  ,1   ;,n.l  i 
practicable    reim.ly   lias    y.  t    1,,  ,  i 
fungous  diseases,  tliere  are  sc\ cr;! 
leaves,  causing  them  to  fall  i>rcn 
yield  to  thorough  treatment  witli  i 
rant  tubercle,  a  disease  which  has 
rious  in  New  York  and  New  Jer- 
serious  enemy  and  a  diili 
is  first  shown  by  wiltint;  . 
mature  coloring  of  tlte  f  v 
^      small  and  straggling,   an 
y.^i   leaves,  soon    '    '     ' 


th  the 
llowed 
burn- 
y  rem- 


^fM^¥^ 


f  mm 


4  "*     by  the  death  of  the  c: 

'-?  ing  affect 

edy  thus  tar -m;-. -i.  n       The  dis- 
ease may  be  transmitted  in  appar- 
.,^    ently  healthy  cuttings,  so  that  fields 

7^     "Wf^'?^^^ 


'm 


Currant  bush. 


The  old  cane, 


known  to  be  affected 
should  not  be  used  as 
a  source  from  which 
to  propagate. 

The  treatment  of 
black  Currants  does 
not  differ  materially 
from  that  of  reds,  ex- 
cept that  the  plants, 
being  larger,  require 
somewhat  more  room. 
The  fruit,  though  pos- 
sessing a  most  un- 
pleasant odor  and  fla- 
vor,   becomes     agree- 


418 


CURRANT 


able  if  scalded  for  a  few  minutes  in  boiling  water,  and 
flien  transferred  to  fresh  water  for  cooking.  It  is  much 
esteemed  by  those  who  have  learned  to  use  it,  and  is 
credited  with  medicinal  qualities  of  value  in  bowel  and 
throat  affections.  The  plants  are  exempt  from  attacks 
of  the  Currant  worm.  Fred  W.  Card. 

C0SCUTA  (origin  of  name  obscure)  ConioUuld,cea 
Dodder.  A  genus  of  degenerate  parasitic  twiners 
bearing  rlii-tn-.  ..f  cninll  fls.  They  are  leafless  annuals 
with  VI  r\  '-  ■  1  ■  "A  cir  red  stems  -nhirh  1  e  ome 
attached  1-  :     .t  hy  means  of  root  like    i    keis 

Thesei-cU; ::,     _  :     uhI  and  germmate  m  tl  c    jriif. 

As  soon  ;i.-5  iln:  .».>uii„  -huMt  finds  an  accei  table  1  st  the 
root  dies  and  the  phint  becomes  parisitic  Fiilin^  to 
find  a  host,  the  plant  dies.  Dodders  are  common  in  1  w 
weedy  places.  Some  species  are  also  serious  pests  is 
the  Clover  Dodder  and  Flax  Dodder  One  of  the  com 
mon  species  (C  Gronovii,  Willd.),  of  low  grounds  is 
shown  in  Fig.  617. 


CUT -FLOWERS 

made  to  American  forcing  roses  even  to  the  present  day, 
was  the  introduction  of  the  Catherine  Mermet.  This 
beautiful  variety,  which  sprang  into  great  popularity  at 
once  with  the  flower-buying  public,  was  found  very  profit- 
able by  the  growers,  who,  by  careful  cultivation  and  the 
incentive  of  the  high  prices  realized  for  choice  flowers. 


of 


CCSTAKD  APPLE. 


f    ( 


mented  \<\  ili.>  -:ili- nf  (  ut  il.iw  .rs.  Millions  of  dollars 
are  invest.  ■!  in  ilir  ,ulti\  atiMU  and  sale  of  Cut-flowers  in 
the  neighb.,rhu...l  ..f  tl„.  huu'.-  .uii.s  of  the  United  States. 
The  growth  and  evolution  of  the  business  has  ^.  .  n  \ .  r\ 
rapid  in  the  past  25  years.  From  1860  to  1-7  ' 
mellia  was  the  most  valued  of  all  Cut -flown  - 
personal  adornment  or  bouquets,  as  much  a-  1 ,  -_  ..i.i 
even  $3  having  been  obtained  for  a  single  Hum  i  ui  ihi. 
holiday  season.  At  the  present  time  they  are  almost 
forgotten,  and  are  only  to  be  found  in  private  collections 
and  in  the  south,  where  the  plants  will  live  out  during 
the  winter  season.  The  principal  flowers  forced  at  that 
time,  in  addition  to  the  camellia,  were  daphne,  bou- 
vardia,  abutilon,  nasturtium,  callas,  sweet  alyssum, 
poinsettia,  carnations  and  a  few  LaMarque,  Bon  Silene 
and  Safrano  jroses.  The  taste  was  for  set  designs.  All 
flowers  were  picked  with  short  stems,  im-  hmhc  ai  all,  mily 
the  open  portions  of  cluster  flowers  li.  im.-  lal.i  n,  ami  ilie 
buds  left  to  open.  These  small  pieia^  «,r.  l...und«ith 
wire  to  wooden  sticks  for  basket  \v<.ik  "i-  t..  I.im.,iii  .-.h  n 
straws  for  making  into  bouquets.  The  i.eiinlai- taili  de- 
sign was  called  a  pyramid.  It  consisted  "t  ,1  nuinlier  .,f 
bouquets  each  with  one  camellia  in  ilie  .eni.  r  and  a 
single  row  of  smaller  flowers  aruiiml,  lia.i,.  d  \\y  "iili 
lycopodium  green.  The  smaller  bun.im  i^  u,  i..  then 
arranged  in  a  wire  frame,  the  sticks  on  which  they  were 
made  serving  to  hold  them  in  the  desired  position.  The 
top  of  the  pyramid  was  a  bouquet  with  a  calla  lily  in 
the  center.  These  table  pieces  frequently  cost  from 
$35  to  $75,  and  sometimes  $100  was  asked  tor  a  particu- 
larly fine  design.  The  small  bouquets  were  distributed 
to  the  guests  at  the  close  of  the  entertainment 
Only  small  quantities 


thist 


more  attention,  an.i  i '      ; 
grew  in  favor  an  ! 
saw  in  the  cannlli 
roses  than  the  sina  II  I  >  a-  i 
Hybrid  Remontaiits.    tJei 
to  force  well  and  soon  bee 
from  $1  to  $2  a  bud  for 
tiful  yellow  Mareebal  Ni. 
ers  sold  well,  but   it  i.  i- 
profitable,  and  tli       .  ' 
Jardins,  an  Everl  I 
vation,  soon  dr"\  ■    ,.    ;  i 
sensation,  and  the  uim.^i  in 


■  se  steadily 
what  they 
for  larger 

some  of  the 


vellow  Tea  Perle  des 
litic  and  of  easy  culti- 
iiket.  The  next  rose 
addition  that  has  been 


soon  elevated  the  standard  of  i 

and  attracted  new  capital  to  what  had  new  become  a 
llirii  ii  _'  iiiel  Inerative  business.  While  ...  I'ane.n-  in  it- 
seir   I-     'i    ■.    Mrnietwill,  however,  pi.  !     ■'     i.   :.  '  _■.[■ 

r.  1 ■! e ■  parent  of  those    n  [..as 

n- ■  ■       .'K   i.'rown,  the  Brid.-   ; 1; i I, 

II,       .       ,,    ,,.     i.  ;,„,!  white  roses  of  tu  .he,  .     ilanjvari- 

.1 !      ;  i  ■     il     I  .nns  were  made'have  been  in- 

I J . ,.  I     .1  , ,    :  I   ,  ,  1  ,ut,  for  the  most  part,  they 

ha   .      j in.l    expensive    experiments. 

N,\t  n.  lie  ..all.  line  M.  riuet  in  importance  is  the 
Anieri.-an  Bi-auty  iMme.  Ferdinand  Jamin),the  finest  of 
all  the  forcing  roses.  The  introduction  of  this  variety 
by  the  Fields  Brothers,  of  Washington,  produced  a  great 
stir  in  rose  circles.  Fine  as  it  appeared  at  first,  how- 
ever, its  after  development  surprised  even  the  most  san- 
guine, and  to-day  it  stands  unrivaled  as  the  most  profit- 
able and  at  the  same  time  the  most  popular  with  the 
wealthy  classes  of  fiower-buyers. 

While  the  development  of  the  rose  was  taking  place, 
the  carnation,  ever  popular,  was  receiving  the  attention 
of  the  breeder,  and  new  varieties  showing  great  im- 
provement in  form,  color  and  productiveness  were  in- 
troduced annually.  It  was  soon  found  that  roses  and 
carnations  did  not  give  best  results  h1i..ii  u'n.wn  together 
in  the  same  house.  They  re.inir.d  .liiler.ni  treatment. 
Roses  thrive  better  in  aJivariinf  aini..-|de a  .■  than  car- 
nations.    Different  forms  of  gi idi.iu^.-  stru.'tures  were 

also  found  necessary.  The  original  means  of  beating  was 
liy  brick  furnaces  and  flues.  Hot  water  and  steam  gen- 
I  rated  in  iron  boilers  and  distributed  through  pipes, 
although  more  expensive  to  install,  were  found  much 
more  efficient,  and  withal  the  most  economical  plan. 

In  the  early  growth  of  the  business  the  grower  was 
also  the  retailer.  The  rapidly  increasing  demand,  how- 
ever, ushered  in  the  middle  man  or  retail  florist,  who  re- 
lieved the  grower  of  his  stock  as  soon  as  it  was  ready 


CUT -FLOWERS 

for  the  market,  r.nil  i-iial>li-(l  him  to  devote  his  entire  at- 
tention to  cultivatimi,  i'lniti  This  period,  the  business 
began  its  most  i:i[ii4  >1im  l.inn.nt.  as  the  more  con- 
venient location  d  i!h  i1..m.  r  ~t..res  in  the  populous 
centers  induced  a  lirtr.  r  i  ,i;  i  ..ni.c  and  consequent  love 
for  flowers,  and  I  ii:i''  '  ■  _■  r,  by  reason  of  his  un- 
divided atteation.  i  ■  ;  r  ■■  jH-rfect  stock  and  in- 
crease the  j^idu.i  i.               !  i    ^  ;i|,.nt. 

It  was  so*  foiiii  .  ^        I ^  attention  to  but  one 

kind  of  flower.  1.,  I. -  ,  i,  -,,  :^  ;,  ..l.taini-d.  and  many 
rose,  violi-t.  and  raniaTi-m  ^|H-,i;ilists  H-.Ti-  .li-vi-|.i|"-'i. 
The  succ_-i-ss  ,it'  ..111-  i.'r..\vcr  cifr.'ii    in.lurr.l    Ins  Ti.iu'lil">rs 

to  follow  Ills  ..xaiiipl.-.     TwM  ■■!■  Ilir.-.'  -u -stiil  m.ii  iii 

a  locality  u-av,-  niii...r  to  tli-  |.la.-.>  l.iin-.  Iiv  r.a-..ii  ..f 
its  soil,  climate,  etc..  particularly  adapted  for  the  pro- 
duction of  a  certain  flower,  and  a  colony  of  such  grow- 
ers would  soon  spring  up.  Note  the  violet  growers  of 
the  Hudson,  in  New  York  ;  the  rosarians  of  Madison, 
N.  J.,  and  thp  carnation  belt  of  Chi^sfrr  countv.  Pa.  As 
the  busin.-ss  has  ,l,.vrl,,,„.,l  and  -n.wn  all  over  the 
United  Stales,  it  has  Imi-h  fMim^l  ihat  it  i-  not  so  much 

is  attained.  With  tin-  -r.ai  .  \|i;nisi,.n  ot'  tlie  industry, 
the  handling  of  tin'  laiu'i  .|n,iiitiii.-s  of  flowers  thrown 
on  themarket  be.'anir  a  >liilir,ilr  |.r.iblem.  The  Thirty- 
fourth  St.  cut-flow.-r  inirk.i.  in  \.-w  York,  originated 
from  the  retail  di'ah  i  -  oh^iihl'  tlir  Loni;  Island  grow- 
ers every  moruinir  :ir  I'M  I  !  \.'  'n\Mn!'ni  r<- :  :i  iii'ant 
opened  its  doors  ,1  ,  li.r 
years  a  large  busiti>  -  Mun 
of  growers  was  tinau  \  i..riii'  m.  ■.-,  ;i[i  [i  r-cmi  i-u.  m,  m  an 
adjoining  commoili..us  huiMaig.  a  uiaik.i.  nhi.  ii  lias 
since  been  very  successful  and  a  great  convenience  to 
both  branches  of  the  trade. 

The  wholesale  handling  of  flowers  on  commission  was 
commenced  in  New  York  city  in  1878,  by  J.  K.  Allen.  This 
plan  soon  1 am.-  po;>ular,  numerous  houses  were  es- 
tablished, and  thr  stork  (■■■muig  to  the  New  York  mar- 
ket, particnhirly  that  of  the  large  growers,  is  mainly 
disposed  "f  thionu'h  those  channels.  The  excellence  of 
thf  lliovi  i-s  -nppliod  and  the  better  market  of  the  large 
citi.  ,  caii-rl  a  considerable  shipping  demand,  which 
pi-o\i(h'ii  a  niw -h-needed  outlet  for  the  immense  quanti- 
ties of  stuck  that  at  times  were  greatly  in  excess  of  the 
local  needs.  With  the  present  compli'te  shipping  facili- 
ties, together  with  the  impnivod    m.tlio.ls  of  packing. 

Cut-flowers  are  now  shipped  h-n-  .li-tat s.  arriving  at 

their  destination  in  a  satisfart,oy  r..naiti..ii  after  jour- 
neys of  from  36  to  48  hours'  dnrati.oi. 

The  final  distribution  of  the  flowers  through  the  ave- 
nues of  the  retail  florist  engages  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  men  in  all  the  large  cities  of  the  countrv.  Manv 
of  the  establishments  compare  favorably  with  the  finest 
stores  ot  Mth.T  liiii--,  \'.  ill!-  Hi-  i|"lr.  '  ;■'.  -.•r-,  i. ■,•,>■  i;li  ils 
fancy waL-.".  •  -i    i  :■■  '  >       '        <    ■  i.'.i.i- 

ble.     Gr./:,i    ••  '     ~         ,!.,.,,!,,.,.,       ,    .    ;  .  ;,,  , 

of    these     In-'i    -l.-i--     .   ^I;il.,.-h:r.  1   ■-  I     ,     ■.•     ^'   ,,  .      •,>  1,1- 

dows  contain  at  ail  times  sanipie^  nt  lii..  nne^r  |.|;,nls 
or  flowers  in  season,  or  exani|iles  .,f  tli.ii-  aiiisiir 
arrangement.  The  evolutien  ..f  the  business  dufinL: 
the  past  twentv  vears  has  be.-n  ^-radual,  bnt  has 
m..ve,l  stead ilv  onward.  Wire  and  sticks  have  almost 
f'Tiiiiel\  ,  ..I'  :i-  much  as  possible,  been  displaced  by  the 
ill  I   itnral  stems  of  the  flowers  themselves. 

T  isket  of  flowers,  once  so  popular  as  a 

gilt.  Ill-  II  '  -iven  way  to  the  box  of  long-stemmed 
roses  or  clnsfer  arrangement  of  the  same,  to  which  are 
added  orchids,  violets,  or  other  choice  flowers,  as  pre- 
ferred. The  custom  of  sending  flowers  to  young  lady 
debutantes,  which  has  become  fashionalde  the  past  few 
years,  has  become  an  imjiei-tnnt  fentni-e  of  tlie  trade, 
and  atones  in  a  measure  for  ;'  .  >!i  .  .-o  ,;,„,,,  ,,f  ,),,, 
ball  bouquet,  once  so  populc!  '       .,  ,,i^,,l,io. 

Christma?  and  Now  Yen r  I  :    ^    v, ,  re  m   o,,e  tniie 

pqn-d  factors  in  t:,^:it,._' tle^  :l    •-■■  lo  ilie  utmost  to  .sup- 


iio  ..  ,ce.     The  Easter  holi- 

day tinle  li:i.  L-r..,Mi.  IcM  \  e  |- ,  ivnii  scarccly  auy  busl" 
ness  in  the  early  days,  to  be  the  most  important  event 
of  the  year  ;  in  fact,  with  many  growers  it  is  the  great- 
est harvest,  as  almost  all  their  winter  season  is  given 
to  preparing  plants  and  flowers  for  the  Easter  demand. 


CUT-FLOWERS  419 

Since  the  introduction  of  the  Lilitim  Harrisii,  or  Ber- 
muda-grown Jjilium  longiflorum,  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  these  bulbs  are  forced  for  this  festival. 
Azaleas  are  probably  next  in  demand,  large  quantities 
being  annually  imported  for  forcing.  It  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  estimate  with  any  aecnracv  the  amount  of  busi- 
ness transacted  bv  the  iloiists  of  this  country  for  the 
Easter  festival,  but  the  sum  t.,tnl  must  be  enormous. 

The  old-time  tlorist  was  satisfied  with  one  crop  from 
his  greenhouses  — that  of  bedding  plants  for  spring 
idantini.'.  During  the  summer  the  houses  stood  empty, 
and  for  :i  kir:;e  part  of  the  winter  contained  dormant  or 
-euiioloriii  lilt  stock.  The  wide-awake  grower  of  to-day 
never  allows  any  portion  of  his  plant  to  remain  idle  even 
for  a  week,  one  crop  being  arranged  to  follow  another  in 
close  rotation. 

As  flowers  are  very  perishable  articles,  and  depend 
for  their  existence  on  certain  conditions  of  light  and 
heat,  there  are  times  when  the  supply  is  not  sufiicient 
for  the  demand;  and  again  when  the  quantity  coming 
into  the  market  is  more  than  can  be  disposed  of  at  the 
current  rates.  Of  late  years  over-production  has  been 
the  butrliear  of  the  business.  Half  of  the  season  the 
market  has  be.ii  over-stocked.  Consignment  follows 
consiu'Tiiiient.  until  the  commission  houses  are  at  their 
wits'  iiels  t.i  c|iv|.ose  of  them.  Here  an  important  fac- 
tor was  inti-oduceil.  The  fakir,  or  street  man,  became  a 
customer  for  job  lots  at  low  prices.  Through  him  im- 
mense quantities  of  flowers,  for  which  no  other  avenue 
was  open,  have  been  sold  daily  in  all  the  large  cities. 
Their  plate  glass  cases  in  doorways  or  by  blank  walls 
are  to  be  seen  throughout  the  shopping  districts  filled, 
as  a  rule,  with  good  flowers,  with  few  exceptions. 

The  principal  and  most  popular  Cut-flowers  grown  in 
this  country  are  distinctively  American.  The  Bride  and 
Bridesmaid  roses  are  American  sports  of  the  Catherine 
Mermet.  The  .Vmerican  lieauty,  as  it  is  grown  here,  is 
vastly  different  from  ,'\liiie.  Ferdinand  Jamin  of  Europe. 
The  Kai.serin  Aui;usta  N'icioria  and  Meteor  are  Euro- 
pean sorts.  The  i-aniations  grown  are  of  an  entirely 
different  type  from  the  European  varieties,  and  are  all 
American  seedlings.  The  evolution  that  is  taking  place 
in  this  flower  is  wonderful,  as  the  standard  is  being  so 
constantly  raised  that  varieties  that  were  considered  su- 
perior ten  years  ago  are  riov  -cnrci  ly  known.  The 
American  Carnation  S ■  .  -  i  i  lai-oely  of  com- 
mercial carnation  spec  i:i  h   ■      i     •..    much  to  advance 

the  quality  and  general  '  In^  superb  flower. 

Chrysanthemums  that  luoicc  Im-i  results  here  are 
nearly  all  of  American  <n-igin,  from  plants  imported 
from  Japan.  New  varieties  are  introduced  each  year, 
some  of  which  show  improvement  and  spur  hybridizers 
on  to  renewed  efforts. 

The.biuand  for  palms  and  dc rative  t'oliage  plants 

has  kc|pi  pace  with  that  of  flowers,  it',  iicleed,  it  has  not 
lakeii  ihe  lead.  Thc  increase  in  the  i:re.  nhotise  space 
L'i\en  u],  to  the  growth  of  ]ialiri~  i-  at  l.a~f  threefold 
within  the  past  ten  years,  and   it   may  be  s-ud  that  the 

nienfed  lart'elv  each  vccir  bv  imporiatious  from  Europe. 
Whole  houses  ate  .giveu  u|i  to  the  production  of  Ficus 
(iastiriy,  which  plant  is  a  great  favorite  with  the  masses. 
Gre.at  quantities  of  ferns  for  table  decorations  are  now 
used,  the  little  fernery  being  considered  as  indispensa- 
ble as  the  china  to  the  setting. 

The  public  taste  at  the  present  day  is  mostly  for  loose 
arrangements  of  long-stemmed  flowers.  Stiff,  formal 
designs  are  tabooed.  The  popular  funeral  emblem  is 
forms  of  the  wreath,  which  is  made  with  a  great  variety 
ot  flowers,  often  all  of  one  kind.     Loose  clusters  tied 

tied  with  ribbons  iiud  Ibcver^,  :ire  al-o  fa\.irites.    House 


pieces    i„  ,1,.-   :,!!,,,.  ,,,p      Table  decoratiuus   for  dinners 

are  ;,]-     '       I  • iiie  use  of  long-stemmed  flowers  in 

vase-,  irranged  on  the  cloth  with   ferns. 

Cliur.  1,1      Hilled   with   palms,  plants    in   flower 

and  loiiL-  -leiMiic,!  flowers  in  tall  vases,  all  being  done, 
as  in  other  instances,  to  show,  as  far  as  possible,  the 
natural  grace  of  the  flower.  Bridal  bouquets  are  also 
arranged  loosely,  some  with  shower  effect,  by  means 
of  flowers  tied   to  narrow  ribbons  ;    others  tied   with 


420 

broad 


CUT  -  FLOWERS 


hboiis. 


irried  in  the  hand  or  over  the 
tly  used  are  roses  and  lilies-of- 
1  ^  nii.r  hut  little  in  the  various  cities, 
!  Ill  all  the  flrst-class  work.  There 
ul,  .  ii-irni  or  western  flower.  With  the 
ptn'ii  lit*  some  varieties  of  carnations,  the 
flowers  will  be  found  the  same  the  country 
over.  In  the  census  of  1890  Cut-flowers  were  estimated 
to  make  more  than  one-half  of  the  florist's  business. 
One  good  book  especially  devoted  to  the  business  has 
been  produced,  — the  late  AI.  A.  Hunt's  "How  to  Grow 
Cut-flowers.'  Robert  Kift. 


possible 


CUTICLE.    The 

plants.  It  consist 
cells.  These  wall 
Minute  waxy  nni 
many  fruits,  such 


of  herbaceous  parts  of 
walls  of  the  epidermal 

liikened  and  cutinized. 

aticularized  surface  of 
lid  plum,  give  to  them 


their  peculiar  bloom.  The  Cuticle  is  nearly  impervious 
to  water.  The  preservation  of  fruits  depends  in  large 
measure  upon  the  retention  of  moisture  by  the  Cuticle. 
Cacti  and  other  desert  plants  have  their  epidermis  re- 
markably cuticularized.  y^_  -W.  RowLEE. 

COTTAGE.  The  operation  and  practice  of  growing 
plants  from  severed  parts.  A  cutting  is  the  gardener's 
name  for  a  piece  of  the  stem,  root,  rootstock  or  leaf, 
which,  if  cut  off  and  planted  under  suitable  conditions, 
will  form  new  roots  and  buds,  reproducing  the  parent 
plant.  This  term  is  usually  given  to  parts  of  the 
stem;  a  part  or  the  whole  of  the  leaf,  when  so  used,  is 
called  a  leaf -cutting ;  a  piece  of  root  or  rootstock  is  called 
a  root-cutting.  The  scales  of  some  bulbous  plants,  e.  g., 
the  lily,  can  also  be  used  as  cuttings.  A  cion  used  in 
grafting  might  be  called  a  cutting  whic-li  unites  and 
grows  on  the  roots  of  another  |il:iiii.  >> -  i,,<iittige. 
Plants  obtained  by  division  or  1:.  i  _  .:.  i  i  Aided 
with  roots  before  they  are  detail'  I  ;  .  '  parL-nt 
plants,  and,  therefore,  are  notpru|M  ri,  .  iii;iii_'~. 

Multiplication  by  cuttings  is  a  f'onn  ..t  l»u.l-pio|.at;ation 
in  contradistinction  to  sexual  reproduction,  i.  e.,  propa- 
gation by  seeds.  It  is  a  cheap  and  convenient  way  to  obtain 
plants.  All  plants  cannot  be  profitably  increased  bv  these 
means.  Why  they  diiTer  we  do  not  know;  the  gardener 
learns  by  experiiiin-  what  s|. cries  \  icM  a  good  per- 
centage of  healtli\-  jilaiii^.  aii'i  act-  : niingly. 

The  foUowiuf;  taMc  ^v,il  .1„,«  the  .liilVrcut  ways  in 
which  cuttings  an-  iiiaih: 

I  Soft 
e.g..  Verbena 
Hardened 
e.  g.,  Tea.  roses 

[  Long,  in  open  air 


.  g..  Eclieveria 


.  g..  Begonia  Rex 


(1)  Cuttings  of  Growing  Wood.  — Fig.  018.  These  are 
made  either  of  the  soft  growing  tips,  as  in  coleus,  salvia, 
verbena,  etc.,  or,  of  the  same  wood  in  more  mature  con- 
dition, but  by  no  means  ripe,  as  in  tender  roses.  Azalea 
Indica,  etc.  The  cuttings  of  plants  like  Ilnphorbia 
pulcherrima,  erica,  cpacris,  etc.,  are  used  in  the  soft 
growing  state,  if  a  well  built  propagating  house  is  obtain- 
able; but  in  an  ordinary  house,  a  part  of  which  is  used 
for  other  purposes,  the  older  and  better  ripened  wood 
will  be  more  successful.  It  is  generally  .true  that  cut- 
tings of  hardened  wood  will  always  root,  although  they 
require  more  time  and  may  not  make  the  best  plants. 


CUTTAGE 

but  it  is  not  true  that  cuttings  o 
always  root.  Inmany  cases,  as  in  tt 
before  they  callus,  much  less  produce  roots.  "  In  plants 
of  rapid  growth  and  good  vitality,  the  proper  condition 
of  the  soft  growing  wood  for  cuttings  can  be  determined 
by  its  readiness  to  snap^not  bend, 
when  bent  back:  the  hardened  wood 
is  in  the  right  state  as  long  as  it  con- 

The  treatment  of  cuttings  in  both 
•f  ''  ■  classes  is  practically  the  same. 
1  ~         They  should  be  planted  in  sand  un- 

^ .        '.  der   glass.    Large      establishments 

■  have  one  or  more  houses  set  apart 

',,  for  this  and  similar  purposes.     In 

smaller  places  a  propagating  bed  or 
bench  can  be  made  at  the  warmest 
61S.   I    ,t  I   ;     :  ^   :t      end    of    the   warmest     house.      It 
growine    wood,      should    be    placed   over  the    pipes 
(Coleus.)  where  they  leave  the  boiler,  and,  in 

order  to  secure  bottom  heat  when 
needed,  the  space  between  the  bench  and  the  floor 
should  be  boarded  up,  having  a  trap  door  to  open  on 
cold  nights  (Pig.  619).  Cutting-frames  inside  a  green- 
house are  also  shown  in  Fig.  620.  Side  partitions 
should  also  be  provided  to  box  in  all  the  heat  from  the 
pipes  under  that  part  of  the  bench.  Good  dimen- 
sions for  such  a  bed  are,  width  3  feet,  length  6  feet  or 
any  multiple  of  6,  thus  making  it  simple  to  use  a  hotbed 
sash  when  confined  air  is  wanted.  The  depth  of  the 
frame  should  be  from  6  to  10  inches  in  front  and  from  12 
to  15  inches  behind.  The  bottom  of  the  bed  may  be 
either  wood,  slate  or  metal  and  should  be  well  drained: 
place  a  layer  of  potsherds  first,  then  moss,  and  from  2  to 
3  inches  of  sand  on  top.  The  sand  should  be  clean, 
sharp  and  well  compac»,,l  ■  lM.fM,-e  jilanting  it  should  be 
watered  if  at  all  ilr  !■  -  -  ■  .,.fi,„es  advisable  to 
have  the  bed  filled  "         i  i    -  i:i;_'num),  into  which 

pots  or  boxes    coni.i!  _■    are   plunged:    the 

moss  should  be  nici-i,  m  nli,  r  le,,  uct  nor  dry,  and  well 
packed. 

In  many  cases,  when  large  quantities  of  one  sort  of 
cuttings   are  to  be   planted,  the  ordinary  greenhouse 


619.  Section  of  propagating  bed. 
Shows  four  pipes  beneath,  the  door  on  the 
the  frame  cover. 


tions  should  be  taken  t( 
making  and  planting:  if  the 
floor  and  bench  of  tlie  work 
and  exposed  for  an  hour  or  ni 


revent  wilting  during 
ther  is  hot,  sprinkle  the 
in :  if  they  are  delicate, 
,  lay  them  between  folds 


or  with  a  fine  rose  ; 
compacts  the  sand.th 
due  wilting. 


421 


the  forcible  application  of  watei 
lis  excluding  air,  and  prevents  un- 


620     Permanent  propaeating  frames  m  a  greenhou 

of  moistentd  papir  Tht  aMia^-c  kngth  of  the^L  cut 
tmgs  is  from  1  to  d  inches,  but  they  can  be  made  longer 
or  shorter;  much  depends  upon  the  nature  of  the  plant. 
The  best  growers  prefer  short  cuttings ;  the  advantage 
of  a  long  piece  to  begin  with  is  more  than  offset  by 
greater  danger  of  wilting  and  consequent  retrogression. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  cut  to  a  bud,  i.  e.,  at  the  node, 
in  the  more  easily  handled  plants  except  in  some  her- 
baceous tuberous-rooted  plants,  like  dahlia  ( see  Fig.  625 ) , 
and  Salvia  patens,  in  which  a  crown  must  be  formed  to 
insure  future  growth.  Make  the  cut  where  it  will  give  the 
proper  length.  A  part  of  the  leaves  should  be  removed, 
always  enougn  to  secure  a  clean  stem  for  planting,  and 
as  many  more  as  are  needed  to  prevent  disastrous  wilt- 
ing this  factor  varies  greath  In  a  hardwood  cutting 
of  lemon  verbena  all  leaves  are  taken  off  lu  zonale 
geraniums  from  the  open  ground  few  if  any  i 


coleus  and  verbena  • 
inOlea  fragtan     y>  y/ 
for  planting     I  I    i 

for  trimming  an  i        ii    t 
those  small  woodt  1  j  I  nit 
The  cuttings  ot  pi  int' 
should   be  washed  befor 


hilf  are  removed  while 
/  /  lieith  etc  onh  enough 
lilt  1  lit  scissors  are  hindy 
11        1    r  making  cuttings   of 

with  milky  ]uice 
planting     Some 


shade  immediately,  using  lath  shutters  outside, 
or  paper  or  cloth  screens  withiu.  and  attend 
»  tlii>  \  ery  carefully  for  the  tirst  few  dajs. 
HI  111     shades  early  in  the  afternoon,  and 
111  on  late  m  the  morning,  but  keep 
II  during  the  middle  of  the  day,  thus 
K    L. .  iivtoiuinsr  till  m  to  tuU  light. 

n' should 


theseh.-iii 

batable  wh   il     i    1      i    .      1       i  ii  n   .1 

:*^gll  air  are  adMsil,!,.  to,  ,  uttii,.,'s  ,,t  ^-rowing 
'^^^n  wood.  The  older  gardeners  emplojed  both, 
■^^gWHJ  but  now  neither  is  commonly  used, except 
^^n^^S  for  tropical  plants,  like  croton,  or  when  a 
^^^^^  mnstint  succession  of  croj.s  I  ,  iittiii_s  is 
ru{uiiid.  There  IS  no  doul  t  tli  it  \  itli  tins 
lid  ( uttmgs  will  root  ni"i<  lui  I  1\  I  ut 
moil  skill  and  care  arr  rn|iiin  1  m^Uct 
bringing  on  tuiij-oiis  disnqsp  whi<  h  n  suits  in  uiiht  allh} 
plants  or  tot  il  1  s  It  I  .  ti  m  li.  it  is  used,  the  a\  erage 
temperaturi  c  i  ih  1  1  li  iil  1  1  In  or  so  above  that 
of  the  air,  but  I         will    uih  It    lid    in  beds  made  as 

described  alu  m  iii  _  i  1  wi  ith  i  the  sand  is  enough 
warmer  than  the  greenhouse  atmosphere  to  answer  every 
purpose.  If  a  confined  air  is  used,  ventilation  and  shad- 
ing must  be  carefully  looked  after,  and  precautions 
taken  against  the  accumulation  of  condensed  moisture 
within  the  bell-glass  or  frame. 

Sand  is  the  medium  commonly  employed  for  the  root- 
ing of  cuttings,  selecting  the  coarser  kinds  for  plants- 
like  geraniums  and  finer  for  heaths.  Brick  dust  and 
powdered  charcoal  are  sometimes  recommended,  and 
Jadoo  fiber  is  now  on  trial  'sphignum  is  useful  m 
rooting  I'  icus  elastica  th^  base  of  the  cutting  bemg- 
wrapped  m  a  ball  of  moss  and  plunged  in  a  bed  of 
moss  English  ivy  oleander  and  other  plants  can  be 
struck  m  water  but  this  method  is  cumbersome  Peter 
Henderson  s  saucer  method  is  valuable  m  hot  weather 
the  cuttings  are  planted   in   sand     kept   saturated  and 


times  the  lower  ends  ire  allowed  to  dry  for 
several  hours  the  tops  being  protected 
against  wilting  Large  and  succulent  cut 
tings  e  g  ,  of  pineapple  cotj  ledon  cai 
tus  etc  should  be  dried  before  planting 
by  letting  them  lie  on  the  surface  of  tht 
propagating  bed  for  several  dajs  or  the^ 
may  be  planted  in  drv  sand  at  first  Undir 
these  conditions  a  callus  forms  which  tends 
to  prevent  decay  but  the  wood  must  m  t 
shrivel 


Pet  r  rr 


Etlu 


of 


geranium  11  lis  that  the  cutting 
should  be  paitlj  stMred  and  allowed  to 
hang  to  the  parent  plant  for  a  few  dajs 
this  results  in  a  partial  callus  or  even  roots, 
before  the  cutting  is  entirely  removed 

In  planting  cuttings    use  a  dibble  or  cpcn 
a  \   shaped  trench      \ever  thrust  the  cut 
ting   directly    into    the    soil      PHnt    deep 
enough  to  hold  the  cutting  upiight  and  n  ) 
deeper   making  due  allowince  for  the  siud 
settling  ,  the  distance  apart  should  be  lust 
enough    to    prevent    them    from    piessnv 
against   each    other.      It   must  be    remem- 
bered that  they  stay  in  the  bed  only  until  rooted.    As 
soon  as  growth  begins,  they  are  potted  off.    When  the 
cuttings  are  inserted,  the  sand  should  be  firmly  pressed 
about  them,  and  they  should  be  watered  with  a  syringe 


621    Cutting  bench  shaded  with  lath 


fully  exposed  to  the  sun.  Large  cuttings  can  be  planted 
singly  in  2-  or  3-inch  pots,  the  pots  then  being  plunged 
in  the  cutting  bed.  In  such  cases  some  well  rotted  leaf- 
mold,  less  than  one-half,  can  be  added  to  the  sand. 


422 


CUTTAGE 


whub 


Although  it  is  tender  plants,  in  the  main,  which  are 
propagated  by  cuttings  of  growing  wood,  the  above 
methods  can  be  practiced  advantageously  with  some 
hardj  plants  Tht  wood, 
m^arIably 
uc( .  ssful  if  hard- 
s   obtanud  either 

ri  I  Hi  plints  forced  for 
I  .  purpose  e  K  spi- 
j  I  I  Deiit^ia  gracilis, 
^  1 1  or  It  IS  gathtred  in 
^„-^  lune  and  Julj  out  of 
doors,  e  g  ,  lilac,  hy- 
drangea, ( t<  Cuttings  of 
growing  wood  should  be 
potttd  in  2  or  3  inch 
pots,  in  a  rather  sandy 
soil,  when  the  roots  are  from  M-K  inches  long.  It  is 
sometimes  good  economy  to  box  them,  i.  e.,  plant  them 
a  few  inches  apart  in  flats,  when  not  immediately  re- 
quired. 

(2)  Lonij  Cuttings  of  Hipened  Wood  in  Open  Air.— 
This  method  is  used  to  propagate  many  hardy  trees  and 
shrubs,  e.  g.,  willows,  currants,  grapes,  forsythia,  etc. 
Wood  of  the  current  year's  growth  is  gathered  in  au- 
tumn or  early  winter,  before  severe  frost,  and  either 
stored  in  a  cool  cellar,  covering  with  moss  or  fresh  earth 
to  prevent  drying,  or  immediately  made  into  cuttings. 
These  (see  Fig.  626)  should  be  made  6  inches  or  more 
long  and  should  contain  at  least  2  buds.  It  is  not  neccs- 


622.  Propagating  box. 


?xcrcscence 


naurs.  which  are  found  ( 
of  olive  trees 
pagation. 


of  stock,  and  when  the  plant  is  deli<' 
and  small.  The  wood  should  be  gathc 
before  severe  frost  and  the  ciitti 
made  and  planted  dinrtly  in  n.i,, 
and  November.  Makr  ih. m  fiMin 
inches  long  {sometiini-^  :i  -in-li'  i  \  •■  ■' 
is  used),  and  plant  \\\\\\  a  .hliMi  , 
pure  sand  in  pots,  paii^  or  llats  ( l^u 
about   16   inches    squar 


inches 


deep ) .  If  a  layer  of  potting  soil  is  placed  -'^-V->^ 
under  the  sand,  the  young  plants  have  625.  Hardened- 
something  to  feed  upon  and  do  not  need  wood  cutting 
to  be  potted  so  soon  after  rooting  ;  if  ^f  dahlia, 
this  is  done,  drainage  should  be  given. 
It  is  important  to  keep  them  cool  until  a  callus  is  formed 
or  roots  produced.  If  the  buds  start  into  growth  before 
this,  the  cuttings  become  exhausted  and  are  likely  to 
die.  After  rooting,— the  time  required  varies  from 
one  to  six  months— they  can  either   be   potted   or  the 


sary  to  cut  to  a  bud  at  the  base,   but  the  upper  cut 

should    be   just    above  one       They  should   be  tied   in 

bundles  with  tarred  rop(     tiikm,^  tart  to  ha\e  tht  m  lie 

"heads  and  tails      tn   tuihiiti     pi  intiii„'     m.l   \i]th  the 

butts  on  the  saint    li  \  i  1 

should    then    be   Imr  n  il    n 

down    and    prottitiii     i., 

they  should   be   hniil}    \<\ 

in  well    prepared   soil 

the  rows  1  or  IH  feet  a] 

be  just  at  the  surface  ,  t 

buds  may  be  removed      I 

graded  and   heeled  in  for 


624.    PropagatinE  box  or  hood. 

require  a  second  or  third  year's  growth  in  the  nursery; 
others  are  ready  for  permanent  planting,  as  willows 
and  poplars,  which  often  grow  6  feet  the  first  year. 
This  is  one  of  the  very  cheapest  ways  of  propagating, 
and  will  pay  where  only  25  per  cent  root.  This  method 
is  generally  used  with  deciduous-leaved  plants,  but 
some  conifers,  e.  g.,  Siberian  arborvitse,  will  strike. 
Remove  enough  twigs  to  get  a  clean  stem  for  plant- 
ing, and  allow  2  or  3  inches  of  top  above  ground. 


strong-growing  sorts  be  planted  out  in  well  pre- 
pared beds  in  May  or  June,  where  they  are  likely  to 
make  a  satisfactory  growth.  The  weaker  kinds  can  re- 
main a  year  in  pots  or  flats,  be  wintered  in  a  pit,  and 
planted  out  the  next  spring.  Some  greenhouse  plants, 
e.  g.,  Camellia  LauresHnus,  tender  grapes,  etc.,  are 
propagated  in  this  way  with  cuttings  of  fully  ripened 
wood,  and  others,  as  cactus,  dracsena,  etc.,  with  wood 
which  is  much  older.  They  should  be  given  the  care 
described  under  the  head  of  (1)  Cuttings  of  Growing 
Wood,  but  they  must  not  be  forced  too  hard  at  first. 
The  temperature  should  be  regulated  by  the  nature  of 
the  plant.  The  safest  rule  to  follow  is  to  give  a  few  de- 
grees more  heat  for  propagating  than  the  plant  received 
when  the  cutting  was  removed. 

(1)  Boot -cuttings  (Pig.  628)  are 
or  rootstock  and  are  useful  in  propa- 
gating some  plants,  either  in  the 
greenhouse  or  in  the  open  air.  Ten- 
der plants,  like  bouvardia,  and  those 
which  are  hardy  but  of  delicate 
growth,  e.  g..  Anemone  Japonica,&re 
haniiltd  under  glass  ;  blackberries, 
horseradish,  etc..  out  of  doors.  The 
cuttings  are  made  in  autumn  or  win- 
ter, the  roots  of  hardy  plants  being 
gathered  before  severe  frost  and 
either  planted  directly  or  kept  in 
moss  until  spring.  This  process  of 
storing  develops  a  callus  and  has  a 
tendency  to  produce  buds.  For  green- 
house  work,  the  cuttings  are  made 


e  of  either  root 


CUTTAGE 


'YATHEA 


423 


from  1-2  inches  long,  the  hirire 
although  the  small  ones  will    lt 
in  pans  or  flats,  in  soil  ccii!: 
and  well  rotted  leaf -molil .    '" 
zontallr.     If  planted  verti..i,,. 
true  root  the  end  which  wa>   nv: 


628.  Root-cuttine  of  blackberry  ( 
may  be   kept  in 


heing  selected, 
u  y  are  planted 

"ill  parts  sand 

i^^  from  the 
crown  should 
be  uppermost;  but  if  made  from  the  rootstock,  that  end 
should  be  uppermost  which  grew  farthest  from  the 
crown.  In  either  case  they  should  be  covered,  as 
seeds  are  covered, 
and  the  whole 
made  firm.  Boot- 
cuttings  of  hardy 
plants  should  be 
kept  cool  at  first 
and  brought  into 
heat  only  when 
ready  to  grow.  They 
pit  or  cool  cellar.  Tender  plants 
require  tne  same  or  a  little  higher  temperature  than 
that  in  which  they  thrive. 

In  sweet  potato,  the  tuber  is  cut  lengthwise  and  laid, 
■with  the  cut  side  down,  on  moist  sand  or  moss,  the 
edges  being  slightly  covered.  Buds  develop  on  these 
edges  and  are  removed  when  of  proper  size  and  treated 
as  cuttings  of  growing  wood,  or  allowed  to  remain  until 
rooted.  In  dracsena  (see  Pig.  5i6,  page  .S70)  — and  this 
applies  to  stem-  as  Wfll  ns  r.M.t-outtings  — the  buds  are 

not  taken  off  until  nH.trd  :   fl liirinal  cutting  remains 

in  the  sand  and  s. .inr  i  mmi-  pi  mi1ui-.-s  a  second  or  even  a 
third  crop.  The  tiil..  i-.ui~  r...ii-M,k  of  Arum  mneiila- 
tiim,  and  plants  of  likr  naiun'.  ran  be  cut  into  pieces, 
remembering  that  the  l)uil-procUicing  portion  of  arum  is 
the  top,  and  each  part  will  grow  successfully.  Exercise 
care  in  watering  and  maintain  a  good  temperature. 

Rooyuttings  for  planting  in  the  open  ground  are 
raadeffora  4  to  6  inches  long,  and  are  planted  firmly  in 
V-shaped  trenches  or  furrows  in  spring,  being  covered 
2  inches  or  more  deep.  Roots  as  large  as  one's  little 
finger  are  chosen,  and  good  results  are  obtained  with 
plants  of  vifforo,,.,  Ln-ovt!,.  I,;  pl.™ts  like  Uly-of-the- 
valley.  coimi-hti  hi:,,  ,  ,i,  ,  ,,,rl,iis,  Scotch  and  moss 
roses,  et,.  .  ir  is  better  to  encour- 

age the  ti:i  Isirs  and  propagate  by 

division,  In  it  tli,  -,   ,  mi  1„   niii  j:  i|,|ir,l  as  above  described. 
Variegatiiin.  curiously  enougli,  is   not  always  repro- 
duced by  means  of  root-cuttings. 

(5)  Leaf-cuttings.— Manj  leaves  are  capable  of  pro- 
ducing roots.  Some  have  the  further  power  of  develop- 
ing buds  after  rooting,  and  of 
these  last  a  few  furnish  an  eco- 
nomical means  of  bud-propaga- 
tion, particularly  where  the  stem 
growth  is  insufficient.  In  coty- 
ledon (echeveria)  the  whole 
leaf  is  used,  the  smaller  ones 
from  the  flower  -  stalk  being 
often  the  best.  Choose  those 
which  are  fully  matured,  and,  if 
large  and  succulent,  expose 
them  for  a  few  days  on  the  sur- 
face of  dry  sand,  but  do  not  let 
them  shrivel.  The  treatment, 
othewise,  is  as  given  above  fi>r 
cuttings  of  growing  wood.  In 
gloxinia  and  other  Gesneracejp, 
the  whole  leaf  (Fig.  629),  half  a 
leaf,  or  even  a  lesser  portion, 
is  used.  When  enough  clear 
petiole  is  obtainable,  no  further 
preparation  is  needed.  When  a 
part  only  of  the  leaf  is  planted, 
some  of  the  blade  must  be  cut 
away.  As  a  rule,  no  bud  is  de- 
veloped the  first  season:  a  tuber  629.  Leaf-cutting  of 
is  formed,  which  will  grow    in  gloxinia 

due  time. 

Begonia  Rex  is  increased  by  leaves  in  various  ways. 
The  whole  leaf  may  be  planted  as  a  cutting,  keeping 
the  petiole  entire  or  cutting  it  off  where  it  unites  with 
the  blade  ;  or  the  whole  leaf  can  be  pinned  or  weighted 
to  the  surface  of  moist  sand  (Fig.  203,  page  142),  and, 
if  the  principal  veins  are  severed  at  intervals  of  an 


■illi 


I  plantlet  will  appear  at  every  cut.  The  best  way 
lividc  till'  l.af  into  somewhat  triangular  pieces 
i:r.  ■Jul.  I'.iL'i  I )_' , ,  .  aili  part  having  a  strong  vein 
h'  .-.lit,  I.  I'lani  111  -and,  in  good  temperature, 
cat  J,!-.,,  ]..  I;,  a-  ii  ili.y  were  Cuttings  of  growing 
Hoots  ami  iiuiK  will  soon  grow,  and  a  good  plant 
suit  within  a  reasonable  time.    Pot  off  when  roots 


are  %  in.  long. 

The  thickened  i 
for  propagation, 
upright,  like  s.  .-, 
and  rotted  leaf  m 
are   the   usual    n 


cales  of  bulbs,  like  lilies,  can  be  used 
Remove   the  scales    intact   and  plant 


the  winter,  but  top  growth  will  come  later, 
in  simimer.  This  is  a  slow,  laborious  pro- 
cess, and  is  seldom  practiced  except  in 
propagating  new  varieties.  The  granular 
scales  of  achimenes  and  plants  ,,f  like 
nature  can  be  used  for  propa^atiiiL'.  sow- 
ing  them    in    a   sandy    soil    as    m  ,  ,u    an- 

sown;    but  this    metboil  is  not  a  - 1  on, 

in  ordinary  cases.  Tin  mmI.^  ,1  Z,)„m,i 
horrida  have  been  iiiaiio  to  |,r,,ilu,r  ti.w 
plants,  and  also  the  tiiiii,-ai,  ,1  ^,al,  -  ,,t  ,iti 
amaryllis.  See  Traii-a,ii,'ii-  of  l|,,rtful 
tural  Societv  [London  i,  c,  n    "nl. 

True  variegation,  tin,:    ■        i,   - ■  from 

lack  of   chlorophyll  tn  ilways  reproduced 

by    leaf-cuttings.'    Tl ,11,     coloring    in    the 

foliage  of  5f (/oil iV«  7.'.  .   1-  n,  \ .  1    I  1,  kttig   in  plants  ob- 
tained   by  these  means. 

For  further  details  of  Cuttage,  consult  Lindley's  The- 
ory and  Practice  of  Horticulture,  2d  ed.;  Burbidge, 
The  Propagation  and  Improvement  of  Cultivated  Plants ; 
Peter    Henderson's    Practical     Floriculture  ;     Bailey's 


Nursery  Book,  3d  ed. 


B.  M.  Watson. 


CYANOPHtLMM.     Consult  j/icoiiia. 

CYATHEA  (Greek,  ac«p,  alluding  to  the  indusia). 
Cyathedceie.  A  large  genus  of  tree  ferns  found  in  both 
hemispheres,  with  a  globose  indusinm  which  ultimately 
ruptures  at  the  apex  and  becomes  cup-shaped.  All  the 
species  in  cultivation  have  decompound  Ivs.  Many 
other  species  from  Columbia  and  the  West  Indies 
besides  those  described  below  are  well  worthy  of  cul- 
tivation. L.  M.  Underwood. 

This  genus  includes  some  of  the  most  beautiful  of  all 
tree  ferns.  The  species  offer  a  great  variety  in  size  of 
trunks.  Those  of  temperate  regions  are  mostly  stout 
and  not  spiny;  the  tropical  species  are  more  slender  and 
in  many  cases  densely  armed  with  stout  spines.  All 
species  are  evergreen.  Their  culture  is  simple  but  ex- 
acting. They  ref|iiire  an  abundance  of  water  at  the  roots 
and  the  tiaiWks  should  be  kept  constantly  moist.  By 
this,  in  111  ill  111  a  vigorous  growth  and  fine  heads 
ot  1 1  1      The  foliage  lasts  longer  if  it  has 

bei  n  I  1  -im  during  summer.     Like  aU  other 

tri.    !    I         1  mill  little  pot-ri.ora.     None  of  the 


Book  of  Clw 


tsuus.-Jfcni/i/f 


ISrhn 


A.    Sachides  unarmed;  Ivs.  wliife  hvneuth. 

dealbata,  Swz.  Rachides  with  pale  rusty  wool  when 
voung;  Ivs. firm,  bi-tripinnate,almost  pure  white  beneath. 
N.  Zealand.  C.  Smithii,  Hort.,  is  regarded  by  some  as 
a  horticultural  variety. 

AA.    Eaehides  unarmed;  Ivs.  green  beneath. 

Biirkei,  Hook.  Stalks  with  tubercles  near  the  base 
bearing  large,  glossy  rusty  scales:  Ivs.  bipinnate,  with 
broad  pinnules.     S.  Africa. 

meridfensis,  Karst.  Figs.  631,  632.  Lvs.  tripinnatl- 
fid,  with  oblong-lanceolate  pinnae  and  rather  narrow 
lanceolete  pinnules;  segments  scaly  on  the  ribs  beneath. 
U.  S.  Columbia. 


424  CY^ 

AAA.    Machides  spiny; 

Ivs.  green  beneath. 
medullElris,  Swz.  Lvs. 
bi-tripinnate, densely  scaly 
when  young,  with  soft,  de- 
ciduous hair-liice  scales  : 
segments  coarsely  serrate 
or  pinnatifid,  on  spore- 
bearing  lvs.  N.  Zealand. 
L.  M.  Underwood. 


CfCAS  (classical  Greek 
name).       Cyead&cea. 

Twenty  or  fewer  specie-s  of  widely  di-stributed  tropi- 
cal or  warm-temperate  palm-like  plants.  Plants  dioe- 
ceous.  The  fls.  appear  in  a  mass  in  the  bosom  of 
the  great  crown  of  lvs.  Staminate  fls.  are  anthers 
borne  beneath  a  scale  ;  the  pistillate  fls.  are  naked 
ovules  borne  in  the  angles  of  rusty-fuzzy,  pinnatifid 
lvs.  They  have  striking  analogies  with  the  gym- 
nosperms  and  ferns.  Cycads  are  popular  conserva- 
tory plants,  for  they  are  of  easy  culture,  and  the 
crowns  of  lvs.  withstand  much  neglect,  or  even 
abu.se.  Cycas  stems  and  leaves  are  imported  in 
vast  quantities  directly  from  Japan.  Staminate 
plants  are  rare  in  cultivation.  For  a  horticultural 
synopsis  of  the  genus,  see  I.  H.  11,  under  tab.  405. 
A  running  sketch,  by  W.Watson,  is  in  G.F.  4: 113. 

Cycads  in  the  various  species  are  among  the  most 
popular  decorative  plants  for  both  house  and  garden. 
Their  culture  is  comparatively  simple,  as  they  suc- 
ceed in  varying  temperature  and  any  well  drained 
soil.  C.  revoluta  is  probably  the  most  hardy  spe- 
cies, withstanding  the  trying  climate  of  the  upper 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  where  it  occasionally 
loses  its  entire  crown  of  leaves  during  severe 
freezes,  but  is  seldom  killed  outright.  It  usually 
stands  well  at  Savannah.  Plants  are  propagated  by 
seeds,  which  keep  well  for  a  month  or  more  after 
ripening.  They  should  be  sown  in  shallow  boxes  or 
the  greenhouse  bench,  lightly  covered  with  s;iihI. 
and,  after  germination,  potted  off  in  small  jH.ts  nf 
moderately  rich,  light  soil.  The  growing  plants  il<> 
their  best  in  partial  shade,  where  they  shoulii  luivc 
proper  attention  in  watering  and  weeding.  The  old 
plants  frequently  send  up  suckers  around  the  base  of 
the  trunk,  which  may  be  cut  off  and  rooted,  if  taken 
in  a  dormant  state.  The  leaves,  if  any  have  formed, 
should  be  cut  off  at  the  time  of  its  removal,  as  other- 
wise they  would  dry  up  the  sucker  before  it  -n  .is  i  s- 
tablished.  The  large  stems,  or  trunks,  are  salrly 
shipped  from  their  native  home  to  most  ilisiaiit 
countries,  after  cutting  off  leaves  and  roots  and  pack- 
ing in  cases  in  a  dry  condition.  Upon  arrival  at  their 
destination,  the  stems  are  planted  in  as  small  pots 
as  possible  and  kept  close  and  moist  until  new 
leaves  form,  when  a  cooler  and  drier  air  will  answer 
for  them.  Their  use  as  decorative  specimens  for  the 
home  is  increasing,  although  many  failures  result 
from  lack  of  moisture  and  sunshine.  The  soil  which 
suits  them  best  is  a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam,  and 
should  never  be  allowed  to  get  quiti-  dry.'l.ut  !»■  krpt 
in  a  moderately  moist  condition  at  al!  <ias.ii)-.  Win  n 
dormant,  they  may  be  placed  in  tin  tim.-i  -Ii,m1..i 
positions  occasionally,  but  ought  t<i  iia\r  Min-lunc 
daily,  when  po«sit.lp,  for  at  least  :m  hour.  Iiuiiiig 
theirpericiii.  al  t-rowtli.  thcv  should  haveagnai  .1.  al 


CYCLAMEN 

sharp-pointed  and  stiff, 
dark,    shining    green. 
Japan.      B.  M.  2963-4. 
J.H.  III.  29:379.    R.B. 
21:163.     R.  H.  1896,  p. 
3G9.  A.G.  13:141  ;  18:1: 
19:436.        Mn.     2:88; 
6:134.  —  The    common- 
est    species      in    cult. 
Produces    a   handsome 
crest  or  crown  of  out- 
ward-flowing lvs.,  which  remains  in  per- 
fection for  months  and  years.   The  fruit 
is  densely  tomentose,  but  is  not  often 
cultivated  plants.    Much  used  at 
funerals. 


of 

otherwise  thr  Ira\i~  will  lie 
drawn  to  an  unnatural 
length,  with  few  pinnte, 
ruining    their   symmetrical 

Cult,  by  E.  N.  Reasoner. 

revoliita,  Thunb.  Sago 
Palm.  Pigs.  633,  634.  Be- 
coming 6-10  ft.  high,  and 
then  branching  :  Ivs.  long 
and  recurved  at  the  end 
(2-7  ft.),  the  many  pinnte 
curved   downward,  narrow, 


mL 


"«#- 


•f 

circinilia 

Linn 

.(C.Thoicdrsii,-R.BT.]. 

Talk 

r.    rai 

ely     \ 

ranching  :     lvs.    twice 

longer  than 

thos 

..f  r 

•  '  ',  Lra.ifnllv  arching. 

the  pinnae  a 

foot. 

r  1 .   ■  ■ 

•••  ■•■■   •I.Mi,  ui-.-eu  above 

and  pale  beneatl 

.      '- 1 . 

l;    \i.  ■-■.--(i-7.     F.  s. 

20:  2118-19 

-Fr 

V    niatnn.y.     Not  un- 

common  in 

good 

r..U.  r 

i..li-. 

l;aj.id  grower  as  com- 

pared  with 

some 

other 

.pucic 

s. 

Rumphii, 

Miq. 

Usua 

ly  loi 

V,  but  said  to  be  tall  in 

jrge  and  full  :  the  lvs.  3-6  ft. 
long  and  12-18  in.  wide  ;  pinna;  pale,  thin,  lanceo- 
late, 12-14  in.  long  and  H  in.  wide  ;  petiole  spiny. 
E.  Ind. 

Bellef6nti,  Lind.  &  Rod.  Stem  short,  cylindrical 
and  erect  :  lvs.  long  and  graceful,  recurved,  the 
linear-lanceolate  slightly  falcate,  sessile  pinnsB  en- 
tire and  plane  on  the  border,  somewhat  glaucous  ; 
petioles  spinulose  at  the  base.    China.   I.H.33:586. 

mSdia,  R.  Br.  Tall  ( 10-15  f t. ) ,  f  he  trunk  cylindrical, 
bearing  a  large  crown  :  lvs.  curved  downwards, 
4  ft.  or  more  long,  elliptic  or  lanceolate  ;  pinnte 
numerous,  linear  and  pointed  ;  petiole  convex  below, 
flat  or  nearly  so  on  top.    Australia.    I.H.  26:  368. 

\' 'M-  ''  I  1;  liave  appeared  in  the  Amer.  trade  are: 
'     .  -  C.  i^manni-Encephalartos    Leh- 

III,  I     '. .     ■  .//.rMmca,  Lind.    Much  like  C.  cireinalis. 

Iini  lii.  iMiiiii-  narrower  and  the  pinnae  closer,  C.  San- 
Other  fuitivated  Cycads  are  :  C.Beddomei,  Pver.  Per- 
haps a  small  form  of  C.  cireinalis.  E.  Inil-  C.  Norman- 
byana,  Mnell.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  with  numerous  linear 
pinnsB  6   in.  long.     Australia.— C.  rf^-"""'".  Tiriff.      Stem 


brielit  green,  graeeful  :  trunk  much 
Siam  and  Cochin  China.  I.H. 
'•  L.  H.  B. 

CtCLAMEN  (classical 
name,  probably  from  the 
word  for  circle,  in 
on  to  the  spirally 
■d  peduncles). 
Pfimuliice(p .  A  dozen  or 
more  species,  mostly  of 
the  Mediterranean  re- 
gion and  the  Caucasus. 
Herbaceous  and  low, 
from  a  flatfish  tuber  or 
corm  :  fl.  single,  on  a  scape, 
with  usually  5-parted  calyx  and 
corolla  (the  parts  strongly  re- 
flexed),  5  connivent  stamens, 
with  pointed,  sessile  anthers, 
1  style  and  stigma,  and  a  5-split- 
ting  capsule.  C.  latifolium  is 
the  source  of  the  standard  flo- 
rists' Cyclamens.  Most  of  the 
other  species  are  grown  only 
as  curiosities  in  this  country; 
and  they  are  essentially  out- 
door plants.  Old  English  name 
Sowbread,  from  the  tubers  be- 
ing   sought    by    swine.     Con- 


CYCLAMEN 

suit  Fr.  Hildebrand,  Die  Gattung  Cyclamen,  Jena, 
1898.  L.  H.  B. 

All  Cyclamens  are  very  beautiful,  and  would  be  much 
more  popular  were  they  hardy  in  our  eastern  climate. 
On  the  Pacific  slope  iiKiiiy  uf  fhem  probably  would  be 
perfectly  at  hom,  :f~  ..iir,i....r  jihnits,  producing  a  preat 
number  of  flow,  r       '  '■    i.trr  soil  in  tlic  depth  of 

winter  before  tli.  ;....;  ..  l.ipi-d.  It  is,  1h. never, 
with  the  Persi:in  I  .,,  ..  .i^  li  is  ti-udcr,  that  riorists 

have  had  the   ui' ,i  -m;,.  --.     There  is  no  common 

winter-riowcrin^j  M;i.|iri  .>f  as  much  value  for  duration 
in  bloom,  vmii  iv  ..|  >  "luring,  or  wealth  of  color. 

It  is  pi.i.  mill.'  :it  :ill  times  to  begin  the  culture  of 

months.     (ii-,)w  iHi  «  iiliMut  iuiv  cln-.-k   fur  tiir  I'.. II. .wing 


CYCLAMEN 


425 


almost 


year,     liirv  .si[..ui.i   i-icnu   ii.iiv;. n    iiii.cii   niuntiis 

from  pbiiitiTii.'.  (iM  u,\.rv^.  >u.l.  ;is  ;,,,.  ,,ir,.,v.|  ill  fall 
with  othiT  H..ris(s'  i.ulhs.  r;.n-ly  Kivr  ai.y  sal isl:H-ti..n  as 
compared  with  a  packi-t  of  seeds.  It  is  not  Ihe  nature 
of  the  plant  to  have  all  its  roots  dried  off,  as  if  it  were 
a  Hyacinth  or  Tulip,  Our  summers  are  rather  too  warm 
to  suit  Cyclamen  perfectly,  and  it  will  be  found  that  the 
most  growth  is  mail.,  in  tiin  i-nrlv  antiinin.     It  is  best  to 


the 


frame  outdoors  mill' III.  Iii.  i  ^  .1 
midday.  This  is  1..  in  r  ili -1  .1. 
glass,  as  more  liylii  is  :i\  i.il.ii.i.  ,  1.  •  1  n 
fresh  air  on  hot.laxs.  It  will  I..-  r,.iiiM[ 
seeds  require  a  I..11:,-  linie  in  wlii.-h  t..  ;:■.■ 
two  months,  Tliis  is  .In,-  t..  th.'  I'a.t  ih 
duces  a  bulb  or  corni  Ix-f.ire  I. -at  ^.-rowij 
soon  as  two  leaves  are  well  develojied, 
around  the  edge  of  4-  or  5-iuch  pots  until  every  one  is 
large  enough  for  a  3-inch  pot.  The  roots  are  produced 
sparingly  in  the  initial  stages,  and  too  much  pot  room 
would  be  fatal  at  the  start.  By  the  middle  of  summer 
another  shift  may  be  given,  an<l  in  September  all  will 
be  ready  for  the  pots  in  which  they  are  to  flower, —  5-  or 
6-inch  pots,  according  to  the  vigor  of  the  plants.  It 
will  always  be  found,  however,  that  there  will  be  a  cer- 
tain percentage  that  will  not  grow,  no  matter  how  much 
persuasion  is  used.  These  may  be  thrown  away  to  save 
time  and  labor  early  m  the  season.     The  Giganteum 


named  varieties  that  will  reproduce  themselv 
to  a  certainty. 

Of  recent  years  cultivators  have  had  much  trouble 
with  a  tiny  insect  or  mite  that  attacks  the  plants  and 
renders  them  useless  for  bloom.   Its  work  is  done  mostly 


strains  produce  the  largest  blooms,  but  at  the  expense 
of  quantity.  For  the  average  cultivator  it  is  better  to 
try  a  good  strain  that  is  not  gigantic.  There  is  a  recent 
departure  in  the  form  of  crested  flowers.  Cyclamens 
come  true  to  color  from  seeds,  and  one  can  now  buy 


after  the  plants  are  taken 

into    the    greenhouse    and 

when  about  to  maune  into 

blooming    specimens.       If 

the  first  flowers  come  defoimi 

abnormally    streaked    with    1 

that  are  darker    in  shade,    it  1 

sure    indication    that    the    ]      1    1 

present.    No  other  treatnu  1  I 

be    recommended    but    to    d     ti    \ 

the  infected   plants  and    keep  the 

stock  clean,  for  the  pest  has  not  jet  been 

studied  carefully. 

Cult,  by  E   O   Orpet 

Cyclamens  should  be  removed  to  the 
greenhouse  about  the  end  of  September, 
or  before  any  danger  of  frost  In  the 
house  they  should  always  have  the  lightest 
bench.  It  is  impossible"  to  glow  them  m  a 
warm,  shady  house.  About  51)°  at  night  is  the 
ideal  temperature  when  m  fl  wei  The  soil 
best  suited  to  them  is  a  ficsh  tufty  lo  im 
with  a  fourth  or  fifth  of  well  lotted  horse 
manure,  to  which  add  some  clean  sand  if  the 
soil  IS  heavy.  At  all  times,  the  pots  should  be 
well  drained.  Greenfly  is  sure  to  attack  the 
plants  at  all  stages  of  their  growth  In  the 
frames  the  plants  can  be  plunged  in  tobacco 
stems,  and  in  the  greenhouse  they  must  be  fumigated 
or,  what  is  better  still,  vaporized  with  some  of  the 
nicotine  extracts.  William  Scott. 

A.    FaJl-Mooming  species. 

Afric4num,  Boiss.  &  Rent.  The  largest  of  Cyclamens: 
tubers  often  as  large  as  a  turnip  (4-10  in.  across) :  Ivs. 
.  \  ate-eordate,  coarsely  toothed,  pale  beneath,  dull  and 
I'lle  green  marbled  above:  calyx  pubescent,  the  lobes 
bioadly  ov-ate-ainirainate:  corolla  nearly  white,  faintly 
lose  or  purjile-tinged,  the  segments  1  in.  long  and  deep 
IHU pie  at  the  base:  Algeria.  B.M.  5758.  P.S.  8:841. - 
Little  known  in  this  country,  but  sold  by  the  American 
agencies  of  the  Dutch  bulb  houses.  The  same  remark 
will  apply  to  most  other  species,  except  C.  latifolium. 
I'erhaps  a  form  of  the  next. 

Neapolitanum,  Ten.  Tuber  very  large,  black,  thick- 
rinded,  Ivs,  variable,  from  hastate  to  round-reniform, 
more  or  less  wavy-plaited  on  the  edges,  green  or  some- 
what parti-colored:  calyx  small:  corolla  pink  or  rarely 
white,  the  segments  short  and  twisted  and  the  edges 
raised  and  white-edged  at  the  base,  S,  En,  B,R,24:49, 
Cin,  51,  p.  37,    K,H.  1855:  21.  as  C.  liedercefolium. 

Europaeum,  Linn.  (C.  Cltisil,  Lindl. ).  Lvs.  ovate-or- 
bicular, entire  or  nearly  so,  with  a  deep  and  narrow 
basal  sinus,  more  or  less  white-marbled  above,  purple- 
tinted  beneath :  fls.  on  scapes  4-5  in.  high,  bright  red  and 
very  fragrant,  the  corolla-segments  oblong-spatulate 
(%in.  or  less  long);  calyx  glabrous.  Central  and  S.Eu. 
B.R.  12:1013.— Lvs.  appearing  with  the  fls.    Variable. 

Cilicicum,  Roiss.  &  Heldr.  Much  like  C.  Europwum  : 
fls.  white,  with  purple  at  the  mouth,  about  twice  larger; 
calyx  puberulent.    Sicily     G.C.  III.  23:  81. 


426 


CYCLAMEN 


AA.    Spring  blnn 
latifdlium,  Sibth.  &  &ni    i 
635.    The  common  g:reenh 
many  forms:  Ivs.  appeariii 
dentate,  usually  marbled     i 
on  scapes  6-7  in.  high    lii„ 
blotched  at  the  mouth    but  ^  trj  in^  int      ] 
purple  and  spotted  forms   oblong  spatulate  i 
eared  or  lobed  at  the  base 
Greece   to    Syria.— C    gi 
Hort.,    is     the 
large    fld       ini 
proved    form  of  this   spe 
cies     There  are  also  dou 
ble  fld    forms  (R  H    188b 
p  2o0)      also   fimbriate   or 


little  paler  below ; 
i>v  ovate-oblong,  the 
null  shorter,  obtuse, 
'if  Ivs.  with  minute, 
r.  .wded  into  few -fld. 


trianguHr    dark   green   abc 

slithth  3  lobed  ;    lobes  tria 

middle  one 

acute  or  almost  want 

1  emote  teeth  :    male 

which  are  usually  shmt.  r  than  the  petiole:  fr. 
ovate  renitorm,  obtuse,  with  a  few  short  spines  in  the 
back  seeds  small,  black,  narrowly  winged.  New  Gran- 
ada 

CYCLANTHUS  (flowers  in  a  circle).    Cyclanth&cea. 

ropical   American  genus,  giving  name  to   a 

sm  ill  ordei  which  is  allied  to  the  palms      The  species 

ire  not  m    the  Amer   trade      Culture  of   Carlu- 

5      djvici  (which  see) 

CYCLOBOTHRA 


ime  referring  to    the  nec- 

^mall  group  of  west  Amer- 

re  i  t     (   ilochortus  (which 

I        I  ite   V.  ith  naked 

I   lids    the  sepals 

I    r  11    (now  known 

IS  in  the  trade 

1  stem   rather  tall, 

sni  ill    %  cllow  black  dotted 

linear     Mex 

CYCLOLOMA  (Ureek  for   circle  and  bor- 

1     II   the  encircling  wmg  of  the  calyx). 

I  iXcece      One  weed-v   herb  (C    pla- 

Moq  )    of    sandy     soils     from 

once  in- 


lUnt 


Cyclamen  latifohum 

ing  a  flower  of  perfect 
form,  and  the  crested  va- 
riety (X}^). 


,  U: 


Cdum,  Mill.  Tuber  smaller  than  in  the  last:  Ivs.  with 
the  fls.,  nearly  orbicular,  entire,  firm,  not  marbled  nor 
variegated  :  fls.  small,  deep  red.  scentless,  half  or  less 
as  large  as  those  of  the  last.  S".  Eu.  B.M.  4.  P.S.  22: 
2345.— There  is   a  white-fld.  form  (C.  album,  Hort.). 

Ibfiricum,  Goldie.  Dwarf  :  Ivs.  appearing  with  the 
fls..  ovate-orbicular  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  entire  or 
obscurely  undulate,  more  or  less  zoned  with  white 
above:  fls.  red,  with  a  purple  mouth.  Caucasus.- Per- 
haps a  geographical  form  of  V.  Coum.  C.  Atkinsii, 
Hort.,  is  a  form  (perhaps  a  hybrid)  with  larger  white 
fls.    F.S.  23:2423. 

I.I Hurt,  (and  Ait.l).  is  C.  Xeapolitanum.— C. 

/'  ;isa  new  hardy  species  from  Lebanon,  with 

"!i    -  ithT-form  deep  carmine  markings  at  the 

lia  ;  isee  Bof.  Jahrb.  25:477).— C  repdndum, 

H..I1     1    ^:     :     \   Sin.)=C.  Conm?-a  vernum.  Sweet=C. 

t'oum.  L.  H.  B. 

CYCLANTHilEA  (Greek,  anthers  in  a  circle).  Cuciir- 
bitdceai.  This  genus  is  interesting  as  a  plant  with  a 
fruit  that  explodes  with  a  considerable  noise  when  ripe. 
The  plant  is  a  climbing  half-hardy  annual  of  easy  cul- 
ture. The  seed  should  be  started  indoors  early.  The 
genus  is  near  Echinocystis  and  Elaterium,  and  has  30 
or  more  species,  all  from  tropical  America.  Thev  are 
annual,  climbing  herbs,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  with  a 
perennial  root :  Ivs.  entire,  lobed  or  5-7  foliolate  :  fls. 
minute,  yellow,  greenish  or  white,  with  their  parts  in 
6's.  Monograph  by  Coigneaux  in  DC.  Mon.  Phan.  3:822 
(1881). 

ezplddens,  Naud.  Stem  slender,  branched,  angled  or 
furrowed,  slightly  villous,  especially  at  the  .ioints,  6-8 
ft.  long :   Ivs.  2H-3  in.  long,  and  about  as  wide,  ovate- 


lie  s(  il     The 
nearlj    gla- 
and  bract- 
very  small. 


CYCNOCHES  {swan's  neck,  from  the  Greek,  referring 
to  the  curved  column).  Orchiddcece,  tribe  i'dndeie. 
Swan  Orchid.  An  interesting  genus  of  deciduous 
orchids  found  in  tropical  America.  Pseudobulbs  long, 
fusiform:  Ivs.  lanceolate,  plicate,  labellum  continuous 
with  column ;  column  arcuate,  terete,  flattening  out  and 
becoming  clavatc  at  the  apex;  pi.llinia  2.  The  flowers 
are  of  differriit    ^^vr-.     Tli.     -.■iit,.    ]']:,\,t  nr.rc  yv^lurc 


pisiill  ii'    n.iv  .  I         ■>   ..     •    ■•     .ju  species.   Cult,  like  Cat- 
asiiui  i  .  ts.    Prop,  by  dividing  the 

ps.  II  i  ;    liiMrins.    Very  few  forms  are 

in  .111:;     ,'    .1  .  !,  n  ;i     iiirtothe  Want  of  brilliancy 

in  till    il.nM  r-.     s, .,,,,.  ,,|   III,,  species  produce  varying 
flowers  ,,n  clilV.  r.  Tit  i:m,  m,  ~  .ui  the  same  plant. 

aireum,  Lin. 11.  ,».  I'a\t.  JN.  numerous,  large  and  yel- 
low,   .li piiiL'  ;    -.i.als    aii.l   jietals    lanceolate,   purple- 

dottc.l,  till-  |..t;iN  curved:  lip  small  and  much  divided, 
the  .■..luinii  j.uri.l.'  .L.tted.     Cent.  Amer. 

chlorochilon.  Liiull.  Racemes  about  3-flowered:  fls. 
lars;.-.  ii...liliii_'.  .'->  in.  across,  green;  sepals  oval-oblong; 
petal-  I  li  :'.  -  i  :  i  1 1 1  y  larger,  labellum  subsessile  rather 
obi<\  :i  .  '         .at  base,  yellowish  green  except  at 

thi-   i   I   ■  I       iiiider,  with  a  wide  base,  greenish. 

Veii./n.|:i.    Ml,  .-Mi.j.   J.H.III.35:  285.    Gn.49,p.403; 
51:  mm  and  p.  JT.i. 

pentadActylon,  Ltndl.  Fls.  greenish  or  white,  barred 
or  blotched  with  brown;  labellum  partly  white,  spotted 
with  crimson;  column  purple  below  the  anther.  Rio  de 
Janeiro.    B.R.  29:  22. 

ventricfisum.  r.:.i.  i 
fls.  greenish  \ .  l}<~\\  . 
callous  spot  1)11  111'-  .1 

CYDONIA  (the  fruits  known  to  the  Romans  as  mala 
Ctidonia,  apples  from  Cydon,  now  Canea,  in  Crete). 
liosdce(e,»ub-fiimi\yPomicece.  Quince.  Shrubs  or  small 


me  (often  2)  about  5-fld. : 
;  lip  white,  with  a  black 
'itemala.       ^  , 


CYMBIDIUJI 


427 


deciduous   or 
It    or  entire 
I    m  few  fld 


ovoid  l'2-2  in  high  jellowish  green  March  April 
China  Jap  R  B  1  260  L,  B  C  lb  1d94  Gu  50  106  - 
Many  garden  forms  in  all  shades  from  white  to  deep 
scarlet  and  also  \\  ith  double  fls  Some  of  the  best  are 
the  following  ^  <>r  Alba  Lodd  fls  \\hite  blushed 
L  B  C  6  541      \  nr   atrcangmnea  pl^na    deep  scarlet 


deep    sc  u 1  T       I  i lUj 

adapted  for  boi  1   i  i  1 1 1  u 

tal  hedges     Tli    i  i  ti 

serves    butusuiIlN  '  I      )         i   li    s 

decorative  -value  i  ^i  \mi  t  i  lln  juipi  i  Ihe 
Qumoes  thiive  m  almost  any  soil  but  require  sunnj 
position  to  bloom  abundantly  Prop  bv  seeds  usualh 
stratified  and  sown  m  sprmc  (  Tnpnvirn  nnd  < 
Manlei  ir.  r  iihU  m  in  11  r  f  n  n  mil  hi 
fall  or  1  iih     I  nil.     II   I    I  II  I  u 

groHiiu  \    11  n         1     -I    I  ih 

spiin„      u     I      I       I   il       i  in 

they  oi    «    il       li    I"     "1111  I    I     I     I  I  ih 

(the   Quince)  is    m  ~1I^    ii    i  I    U    luinn.        I    1-4 

year  old  wood  t  il  n  in  1  ill  n  1  i  i  iMit  iil  |  i  m^  in 
sand  or  moss  lu  i  11  n  i  liiuii  il  o  1  \  1 1\  i  aid 
budding,  or  by  gr  itf  ins  on  vigorous  growing  ■(  ineties 
See  Quince. 

A.  Fls.  solitary,  on  short  leafy  branchlets,  with  re- 
flexed  serrate  calyx  lobes:  stipules  small.  (Cydo- 
nia  proper.) 

vnlg&ris,  Pers.  (Pjrus  Cydonia,  Linn.).  Quince. 
Fig.  636.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  with  slender,  spineless 
branches:  Ivs.  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  or  slightly  cor- 
date at  the  base,  acute,  enTirc.  viUous-pubescent  be- 
neath, 2-4 in.  long:  fls.  whitr  "i-  liulit  pink,  2  in.  across: 
fr.  large,  yellow,  villous,  pyrifonn  it  K'"'>ular.  May. 
Cent,  and  E.  Asia.— Var.  Lusitanica,  Jlill..  is  of  more 
vigorous  growth,  with  larijir  I\  >.  inul  fr.  piar  shaped 
and  ribbed.  Var.  malifbrmis  has  aii|ili-slia|..-.l,  and  var. 
pyrifdnnia  pear-shapid  fr.  Var.  marmorata.  Hint.,  has 
whitish  and  yellow  varic^-a!.  il  Iv-.     Si  i-  also  (^>iii mr. 

Sinensis,  Thouin(P,i/r»,s  r.,;  ',.  .Tl.msl.).  jshrub 
or  small  tree:   Ivs.  elliptii-i'  'II  inhlong,  acute 

at  both  euds.  sharply  ami  In  illuus  beneath 

when  youug,  2-.'i  in.  long  :  il  .  ii-n.  ,  ..,,>.  about  1>3  in. 
across  :  fr.  dark  yellow,  i.l.l..iit;,  1  b  m.  lung.  May. 
China.  B.R.  11:905.  R.H.  lssy:22s.  A.G.  12:16. -The 
Ivs.  assume  a  scarlet  fall  coloring.  Not  hardy  north  of 
Philadelphia,  except  in  favored  localities.    See  Quince. 


/■  --^^"^ 


637.  Cydonia  Japonica  ( 


r.  Candida,  pure  white.    Var.  cardinalis,  deep 

H.  1872::i:to  f.  1.  Var.  Gauj^rdi,  salmon- 
r.  grandiilora,  iicarlv  Hiiit.-,  lar-.-  tl^.  R.H. 
ar.  Mallardi,  IN.  n.s..,  l„.nl.iv,l  wliif.    Var. 


Var.  rubra  grandiildra, 
sanguinea  pUna,  scarlet, 
rose-red   fls.,  and   large 


p6ndula,  II. .vt.,  with  sl.n. 
Tdsea  plena,  ms.',  stini-il. 
fls.  Large,  deep  crimson, 
double.    Var.  umbillcata, 
frs.  umbilicate  at  the  apex. 

Maiilei,  Nichols.  (Pynis  Maul,, 
alplna,  Koehne).  Low  shrub,  l-.'l 
with  short,  rough  tomentuni  win  i 
ish  oval  to  obovate,  obtuse  or  a-  i 
serrate,  glabrous,  1-2  in.  long:  tl<.  I 
1-lK  in.  across:  fr.  yellow,  nearly  ; 
across.  March,  April.  Jap.  B.-M 
and  2:741. —  A  very  desirable  hard 
dantfls.  of  a  peculiar  shade  of  red. 
(ChmiamelfX  .Tnpmiim.  var.  .il,,)„ 


dew.  Plants 
jiseudobulbous  or 
y  short,  persistent: 
II  usually  tri-lobed, 
umn erect;  pollinia 

u  Asia.    A  few  species  are  found  in  Af- 
For   horticultural    purposes    this 
genus  is  of  comparatively  little  value.     Oakes  AafES. 


Fls.  in  leafless  clusters,  nearly  sessile,  before  or 
with  the  Ivs.:  calyx  lobes  erect,  entire  :  stipules 
large.    ""  '      ' 


( Chcenomeles . 


NodifBculty^ 
.species  of  Cymbidium 
A  shaded  position  in  1 1 1 
Cattleya  department .  \v 
tween50°and55°Fahr. 
heat  70°  through  the  da 


ring  the  several 


Jap6nica,  Pers.  (Partis  Japinica,  Thunbg.  Chceno- 
meles JapSnica,  Lindl.).  Japan  Quince.  Japonica. 
Fig.  637.  Shrub,  3-6  ft.,  with  spreading,  spiny  branches: 
Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  glabrous, 
glossy  above,  lK-3  in.  long:  fls.  in  2-6-fld.  clusters, 
scarlet-red  in  the  type,  1J4-2  in.  across:  fr.  globular  or 


.  ■  I. r  cool  end  of  the 
'  iin  !■  Ill  ['.rature  ranges  be- 
lt;! d  and  about  65°  Or  with  Sun 
II  be  found  suitable.  During 
the  warm  summer  months  they  must  be  kept  shaded  in 
a  cool,  moist  atmosphere  with  a  free  circulation  of  air. 
As  they  are  robust  growing  plants,  pot  culture  will  suit 
them  best,  but  those  with  pendulous  inflorescence,  such 
as  C.  Findlaysonianitm,  C.  pendulum,  etc.,  may  be 
grown  in  baskets  if  desired.  Repotting  and  top-dress- 
ing should  be  attended  to  in  spring  at 


428 


CYMBIDIUM 


ment  of  the  growing  season,  and  should  be  executed  with 
judgment,  so  that  it  will  last  three  or  four  years,  as  the 
roots  dislike  being  disturbed.  The  potting  soil  should 
consist  of  one-half  chopped  sod  the  balance  of  equal 
parts  leaf -mold  jeat  an  1  li\e  chopped  sphagnum  moss 
well  mixed  to^etl  I  tl      1    t   fl      i    t    r  om 

should  be  dev       1  1        1       1  1  il 

covering  the  j  it 

open.    When  tl  li 

tributed  the  n  ut 

them,  leaving  tl  e  1  '      tl  I    the 

rim  of  the  pot  ^  h  i    fan    bed      \\  til 

the  new  growths  appear  when  a  i  11 

be  necessary   but  never  eno  igl  I       n 

stantly  wet   or  the  new  root    ar    1  I  the 

foliage  to  become  spotte  1     ^      k  1 1     i   mo-v 

ingtheoldpseudobulbs  \  I  i  allp  tsand 

giving  them  a  little  more  1  i  unt  1  they 

start  new  growth  actioi        1        tl  1      removed  to 

their  proper  depirtment  Robert  M   Gre\ 


or  lo 


A  /  flore^cente  ire  t 
ebumeum  Lindl  Stems  tufted 
tichous  at  base  1  or  2  ft  long 
rate,  bifid  at  apices ;  peduncles  not  as  long  as 
the  Ivs.,  few-fld. :  fls.  about  3  in.  across,  ivory 
white,  sometimes  tinged  with  rose  ;  sepals 
and    petals    oblong  -  lanceolate  ;    labellum   3- 


lobed,  with  a  golden  yellow  ndgi 
running  down  the  center.  Khasia 
Hills,  at  an  elevation  of  from  5  OUd 
to  6,000  ft.  B.B.  33:67.  B.M  513b 
Gn.  46,  p.  : 

AA.    Inflorescence  arching, 

not  pendent. 

B.    Sepals  and  petals  veined  with 


redf  brown 
Lowi&num,  Kc'i< 
ft.  long,  linear-nri 
pals  and  petals  o 
cate),  greenish  y. 
of  labellum  yell'>\ 
yellow,  the  from 
about  20  in  nuui 
Gn.  48,  p.  263. 
(C.  MandaiAnuiN 
hybrid  of  C.  ebn 
Gn.  48:1034. 


iulbs  oblong  :  Ivs.  2-3 
:iii*raes  many-fld.:  se- 

( lateral  ones  sub-fal- 
h  brown;  lateral  lobes 

lUxed,  margined  with 

Irs  across.  Burma. 
1 .  Mandai&num,  Hort. 

■How  fls.  A  beautiful 
owianum  is  shown  in 


Fls.  dull  purple  (brown- 
with  purple ) ;  sepals  and 
petalsjoblong,  the  petals  narrow  and  shorter;  midlobe  of 
labellum  reflexed,  yellow,  spotted  with  red ;  lateral  lobes 
yellowish  green.    Nepal.    B.M.  4844.    P.M.  12:241. 

longifdlitun,  Don.  Lvs.  linear-acuminate  :  peduncle 
stout,  sub-erect,  then  drooping:  fls.  about  12;  sepals 
sub-equal,  oblong,  the  upper  one  broadest  and  Incurved; 
both  sepals  and  petals  green  striped  with  brownish  pur- 


CYNODON 

pie;  disk  and  midlobe  of  labellum  white,  spotted  with 
purple;  lateral  lobes  with  purple  lines.    lad. 

ensi!61iuin,  Swartz.  Lvs.  ensiform,  acute  :  peduncle 
manj  fld  fls  greenish  vellow,  veined  with  purple ; 
sepals  and  petals  linear  oblong,  acute;  labellum  spotted, 
lud    Jap     B  M  1  51 

Huttomi  Hook  f  Plant  about  2  ft.  high:  fls.  10,  in 
droo]  mg  racemes  sepals  yellow,  striated  with  brown  ; 
1  etal  brown  labellum  greenish,  dotted  with  brown. 
Jiva     B  M   50  6 

BB      ^  J    It.   It  d  pet  lis  not  reined  with  purple  or  brown. 
tigrlnum   Pnr  si       Lvs    oblong-lanceolate:  peduncles 

1      1p  fl  i  I    I       111  ji-t-iK  liiiear-oblong,  acute, 

,  I -Ml  1,1    piiler  and  with  more 
I  ii  yellow,  red-brown 

1  111      "lute,    transversely 

!  Ill         I      nil  I      1'   M.  ,-,457. 

Hookeninum  lie  LI  t  Lvs.  about  2  ft.  long,  acute: 
I  ed  le  arching  above  erect  at  base  :  fls.  from  6-12, 
1  rg  e^als  and  petals  oblong,  greenish:  labellum  yel- 
low    I   tttd  with  purple     Sikkim.    B.M.  5574. 

BBB.  Sepals  and  petals  u-hili^li. 
MAstersii,  Griff.  (Cyper6rehis  M<isl>isil.  Benth.). 
Lvs.  linear,  acuminate:  peduncle  stout,  longer  than  the 
raceme:  sepals  and  petals  sub-equal,  oblong-lanceolate, 
white,  flushed  with  rose  at  the  apices  ;  labellum  mi- 
nutely pubescent  ;  lainellfe  orange-vellow.  Sikkim. 
B.B.  31:.50.  Var.  Album,  Hort.,  has  white  fls.  C.  dlba- 
fldra,  of  Amer.  trade,  is  equivalent  to  C.  Mastersii,  var. 
nlbum. 


AAA.    Inflorescence  pendent. 
pendulum,  Swartz.    The  leathery  lvs.  distichous 


2-3 


ft.  long,  broadly  linear  :  fls.  yellowish ;  side  lobes  and 
midlobe  of  labellum  rose-color;  the  disk  more  or  less 
white  with  yellow  crests;  sepals  and  petals  narrowly 
oblong,  with  a  purple  median  line.  E.  Ind. 
Finlaysom^num,  Lmdl  (C  p^nd«Z«»i,  Lindl  )  L\s 
1  t  111  raceme  many  fld  sepals  and  petals  linear 
111  1  tuse  dull  vellow  sometimes,  with  a  reddish 
III  liiii  line  lateral  lobes  of  labellum  crimson,  mid 
1  ibe  white  -tipped  with  crimson  Malajsia— Var  atro- 
purpilreiun,  Hort  Lvs  narrower,  racemes  longer,  with 
1  irger  fls  sepals  and  petals  purplish  front  lobe  of  la 
btlliinnhitP    ^potted  with  i  ur]  le     BiintJ 


^  O  IKtb  A-UEs 

CYNANCHUM  (Greek  doq  poison)  AsclepiadAcem 
.\l)ciut  211  species  in  S.  Eu.,  Africa,  Asia  and  Australia, 
herbaceous  or  sometimes  half  woody  at  the  base,  twin- 
ing. Lvs.  opposite,  entire.  Plant  very  like  Vincetoxi- 
cum,  but  the  fls.  differ  in  having  a  scale  or  ligule  on  the 
inside  of  each  of  the  5  parts  of  the  crown. 

acuminatifdlium,  Hemsl.  (  Vincetdxictim  aciimin&tiim, 
Decne.  T.  ./a;)(i«(CH»i,  Hort. ).  Mosquito  Plant.  Cruel 
Plant.  Perennial:  erect  or  nearly  so,  or  the  tips  show- 
ing a  somewhat  twining  habit:  the  stems  grayish  and 
more  or  less  angular:  lvs.  opposite,  broadly  ovate  and 
acuminate,  short-petioled,  strongly  pinnate- veined,  en- 
tire, usually  conspicuously  gray-pubescent  beneath : 
fl. -clusters  lateral  (1-2  between  "the  lvs.),  shorter  than 
the  Ivs.:  fls.  white,  small,  in  umbel-like  cymes:  fr.  amilk- 
weed-like  follicle.  Japan.  — In  the  flowers,  mosquitoes 
and  other  insects  are  caught,  much  as  they  are  in  other 
asclepiadaceous  plants.  The  native  Amsonia  Tabernce- 
montana  is  sometimes  sold  as  this  plant,  and  it  has 
been  figured  as  such.  l.  jj.  b_ 

CYNABA  (involucre  spines  likened  to  a  dog's  tooth). 
Comp6sit<e.  A  half-dozen  S.  European  species,  of  which 
the  Artichoke  and  Cardoon  (which  see)  are  cultivated. 


CtNODON.    See  Cipriola. 


CYNOGLOSSUM 

CYNOGLOSSUM    (Greek,  hound's    tongue,   from    the 

shape  and  soft    surface  of   the  Ivs.  of    the  commonest 

species)      Borraqin&cece     A  large  and  widely  dispersed 

group  of  little  horticultural  interest  being  mostly  tall 

CO  lr^e   weedj   herbf»      C    offui 

I     I   nil      F  ^   (!)    his  I  bur 

1    t  I  It     I     1  t       lith 

,11     tl       II  t     hiep 

iz    1     fi    1.1      thL      OH    World 

lows   about  1  ft    \i\^h  in  pas 

t  lies   and   waste  place*  of  the 

Atlantic  states     and    has    soft 

I  ubescent    lanceolate  Its     and 

lull      red  puiple      (sometimes 

white)  fls.  in  panicled  racemes. 

C.  grdnde,  Dougl.      Once   cult. 

from     California    as     a    hardy 

639.  border  perennial  ;  grows  about 

Bur  of  Hound's-tongue  2  ft.  high,  with  lower  Ir.s.  ovate- 

or  Stick-tieht.  oblong,     or     somewhat     heart- 

/w  .,  ^       *  shaped    at   the    base,   acute    or 

gined  petioles  of  about  the  s^hih-  Icim'th  :  upper  Ivs. 
smaller,  ovate  to  lanceohiii,  ;ilpni|iil>  '■ontracted  into 
shorter  winged  petioles:  Hs.  vi.iirt  ..i-  iilne.  For  O.  Ap- 
penn\num,  Linn.,  see  Soleini iitlms. 

CYN6BCHIS  (Greek  for  dog  on-hid).  Oreliidicea, 
tribe  Ophrydew.  A  dozen  Habenaria-like  African  or- 
chids, not  in  the  Am.  trade.  Culture  of  Bletia.  Not  to 
be  confused  with  Cycnoches. 

CYNOStTEUS  (Greek,  dogf's  totl).  Graminew.  An- 
nual or  perennial,  cespitose  grasses,  with  flat  leaves. 
Spikelets  of  two  forms  in  small  friscirlcs.  these  forming 
a  dense  somewhat  unilateral,  s]iiki--lil\r  panicle;  termi- 
nal spikelets  of  the  fasi-id.  s  l'-4  tid.,  hermaphrodite; 
lower  spikelets  sterile,  i-cusistiii^'  uf  many  empty 
glumes:  flowering-glumes  umcrouate  or  awn-pointed: 
stamens  ;i  Species  4  or  5,  in  the  north  temperate  re- 
gions of  the  Old  World. 

cristitus,  Linn.  Crested  Doo's-tail.  A  slightly 
tufted  perennial  grass,  1-2  ft.  bierh.  with  narrow  Ivs. 
and  a  rather  slender,  ere.-t.  spike  like  |iaiiiele.  Int. 
from  Europe.  — Well  adapte.I  t'ur  stinl.  i|  l:i\\  n- anil  wood- 
lands. Also  recommendeil  for  ini\-.i  pa-iuir-.  espe- 
cially in  hilly  regions.  The  mature  stems  uvr  use. I  in  the 
manufacture  of  Leghorn  hats. 

^legans,  Desf.  Silky-awned  Doo's-tail.  A  pretty 
perennial  grass  varying  in  height  from  6  in.-l  K  ft. : 
Ivs.  small  and  scarce:  panicle  one-sided  and  spike-like: 
spikelets  with  long  white  silky  awns  !4-l  in.  long.  Int. 
from  Europe.  — Handsome  for  dry  bouquets. 

P.  B.  Kennedy. 

CtNTHIA.    All  referred  to  Krigia. 

CYPfiLlA  (application  obscure).  IridHcece.  Eight 
species  of  South  American  bulbs,  inferior  to  Iris  for 
general  culture  because  not  hardy,  and  also  less  showy. 
The  genus  differs  from  Iris  and  Mortea  in  its  stigmas, 
which  are  neither  petal-like  nor  filiform,  but  erect,  ami 
in  the  anthers,  which  are  broad,  erect,  not  sloped,  bear- 
ing the  pollen  on  their  edges,  also  in  the  plaited  leaves. 
C.  Herhfiii  is  the  ,.ulv  s, ies  ..trere.l  l,v  the  Ameriean 

trade,  an.;    tl aTai--.a-   -:r,    I!    ,M'.    I|-,.,M     I',  ru.   hut, 

accordiiiL;- t..  Jla!..  ■  ha;  .:^.i.,'.  .  ',.  .,:  r.  .  ,.  .  from 
the  wester),  , -.    ,.     ~    ,  ,1,     >  .  /•  :     .  ,,i„a. 

The  bull. ^  ^laaiM    i  ,       ,  ;,,n  ,,    ,:ll.  .1    n,    lall  and 

stored  .>\  iT  w  Mii.  I  I'l  ,.  .  <  lis. -ts  ..r  by  see.l,  which 
should  b.    -..w II     .  The  blue-flowered  spe- 

cies are   |.i.^ini!,i  ithy  of  culture,  though 

C.plnmli'ii.  laedi..  iiaii  ■-  I 'aazil  and  Argentine,  is 
shown  in  K.iM.il.Ii),  with  <iull,  le.ad-colored  fls.  In  P.S. 
4:  39.5  and  14:  1466  the  colors  are  showier,  the  latter  be- 
ing a  variety  with  handsome  purple  streaks.  For  the 
still  showier  C.  cwriilea,  Seub.,  see  Marica. 

a.    Style  appendages  spur-like. 
Hirberti,  Herb.     Lvs.  about  1  ft.  long,  linear,  acumi- 
nate, twice   plaited,  the   angles  of   the  plaits  winged  : 
scape  2-3  ft.  high,  erect,  flexuose,  glaucous,  branched, 


CYPERUS 


429 


many-fld. :  fls.  3  in.  across,  chiefly  yellow,  odorless,  soon 
withering  ;  outer  segments  bearing  a  rather  long  cusp 
or  tail.  South  Brazil.  Uruguay.  Argentine.  B.  R. 
11:949  and  B.  M.  2.599  show  utterly  distinct  colors,  but 
Baker  says  there  is  a  lilac  variety. 

AA.    StijU  appendages  petal-like,  flat. 

Peruviina,  Baker.  Lvs.  6-9  in.  long,  linear,  narrowed 
gradually  from  the  middle  both  ways,  glabrous,  plaited  ; 
fls.  2-3  in  a  solitary  stalked  cluster,  soon  withering, 
chiefly  yellow  ;  segments  with  a  distinct  long  claw  and 
a  proportionately  shorter  and  broader  blade  and  a  shorter 
cusp,  at  the  base  spotted  brown.    Peru.    B.M.  6213. 

W.  M. 

CYPEROECHIS  (r./,),,a,,sand  0)t7!!s,  from  the  sedge- 
like api.tarau.  il.  Orrli  i'h'icew,  tribe  Viinde<e.  Very 
closely  allie.l  t..  ( 'ymbi.Uum,  which  see.  There  are  only 
three  species,  of  which  V.  Jhistersii,  Benth.  ( Cymbidium 
Masteysii,  Griff.,  of  this  work,  and  C.  elegans,  Blume 
iCumbidiiim  elegans.  Lindl.,  B.M.  7007)  are  cult.  The 
latter  does  not  appear  in  the  Amer.  trade. 


CYPilEUS  (ancient  Greek  name).  Cyperdceie.  A  large 
genus  of  the  Sedge  family,  inhabiting  both  tropical  and 
temperate  regions.  The  species  in  cultivation  are  all 
perennials  from  rootstocks  or  tubers:  leaves  grass-like; 
stem  simple  and  mostly  naked  above:  flowers  perfect, 
without  perianth,  borne  in  small,  compressed  spikes, 
which  are  variously  aggregated  in  compound  umbels, 
the  latter  surrounded  by  foliaceous  bracts;  styles  and 
stamens  3.  A  few  are  cultivated  in  jardinieres,  aquatic 
gardens  and  aquaria.  Several  others  are  pests  in  culti- 
vated fields. 

A.   Basal  leaf-sheaths  without  blades. 

altemifblius,  Linn.  Umbrella  Plant.  Umbrella 
Palm.  Fig.  640.  Strict,  1^-3K  ft.  high :  stem  nearly 
terete,  ribbed,  smooth  and  slender:  invohicral  lvs.  very 
numerous,  spreading  or  slightly  drooping,  linear,  8  in. 
long,  %~}4  in.  broad,  dark  green,  acute,  rough-margined; 
umbel  rays  only  1-2  in.  long,  nearly  simple:  spikes  few, 
in  a  cluster,  ovate,  very  flat,  2  lines  long,  pale  brown; 


640.   Cype 


Umbrella  Plant. 


scale  acute:  r.achis  winged  and  pitted.  JIadagascar.— 
Much  used  for  aquaria  and  jardinieres.  Var.  variegAtUB, 
Hort.  Stem  and  lvs.  striate,  sometimes-entirely  white. 
Var.  gracilis,  Hort.  Involucral  lvs.  much  narrower  and 
not  so  spreading. 


430 


Willd 


Ec.-ii 


ct    till 


dark-green    stem  obtusely  3  an„l    I  tl      )i       lucral 

Ivs.  only  3-10,  small,  3-()  in  loDf;    '  i  I      linear, 

acute :  primarj  ra^  s  of  the  umbel  A  i  i  ii  i  i  t  lete, 
slender,  equal  and  drooping,  10-lb  in  1  }uk  st^c  iiudai> 
bracts  prominent,  filiform,  2-6  m  long  spikes  clustered 
and  sessile  pale  chestnut  rachis  wingless  Egypt 
Palestine.  — For  aquaria  and  damp  soil  Not  hardv 
AA  Basal  il,  ,11  nil,  i, , 
B.    Louei  lib    fen,  i      f  I         1        1         1  ij  1     rfi 

Natal6nsis,  Hochst     ^t  i  ill     smo  th   with 

1-3  leaf-bearing  sheaths  ml  \  i  il  I  irt  ss  4  nes  at  the 
base:  involucre  2-3  h  d  short  ia>  s  of  the  umbel  short, 
unequal  :  spikes  much  congested,  numerous,  linear 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  pale  brown,  10-12  fld  rachis 
winged:  scales  oblong  ovate,  obtuse  South  Africa — 
Decorative.   Not  hardy 

ffirtilis,  Borck  Stem  short,  slender,  4-5  in  high, 
3-angled:  h  s  numerous,  thin  and  broad,  4-9  lines  wide 
G  in.  long,  equaliiu'  th<  st,  ni  lii.c  ir  1  mceol  itc  f„lded 
below,   dotted     in    i     m     1         1     i!  1  m    11      n  i|  1 

rayed:  rajs  el  i  1   ili 

apex,  1-2  ft    1.  n  Its 

crowded,  obloiu  1  1    1  1  I 

white.  Central  M  ]  1  —  1  ml  111  lu  I  ml  Iuk 
for  hanging  baskets ,  the  uiubLl  raj  »  often  be  u  plautkts 
instead  of  flow  ers 

lilcidus,  R  Br  Rather  stout  stem  1-2  ft  high  terete 
above:  Ivs  numeious,  large  and  broad,  spongv  thickened 
at  the  base,  spmulose  margined  umbel  spherical,  (>-S  m 
in  diam. :  spikelets  dense  digitate  long  and  linear 
scales  persistent    axis  continuous     Australia 

BB.    Louei  ?i  ^   iiniii  I   I,     1:  Diou  and  grass  hi t 
fl  ll     I    ,     lilll  so 

^leganB,  Linn  ii  1 , ,  1,  I  mi  and  Hort  )  Stem 
3-angled,  2-3  ft  lu^li  hs  lu^.  broadlv  linear,  nunii r 
ous,  spreadmg  h  ilt  as  long  is  the  culm  involucre  shor^, 
spreading  fen  hd  ra\s  long  and  slender,  unequal, 
compound  spikes  small  distant  oblong,  greenish  brow  n, 
blunt,  6-11  fld  scales  round  elliptic,  mucronate  \\  est 
Indies,  Brazil       &  C   II  2   99  ,   UI   13  41  -  For   table 


Stout,  1-3  ft  high,  sharply  3  angled 
s  numerous  long  and  grass  like, 
nb     iindn  ril  siniilir  5-12  in  long 

I     m       r    I  I    n_      s|  ikcs  4-10  fld  , 

I    i   n_     1 1]        111     I  Lx        N  Araer  — 

-    1  I   1  tl]    I    1  1  IS    t  ujuatic gardens 

the  last    root 

pale 

<ly 


BtrigdBUS,  Lin 
base    bulbous 
smooth,  2-1  lini 
rays  very  unecin  il    1    m      r    I 
awl-shaped,  cln    ti  ui  1  1     in      I   n 
spike-like  (1-1 '    m    i   n-     1 1]        1 
Hardy perenni  il  ns    1  1   1  th    I    1  1 

esculSntus,  Lmn     (.iiif\     Jim 
stock  slender  and  bearing  little  tubers     spiki 
akene  obovoid      Tropics  —  Sometimes  a  weed  ] 


fields ;  also  cult 
piingens,  Bon 
long,  angled  !»  I 
simple,  contr  ii  t 
late,  compress  1 
lucral  I'lM   I 


edible  tubers    Not  hard j 

hort  and  thick,  1-2  in 

-  the  stem  rigid    umbel 

i  ikelets  linear  lanceo 

lored,  10-18  fld     invo 

n    I  ng      North  Africa  — 

used  for  hanging  baskets 

si.ikes  hnear  oblong   scales 

"''■'i  in',''  >!■..  ,ii'">,'Tir,.sfor 


trade.   (■.■-.     \   •  I,."  :-  .i  io':„  Ilk.'  ..- .1 

wickerwi'f  ..       .;,,           ,.     '  •■    .,,.- ^.  ,.-,1,..  .  _  .        '"Hftitg, 

Linn.   Xi  ;  -i:  \  -  -     • ..  -  —  I .  '  ■  <                             .*  -j.ikes 

darker  ,11:.,   .      ■  W-..  •       'rn-tus, 

Hort.=  -'  1<    ;\|,  ^\i,  ,:and. 

CYPHOMANDRA  (lium  the  Greek,  referring  to  the 
hump-sh:ipril  :inth'i-s).  SoUinAce(s,  Two  dozen  S. 
American  spin,  l.^s  ^hmbs  or  small  trees  (essentially 
herbs  in  culture  in  tin-  north),  distinguished  from  So- 
lanum  chiefly  by  the  thickened  anthers.  The  large  Ivs. 
are  entire,  3-lobed,  or  pinnatisect. 

beticea,  Sendt.  {Soldnum  frAgmns,  Hook.).  Tree 
Tomato.  Pig.  641.  Cult,  occasionally  for  the  egg- 
shaped,  reddish  brown,  faintly  .striped  fruits,  and  un- 
der such  conditions  it  becomes  a  tree-shaped,  half- 
woody  plant  6-10  ft.  high :  Ivs.  large,  soft-pubescent, 
cordate-ovate;  more  or  less  acuminate,  entire:  fls.  small, 


pinkish  frigrant,in 
ters  fr  about  2  in 
and  seedj,  rausk^  i 
able  to  those  who  lik 
H    III      "l  4-n      (    ( 


>uper  axillarN  ( lus 
r  stalks,  2  loculed 
ke  m  flavor  agree 
7il  B  M  3684  J 
1  409  —Bears 


641    Cyphomandra  betacca  ( 


CYPHOPHCENIX  [I,„n 
mftcce  tube  AiecKP  \ 
palms  of  minorimportanci 
ringed  caudex  Leaves 
ments coriaceous  rloncati 
ward  the  arr  th  m  ir  in 
the  base  th 
beneath  t 
the  back  1 
long    sti  ut      t  1  1 


iw  ed  to 
arved  at 
sparsely  scalj 


1  hi  broad,  slightly 

1  111  es  glabrous,  the  branches 

ut      1  1  lit     bractlets   scaly ,    fr    dark 

I  ilium  1  ii„' oT  nd  or  ellipsoid  lentiform      Spe 
cics  2     INew  Caledonia 

6IeganB,  Benth.  &  [Hook.  (K4nt,a  ilegant,  Brongn 
&Gris.).  Rachis  convex  below,  flat  above;  leaflets 
alternate,  approximate,  scaly  along  the  mid-nerve  below : 
fr.  oblong-elliptical,  acute. 

fnlclta,  Benth.  &  Hook.  (Kentia  fulcUa.  Brongn.). 
Stem  clothed  at  the  base  with  smooth  aerial  roots:  fr. 
ovoid,  attenuate  above. 

CYPHOSPfiRMA  (Greek,  hump  and  seed).  Palmh- 
ceir.  tribe  Ai-iriie.  Two  Australian  warmhouse  palms, 
scarcely  known  in  this  country.  C.  Vielldrdii,  Benth. 
&  Hook.,  with  pinnatisect  Ivs.,  and  long-ensiform  cori- 
aceous segments,  is  sometimes  known  as  Kentia  robusta 
and  K.  Viellardii.    Culture  of  Areca  and  Ptychosperma. 

CYPRESS.    See  Chamn-cyparis,  Cupressiis  and  Taro- 


CYPKESS  VINE.    See  Jpomcea. 


CYPRIPEDIUM 


CYPEIPfiDIUM  (fi;u,s-  slipper}.  Lady's: 
Moccasin  Flower.  OrcJiidAcece,  tribe  Cypripedien. 
The  genus  Cypripedium  Is  widelydistributed,being  found 
in  both  South  and  North  America,  Asia,  Europe.  Japan, 
and  the  Malay  ArchipelaKo.  At  preM'ut  no  species  are 
reported  fromAusti  ill  1  ..1  \fii.  i.  ^.  .qi.  -  usually  1-fld. : 
floral  sesments  Hi -li\  up]  ,  i  -.  |i  il  u^u  ilh  larger  than 
the  petals:  ovar\  I  i  ■  Hi  il  ti  itil.  si  mi,  n,  2;  interme- 
diate stamen  ^terili  mil  ],i  t  il  ml.  nil-  I  .  luiiin  short,  cer- 
miate:  a\'fK  fnrtil  1  it.  i  il  K  1  .  ~  mili.  i  In  iriir.'-  pollen 
viscid  c.riii.  il\  n.  t  . .  iii|  .  im.l  sti_iii  il.  It,  nl  i  u  front 
of  eoluillli  III  11.  ith  fh.  stun,  iiv  ,  i|i-iil  s|i  ml,  1  ]  ubes- 
cent:  pi  11 1  lit  itMii  |i  It  II I  il  tin  1,,  \  i  -i  i  Is  i  nuiinnly 
coalesei-nt  1  iln  llum  ,  u].  tm  m,  iiitl  iti  ,1  l\s  usu  ill\  lig- 
ulate,  eitlii  1  II  ss.  II  It.  iliir  uniform  green.  The  structure 
of  the  ciiliiiiiu  M,!  I  SSI  nrial  organs)  of  a  Cypripedium  is 
shown  111  li_'  iilJ  '111,  two  anthers  are  at  a  «.  The  third 
stamen  is  1  ,i  s,  nt  ,1  l.N  the  l.,.d\ .  fc  Th,  sti-ni.i  Is  at  f . 
The  fl,.i  il  II  ■    I        1        111.    ma- 


CYPRIPEDIUM 


431 


jority  ,.t  1 

from  N ,  1 

! 

like  s'p. .  1    - 

,        hi      1 

C.acauU  .la.l  (  . 

gardens.    C  .-.pcL 

tabiU 

,for  coloi  .11 

the  finest  species.    It  i 

s  a  valual.l, 

the  greenhouse. 

Asy, 

et.  no  hybn. 

the  intercrossing  of  "c 

crossing  of  tropii 

•alwith  h.mh  s,,. 

less.    There  is  a 

tende 

ne\    ti.    1.  sill 

several   genera. 

For 

the     liuipi.s 

old  classification 

will  1 

l,s,  ,  V  ,  ,1 

The  seiius  is  , 

Ii.s,  U 

for   C.  ..n,l,l,,„ 

1     1 

leya,„n„.  r    s,, 

kia,i„m.<     •    n.:< 

Selen.p'i'     '"     !■ 

1 

3-loculi  il 

trast  sin 
Theg.  tin 

tha 


40. 


The  species  have  1..  en  mu,  h  h\l.riili/.d  and  modified 
by  cultivation,  however,  so  that  the  garden  forms  are 
legion.  Most  of  the  names  represent  horticultural  vari- 
eties; and  these  names  may  be  expected  to  increase.  One 
section  of  the  genus  has  been  separated  recently  as  a 
genus,  Paphwpedilum  Monogr  of  Cynripedium  and 
related  genera  by  P  Desbois,  bhent,  1898 

Oakes  Ames. 
Nearly  all  Cypripedium  It  a-e  and  may 

be  readily  grown  in  on,  levoting  the 

cooler  portion  to  C  hath  it  Javanicum, 

(7.  TO>iH,<(^Hm  and  the  Sel,  1  i       The  coria- 

ceous-leaved evergreen  sj ,    i   s     i        II   m  more  or  less 


a  week  will  be  found  of  great  assistance  to  keep  the 
plants  in  health.  The  hygrometer  should  never  register 
below  60,  nor  often  above  80,  as  moisture  in  excess  of  80  is 
liable  to  damp  off  the  young  growths.     Ventilation  reg- 


643.  Cypripedium  Charlesworthii. 

1  of  ovary:  of  l.%bellum  or  lip  on  the  right:  stigma 


1  the  left ;  colu 


the  right  below. 


ulated  according  to  external  conditions  is  essential  at  all 
times  to  maintain  atmosplu-ric  tictiou. 

During  the  winter  nitniths  the  thermometer  should 
register  from  00°  F.  to  O.J"  F.  by  night  and  about  70°  P.  by 
day.  With  sun  heat  a  few  degrees  more  will  do  no  harm. 
On  the  approach  of  spring  the  temperature  should  be 
advanced  to  prepare  the  plants  for  summer  heat,  and  ac- 


cordingly de 
middle  of  F. 


t  stagnation. 
j;ht  weather, 
nee  or  twice 


ajiproaoh  of  fall.     About  the 

suiil  HI  II,  Willi  In  .i\  ler  shad- 


.  I\    ,l)-|i.  1I-.  .1  with  lUiriiiL,' the  winter. 
'     II         1  .  .  1,  s  .;!  ,,w  best  in  pots  in  a 
1.1  t.i  line  part  chopped  liv- 
t     I   tin  iiot  room  being  de- 
ll  pi'st  should  be  pressed 

III.  ui  111,  i..,.ts.  .md  the  surface  left 
surplus  n  ater  and  to  insure  the  base 
1st  decay  during  dull  weather.  A  few 
m.ss  pricked  in  over  the  surface  will 

,  tn.l  kindred  species  should  have 
,1  to  the  above  mixture  (see 
Il  s    Orchid   Manual    2:  34). 

ture  from  tiingi,  \\iiich  ;itf:(.  k  ti  .    1  i  tin   jilant  dur- 

ing sultry  summer  weather.     1  Mil  obviate 

this,  as  It  allows  a  better  cii,  i  limugh  the 

compiist.     C.    Lou-ei,    C.    ]'■! ,  ■       ii    i,j>pniense 

and  allied  species,  togethei  \wii,  .^.  ,'>>,/"  dutm  ran- 
datum,  are  truly  epiphytic  and  preferably  should  be 
grown  in  baskets.  By  this  method  the  roots  are  better 
preserved  and  less  liable  to  decay  during  the  winter 
season. 


Cijpnpf 
one-third  , 
note  on  , 
C.  villo.tii, 


432 


CYPRIPEDIUM 


The  Concolor  section  requires  a  warm,  moist  location 
witli  free  access  to  the  air.  The  species  should  be  grown 
in  rather  small  pots,  with  at  least  half  the  space  devoted 
to  drainage  of  brolien  charcoal  or  other  free  material. 
The  patting  compost  should  consist  of  equal  parts 
chopped  sod,  peat-flber  and  living  sphagnum.  Lime- 
stone is  often  recommended  as  essential  in  the  culture 
of  this  section,  but,  the  conditions  being  equal,  I  have 
never  noticed  any  beneficial  results  from  it  (Orchid 
Review  4:  4.5;  Veitch's  Manual  2:  19-20). 

The  deciduous  tropical  species,  of  which  O.Irapeann  iii , 
C.Thibeticum  and  Sehnipedium palmifoUum  aSord  good 


CYPRIPEDIUM 

Brownii,25;   Bui 


right. 


1  of  the  ovary. 


examples,  require  .similar  treatment  to  the  evergreen 
kinds.  They  have  a  long  dormant  period  during  which 
they  should  be  rested  in  a  temperature  of  50°  P.,  with 
sufficient  water  to  keep  the  compost  moist  until  growth 
starts,  when  they  must  be  returned  to  their  proper  de- 
partment and  en.ioy  a  liberal  supply  of  water  until  after 
the  flowering  season,  when  they  must  be  ripened  off 
and  the  water  supply  gradually  withheld. 

The  hardy  species  do  better  planted  out  in  the  open 
ground  or  in  rockeries,  where  they  should  be  so  situated 
as  to  obtain  good  drainage  nivl  •'hri'li'.     Tli-  «"il  iiiiitt  be 

free  and  porous  and  cou^i-T  ..i   tI,,,  ,    ,,  ,i  i-  ,  ! ,1  turf 

and  equal  parts  of  peat  Mil.  I       '                      I'  i  lire  a 

liberal  amount  of  water  .111-1  i       ,  .  r  the 

foliage  while   growing,  Imi    iIm-    -  ii'i';    -t M  i'-   iri'ad- 

fiiiiu^'h  \v:itir  i,  L-ivi  11  to  keep  the  soil  moist.  During 
till-  wint.  r  till-  plants  -liuuld  be  protected  with  leaves  or 
pini-  liiiui,'li-i.  *'.  xi„,l,,hile  and  C.  piibescens  grow  well 
under  pot  culture.  A  7-10-inch  pot  will  hold  eight  or  a 
dozen  crowns,  which  should  be  planted  2  inches  below 
the  surface.  Two  inches  of  drainage  are  sufficient.  The 
pots  should  be  filled  with  soil  (firmly  pressed  in)  to  K 
itii-li  holoiv  flif  rim.  After  a  thorough  watering  they 
-li-.iil.l  Ih-  ~i-.r..il  in  a  coldframe  and  protected  with 
I- .1- .  .  .111-1  i.-iiu-hs.  About  the  middle  of  February  they 
iiiiN  III  1-  111  -\-  ilto  a  coolhouse,  where  they  should  re- 
iiLiiii  l-M-  11  \v,-i-U,  and  then  be  placed  in  the  cool  eud  of 
the  t'ypripedium  house,  where  they  should  1-t-  wiiti n  il 
sparingly  until  growth  action  starts.  Thes.-  i-lnni^  iimk. 
strong  growths  under  this  treatment,  and  tin-  il-w.  i  -  nn- 
a  decided  improvement  over  those  produi-i  d  iii.nniilly 
outside. 

All  Cypripediums  are  propagated  by  division. 

Robert  M.  Grey. 

Index  to  species  described  in  the  main  list:  Abbotia- 
num.  5;  acaule,  40;  albens,  2.5;  Amesianum,  25;  Apple- 
tonianum,  Ifi;  Argus,  6;  arietinum,  43;  Amoldianum, 
25;  atropurpureum.  5;  auretim,  25;  auriculum,  5;  bar- 
batum,  1;     bellatulum,   20;    biflorum,   1;    Boxalli,  28; 


nil,  lo;  Japouicuiu,  41i;  Kim- 

l.ingisepalura,25;  Lowei,30; 
rliinei,  25  ;  macranthum,  51  ; 
1..5;  majus,  1;  Mandevillea- 

Mastersianum,  14  ;  Maulei, 
nil,  53;  Mooreanum,  25;  mo- 


riisi-i-ii.,,  :>;  purpuratuui,  y;  purpureuiu,  1;  I'ynaerti,  25; 
ri.si-inii.  .5;  Rothschildianum,  37;  Sallieri,  29;  Sanderai, 
4,  L'-'i  ;  -Suuderianum,  36  ;  spectabile,  50  ;  Spicerianum, 
2:;;  Sti.iii-i,33;  Studleyanum,  25;  superbiens,  8,  25;  su- 
perlmin,  1,  5;  Sylhetense,  25;  Thibeticum,  45;  tonsum, 
10;  Veitchianum,  8  ;  venustum,  11;  Victoria-Marie,  39; 
villosum,  28;  virens,  13;  virescens,  5;  volonteanum,  15  ; 
Warnerianum,  1.  Many  other  names  are  accounted  for 
in  the  supplementary  lists. 

A.    Leaves  tesselated  (or  checkered  in  squares). 

B.    Pi'laU    more   or   less    Ugulate,   smaller   than    the 
upper  aepil. 

c.    t'pper  sepal  veined  leith  green  and  purple:  spots 
on  the  petals  marginal. 

1 .  barbitum,  Lindl.  Lvs.  oblong,  about  6  in.  long,  pale 
bi-ri.-iitli,  uiijii-r  surface  dull  green  with  darker  green 
luaikiii^'. :  v.-a|.i-  liiiii,'.  ri-iiilish  brown:  ovary  slender, 
siilit.-iiili-.|  l-\  a  >iiiall  i'l'iict;  upper  sepal  orbicular, 
(■vi-iil\  r.  i|.  \..l.  wliit.-.  with  a  green  translucent  base; 
vi-iii-    L-1--II    I- III    w:i\.  I. .■.-limine  deep    purple:  petals 

1,1-.,  -I  -.  ,ii  -'i-  :i|ii.-.  -.  u,.i..-'i-^iKii-L'iii|.r..viiled  with 
s.-v  I  -,  'i'  I  !  I  ■  .11-1-:  1, ill.  Mm, I  I.i-..imi- |.iir|.li.,  infolded 
pi,rli.-ii  \-l|..-\i.h  ..r  [iin-i.h-li  willi  raisnl  dots;  lower 
sepal  iKirrow.  gn-etiish,  veined  with  green:  starainode 
pubescent,  broadly  crescent-shaped.  June  and  July. 
Malay  Peninsula.  B.M.  4234.— Of  this  useful  species 
there  are  many  excellent  varieties  in  which  the  flowers 
are  larger  or  more  richly  colored.  The  variation  in  foli- 
age is.  very  remarkable.  In  general  appearance  this 
species  resembles  C.  Lawrenceanum.  Many  vars.  in 
cult. 

The  following  are  varieties  of  0.  barbatum:  Biflbmm.  A 
chance  variation,  due  undoubtedly  in  most  eases  to  vigor.  See 
Crossianum  \ie\oyi.—  €arulescens.—  Crossidnum.  Same  as 
Crossii.  —  Crbssii.  Upper  sepal  very  large,  round-orbienlar. 
white,  veined  with  green  ami  ain.ari-ntly  traiisversed  by  a  band 
of  .■li.uson;  petals  mil.  li  I-  i'-  .    I     I  U    :-  :•_■   ::r   --'l     .\.F. (5:55.5. 

—  iiiijant^um='msv\\\n    -   ' ,,,...,  i   ,,,, ,,,     ri.per  sep;il 

unusually  large.-i/...-'  i-'  -   i  .-  hly  t-olored 

and  vif^nrous  form.— .1.'  '-  \.'>inn.    .-V  ilark 


,,,  ■,..-,-         -.11-  --■   ..    ^-    ^1-    ^    -111  led  by  this 

2.  nigritum,  K.-iolib.  f.  Probably  identical  with  C.pur- 
piiratiim,  var.  obscurum.  Dorsal  sepal  resembles  that  of 
6'.  piirpuratum,  in  other  respects  very  similar  to  C. 
biirbiitiim. 

3.  purpur^tum,  Lindl.  Lvs.  elliptic-oblong  to  narrowly 
ovate,  4-5  inches  long,  glaucous,  pale  green  tesselated 
with  darker  dull  green,  pale  beneath  :  scapes  short 
(about   5  in.  long),  purplish:    ovary  subtended   by  a 


nppeanng  as 
Hi-ved,  outer 

h  white  mar- 

atf,  greenish 

1  the  apices, 

I  brown-purple, 


CYPRIPEDIUM 

small  bract  ;  upper  sepal  white,  4-anRl 
if  inserted  at  one  of  its  an^Ii  -.  :ii>"iii 
nerves  carmine-purple,  oth^         .        ", 
strongly  reflexed ;  lower  s<]ii 

gins,  veined  with  green;   i i-   -u.-i 

at  base,  dotted,  becoming  j*uii'ii.^;i  iw. 

veined  with  deep  metallic  greuu ;  lubellu 

infolded  portion  with  raised  dots  ;  staminode  crescent 

shape.    Autumn.    China.  B.  M.  4901.    R.  H.  1858,  p.  182  : 

1883,  p.  353. 

4.  calldsum,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  obseurelj 
tesselated,  pale  beneath:  scapes  reddish  brown;  upper 
sepal  about  3  in.  across,  unevenly  reflexed,  slightly  con- 
cave at  base,  and  translucent  ;  blush  ground  color 
veined  with  green,  upper  part  white-margined,  suffused 
with  rose  mauve  ;  veins  carmine-purple  toward  the  apex; 
petals  oblique,  recurving,  pale  green  at  base,  pale  rose- 
mauve  at  and  toward  the  extremities,  upper  margin  with 
several  blackish  warts,  ciliate  ;  labellum  dull  reddish 
brown,  infolded  lobes  greenish,  with  red-brown,  shiny 
warts ;  staminodium  crescent-shaped.  February  and 
March;  also  at  other  seasons.     Siam.    R.  H.    1888:252. 

Var.  SAndersB,  Hort.  An  albino  form  of  the  species, 
with  no  trace  of  rose-mauve  or  purple.  The  fls.  are 
white  and  delicate  green.    J.  H.  III.  28:  423. 

5.  Iiawrence4num,  Reichb.  f .  Lvs.  oval-oblong,  nearly 
1  ft.  long,  tessellated  with  yellowish  and  dark  green: 
scapes  tall,  reddish  brown,  sometimes  2-fld. :  fls.  large; 
upper  sepal  orbicular,  white,  with  broad  carmine-purple 

srhich    are   greenish   at  the  base ;    lower    sepal 


CYPRIPEDIUM 


433 


small  bract;  petals 
itherwise  greenish, 
margins;  labellum 
cUy  crescent-shape. 
1."H.  30:478.     F.  S. 

Abbotidnum. 


small ;  ovary  long, 
purplish  at  and  t^w 
provided  with  bla  ; 
dull  brown-pur|il.  ; 
April-July.  Bona- 
23:2372.  ■G.C.III.2 

The  following  are  forms  of  C.  Lawr 
Fls.  large,  with  deep  crimson  veins  on  the  upper  sepal.— .Airo- 
purpHreum.  A  dark  form,  upper  sepal  with  deeply  colored 
veins.— Auriculun 
spaces  suffused.— 

large  size  of  the  fls.—  (rnnnir  —  /i!/<;unnii.  upper  sepal  vemea 
with  green;  petals  sii'rii;  l;ili.  lima  Kreen.  0.0.111.21:37.- 
Undeni.—  Magntficu m .-  M,inu,~r,itiim .—Nigrum.—  Ptctmn.— 
PUcheridnum. —  PlewUucuin..  rpi.ii-  st^pal  white,  with  only  a 
few  colored  veins.  —  Purpurascn.-:.-  /nVsriiai—  Suiierhum.— 
Virescens. 

sli.ihthi   if  at 
iiivre   vr  less 
spotted  or  dotted. 

6.  Argua,  Reichb.  f.  (C  barbhtum,  var.  Argus,  Hort. 
C.  Pitcheridnam,  Hort.).  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  about 
6  In.  long,  pale  green  mottled  with  deeper  green:  scape 
long,  reddish  brown:  ovary  subtended  by  a  small  bract; 
upper  sepal  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  dotted  at  base, 
veined  with  green,  the  longer  veins  sometimes  purplish: 
petals  oblong,  undulate,  deflexed,  pale  green  tinged  with 
purple  at  the  apices,  irregularly  spotted  with  blackish 
warts;  labellum  dull  brown-purple,  greenish  beneath; 
infolded  lobes  purplish,  spotted  with  deeper  purple; 
staminode  crescent  -  shaped.  March,  April.  Luzon, 
Philippines.    B.M.  6175.    A.F.  3:179. 

7.  ciliolire,  Reichb.  f .  Lvs.  oblong,  pale  green,  tessel- 
lated with  dark  green:  scapes  tall,  reddish  brown:  ovary 
subtended  by  a  small  bract;  upper  sepal  broadly  ovate, 
acuminate,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  blush  white  at  base, 
otherwise  white,  veined  with  green;  petals  ligulate,  de- 
flexed,  recurved,  with  long  marginal  hairs,  greenish  at 
base,  becoming  pale  mauve  at  and  toward  the  extremi- 
ties, thickly  dotted  with  blackish  warts;  labellum  dull 
brown-purple;  infolded  lobes  yellowish,  with  reddish 
brown  warts;  staminode  reniform.  April^uly  and 
even  later.  Philippine  Islands.  l.H.  31:530.  G.C.  III. 
21:348. 

8.  sup6rbien3,Reichb.f.  (C.Fei(cWd«um,Lem.).  Lvs. 
oval-oblong,  about  6  in.  in  length,  yellowish  green,  mot- 
tled with  deeper  green,  pale  beneath:  scapes  tall,  green- 
ish: ovary  subtended  by  a  small  bract;  upper  sepal 
broadly  ovate,  whitish,  evenly  veined  with  green;  petals 
deflexed,  almost  drooping,  ligulate,  hairy-margined, 
white,  suffused  with  pale  rose,  tinged  with  reddish 
brown  at  base,  veined  with  green  and  copiously  dotted 


with  reddish  brown;  labellum  dull  brown-purple;  in- 
folded lobes  brighter,  with  raised  dots;  staminode  reni- 
form-subrotund,  horns  straight.  June,  July.  Malay 
Peninsula.  I.E.  12:429.  F.S.  19:1996.  A.F.  7:707.  R. 
H.  1871,  p.  596. 

9.  Ciirtisii,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.  broadly  oval  oblong  or 
narrowly  oblong,  pale  green  tessellated  with  darker 
green,  pale  beneath:  scapes  about  1  ft.  high,  reddish 
brown:  ovary  subtended  by  a  small  bract;  upper  sepal 
iisproportionately  large,  broadly  ovate,  greenish  with  a 
white  margin,  tinged  with  brown-purple  at  the  base,  green 
veined  with  brown  and  green:  petals  ligulate,  deflexed, 
dull  brown-purple  or  brownish  green  at  the  base,  veined 
with  green,  pale  along  the  median  vein,  and  thickly 
dotted  with  red-brown;  margins  ciliate;  labellum  large, 
dull  reddish  brown,  infolded  lobes  paler,  dotted;  stami- 
node reniform.  May-July.  Sumatra.  A.F.  6:557.  Gng. 
1:  41.  — (7.  ciliolare  and  C.  superbiens  '  are  very  closely 
related. 

10.  t6nsum,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  pale  green 
conspicuously  maculate  with  dark  green,  pale  beneath 
or  spotted  toward  the  base:  scapes  12  in.  or  more  long, 
brownish  green:  ovary  pale  green,  subtended  by  a  small 
bract ;  upper  sepal  broadly  obovate,  with  wide  base,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  whitish,  often  with  blush  rose  suffu- 
sion ;  veins  green ;  petals  broad,  devoid  of  marginal  hairs, 
oblong  ovate  or  subspatulate,  green,  median  nerve  paler 
green,  with  a  row  of  large  reddish  brown  spots,  other 
veins  brownish,  giving  a  tinge  of  brown  to  adjacent 
tissue  ;  labellum  large,  compressed  dorsiventrally, 
brownish;  infolded  lobes  pale  yellowish  green,  with 
raised  pale  dots;  staminode  crescent-shaped,  the  horns 
strongly  oblique.    Autumn.    Mountains  of  Sumatra. 

11.  venilatum,  Wall.  Lvs.  oblong,  dull  purple  beneath, 
upper  surface  pale  green,  marbled  with  dark  green: 
scapes  about  8  in.  tall:  ovary  subtended  by  a  bract 
which  sheaths  it  for  half  its  length ;  dorsal  sepal  ovate, 
white  veined  with  green;  petals  green  at  base,  dull 
purple  toward  the  extremities,  provided  with  several 
blackish  warts ;  labellum  pale  green, conspicuously  veined 
with  emerald-green,  infolded  lobes  paler  ;  staminode 
crescent-shaped.  January-March.  India.  B.M.  2129. 
ccc.     Upper  sepal  distinctly  veined  with  green:    spots 

on  the  petals,  if  any,  few. 

12.  Day^num,  Reichb.  f.  (C.  Petri,  Reichb.  f.).  Lvs. 
oblong,  pale  green,  remotely  cross-veined  with  dark 
green,  pale  beneath:  scapes  reddish  brown;  upper  sepal 
ovate,  acuminate,  whitish,  veined  with  Rrc-u,  upper 
margin  recurved;  petals  brownish  green  at  base,  siihuon- 
pink  toward  the  apices,  uppermargins  oll^.■ur■■ly  sjiottid, 
ciliate  with  dull  crimson  hairs;  labellum  rou-hisli,  dusty- 
looking,  infolding  portion  greenish,  with  dull  crinisun- 
brown  warts  ;  staminode  oblong.  Borneo.  May,  June. 
P.S.  15: 1527. 

13.  Javanicum,  Reinw.  Lvs.  oblong,  pale,  maculate 
with  dark  green:  scape  greenish,  1-or  2-flowered:  ovary 
subtended  by  a  small  bract ;  upper  sepal  ovate  acuminate, 
greenish  white  veined  with  green,  lower  margin  reflexed ; 
petals  oblong,  greenish,  with  fine  blackish  dots,  becom- 
ing purplish  or  pale  rose  color  at  the  apices,  ciliate  on 
the  margins;  labellum  darker  green  than  the  petals,  in- 
folded lobes  pale  green,  but  variously  dotted;  staminode 
reniform-subrotund.  Jfava.— Var.  vlrens,  Hort.,  is 
smaller,  the  green  color  more  pronounced. 

cccc.     Upper  sepal  not  ilisti  mlhi  ftined  with  green,  but 
more  <//■  /.  .-x  inlli  luu-jile. 

14.  Mastersianum,  li.nhl..  l'.  Lvs.  oblong,  remotely 
tessellated:  scape  tall,  browu-puri'le.  ovary  subtended 
by  a  short  bract;  upper  sepal  orbicular,  acute," bright 
green  with  a  greenish  white  or  yellowish  border,  veined 
with  greenish  brown;  petals  spreading,  brownish,  paler 
at  and  toward  the  base,  and  provided  with  blackish 
warts  on  the  upper  margin  and  median  vein;  labellum 
large,  brownish,  infolded  lobes  paler,  with  dull  purple 
spots  ;  staminode  crescent-shaped,  horns  converging. 
Java.  G.C.  III.  15:  593;  25:  274.  B.M.  7629,  asa  Paphio- 
pedilum. 

15.  Hodkerae,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.  variegated  dull  green 
and  greenish  white,  pale  beneath,  ovate  oblong:  scapes 
tall,  slender:  upper  sepal  rotund,  acuminate,  green,  with 


434 


CYPRIPEDIUM 


a  cream-colored  margin;  petals  subspatulate,  purplish 
at  the  apices,  with  a  green  stripe  toward  the  base; 
labellum  greenish  brown,  infolded  portion  greenish, 
with  a  few  raised  warts,  stammode  oval.  Borneo.  B.M. 
5362 

Var  Bulleniinum, Hort  (C  Biilleniclnum,'Reichb.i.). 
Lvs    not  '.o  strikingly  mottled    fls   smaller,  upper  sepal 
streaked  at  the  base.    Borneo. 

\  ar  volonteanuin,  Hort.   Fig. 

(  4d       Fls    larger    than   in   the 

t\pe,    petals  oblong  spatulate, 

_reen,    except    at    extremities, 

where  thev    are    pale    mauve, 

1  ledian    portion   richly    dotted 

w  ith   crimson-brown  ;  labellum 

.,reenish  brown.  June  and  July, 

ind  eirlier.    Borneo. 

1<      Appletonianum,        Kolfe 

'       '     //  iiiAtium,  var.  Apple- 

Hort.l.      Lvs.    less 

I         II   t    1  than  in  the   preced- 

»</  -—»-    "—*-  ,     '1  .-       ^  miinodium   very  small, 

f  5mJ^^       ^rfem-h      This   form   is  some- 

y  Sm^9KIS^         times  considered  as  a  sub-variety 

i^fmw'  *  ^  Bulleni&num.   Borneo. 

JsIbi'^  "^     Petals  and  sepals  nearly 

i^jl^a  equal:  fls.  fleshy. 

^  17    oSncolor,    Batem.      Lvs. 

*  o\  al  oblong,  mottled,  dull  pur- 

ple beneath:    scape  short:    up- 
per  sepal    yellow,  dotted  with 
anum  (X '3)  purple,   similar  to  the   petals; 

lahellum    yellow,    compressed. 
Autumn     Burma     B  M  5ol3 

18.  nlveum,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.  oval-oblong  to  oblong, 
short,  mottled:  fls.  white;  petals  and  upper  sepal  nearly 
equal,  finely  dotted  at  base  with  purple,  dots  variable  in 
number  and  distribution.    Burma.    B.M.  5922. 

19.  Gbdefroyae,  Leb.  Lvs.  narrower  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding: scape  short:  fls.  whitish  to  pale  yellow,  spotted 
with  purple-magenta  ;  petals  deflexed.  Early,  and  as 
late  as  July.    Cochin  China.    B.M.  6876.    Gn.  25,  p.  39C. 

Var.  leucochllnm,  Hort.  Upper  sepal  white,  blotched 
with  deep  purple;  labellum  white;  petals  like  the  upper 
sepal,  spots  smaller.  G.C.  lU.  15:  815.  J.H.  IH.SO:  423. 
F.R.  1:371. 

20.  belldtulum,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.  broad,  rounded  at 
apices,  slate-green,  mottled  with  darker  green,  thickly 
dotted  beneath  with  brownish  purple,  except  in  var. 
album,  when  the  lvs. are  pale  beneath:  scapes  very  short: 
upper  sepal  concave,  i-oundish,  white,  spotted  with 
brown-purple;  lower  sepal  also  spotted;  petals  orbicu- 
lar, tending  to  be  concave,  spotted  with  large,  irregu- 
lar, brown-purple  spots;  labellum  ovate,  finely  dotted 
with  brown-purple.  Fls.  in  summer;  also  at  other 
seasons.  Shan  States.  G.C.  III.  21:320.  J.H.  III.  30:513. 
A.F.G:557;  13:77,  «22;  14:  675.  Gng.  7:129.-Var.  ilbnm, 
Hort.  Has  white  fls.  devoid  of  spots:  Ivi 
purple  beneath. 


not  brown- 


AA.   Lvs.  coriaceous,  ligulate,  not  tessellated  or  only 

obscurely  so. 
B.   lis.  not  more  than  S, except  in  vigorous  plants. 


21  yairieinum  Lmdl  t  pper  sepal  sub  rotund  whit 
ish  veme  1  with  dirk  armme  puiple  petals  oblong 
deflexe  1  re  ur\  e  1  it  the  •ipices  whitish  vemed  with 
green  an  1 1  irj  1p  11  II  im  1  r  wnish  green  reticulated 
■stamin    I  I       I  r  u  unced  beak  cr t^oth 

from  tl      1  1      reen  veins     Habitat 

unkn  rls  (f  this  species 

in  Am  ]  I  ndi  1  h-s  brids    such 

as  C        \  IX  iitlin  ainm    C 

xAm  \   (        U    1  till)  I  n        There  are  several 

plants  m  En^hshcollections  There  are  no  living  plants 
in  America.  The  species  is  not  vigorous  enough  to  be 
worth  the  growing. 


CYPRIPEDIUM 

22.  hirsutissimum,  Lindl.  Lvs.  ligulate,  uniform 
green:  scape  greenish:  ovary  and  bracts  clothed  with 
shaggy  hairs  ;  upper  sepal  narrow  at  base,  broader 
toward  the  summit,  nearly  ovate,  brownish,  with  a  green 
margin,  finely  dotted  at  base;  petals  green  at  base,  finely 
dotted,  becoming  purplish;  margin  sinuate,  undulate; 
labellum  green,  finely  dotted,  downy  and  eiliate;  stami- 
node  bluntly  quadrate  or  spade-shaped,  with  2  white 
eyes.  March,  April  and  May.  Java.  B.M.  4990.  R.H. 
18.59,  pp.  182-3.— Int.  at  same  time  as  C.  Fairieanum 
(1857). 

23.  Spiceri&niun,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.  linear-oblong,  dark 
green:  scape  about  8  in.  long:  ovary  subtended  by  a 
spotted  bract;  upper  sepal  white,  strongly  reflexed  so  as 
to  have  a  narrow  base  and  broad,  incurved  summit, 
median  line  carmine-purple;  petals  short,  wavy  mar- 
gined, yellowish  gi*een,  with  conspicuous  mid-veins  of 
reddish  brown;  labellum  green  or  brownish;  stamino- 
dium  white-margined,  otherwise  pale  mauve.  Oct.-Dec. 
Assam.  B.M.  6490.  I.H.30:473.  Gn.  48,  p.  .304.  A.G. 
11:159.  A.P.  3:226.  Gng.  1:242.  F.  E.  9:  329. -Habitat 
unknown  when    first  plants  were   introduced.     Many 


CO.  Staminodium  provided  with  a  protuberance  or  horn. 

24.  Chirlesworthii,  Rolfe.  Lvs.  ligulate,  obscurely 
tessellated,  heavily  spotted  beneath  throughout  or  only 
at  the  base:  scapes  short,  spotted  like  the  lvs.:  ovary 
spotted,  subtended  by  a  small,  spotted 
bract;  upper  sepal  orbicular,  white, 
mottled  and  suffused  with  pale  carmine, 
purple  rose,  brownish  at  base  or  clear; 
petals  short,  rarely  wavy  margined, 
yellowish  or  brownish,  veined  with 
brown;  labellum  similar  in  color  to  the 
petals  (variable  I.  spread- 
small  in  comparison 
with  the  upper  sepal  ; 
staminode  shiny,  pure 
white,  with  an  orange- 
yellow  tipped  process. 
Autumn.  E.  Indies.  B.M. 
7416.  R.B.  20:241.  Gn. 
47:1009  and  p.  425.  A.F. 
13:  430.- A  very  varia- 
ble and  beautiful  spe- 
cies, which  should  give 
rise  to  interesting  hv-  £, 
brids.  ■      (^ 

25.  insigne,Wall.  Lvs. 
linear-ligulate,    uniform 
green,      usually      finely 
spotted    at  the   base  :     scape   reddish 
brown,  about  1  ft.  high  :    upper  sepal 
oval,  arching   at  the  summit,  mainly 
green,   upper   margin   white,    surface 
covered  with  brownish   spots  ;    petals 
pale     greenish    brown,    veined     with 
deeper  brown  ;    labellum   also  brown- 
ish;   staminodium  longer  than  broad, 
rough    and   pubescent,  with  a  yellow 
projection.      Autumn.      India.      B.  M. 
3412.     G.  cm.  18:76.3.     A.F. 
P.E.  9:327.    Gng.  1:243.    A.G.  16:73; 
19:825. 

Var.  CMntinii,  Hort.  Habit  as  in 
type  :  dorsal  sepal  larger  with  larger 
spots,  broad  toward  the  summit, 
mainly  green,  heavily  spotted  with 
brown,  except  on  the  upper  portion, 
where  it  is  white,  with  several  pale 
mauve  spots  ;  labellum  colored  like 
the  spots,  deep  polished  brown.  R.  H. 
1878:130. 

Var.  fimestii,  Hort.,  is  a  yellow  form  with  faint  spots 
on  the  upper  sepal,  which  lack  the  characteristic  brown 
and  are  called  "false  spots." 

Var.  SAuderae,  Hort.  Fig.  646.  Foliage  pale  to  the 
base:  scape  very  pale  green:  upper  sepal  white  above, 
otherwise  primrose-yellow,  with  minute  reddish  brown 
dots,  which  vary  in  number  from  season  to  season,  and 


Cypripedium 
var.  Sanderx. 

cxx.) 


CTPRIPEDIUM 

in  different  fls.  on  the  same  plant;  petals  colored  like 
upper  sepal ,  labellum  waxy  >  ellow  spreading  at  aper 
ture,  St  uiiiniHlt  \  ( 11  »u  with  an  orange  yellow  projec 
tion     Hii_   ~  ^  >i        II      111  1st  beautiful  Cypripedium 


CTPRIPEDIUM 


435 


petals  pale  greenish  yellow  tipper  sepal  margined  with  white; 
broadly  ovate  basAl  margins  finely  dotted;  spots  largest  at  the 
center  petals  brown  veined  staminode  with  a  mucro.—  Stud- 
buanum  —  \uperbien.s  —  St/lhetense  Large  dark'spot,  somewhat 
confluent   in  lines  ilong  the  middle  of  the  upper  sepal. 


^->r 


idish  brown 
I  or  spotted 


sepal  spotted  ^Mtli 
manmtium  Sep  il 
net>  Sep  lis  and  pi 
flat  reflexeu  at  tlit 
lines  into  the  whit 
palum  Long  n  ii 
greenish  abo\e    m 


somewhat  narrowt-r  thin  usu  il  1  imI  mir^ins  wi\-v  uj  pel 
margin  white  p  issm^  to  pile  \  ellow  spots  hiidlj  visible  s  ime 
color  as  the  sep  il  Belongs  to  the  Emesti  group  of  \  iiieties  — 
Maculatum  An  nh^imn  vMivt\  '- Man  i<  i  dluininn  Joim 
same  as  \lbo  m  irgin  itum  Pet  ils  thiekh  eo\eied  with  spi  is  lu 
regular  lines  —  Maul  i  White  portion  of  the  upper  sep  il  pre 
dominating  extendiiiu' to  th  tits  in  either  side  of  the  green 
disk  uppermost  sj  is  m  I  tioiji  <  ttierwise  the  spots  are 
larger  brownish  iiul  t  \\  —  U  I  pper  sepal  large  deep 

green  —  Macfarinn  I  \lli  It  i  snidei'e  Sepal  and  pet 
als  narrower,  deepei  \lII  «  -  1/         niinn     Fls   pale  yellow 


648.  Cypripedii 


%) 


-JR(CTis.— Larger  than 
very  large;  nppersepal  white- 
margined:  spots  in  irregular  rovrs.—  Pynaerti.—  Schroederi- 
Anum.   Fls.  extremely  large;  upper  sepal  nearly  orbicular,  or 


26.  Exill,  Rolfe.  Lvs.  narrower  and  more  rigid  than  in 
the  preceding  species:  upper  sepal  greenish  yellow  at 
the  base,  spotted  with  brown,  upper  part  white  ;  petals 
and  labellum' similar  to  those  of  C.Dnirt/i.  Siam.  B.M. 
7510. —  Considered  by  some  to  be  a  form  of  C.  insigne. 

27.  Drilryi,  Beddome.  Lvs.  ligulate,  uniform  green: 
scape  about  1  ft.  high  :  ovary  subtended  by  a  small 
bract  ;  upper  sepal  arching  at  the  summit,  yellowish 
with  a  dark  median  band;  petals  ligulate,  yellow,  with 
a  dark  median  band  ;  labellum  yellowish.  May,  June. 
India    I.H.  24:265.    A.F.  6:555. 

28.  Tilldsum,  Lindl.  Lvs.  linear-ligulate,  uniform 
green  spotted  with  brown-purple  at  the  base :  scapes  co- 
piously long-hairy  :  ovary  subtended  by  a  bract  nearly 
as  long  as  itself  :  upper  sepal  narrow  at  the  base, 
broader  above,  brownish  at  the  base,  otherwise  greenish 
yellow,  finely  margined  with  white  ;  petals  spatulate, 
broad  at  apices,  wavy-margined,  oblique,  with  a  con- 
spicuous brown  midvein,  otherwise  brownish  yellow ; 
labellum  brownish  yellow;  staminode  large,  oblong,  yel- 
lowish.   Jan.,  Feb.    India.    I.H.  4:126.    A.F.  6:555. 

Var.  B6xalli.  Hort.  (C.  BdxalU.  Reichb.  f.).  Upper 
sepal  spotted  with  blackish  spots,  which  are  more  or 
less  confluent  along  the  median  line.  Burma.  I.H. 
26:345. 

29.  SAllieri,  Godef.  Petals  somewhat  resembling 
those  of  the  above;  upper  s^al  large,  broad  at  and  to- 
ward the  summit,  yellowish  green,  spotted  with  brown, 
and  provided  with  a  broad  white  border  round  the  up- 
per half.  Supposed  natural  hybrid  between  C.  villosum 
and  C.  insUjne. 


436 


CYPRIPEDIUM 


BB.    FIs.  more   than  2. 
c.    Petals  spatulate. 

30.  Ldwei,  Lindl.  Lvs.  ligulate,  uniform  green:  scapes 
often  more  than  3  ft.  long,  arching,  bearing  several  fls. : 
upper  sepal  yellowish  veined  with  brownish  purple  at 
the  base,  broadly  oval,  basal  margins  revolute  ;  petals 
fully  3  in.  long,  deflexed,  twisted,  spatulate,  yellowish, 
with  numerous  brown-purple  spots  at  and  toward  the 
base,  the  spoon-shaped  extremities  dull  crimson-purple; 
labellum  brown,  infolded  lobes  paler;  staminodium  ob- 
cordate,  with  a  horn-like  projection  at  base.  April,  May. 
Borneo.  F.S.  4:375.  A.F.  11:1349.  R.H.  1857,  p.  402; 
1883,  p.  352;  1885,  p.  473. 

31.  Haynaldiinum,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.  ligulate,  leathery, 
uniform  green :  scapes  about  20  in.  long,  villose,  green- 
ish brown,  1-5-fld.:  upper  sepal  oval,  lower  margins 
revolute,  cream-white  above,  purplish  at  the  margins, 
the  base  yellowish,  spotted  with  reddish  brown;  petals 
linear,  broad  at  the  extremities,  and  of  a  dull  purple 
color,  yellowish  from  the  base  about  half  way,  with 
several  large,  reddish  brown  spots  ;  labellum  green 
tinged  with  dull  purple;  staminodium  similar  to  that  of 
preceding,  but  narrower.  Jan.-May.  Philippine  Isls. 
B.M.  6296. 


cc.   Petals  linear,  usuaUy  drooping  and  twisted. 

32.  Pirishii,  Reichb.  f.  Lvs.coriaceous,  thick,  ligulate: 

scapes  arching,  pale  green,  bearing  several  fls. :  upper 

sepal  Vflluwish.  with  jireen  veins,  narrowly  oval,  basal 

margins  i.  ;!  m  ,1  :  jm  ;  ,1s  linear,  twisted,  obliquely  pen- 
dent, 1^1-  '  'i  :t  and  toward  the  base,  with  sev- 
eral blari  -I  ,  I  a  row  of  marginal  dots  ;  distal 
ends  dull,  _'l'i--\.  i'i-'>\vnish  purple ;  labellum  dark 
green,  usu:illy  tiMi,'cd  with  brown-purple;  staminodium 


CYPRIPEDIUM 

obcordate,  with  a  tooth  i 
5791.  Gt.  47:25.  I.H. 
species. 

33.  Stdnei,  Hooker.  Lvs.  ligulate,  uniform  green,  de- 
cidedly coriaceous  :  scapes  long,  greenish  brown,  3-5- 
fld. :  upper  sepal  nearly  orbicular,  white,  with  4  crimson- 
magenta  veins  or  streaks,  2  on  each  side  near  the  upper 
margin,  suffused  behind  with  crimson;  lower  sepal  nar- 
rower, with  several  streaks,  similar  in  color  to  those  on 
the  upper  sepal ;  petals  linear,  at  first  spreading,  then 
drooping,  twisted  at  the  extremities,  pale  yellow  at  the 
base,  becoming  deeper  and  finally  reddish  brown  at  and 
near  the  apices,  spotted  with  crimson-brown;  labellum 
calceiform,  dull  rose  on  the  front,  paler  beneath,  finely 
veined  with  deeper  rose.  Autumn.  Borneo.  B.M.  5349. 
—One  of  the  finest  in  the  genus. 

34.  Philippinfinse,  Reichb.  f.  (C.  lavigAttim,  Batem.). 
Lvs.  thick,  ligulate-oblong,  uniform  green:  scape  brown- 
ish, bearing  from  2-5  fls. :  upper  sepals  whitish,  broadly 
ovate,  striped  with  crimson-magenta  ;  lower  sepal 
striped  with  green;  petals  linear,  twisted,  drooping  ob- 
liquely, greenish  at  base,  becoming  pale  brown-purple 
toward  the  extremities;  labellum  small,  yellowish; 
staminodium  sub-cordiform.  April,  May.  Philippine 
Isls.,  1864.    B.M.  5508.    G.P.  3:309. 

35.  pristans,  Reichb.  f.  (C.  (jlanduUrerum ,  Blume. 
C.  Ifeo-&uinet?)ise,  Sort.}.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  deep  green: 
peduncle  longer  than  the  lvs.:  sepals  about  equal, 
broadly  ovate,  yellowish  white,  veined  with  reddish 
brown;  petals  with  marginal  warts,  twisted,  yellowish 
green  ;  labellum  calceiform,  yellowish  ;  staminodium 
nearly  quadrangular,  lateral  margins  inflexed.  Aug. 
NewGuinea.  I.H.  34:26.  R.H.  1896,  p.  421. -C  prresfans, 
var.  KimballiiniiiiH,  Hort.,  is  another  form.  This  is  not 
to  be  contounil.-.l  with  C.  Kimballianum  (see  No.  37). 

36.  Sanderiiuum,  Iiiiolili.  f.  Lvs.  ligulate,  thick,  uni- 
form green:  scapt-  Imiil^,  reddish  brown,  bearing  several 
fls.:  upper  si-pal  narn.wly  ovate,  yellowish,  striped  with 
brown;  petals  Im.  ar,  al.^nt  18  in.  long,  yellowish  at  the 
base,  marki  .1  \iiili  n.l,iish  brown,  the  middle  part 
barred  with  mMish  1.i,,\mi  and  yellow,  purplish  brown 
at  and  toward  th.-  l.linii  apices  ;  labellum  brownish. 
Feb.-Mav.  Hiibilat  known  but  not  revealed:  perhaps 
north  Borneo.    G.C.  III.  19:329.  Gt.  43:520. 

37.  EothscMldianum,  Reichb.  f.  Fig.  647.  Lvs.  thick: 
scape  reddish  brown,  bearing  several  fls. :  upper  sepal 
ovate,  acute,  striped  with  brownish  (almost  black)  veins, 
ground  color  yellowish  ;  petals  linear,  spreading,  ob- 
lique, yellowish,  striped  and  spotted  with  dark  brown- 
purple;  labellum  slipper-form,  brownish,  margin  pale 
yellow,  whitish  beneath  ;  staminode  with  a  projecting 
beak.  Winter  months.  Borneo.  B.M.  7102.  G.F.  6:145. 
—  C.  JSIIiottidmim,  O'Brien,  is  a  variety  of  the  above,  or 
at  least  very  closely  allied  to  it.  J.H.  III.  32:55.  A.F. 
6:557;  7:855.  — C.  ,ff"im6a??i(in«m,  from  Borneo,  is  a  nat- 
ural hybrid  of  C .  JRothschildianum  x  C.  Dayanum:  see 
A.G.  20:719,  Fig.  186. 

ccc.    Petals  much  twisted,  not  drooping. 

38.  Chamberlainitaum,  O'Brien.  Lvs.  dark  green, 
ligulate:  scape  arching,  bearing  several  lis.  that  open  in 
succession:  ovary  not  conspicuously  ribbed;  upper  se- 
pal pale  green,  brownish  at  base,  with  about  12  veins 
which,  brown  at  first,  terminate  green;  margin  whitish, 
ciliate,  dorsal  surface  hairy;  petals  narrow,  spreading, 
reflesed,  twisted,  green,  with  lines  of  numerous  red- 
brown  spots,  tinged  rose-pink  near  the  column ; 
labellum  pale  rosy  mauve,  copiously  dotted  with  deeper 
mauve  ;  infolded  lolies  pale  green  :  staminodium  oval. 
Sumatra.  B.M.  7578,  as  a  Paphiopedilum.  R.H.  1892, 
pp.  104-5.    G.P.  5:413. 

39.  Victdria-Marlffi,  Rolfe.  Similar  to  the  above:  la- 
bellum dull  purple  ;  petals  and  upper  sepal  not  lined 
with  brown  spots.  Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  C.  Cham- 
berlain ianum.  Sumatra.  B.M.  7573,  as  a  Paphiopedilum. 

AAA.   Lvs.  membranaceous,  plicate. 
B.    Foliage  of  two  lvs.  upon  the  ground,  or  nearly  so. 

40.  acaflle,  Ait.  Fig.  648.  Lvs.  ovate,  oblong-oval: 
scape  naked,  tall  :  upper  sepal  and  petals  brownish, 
lanceolate  ;    labellum    pink-purple   to   white  (variable). 


CYPRIPEDIUM 

with  a  fissure  In  front;  staminodium  spatuliform.  May 
and  June.  Newfoundland  to  N.  C,  west  to  Ind.,  Mich, 
and  Minn.  G.W.P.  11.  A.Q.  13:514;  14:405.  Gng. 
4:263.    A.P.  11:1049. 

BB.    Foliage  of  two  Irs.  above  the  ground. 

41.  Megans,  Reichb.  f.  Plant  about  4  in.  high:  Ivs. 
opposite,  borne  on  an  elongated  annual  stem:  upper  se- 
pal narrowly  ovate,  veined  with  reddish  brown;  petals 
lanceolate,  similarin  color  to  the  sepals;  labellum  brown- 
ish, corrugated  ;  staminode  elliptic.  July.  Sikkim.— 
Probably  not  in  cultivation  in  this  country. 

42.  Jap5nicain,  Thunb.  Lvs.  nearly  opposite,  roundish, 
undulately  plicate:  bract  longer  than  the  ovary,  fl.  ter- 
minating the  scape:  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, greenish,  dotted  with  red;  labellum  white-pink; 
staminodium  cordate,  channeled.    April,  May.    Japan. 

BBB.    Foliage  of  several  or  many  ivs.  on  the  stem. 
c.    Lower  sepal  divided. 

43.  arietinum,  E.  Brown.  Plant  about  6  in.  high,  slen- 
der: lvs.  lanceolate:  fls.  small,  terminal,  solitary ;  upper 
sepal  ovate-lanceolate,  brownish  green  ;  petals  linear; 
labellum  tapering  at  the  apex,  white  veined  with  red- 
dish purple,  clothed  with  white,  woolly  hairs  near  the 
aperture  ;  staminodium  nearly  round.  May.  Maine  to 
N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  Minn.,  and  northward.  B.M.  1569. 
L.B.C.  13:1240.  F.S.  20:2095.-Fls.  curiously  irregular 
in  shape,  resembling  a  ram's  head. 

44.  HimalMcum,  Kolfu.  Plant  8-12  in.  high:  lvs.  3, 
elliptic-oblong:  u|  p  i  .  i.il  ,.vnte,  brownish,  with 
deeper  colored  vri  r.iw,  oblong,  paler  than 
the  upper  sepal ;  !■  :  r^- brown,  many-nerved; 
staminode  heart-ill  -  .  .1,.  lUiotan.  — Probably  not 
cultivated  in  this  c..iuiu>. 

45.  Thib^ticum,  King.  Lvs.  3,  close  together  on  the 
stem:  labellum  larger  than  in  the  preceding,  and  not  de- 
pressed, br<jwii  purple;  petals  pale  brown;  staminode 
oval-cordatf,  angled  at  the  base.  July.  Sikkim.  — Prob- 
ably not  in  cultivation. 


CYPRlPEniUM 


437 


Lower  sepal  little  < 


It  all  di 


ded. 


46.  cindidum,  Muhl.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate:  fls.  ter- 
minal, solitary;  sepals  broucb.-r  than  the  ])etals,  ovate- 
lanceolate;  petals  spreadin:-'  like-  tin-  srpals,  greenish  ; 
labellum  white,  striped  iusidr  wiili  puiplr;  staminodium 
lanceolate.  May  and  June.  N.  V..  l\nu.,  Minn.,  Mo. 
and  Ky. 

47.  pubfiscens,  Willd.  Fig.  649.  Lvs.  oval,  acute  : 
petals  usually  twisted,  much  narrower  than  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  sepals  ;  labellum  pale  yellow;  staminodium 
triangular.  Same  range  as  No.  49.  May  and  June. 
B.M.  911,  as  C.  parviflorum.    A.G.  13:513.    Mn.  7:5. 

48.  Calcedlus,  Linn.  Fls.  usually  solitary ;  labellum 
yellow,  slightly  compressed,  shorter  than  the  lower  se- 
pal; sepals  and  petals  deep,  rich  brown;  staminoditun 
triangular.  Yorkshire  and  other  northern  counties  of 
Eng.,Eu.    R.H.  1892,  p.  392.    E.B.  21:210. 

49.  parvifldmm,  Salisb.  Lvs.  ovate,  acute:  fls.  smaller 
than  In  O.  pubescens;  labellum  flattened  from  above  and 
below,  not  laterally,  bright  yellow;  staminodium  trian- 
gular. May  and  June.  Newfoundland  to  Ga.,  west 
to  Minn,  and  E.  Kans.   A.G.  13:515. 

50.  spectibile,  Swartz.  Fig.  650.  Plants  stout: 
oval,  acute:  sepals  ovate,  rather  roundish,  white;  petals 
oblong,  white  ;  labellum  white  or  pale  pink-purple  ; 
staminodium  oval-cordate.  June.  Maine,  western  New 
Eng.  to  Minn,  and  Mo.,  mountains  of  N.  Car.  R.H 
1868:410.  Gn.  53,  p.  77.  R.B.  20,  p.  198.  A.F.  11:1048 
Gng.  4:262,  327. 

51.  macrinthon,  Swartz.  Lvs.  oblong,  acute :  fls 
purple,  not  spotted  ;  upper  sepal  oblong,  acute  ;  lower 
sepal  smaller  ;  petals  ovate-lanceolate  ;  labellum 
tracted  at  the  aperture.  Moist,  shady  places,  northern 
Asia,  Siberia.    R.H.  1877:310. 

52.  Califdmicum,  Gray.  Plants  either  slender  or  stout, 
varying  in  height,  sometimes  exceeding  2  ft.:  lvs.  ovate- 
alternate  :  floral  bracts  very  large,  becoming  narrowly 
ovate:  fls.  small,  from  6-12  open  at  the  same  time,  an 
inch  or  more  apart  on  the  stem ;  labellum  whitish ;  se- 


pals oval,  yellowish  green;  petals  narrowly  oblong,  col- 
ored like  the  sepals.    Calif.    B.M.  7188.    G.P.  1:281. 

53.  montinum,  Dougl.  One  to  2  ft.,  leafy,  pubescent: 
lvs.  ovate  to  broad-lanceolate,  4-6  in.  long  :  fls.  1-3, 
short-pedicelled,  the  wavy-twisted  petals  brownish,  the 


650.   Cypripedii 


spectabile.    Natural  i 


grant.    Grows  in  climips.    Handsome. 

54.  Irapeanum,  Have  et  Lex.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate: 
fls.  large,  sevt  ral.  >.-]iaN  ami  petals  about  equal  ;  label- 
lum very  lari;r.  mtuli  in  Mated,  suggesting  the  inflated 
petal  of  a  t'al.  .  ulari.i,  M  \.— This  species  has  not  as 
yet  been  stHa-rvsfully  -■ulnxated. 

Supplementary  list,  rninprisini;  hybrid  Cypripediums  (for 
catalogues  of  hybrids,  see  UC.  III.  17;  ItO  and  A.G.  16: 118): 
Acis  =  Lawreneeamim  X  insi:,'ne.  var.  M&nlei.— Adra8tu8  = 
Leeanujn  X  villosxun,  v.ar.  Boxallii.  —  .l?cid^s  =  insig^leXhi^- 
sutissim^un.— jl  ^^rc  rf  HoUinfrt'iii  =  fi\iol!ireX  Philippinense.— 
AUanianum=  Spicerianuin  X  Curtisii.—  A?7ft«m  =  barbatumX 
li&wrencesLnMm.  ~~  Amandum=  insigne  X  venustum. —  4mm- 
a»rem  =  villosum  X  venitstum  (see  Measuresianum).— Apicu- 
ia(um  =  barbatiimXvillQsum,  var.  Boxallii.— 4r(«ni8  =  Day- 
anumXSwanianum,  — ^rtAuriaiium  =  insigne  XFairieanom. 


CYPRIPEDIUM 


A  P  6  5'i--Arlhu 
tini  X  FaineanuMi 
turn  X  msigne  I  ! 
=  same  —  Aspa^i  i 


Chlormi 
XHonk 
tilde  1/ 


pulchellum  =  in'iisnQ  Chin 

'     l(       obstiirum)  =barba 

'/  >iiia     \  ti      expansum 

Dist  Icon  des  O  — 
.. -i.t«(n<-e=BoxaUuX 
in>,iinie  —  jBr!/anit(Bur 
IK  hantanum  =  T>niryi'K 
I  CrossuXLowii  —  Cait 
ifhscfiiMianum  =qaI\o 


CYPRIPEDIUM 

—  Argils  X  Curtisii,  —  Hybridum  =  villosum  X  barbatum.— 
/rto=Haynal(iian\imX  Mrs.  Cauham.— /nferm^diwm.  See  Hy- 
bndum.  —  Io  =  Lawrenceanum  X  Argus.  —  Javanico  •  Spiceri- 
See  ljxiteseens.~  Javanico-superbiens.—  Joseph  Donate 


—  Brur, 
var  el. .  i 


Hamsi  u. 

lare  -  Harrisunufm  - 
R  B  22  148  Ait. 
barbatum  X  viJlosum 


/w.  r=  Koth 

'  lirajidt  =lo 
imm  Xinsigne 
m  —  Qerminy 

^um  X  hirsutismmimi  —  6^ga8= 
'.  Lawrenc  eanum  —  Gowenanitm 
-  Qrninnum  ='  Dniryi  X  cilio 
im  X  villosxim  F  b  22  2289-90 
Tnrnsianttm  var  superbum  = 
isianum    ^-w    Dauthiem  =  h&r 


.iihi: 


^%^- 


inum  =  Druryi  X  Ja- 

allosum  X  Fairieanum . 


1  ^  ^eUf  Memiii.  -  Macropttriun  = 
oj:>/ii///i(;/)=HookeraeXbarbatum. 


—  Fallens  - 
Lawrence;!! 
-P€lia8=\ 


l>atuin  X  villosiim.  —  H.  Ballantine  =  purpuratum  X  Fairie- 
anum. —  Hephaestus  =callosum  X  ?  —  Hnitsnnii  =  Lawrence- 
anum (pistillate)  X  Philippense.  A.F.  l+:iuy4.  (rng.  7:  242. — 
Horniatium  =  Spicerianum  X  superbiens.  —  Hurrellianum 


CYPRIPEDIUM 

liaerum.  var.  majus  =  barbatum  X  Philippiueuse.  A.P.  11 ;  1349. 

—  Seegerianum  =  HarrisianiimX  Spiceriauimi.—  SupercUiare  = 
barbatum  X  superbiens.  —  Sutan  Ames  =  Leeanum  X  nitens. 

—  SDnid-BruTm  =  Lowei  X  Ourtlsil.— SM>antaimm=Dayanum 
Xbarbatum.— A'OTn6M™ei  =  insigne,  var.  Maulei  X  Argus.— 
T.  B.  ffoMioood  =  Dnuyi  X  superbiens.  — rp«5eio(um  =  con- 
colorX barbatum.  \.V.  7:707.—  77m'/crianw7«=Lawrenceanum 
Xvillosum.  var.  n.ixaP.ii.—  77i,V„;K(ion!/7»i=  HarrisianuiaXin- 
signe.var.  Ihmlii—  /  A. ;/((..// m  ^u|i,  rbionsXinsigne.— TAoto- 
tonii.vur.  ISlombrrun  niM-nr  •  ^mi.iliiens.  —  K(y;ls=Spiceri- 
anumXoenanthuiii.  \  n  ^upi  rl'uni  —  /'o/iso-i-jV/osi/m^tonsumX 
viUosum.-  Tarpr^  li:a  l.,iniiii      \i;;iis,-  T.  W.  B(OT,<J  =  hirsutis- 


CYKTOMIUM 


439 


iXSiv 


X  Lawrenceanum.  —  l""  i/.i^'/.^zjM';/;  — -  ni\  ■tini  -.  1 '.nilhieri. 
A.F.  6:557.-Fcra;.r".„  -  .Xr-ns  -^illnsuni  -  \',nllurium  = 
barbaturaXFairioiniiiiH.—  U'.f//.'  i-h'nunn—  I  I:n-n~i.n\iiiii  Xvil- 
losum.— Wiganianujn  ^  llanisiaiimu  ur  Iluuki-ni'  ■,  Ashbur- 
ton».— Tri»iams;a)i»»i=HarrisianuinXvenustum  or  villosum. 
O.  debile,  Reichb.  f.,  a  small  Japanese  species,  is  offered  by 
importers  of  Japanese  plants.  It  is  the  O.  cardlophtjllum, 
Franch.  &  Sav.  Pis.  very  small,  not  much  larger  than  those  of 
Calypso  borealis.—G.  fasciculatum  is  offered  by  importers  of 
Dutch  bulbs.  The  O.  fasciculatum,  Kellogg,  is  Californian: 
2-6  in. .bearingapair  of  nearly  opposite,  ov.ate,  somewhat  acute 
Ivs. :  fls.  solitary  or  several,  greenish,  the  depressed  lip  greenish 
yellow  with  a  purplish  margin.  Oakes  Ames. 

CYBtLLA  (after  Dominico  Cyrillo,  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Naples,  1734-1799).  Cyrillclceai.  Shrub,  rarely 
tree:  Ivs.  short-petioled,  entire,  glabrous,  deciduous  or 
nearly  persistent:  fls.  small,  white,  in  narrow  slender 
racemes,  5-raerous:  fr.  a  small  indehiscent  2-celled  cap- 
sule with  2  seeds.  Probably  one  variable  species  from 
N.  Carolina  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas,  and  in  W.  India 
and  S.  America.  Ornamental  shrub,  rarely  cultivated, 
with  handsome  bright  green  foliage,  and  graceful  ra- 
cemes of  white  fls.,  hardy  north  to  New  York. 
Thrives  best  in  humid  sandy  soil  and  shady  position. 
Prop,  by  seeds  and  cuttings  under  glass,  with  slight  bot- 
tom heat. 

racemiilora,  Linn.  Leatherwood.  Shrub,  occa- 
sionally tree  to  30  ft. ;  Ivs.  cuneate,  oblong  or  oblanceo- 
late,  usually  obtuse,  reticulate-veined,  2-3  in.  long, 
bright  green,  turning  orange  and  scarlet  in  fall,  but  in 
tropical  climates  evergreen:  racemes  4-0 in.  long,  erect, 
at  length  nodding.  B.M.  2456.  S.S.  2:51.- The  variety 
from  W.  India  has  been  described  as  C.  Antillana, 
Michx.,  and  that  of  Brazil  as  C.  racemifera,  Vandelli. 
Alfred  Kehder. 

CYETANTHUS  (Greek,  carved  flowers;  from  their 
pendulous  habit).  AmaryllidAcew.  Twenty  species  of 
tender  bulbs  from  South  Africa,  known  only  in  a  few 
American  greenhouses.  Their  culture  is  presumably 
like  that  of  many  other  bulbs  from  the  same  region. 
They  are  suitable  for  pot  culture,  or  for  planting  out  In 
summer.  The  following  analytical  key  gives  an  idea  of 
the  group,  and  its  three  subgenera. 

A.   Fls.  many  in  an  umbel,  pendulous. 
E.   IA!S.  strap-shaped.    ( Cyrtanthus  proper. ) 

obliquus,  Ait.  Bulb  ovoid,  3-4  in.  thick:  Ivs.  10-12, 
strap-shaped,  distichous,  produced  after  the  fls.,  lJ^-2 
ft.  long  :  scape  1-2  ft.  long,  stout,  mottled :  fls.  10-12  in 
an  umbel,  entirely  drooping,  odorless,  bright  red,  with 
more  or  less  yellow,  and  greenish  tips  2-3  in.  long;  pedi- 
cels %-!  in.  long;  style  not  exserted.  Cape  Colony.  B. 
M.  1133. 

BB.   Lvs.  linear.  (Monella.) 

ffiickenii,  Hook.  f.  Bulb  1  K  in.  thick:  lvs.  2-6,  ap- 
pearing with  the  fls.,  linear,  1  ft.  long:  scape  slender, 
slightly  glaucous:  fls.  4-10  in  an  umbel,  pure  white, 
2  in.  long;  stvle  exserted.  Natal.  G.C.  I.  29:641.  Gn. 
50,  p.  63. 

AA.    Fls.  single,  or  few  in  an  umhel,  erect  or   sliglith) 
curved  downward.    (Gastronema.) 

BaugTiIneus,  Hook.  Bulb  2  in.  thick:  lvs.  3-4,  appear- 
ing with  the  fls.,  lanceolate,  petioled,  1  ft.  long:  scape 
slender,  6-9  in.  long:  fls.  1-3,  bright  red,  3-4  %  in.  long, 
wider  funnel-shaped  than  in  the  two  preceding  species, 
with  a  throat  1  in.  across.    Caffraria,  Natal.    B.M.  5218. 

C.  Huttoni,  Baker,  belongs  to  Cyrtanthus  proper,  but  its  lvs. 
appear  with  the  fls.,  and  it  has  6-8  or  even  12  pale  red  fls.  about 
1  in.  long,  and  a  much  shorter  style  than  in  O.  obliquus.  Cape 
Colony.  B.M.  7488.  Gn.  50:1076.  W.  M. 


CYRTOCARPA  {Greek,  curved  fruit).  AnaeardiAcece. 
Two  Mexican  trees,  of  which  one  bears  a  small  fruit, 
likened  to  a  cherry  by  the  natives  of  Lower  Calif.  In- 
troduced   into  S.  Calif,  by  F.  Franceschi.     Santa   Bar- 

prOcera,  HBK.  Very  tall  tree,  with  slender,  terete, 
dark  purplish,  resinous  branches  :  lvs.  alternate,  odd- 
pinnate:  leaflets  5-7  or  9,  oblong,  entire,  with  a  very 
slight  silkiness,  especially  below,  very  shortly  stalked, 
1  in.  or  more  long,  half  as  wide:  fls.  white,  inconspic- 
uous, in  panicles  1-2  in.  long;  calyx  5-parted,  villous, 
persistent ;  segments  roundish  ;  petals  5,  elliptic  ;  sta- 
mens 10;  style  1:  fr.  the  size  of  an  olive,  edible.  Mex. 
HBK.  6,  t.  609. 

CYETOCHtLUM.     Referred  to  Oncidium. 

CYRTODfilRA.     See  Episcia. 

CYET6MIUM  (Greek,  a  bow).  Polypodictcem.  A 
genus  of  Asiatic  half-hardy  or  greenhouse  ferns  o£ 
rigid  habit,  with  simply  pinnate  lvs.,  anastomosing 
veins  and  firm  indusia  fixed  by  the  depressed  center. 
Culture  as  for  Polystichiun,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied. 


A.    Margins  of  pinwce  entire  or  slightly  undulate. 

falcS.tum,  J.  Sm.  Pig.  653.  Pinna)  ovate,  falcate  ; 
the  lower  rounded  or  obliquely  truncate  at  the  base,  4-6 
in.  long,  1-2  in.  wide.  Japan  and  India.  — The  large  thick, 
glossy  foliage  makes  it  an  excellent  fern  for  decorations. 

F6rtunei,  J.  Sm.  Pinnts  lanceolate,  opaque,  2-4  in. 
long,  J-^-1  in.  wide.   Japan. 

B.    Margins  of  pinnce  toothed  or  sometimes  lobed. 

caryotideum,  J.  Sm.  Pinnfs  larger,  5-7  in.  long,  1%- 
2K  wide,  often  auricled  on  both  sides  at  the  base, 
sharply  toothed.   India.  l.  m.  Underwood. 


440 


CYRTOPERA 


CTKTOPfiEA.     Consult  Cijrtopodium   Woodfordii. 

CYBT0P6DIUM  (Greek  forcurMti  fcof,  from  the  shape 
of  the  Up).  OrchiddcerK,  tribe  Vdndew.  Epiphytes: 
stems  fusiform,  bearing  plicate  leaves :  sepals  and  petals 
equal,  free  ;  column  semiterete  :  pollinia  2,  caudicle 
short,  gland  ovate:  scapes  radical,  bearing  numerous 
flowers,  pure  yellow  or  spotted  with  crimson.  Probably 
two  dozen  species,  widely  distributed  in  the  tropics. 
They  are  large-growing  plants,  with  large  and  showy 
flowers.  They  need  a  rich,  flbrous  soil  with  manure. 
Grow  in  a  warm  or  tropical  house. 

Andersonii,  R.  Br.  Stems  5  ft.  high":  Ivs.  long,  lan- 
ceolate, sheathing  at  the  base:  scape  often  3  ft.  high, 
branching,  bearing  many  yellow  flowers:  sepals  and 
petals  broad,  bright  yellow,  the  labellum  brighter,  front 
lobe  slightly  concave.  Specimens  with  over  100  fls.  have 
been  recorded.    Tropical  Amer.    B.M.  ISOO. 

punotitum,  Lindl.  Habit  as  above:  scape  from  2-3  ft. 
high,  branching  about  midway,  dotted  with  dull  purple, 
the  branches  subtended  by  membranaceous  sheathing 
bracts,  which  are  lanceolate,  undulating,  and  dotted 
with  crimson :  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  undulate, 
greenish  yellow  blotched  with  crunson;  petals  similar, 
spotted  at  the  base;  labellum  yi  in.  long,  fleshy,  bright 
yellow,  lateral  lobes  crimson,  midlobe  spotted  and 
margined  with  crimson;  column  green.  Extensively  dis- 
tributed through  S.  Amer.  B.M.  3507.  F.S.  22:  2352.- 
Var.  Saintlegeriinum,  Hort.  (C.  Saintlegeriinum , 
Reich,  f. ).    Has  brighter  markings  on  the  bracts   and 

Woddiordii,  Sims  {Cyrtopera  Woddfordii,  Lindl.). 
Stems  fusiform:  Ivs.  lanceolate:  scape  radical,  bearing 
a  many-flowered  raceme:  fls.  greenish,  with  a  purple  la- 
bellum; sepals  linear  lanceolate;  petals  oblong.  Trinidad, 
Martinique.    B.M.  1814.  Oakes  Ames. 

CYETOSPfiRMA  (Greek,  curved  seed).  AroXdecc. 
This  genus  includes  a  handsome  warmhouse  tuberous 
foliage  plant,  with  large,  hastate  red-veined  leaves, 
resembling  an  Alocasia,  but  t-;isil\'  distiniruished  by  its 
spiny  stems.  It  was  introilnr,  d  int..  culr.  in  1880  from 
the  Solomon  Islands  as  ,1 /"'i."/  ./>:;, ;^v/.. hi',  but  two 
years  later  it  flowered,  and  it  iMcanic  evident  that  the 
plant  was  a  Cyrtosperma.  This  plant  was  once  adver- 
tised by  Pitcher  &  Manda  as  Cyrtemeria,  apparently  a 
typographical  error,  as  there  is  no  such  genus.  Cyrto- 
sperma has  9  species,  remarkably  scattered  in  the  tropics. 
They  are  herbs  with  tubers  or  long  rhizomes :  leaf  and 
flower-stalks  often  spiny  or  warty:  Ivs.  hastate  or  sagit- 
tate; petioles  long,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Culture 
presumably  same  as  Alocasia. 

Jdhnstoni,  N.  E.  Br.  {Aloclisia  Jilinstoni,  Hort.). 
Tuberous:  petiole  2-2%  ft.  long,  olive  green,  spotted 
rose,  covered  with  fleshy,  spine-like  warts:  Ivs.  sagit- 
tate, depressed  In  the  middle,  lJ^-2  ft.  long,  olive-green, 
with  prominent  and  beautiful  red  veins  above.  I.H. 
27:395. 

C.  firox,  Lind.  &  N.  E.  Br.,  is  a  second  species  of  this  genus, 
figured  In  I.H.  39:153,  but  not  known  to  be  in  the  Amer.  trade. 
It  has  'narrow-sagittate  Ivs.  on  slender,  very  prickly  petioles  ; 
spathe  rather  large,  reflexed,  greenish  while.   Borneo. 

CYBTOSTACHYS  (Greek  for  arched  spike).  Pal- 
mdcect,  tribe  Arecem.  Three  Malayan,  spineless,  pin- 
nate-leaved palms,  sometimes  seen  in  choice  collections. 
They  thrive  on  the  treatment  given  to  Areca  and  Chrys- 
alidocarpus.  Spadix  large,  branching  and  pendent:  fls. 
monoecious,  the  two  kinds  in  one  spadix— each  pistillate 
accompanied  by  two  staminates  with  6  stamens.  Two 
species  are  offered  in  this  country  : 

B^nda,  Blume.  Height  25-30  ft.  :  leaflets  linear  or 
ensitorm,  obtuse,  unequally  2-toothed,  delicate  gray  be- 
neath, the   petioles  dark,  brownish  red. 

L&kka,  Becc.  Petioles  green  :  Ivs.  broad,  boldly 
arched,    the    leaflets    unequally   2-toothed. 

CYBTACANTHUS  (Greek  for  bladder  Acanthus,  be- 
cause the  flowers  are  inflated).  AcanthAcew.  B'ive  erect, 
evergreen  herbs  of  Burma  and  Cochin  China,  with 
showy,  sessile  fls.  in  the  axils  of  bracts,  the  entire  in- 


CYTISUS 

florescence  more  or  less  crowded  into  a  terminal  panicle 
orthyrse.  Corolla-limb  spreading,  unequally  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  short-rotund :  stamens  2 :  style  filiform,  the  stigma 
2-toothed  :  Ivs.  entire.  One  species  is  cult,  in  the  Old 
World,  but  is  not  known  to  be  in  the  Amer.  trade.  This 
is  C.  turqida,  Nicholson,  B.M.  6043  asMeninia  turgida, 
Fua.  It  comes  from  Cochin  China;  2  ft.  or  less  high, 
with  prominently  jointed  stems  and  opposite,  elliptic- 
lanceolate  Ivs. :  fls.  white,  yellow  in  the  throat  and  pink- 
reticulated  on  the  lobes.  Cult,  as  other  warmhouse 
Acanthads.  (See  ^pfteto/id-ro  for  example.)  Prop,  by 
cuttings  of  young  wood. 

CYST6PTEEIS  (Greek,  bladder- fern).  PolypodU- 
cea.  A  small  genus  of  hardy  native  ferns,  with  deli- 
cate foliage,  and  round  sori,  covered  by  a  delicate  indu- 
sium  which  is  attached  under  one  side  and  opens  at  the 
other,  becoming  hood-like  in  appearance  and  finally 
disappearing.  The  5  species  all  grow  in  the  north  tem- 
perate zone.    Of  easy  culture  in  shady,  rich  borders. 

C.  bulbifera,  Bernh.  Lvs.  8-24  in.  long,  widest  at  the 
base,  tripinnatifld,  bearing  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
rachis  a  series  of  bulb-like  bodies,  which  germinate  and 
propagate  new  plants.  Thrives  best  on  luue-bearing 
rocks.    Canada  to  North  Carolina. 

C.  Jrigilis,   Bernh.     Fig.    654.     Lvs.  clus- 
tered, 4-8  in.  long  besides  the  slender  stalks, 
tripinnatifld,  widest  above  the  base.    Widely 
distributed  over  the  world  at  all  altitudes. 
L.  M.  Underwood. 

CtTISUS  (Greek  name  for 
a  kind  of  clover).  Legu- 
mindsw.  Broom.  Mostly  low 
shrubs,  rarely  small  trees : 
lvs.  trifoliolate,  sometimes  uni- 
foliolate,  rather  small,  alter- 
nate, deciduous  or  persistent, 
sometimes  few  and  minute  and 
branches  almost  leafless  :  fls. 
papilionaceous,  axillary  or  in 
terminal  heads  or  racemes,  yel- 
low,white  or  purple;  sta- 
mens 10,  connate  ;  style 
curved  :  pod  flat,  dehis- 
cent, with  few  or  many 
seeds  ;  seeds  with  a  cal- 
lose  appendage  at  the 
base.  About  45  species 
in  S.  and  M.  Europe,  Ca- 
nary Isl.,  N.  Africa  and 
W.  Asia.  Ornamental 
free  -  flowering  shrubs, 
blooming  most  in  early 
spring  and  summer. 
Nearly  hardy  north  are 
C.  hirsutus,C.  capitattiSt 
G.  scoparius,  C.  nigri- 
cans,V  .leucanthus,vr)i\\& 
the  evergreen  species  C. 
C'anariensis,  C.  candi- 
cans,  C  filipes  are  hardy 
only  south.  Most  of  the 
species  are  well  adapted 
for  borders  of  shrubberies,  and  thrive  in  almost  any 
well  drained  soil  and  in  sunny  position;  they  naturalize 
themselves  often  very  quickly  in  dry,  gravelly  soil, 
where  few  other  plants  will  grow;  C.  scoparius  espe- 
cially does  so.  The  Cytisus  ought  to  be  transplanted 
carefully  and  when  young,  as  they  do  not  bear  trans- 
planting well  as  older  plants.  Some  dwarf  species  like 
C.  Ardoini,  Kewensis,  glabrescens,  purpureus  and 
leucanthiis  are  very  handsome  for  rockeries.  The  ever- 
green V.  Canariensis  and  racemosns  are  much  grown 
in  the  north  as  greenhouse  shrubs,  blooming  profusely 
in  early  spring  ;  also  the  white-flowering  C.  albtis  and 
filipes  make  handsome  pot-plants,  and  may  be  had 
in  bloom  in  February  with  gentle  forcing.  For  pot- 
plants,  a  light  sandy  loam  with  peat  added  forms  a  suit- 
able compost.  After  flowering  the  plants  should  be  cut 
back  and  repotted  as  soon  as  they  start  into  new  growth. 


654.  Cyitopteris  fraeilis. 


CYTISUS 

After  repotting  thev  are  kept  close  and  often  syringed 
until  they  are  establisiied ;  tiien  they  ought  to  have  plenty 
of  air  and  only  slight  shade.  When  the  new  growth  has 
been  finished  "they  may  be  put  in  the  open  air  until  frost 
is  threatening.  During  the  winter  they  should  be  kept 
in  a  cool  greenhouse  with  plenty  of  light  and  carefully 
and  moderately  watered.  From  January  they  may  be 
transferred  gradually  in   a  warmer  house  for   forcing. 


fl^'^h^^ 


CYTISUS 


441 


throws 


//^^•- 


Cuttings  started  in  early  spring,  transplanted  several 
times  and  then  gradually  hardened  off,  can  be  grown  into 
flowering  specimens  for  the  following  spring.  Prop,  by 
seeds  sown  in  spring  and  by  greenwood  cuttings  under 
glass ;  they  are  also  sometimes  increased  by  layers  or  by 
grafting.  As  stock  C.  nigricans  is  much  used,  or  La- 
burnum vulgare  for  small  standard  trees  ;  for  plants 
grown  in  the  greenhouse  or  south,  C.  C'anariensis  is  a 
good  stock.  Alfred  Rehdee. 

Of  Cytisus,  the  young  growths  root  readily  in  Decem- 
ber and  January  in  the  ordinary  way.  They  should  be 
shifted  on  as  they  grow.  Hood  sized  plants  can  be  pro- 
duced if  shifting  and  pinching  is  not  neglected.  By  the 
following  winter,  the  winter-propagated  plants  should 
be  in  5-in.  pots,  in  which  size  they  are  most  useful. 
Keep  very  cool  during  winter  and  withhold  any  forcing. 
They  flower  in  March,  or,  if  kept  at  a  night  temperature 
of  45°,  as  late  as  April.  Syringe  at  all  times  to  prevent 
red  spider.  To  produce  good  sized  plants  in  one  year, 
it  is  best  to  keep  them  plunged  on  a  bench  under  the 
glass  the  entire  summer,  with  little  shade.  Older  plants 
can  be  plunged  out  of  doors  during  July,  August  and 
September.  William  Scott. 

Index  :  albus,  2  ;  Andreanus,  1 ;  atropurpureus,  5  ; 
Canariensis,  10;  candioans,  S;  capitatus,  7;  oarneus,  5  ; 
elongatus,  14,  and  suppl.  list  ;  Everestianus,  11  ;  falca- 
tus,  6;  filipes,  3;  hirsutus,  G  ;  incarnatus,  2;  Linkii,  2  ; 
linifolius,  13;  Maderensis,  9;  nigricans,  14;  Palmensis, 
3;  pendulus,  5;  proliferus,4;  purpureus,  5;  racemosus, 
11,  12;  ramosissimus,  10;  Schipksensis  (which  is  offered 
in  the  trade  as  this  page  goes  to  press)  will  be  found  in 
the  supplementary  list  under  C.  leucanthus;  scoparius, 
1;  stenopetalus,  12.  See  Laburnum  and  Adenocarpus. 
A.  Fls.  lateral  along  the  branches. 
B.   Style  very  long,  spirally  incurved  at  the  apex: 

fls.  large,  yellow  or  partly  crimson. 
1.  Bcopirius,  Link.  (Sarothdmnus  scopirius,  Wimm. 
Spdrtium  scopctrium,  hinn.).  Scotch  Broom.  Shrub, 
to  10  ft.,  with  erect,  slender  branches:  Ivs.short-petioled, 
1-3-folioIate  ;  Ifts.  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  sparingly 
appressed-pubescent,  H-H  in.  long:  fls.  usually  solitary, 
%  in.  long  ;  calyx  and  pedicels  nearly  glabrous  :  pod 
brownish  black,  glabrous,  villous  only  at  the  margin. 
May,  June.  M.  and  S.  Europe.— Var.  Andreanus,  Dipp. 
{Genista  Andredna,  Puissant).  Pis.  yellow  with  dark 
crimson  wings.  R.H.  1886:373.  Gt.  40:  1342.  R.B.  19: 
129.  J.H.  III.  32:462.  There  are  also  varieties  with 
double  and  with  yellowish  white  fls.  and  a  form  with 
pendulous  branches.  All  the  vnrs.  are  more  tender  than 
the  type.  — The  Scotch  Bmnni.  ''.  smpnriKs,  has  become 
established  in  this  coiiiitiv.  :i<  :,  ii:;!  iualized  plant,  in 
waste  places  from  Nova    -.  .:iiiia;  and  it  is 

also  reported  from  Vanri.  ,  i  i  .■.  1,  is  also  recom- 
mended by  landscape  irai-ii  n  r-  l  ■,■  >  "Vi-ring  raw  and 
broken  places.  Its  yellow  11^.  and  nearly  bare  stems 
make  a  unique  combination  in  the  American  landscape. 


Even  when  it  kills  to  the  ground  iu 
up  its  stems  again  in  the  spring. 

BB.    Style  not  or  not  much  longer  than  the  keel, 

slightly  curved. 

o.    Color  of  fls.  white  or  purple. 

D.    Calyx  short  campanulate,  not  longer  than  wide: 
foliage  scarce. 

2.  4Ibus,  Liuk.(  C.  Linkii,  Janka.  Genista  dlba.  Lam.). 
Shrub,  to  3  ft.,  with  slender,  erect,  grooved  branches  : 
Ivs.  short-petioled.  1-  to  3-foliolate;  Ifts.  obovate-oblong 
to  linear-oblong,  %-%  in.  long,  sparingly  appressed- 
pubescent:  fls.  axillary,  1-3,  white,  %-%  in.  long:  pod 
appressed-pubescent.  usually  2-seeded.  May,  June. 
Spain,  N.  Africa. -Var.  incamiltUB,  Dipp.  Fls.  white, 
slishtlr  blushed.    L.B.C.  11:1052  as  a  Spartina. 

:;.  lilipes,Webb(Spflr?oci/fisi(sfni>es,Webb).  Shrub, 
witli  si, ii.ler,  angulate,  thread-like  branches:  Ivs.  slen- 
.Icr-pitu.led,  3-foliolate,  nearly  glabrous;  Ifts.  linear- 
lanceolate  :  fls.  axillary,  1-2,  fragrant,  pure  white ; 
wings  much  longer  than  the  keel.  Feb.-May.  Tene- 
riffa.— As  C.  Palmensis,  Hort.,  in  the  Amer.  trade. 

always  S-to- 

4.  prolifenis,  Linn.  Shrub,  to  12  ft., with  long  and  slen- 
der pubescent  branches  :  Ifts.  oblanceolate,  silky  pu- 
bescent beneath,  green  and  sparsely  pubescent  above, 
1-1%  in.  long  :  fls.  white,  3-8  on  rather  long  tomentose 
pedicels  ;  calyx  tomentose  ;  standard  pubescent  outside; 
pod  densely  tomentose-villous,  lM-2  in.  long.  May.June. 
Canary  Isl.  B.R.  2:121.  L.B.C.  8:761. -Recommended 
as  a  fodder  plant  for  California. 

5.  purpiireus,  Scop.  Procumbentorerectshrub,to2ft., 
quite  glabrous  :  Ivs.  rather  long  petioled  ;  Ifts.  oval  or 
obovate,  dark  green  above,  K-1  in.  long  :  fls.  1-3,  purple; 
calyx  reddish  :  pod  black,  l-Wi  in.  long.  May,  June. 
S.Austria,  N.  Italy.  B.M.  1176.  L.B.C.  9:892.-Var. 
dlbus,  Hort.  Pis.  white.  Var.  oimeus,  Hort.  Fls.  light 
pink.  Var.  atropurpdreus,  Hort.  Fls.  dark  purple.  Var. 
pfindulus,  with  slender,  pendulous  branches,  is  some- 
times grafted  high  on  Laburnum. 

cc.    Color  ot  fls.  yellow. 

6.  hirsutus,  Linn.  Shrub, 
to  3  ft., with  erect  or  procum- 
bent, villous, terete  branclii's: 
Ifts.  obovate  or  obovati--ob- 
long,  villous  pubescent  be- 
neath, %-%  in.  long  :  fls. 
2-3,  short,- petioled  ;  calyx 
villous  pubescent:  pod  1  in. 
long,  villous.  May,  June. 
M.  and  S.  Europe,  Orient. 
B.  M.  6819  (leaflets  erro- 
neously shown  as  serrate). 
L.B.C.  6:520  (as  C.  falca- 
tus)  B.  R.  14:1191  (as  C. 
multiflorus). 


7.  capitatus,  Scop.  Shrub, 
to  3  ft.,  with  erect,  terete, 
villous  branches:  Ifts.  ob- 
ovate or  oblong  -  obovate, 
sparingly  appressed  pubes- 
cent above.villous  pubescent 
beneath,  %-l  in.  long  :  fls. 
yellow,  brownish  when  fad- 
ing, nearly  1  in.  long  :  pod 
vUlous,  1-lK  in.  long.  July, 
Aug.  M.  and  S.  Europe.  L. 
B.C.  5:497.  I.H.  III.  31:161 
(as  Genista). 


Foliage    pers 


pubescent  when  young:  Ivs.  short-petioled,  usually  gla- 


442  CYTISUS 

brous  above,  pubescent  beneath;  Ifts.  obovate  or  obo- 
vate-oblong,  Diucronulate,  yi-%  in.  long:  racemes  3-9- 
fld.,  short,  leafy  at  the  base:  fls.  fragrant,  bright  yellow: 
pod  rufous-villous,  slightly  torulose.  May,  June.  Medi- 
terranean region,  Canary  Isl. 

9.  Mader6nsiB,  Voss  (Gnihta  Uaderhisis,  Webb). 
Large  shrub  or  small  tree,  to  20  ft.,  closely  allied  to  C. 
candicans  and  chiefly  distinguished  by  the  rufouswooUy 
tomentum  covering  the  young  branches,  petioles  and 
pedicels,  and  by  the  longer  petioles.  Lvs.  crowded;  Itts. 
obovate,  acute  or  mucronulate,  often  almost  glabrous 
above,  scabby  beneath,  }<i-M  m  long  about  as  long  as 
petioles:  racemes  fr-12  lid  ,  short  fls  biight  yellow, 
slightly  fragrant:  pod  5-7  seeded    Ma^  ,  June     Madeira 

10.  Canarifinsis,  Linn  Gevista  of  florists  Fig  655 
Much-branched  shrub,  to  b  ft  ,  with  villous  pubescent 
branches :  petioles  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  Ifts  ,  Ifts 
cuneate,  obovate  or  oblong  obovate,  pubescent  on  both 
sides,  K-M  in.  long  racemes  usually  many  fld  secund 
fls.  fragrant,  bright  yellow  May-Julv  Canary  Isl  A 
P.  6:802.— Var.  ramosissimus,  Rehder  (C  ramosisst 
mus,  Poir.     C.  Attleyanus,  Hort  )      Lfts   very  small 


short,   but  numerous 


C    13  1201. 


3:217 


056  Shrub,  to 
letioled.lfts 
,  silky  pu 
I  many  fld  , 
I  ibh  of  gar 

,  .,n<s  andC 


DD.  JRiicemes  elongated 
B,  Nichols  ,  nutM  11  n  lu 
6  ft. :  branches  pubescent  I 
oblong-obovate,  mucronul 
bescent  on  both  sides  i 
secund  and  rather  loost 
den  origin  and  hybrid  btt«i  a  <  i  /, 
stenopetaliis.  A.F  6  8U2  ,  1 J  Hub  -Better  florists' 
plant  than  the  last.  Var  Everestiinus,  Hort  Fls  of  a 
deeper    shade    of    yellow,    \  ery   free  flowermg      R  H 


,lus,  Voss  (C.  racemdsiis,  Mam.).  Shrub, 
to  6  ft.,  with  silky  pubescent  branches  :  Ivs.  slender 
petioled;  lfts.  cuneate,  oblong  or  narrow-oblong,  obtuse, 
silky  pubescent  on  both  sides,  K-IH  in.  long:  racemes 
many-fld.,  loose:  fls.  large,  bright  yellow.  May,  June. 
Canary  Isl.  B.R. 26:23  {asGenista  braeleolAta}.  — Some- 
times cultivated  as  C.  splendens,  but  less  desirable  as  a 
greenhouse  plant  than  the  two  former. 

cc.  Lrs.  nearly  sesnile. 
13.  linifdlius,  Lara.  Shrub,  to  3  ft.,  with  erect,  ap- 
pressed-sUky  tomentose  branches:  lfts.  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  revolute  at  the  margin,  nearly  gla- 
brous and  shining  above,  silvery  pubescent  beneath,  K- 
1  in.  long:  racemes  short  and  compact:  fls.  bright  yel- 
low: pod  torulose.  April-June.  Spain,  N.  Air.,  Canary 
Isl,    B.M.442, 


CYTISUS 

BB.    Foliage  deciduous:  branches  quite  terete. 

14.  nigricans,  Linn.  Shrub,  2-1  ft.,  with  erect,  ap- 
pressed- pubescent  branches  :  Ivs.  long  petioled;  lfts. 
obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  glabrous  above,  appressed- 
pubescent  beneath,  /^-l  in.  long:  racemes  very  long  and 
slender,  3-8  in.  long.  June,  July.  Germany,  N.  Italy, 
Hungary.  L.B.C.  6:570.  B.R.  10:802.  Var.  elongitUB, 
Borkh.  Blooming  again  in  fall  at  the  top  of  the  elon- 
gated fruiting  racemes.  R.H.  1891,  p.  149  (as  var. 
Carlieri). 

C  4 rfami,  Poir.=Labuxnuni  Adami.— C  dlbus,  Hacqu.=  C. 
leui  iiithus  —  O  alplnus  Mill  =  Laburnum  alpmum  —  C  Ar 
diini  Fourn  Prostrate  shrub  to  1  ft  high  Ivs  trifoliate, 
silk\  lis  1  b  ixill  iry  yellow  tihx  cimpiuulite  Apr  ,  May 
South  ist  I  1  Fl  111  -C  iu'.tut  N  I  inn  \th  d  to  C  capi 
t  itus     I  tt     !     rr  \T     II   1        lit     silUjnl  r    nlothsides 

fls  \   11  il\      it      h  \ill    I      s     r]        t  II  1  1    (  lueasus 


Willi      Mil    it     (     s     I  ini     I   It  I  1 

large  hriglit  \fllow  lis      p(  1  \ili(ms 

brteus  Hort  =0  scopiiius  \ir  ptu. 

(Tehue  congesta  Weljb)     \llied  to  L 

lous  tomentose   small  le  ^^ 

decumbens,  Walp    Prosti  i 

villous    fls  yellow  axillir\    1-2    S  Eu    L  B  (J  8  718  - 

Oato  pvrpureus  Hort  =t   veisiiolor— C   elongatus  Waldst  i. 

Kit  =C   R  itisbonensis,  ^  ar   elongitus  —  C  elongatus  Hort  = 

C  hirisutus  —  C  fragrans  Lim      \lhed  to  C  filipes    Petioles 


'Densely  vu' 
short     Teneriffa  -  C 
ilite  ]oo<!ely 


lfts 


s    rt    r      T 


July 


Southe  ist(  rn  Eu  \  ir  s 
pure  white  B  liiv  iii  —  C  nub 
prcecox  Hort  (<  ill  us  X  pur^  i 
branches     h      1      t  h  1  it       tl 


Shrub,   to    :i    ft.,     .■|],],ri--;rrl-J,nl,..vr, 

1-3-foliolate,    c.M.,i,i;,.i-  l,ii..:,r  bm. 

ramentaceus,  .Si(.b.=  IVtt.  i  i:.  'run 
Schaeff.  Allied  to  C.iiirMinis.  T. 
prossed-pnbescent:  lfts,  KhiLiMU^  , 
yellow;  calyx  with  apiir.-".-.!,  v 
June.  M.  Eu..W.  Asia.  \',.r  •  1" 
fls.  larger,  3-5;  calyx  ivirli  siin. 
4:308  (as  C.  biflorus).-r  l;uii,.,i 
hirsutus.—  O.  sessiliiuUiis  l.iun 
glabrous;  Ivs.  nearly  s<:-s^ilr,  will 
cemes  short,  4-n-fld.  May,  .Inn. .  ,^ 
L'Herit.  Similar  to  C.liirsutus 
calyx  tube  short,  not  tubular.  A 1 1 1 
der.— O.  versicolor.  Dipp.  (C.  I 
shrub,  with  sparingly  villous  Ivs 


■ath:  fls.  1-2, 
airs.  April- 
Jlore  erect: 


irvis*- 


DABCECIA  (after  its  Irish  name  St.  Dabeoc's  Heath). 
More  commonly  spelled  Daboecia.  Syn.,  Borelta.  Erich- 
cem.  Low  evergreen  shrub  with  alternate  entire  Its.  and 
drooping  pedicelled  fls.  in  long  terminal  racemes :  corolla 
ovoid,  contracted  at  the  mouth  and  shortly  4-lobed,  with 
recurved  lobes  ;  stamens  8,  included  :  capsule  4-celled, 
dehiscent.  One  species  in  western  Europe.  Very 
pretty  heath-like  shrub,  with  purple  or  white  fls.  in  ele- 
gant"loose  racemi^.  wi  II  ;»  liuii  1  f"r  rockeries  or  bor- 
ders of  evergri.  II  -1,!  '  i  Requires  protection 
north  during  th.    y.  .i  i    ■                 rivi-s  best  in  a  peaty, 

sandy  soil.     Pr.i|..  ii>   ,.i,..,,.il  like  those  of  Erica, 

and  by  cuttings  ot  liali  rit-Liicd  uuod  under  glass. 

polildlia,  Don  {D.  CantdhrU-u,  Koch.  Memiisia  poU- 
mia,3uss.).  Irish  Heath.  To 2  ft. :  branchlets glandu- 
lar pubescent  :  Its.  elliptic,  the  uppermost  narrower, 
revolute  at  the  margin,  whitish  tomentose  beneath, 
shining  and  dark  green  above,  J4-K  in.  long:  racemes 
many  "(Id.:  corolla  K-K  in.  long,  purple  in  the  type. 
June-Oct.  Ireland, W.  France,  N.  Spain.  Gn.  52:1142. 
Gt.  47:1450.  L.  B.  C.  20: 1907.  S.  B.  F.  G.  2:  276.  There 
are  many  varieties,  as  dlba,  with  white  fls. ;  bicolor,with 
white  and  purple  striped  fls. ;  rdaea,  with  pink  rts. ;  gran- 
difldra,  with  larger  purple  fls.  Alfred  Rehdek. 


DACTYLIS(1 

Graminea.  Cd 
flat-keeled  or  f 
which  expand  w] 
much  flattened. 
one-sided  clusters. 


.ftlir  spike 


t-red. 


A.  Fls.  dark  blue. 
nervdsus,  T.  Anders.  (Brdnthemum  pulchillum, 
Andrews  and  some  dealers,  while  that  of  others  is  S. 
blcolor,  and  of  Roxburgh  is  Z>.  purpiirascens.  E.  ner- 
fdsMm.R.  Br.).  Pig.  658.  Lvs.  ovate  or  elliptical,  acumi- 
nate at  both  ends,  somewhat  crenate  or  entire  :  spikes 
axillary,  opposite,  overlapping:  bracts  elliptical,  acute: 
limb  of  the  corolla  as  wide  as  the  tube  is  long.  India. 
B.M.  1358  as  Jms/ic!<i  Hpri'osa.     Gn.  51:1118.     G.C.  II. 


iugle  species  in  Eu.,  Asia  and 
N.  Africa,  also  naturalized  in  Australia  and  N.  America. 

glomer^a,  Linn.  Orchard  Grass.  Fig.  657.  A  some- 
what coarse  grass  forming  dense  tufts.  Culms  2-3  ft. 
high,  very  leafy:  lvs.  flat,  spreading:  spikelets  com- 
pressed. 3-5  fld.:  fl. -glumes  lanceolate,  very  acute  or 
short  awn-pointed,  ciliate  on  the  keel  above.  —One  of  the 
best  known  and  most  useful  pasture  grasses,  and  useful 
for  lawns  under  trees. 

Var.  variegita,  Hort.,  is  a  dwarf  form  of  neat,  com- 
pact habit,  with  beautifully  variegated  silver  and  green 
foliage. -Well  adapted  for  forming  edgings.  It  grows 
l}^-2  ft.  high,  and  is  prop,  by  divisions. 

P.  B.  Kennedy. 

DACTYLOCTilNIUM  (Greek,  daMylos,  finger,  and 
ktenion.  comb).  Finger -Comb  Grass.  This  genus 
closely  resembles  Eleusine,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly 
in  having  the  terminal  spikes  shorter  and  each  tipped 
with  a  sharp  prolongation  of  the  axis.  Annual,  with 
culms  tufted  or  creeping,  and  rooting  at  the  joints,  IK- 
2  ft.  high.  Spikes  usually  3-5  in  number,  digitate,  about 
2  in.  long;  spikelets  several-fld.,  crowded  in  two  rows 
along  one  side  of  a  continuous  axis.  Species  2,  one  in 
Australia,  and  the  other  appearing  as  a  weed  in  all  the 
warmer  countries  of  the  world. 

•ffigyptlacum,  Willd.  (EUus\ne  ^gyptiea.  Ci/nosiirus 
^gyptius,  hinn.).  Crow-Foot.  Spikelets  very  closely 
packed,  spreading  at  right  angles  to  the  rachis,  2  fld., 
with  rudiments  of  two  other  fls.— An  ornamental  grass 
introduced  into  N.  Amer.  from  Asia  or  Africa.  Mo.iave 
Indians  of  S.  California  use  the  grain  for  food.  In  Africa 
a  decoction  is  prepared  from  the  seeds  for  inflam- 
mation of  the  kidneys.  p^  B_  Kennedy. 

D^aiDALACANTHUS  (Greek  words,  meaning an^lcaM- 
thad  of  curious  structure).  Acanth&cew.  This  genus 
contains  some  tender  shrubs  of  difficult  culture  under 
glass,  but  great  favorites  in  the  tropics,  particularly  in 
India.  B.  nervosus  is  a  popular  winter  and  spring- 
blooming  shrub  in  S.  Fla.  It  has  blue  flowers,  an  inch 
across,  5-lobed,  and  shaded  purple  at  the  mouth  of  the 
tube.  The  names  are  much  confused  with  those  of 
Eranthemum.  The  kinds  mentioned  below  are,  how- 
ever, very  distinct,  from  the  garden  standpoint,  from 
any  given  in  this  work  under  Eranthemum  by  the  color 


657.  Dactylis  elomerata- Orchard  Grass  (X  H). 
21:415.— A  very  pretty  shrub  for  the  warmhouse,  its  fls. 
being  of  a  color  that  is  not  very  common  in  winter- 
blooming  plants.  It  is  an  easy  subject  to  manage,  re- 
quirmg  a  light,  rich  soil,  full  sunlight  and  plenty  of 
water.    Cuttings  of  young  growth  root  readily  in  a  warm- 

aa.   Fls.  purple. 

purpuriscens,  T.  Anders.  (E.  purpiirascens,  Wight. 

E.  pulcMllum,  Roxb.,  not  Hort.).     Lvs.  broadly  ovate, 


(443) 


444  D.EDALACANTHUS 

cuspidate-acuminate,  repand-crenate  :  spikes  as  above 
bracts  ovate-rhombic,  with  a  slender  beak,  ciliate.  In- 
serted for  contrast.    Probably  not  cult.    India. 

W.  H.  Taplin  and  W.  M. 


658.  Daedalacanthus 

DaMONOBOPS  (probably  means  God-like,  of 
appearance).  PalmdcecB,tTihe  Lepidocdrpem.  Slender 
palms,  differing  from  Calamus  in  the  deciduous,  eymbi- 
form  or  open  spathes.  Species  about  40.  Tropical 
Asia.  Same  culture  as  Calamus.  D.  Draco  produces 
some  of  the  "Dragon's  Blood"  of  commerce. 

calicirpuB,  Mart.  {Calamus  caUcdrpus,  GrifE.).  Stem 
erect  or  climbing,  1  in.  diam. :  Ivs.  6-8  ft.  long,  upper 
small  with  long  flagella  ;  Ifts.  very  many,  12-13  in.  long, 
Yi-V-i  in.  wide  ;  petiole  1  ft.,  base  not  gibbous  or  puck- 
ered.    Malacca. 

LewisiUnus,  Mart.  (Cdlamus  Lewisihtms ,  Griff.). 
Stem  climbing,  1  in.  diam.:  petiole  1  ft.,  base  much 
swollen,  armed  below  with  scattered,  short,  deflexed 
spines,  and  above  with  straight  and  hooked  spines  IM 
in.  long  ;  Ifts.  13-15  in.  long,  54-1  in.  wide ;  sheath  armed 
with  solitary  or  seriate  flat  back  spines.    Penang. 

Palemb4nicii3,-  Blume.  Stem  erect  :  Ivs.  pinnate, 
broadly  ovate,  bright  cinnamon-brown  when  young,  and 
Ifts.  many,  long,  narrow  ;  petioles  erect,  with  stout 
spines  on  the  back,  which  are  deflexed  and  not  thick- 
ened at  the  base.    Sumatra. 

periacAnthuB,  Miq.  Height  15  ft.  Resembles  D.  Pa- 
lembanicus,  but  the  young  Ivs.  are  nearly  straw-colored, 
and  the  spines  are  placed  in  irregular  rings.  Sumatra. 
—A  most  graceful  species. 

melanochsBteB,  Blume.  Stem  erect :  Ivs.  pinnate,  the 
pinnae  long  and  narrow,  dark  green  and  drooping,  the 
petioles  sharp-spined  at  the  sheathing  base.  Malaya. 
—Very  decorative.    A  small  form  is  Var.  microcirpuB. 

intermfidiuB,  Mart.  Lvs.  long-petioled,  4-6  ft.  long  : 
Ifts.  opposite  or  scattered,  18-20  in.  long,  1-lK  in.  wide, 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  margins  and  3-5  costse 
bristly  above  and  below;  rachis  semi-cylindrical,  spa- 
ringly armed  ;  petiole  1  ft.  long,  with  flattened  spines; 
stems  at  length  15-20  ft.  long,  %m.  in  diam.    Malaya. 

plumdsus,  Hort.  Graceful  plume-like  lvs.,  with  pinnse 
4  ft.  or  less  long,  petioles  with  rigid  black  spines  with 
white  bases.    India.  Jared  G.  Smith. 


DAHLIA 

DAHLIA  (named  after  Professor  Andreas  Dahl,  a 
Swedish  pupil  of  Linnaeus,  and  author  of  Observationes 
BotanicsB,  a  work  of  minor  importance).  Compdsiim. 
Dahlias  are  amongst  the  commonest  and  most  im- 
portant garden  plants.  The  spelling  of  the  word  Dahlia 
shows  that  the  a  should  be  given  the  broad  sound,  but  in 
England  it  is  everywhere  given  the  long  sound,  and  in 
America  it  is  often  given  the  short  sound.  The  long 
sound  of  a  makes  the  word  indistinguishable  from  the 
leguminous  iT'-uus  I):ilfa,  nimied  after  Dale.  In  Germany 
D;iiili:i-  ;iiv  -Mil  r>.i  ,hi  iiii\  r,,l,,<|  (/■  ..i-(/inen,  because  in 

IHi'i:  \V  , '  i', .  I  -ma  to  these  plants 

un.l^  I   I  ,    :,  .    :    I!   -cuie  very  different 

phiiit^  li.Li  I- ill  i-n  V  i-ii-;;.  .:■■-.■)■<<■•■■]  as  Dahlia.  Prac- 
tically liil  ui  Liie  iiaiiifU  \arn-Lit-s  ui  l>ahlias  have  come 
from"  one  immensely  variable  species,  usually  known 
as  D.  variabilis.  For  garden  purposes,  however,  a 
second  form  of  great  importance,  D.  Juarezii,  the 
parent  of  the  cactus  forms,  must  be  kept  distinct, 
as  will  be  explained  later.  There  are  5  other  species 
cultivated  to  a  slight  extent.  The  genus  has  many 
names  of  species,  but  most  of  jthem  are  synonymous 
and  ill-understood  names.  There  are  perhaps  8  or  9 
fairly  distinct  species  altogether,  Mexican  almost  ex- 
clusively, with  a  very  few  in  Central  and  South 
America.  It  is  curious  that  these  showy  plants  should 
be  closely  related  to  a  common  weed,  the  beggar's  tick, 
of  the  genus  Bidens  ;  but  other  species  of  Dahlia  have 
leaves  whose  forms  pass  gradually  into  those  of  Bidens. 
Other  close  allies  are  Cosmos  and  Coreopsis.  Cosmos 
flowers  are  some  shade  of  purple,  rarely  white  in  wild 
nature,  and  only  one  species  has  yellow  fls. ;  Core- 
opsis has  yellow  fls.  only;  Bidens  yellow  or  white;  and 
none  of  these  genera  have  produced  double-flowered 
forms  of  the  first  importance.  Dahlia  has  all  these  col- 
ors and  more,  being  far  richer  in  bright  reds,  and  lack- 
ing only  sky  blue  and  its  closely  related  hues,  which  are 
seen  to  perfection  in  the  China  Asters.  Few  cultivated 
plants  have  such  a  wide  range  of  colors  as  the  Dahlia; 
even  the  Chrysanthemum  is  distinctly  inferior  in  range, 
as  it  lacks  the  brilliant  and  vivid  scarlet,  vermilion,  and 
other  shades  of  red. 

Although  Dahlias  are  popular  plants,  especially  in  old 
gardens,  they  are  destined  to  still  greater  popularity 
from  the  new '"  Cactus  "  and  "  Decorative  "  types.  There 
exists  a  prejudice  against  Dahlias  in  many  locali- 
ties where  these  new  types  have  never  been  seen.  This 
prejudice  is  part  of  a  reaiction  against  formal  and 
artificial  flowers  in  general.  The  old -time  Dahlias  were 
as  round  and  hard  and  stiff  as  a  ball.  The  new-time 
Dahlias  are  flatter,  and  tend  towards  loose,  free,  fluffy 
chrysanthemum-like  forms.  The  possibilities  of  the 
old  form  have  been  practically  exhausted;  those  of  the 
new  form  seem  to  be  almost  as  boundless  as  those  of 
the  Chrysanthemum— which  is  the  most  fertile  in  new 
forms  of  all  the  garden  composites. 


DAITODIL.     See  Nar 


ssus. 


HiSTORT  OF  THE  Dahlia.  — Of  the  important  and  very 
variable  florists'  flowers  the  Dahlia  was  one  of  the  latest 
to  come  into  cultivation.  The  first  break  of  considerable 
importance  in  the  wild  type  occurred  about  1814.  Up  to 
that  time  there  were  perhaps  a  dozen  well-marked  colors 
in  good  single-flowered  varieties.    Dahlias  had  been  cuJ- 


colors.  Lately,  for  purpu-, 
petitions,  the  followius  ai 
adopted:  A  Show  Dahlia 
the  edges  of  the  rays  are  c 
the  variety  can  be  exhibil 
Fancy  Dahlia  always  has 


DAHLIA 

tivated  in  Europe  since  1789,  and  it  is  a  curious  fact  that 
they  showed  signs  of  doubling  the  very  first  year  of  their 
European  residence;  but  it  was  not  until  25  years  later 
that  a  marked  gain  in  doubling  was  made.  The  Dahlia 
seemed  to  be  undeveloped  until  1814,  when  the  era  of 
doubling  began.  Before  another  25  years  had  passed 
the  Dahlia  had  sprung  into  the  fnnii  t;inl.~  -'f  Laiden 
plants.    Inl82Gthere  were  already lin  ,:     .ated 

by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.  I  -  -  I  iL-lish 
dealer  had  over  1,200  varieties.  T.ii,,  ,,  ,-  i.  i  .i.roiu- 
mon  for  the  leading  tradesmen  to  kut  (.  .,uii-l,uiiu  di.,liuct 
varieties.  In  the  absence  of  good  recurds  it  is  conjec- 
tured that  over  3,000  different  names  of  varieties  have 
been  published  in  the  catalogues.  Most  of  the  varieties 
are  the  Show  and  Fancy  types,  which  are  as  spherical  and 
regular  as  possible,  and  differ  only  In  color.  At  first  the 
distinction  between  the  two  types  seems  to  have  been 
the  same  as  that  between  "  self  colored"  and  "  variegated" 
flowers  in  general,  the  former  prt-seiitiiig  to  the  view 
only  one_  color,  while  the  lai  i  in.  -.  i^  two  or  more 
I  in  prize  cora- 
Moii    has  been 

.  ...lor;  but  if 

ili.ui  liie  {.'round  color 
the  Show  section.  A 
more  colors,  and  if  the 
rays  are  striped  or  if  the  edges  are  lighter  than  the 
ground  color  the  variety  must  be  ejthibited  in  the  Fancy 
section.  The  two  types  reached  full  perfection  certainly 
by  1840,  and  after  that  date  the  improvements  made  were 
mostly  in  matters  of  secondary  importance.  The  im- 
mense distance  the  Dahlia  had  travelled  can  be  seen  in 
Pig.  663.  These  types  held  full  sway  until  about  1879, 
when  the  first  Cactus  Dahlia  appeared  in  England  with 
a  promise  of  new  and  freer  forms.  Most  of  the  longest- 
lived  varieties  belong  to  the  Show  and  Fancy  type. 
This  form  is  the  one  which  is  perhaps  farthest  removed 
from  nature,  and  it  is  probably  so  highly  esteemed 
largely  because  the  most  work  has  been  spent  on  it. 

A  reaction  against  formalism  in  all  departments  of 
life  and  thought  set  in  about  the  time  of  our  own  Civil 
War.  It  was  in  the  sixties  that  the  Japanese  Chrysan- 
themums did  much  to  emancipate  the  floral  world. 
With  Dahlias  the  reaction  came  muoh  later  and  has  pro- 
ceeded more  slowly,  because  the  new  forms  did  not  come 
to  us  ready  made,  but  had  to  be  slowly  evolved  against 
long-standing  prejudice.  The  first  Cactus  Dahlia  was 
so  called  because  of  its  resemblance  in  form,  hut  chiefly 
in  color,  to  the  brilliant  crimson-flowered  Ceretis  sjie- 
ciosissimus,  a  well-known  garden  plant.  The  name  is 
now  highly  inappropriate  because  the  color  range  of  the 
pure  Cactus  type  has  been  extended  to  include  all  of 
the  important  well-defined  colors  of  which  the  Dahlia 
seems  capable.  The  original  Cactus  Dahlia  was  named 
Dahlia  Juarezii,  after  President  Juarez,  the  "Wash- 
ington of  Mexico."  It  was  pictured  for  the  first  time  in 
the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  for  1879,  and  this  interesting 
picture  is  here  reproduced  in  a  reduced  size  in  Fig.  665. 
The  type  is  still  cultivated  under  the  same  name,  and  in 
all  essentials  seems  to  be  unchanged. 

The  origin  of  the  Cactus  type,  as  of  all  the  other 
types  of  Dahlias,  is  wrapped  in  uncertainty,  and  our 
efforts  to  get  full  and  definite  information  upon  some 
of  the  most  interesting  points  may  perhaps  always  be 
baffled.  A  Dutch  dealer  got  a  root  from  Mexico 
that  produced  one  plant,  which  is  the  parent  of  all 
the  Cactus  forms.  It  Is  not  known  whether  the  seed 
which  may  have  produced  the  original  root  came 
from  a  wild  or  a  cultivated  flower.  Neither  is  it 
known  whether  any  wild  single-flowered  Dahlia  of 
the  Juarezii  type  has  been  found.  To  prove  that  D. 
Juarezii  is  at  best  only  a  variety  of  D.  variabilis,  it 
has  been  said  that  seedlings  of  the  former  have  pro- 
duced in  cultivation  forms  approximating  the  Show 
type  of  B.  variabilis.  The  reverse  process  is  also  said 
to  have  taken  place,  but  full,  authoritative  and  convinc- 
ing statements  are  laiiientaMv  wanting.  In  the  garden 
I).  Juarezii  is  exceeilin-ly  distinct  from  the  florists' 
forms  of  D.  varialni;.-<.  It  is  usually  a  slenderer,  taller 
and  longer  jointed  plant,  with  much  handsomer  and 
more  delicate  foliage,  the  leaves  being  narrower  than 
in  the  coarse  and  almost  ugly  foliage  of  the  old  forms. 
It  has  another  peculiarity  of  growth,  which  is  still  one 


DAHLIA  445 

of  the  most  serious  defects  in  the  pure  Cactus  type. 
The  plants  tend  to  hide  some  of  their  flowers  beneath 
their  foliage.  This  comes  about  in  a  curious  way.  At 
a  node  between  2  young  leaves  there  commonly  appear, 
at  about  the  same  time,  3  new  growths.  The  middle 
one  develops  into  a  flower  with  a  naked  stalk  only  2  or 
3  inches  long,  whUe  the  side  shoots  quickly  overtop  it 
and  repeat  the  same  3-fold  story  indefinitely.  The  other 
most  serious  objection  to  the  pure  Cactus  type  is  that  it 


does  not  stand  shipment  well,  and  does  not  last  as  long 
as  a  cut-flower  as  the  Show  Dahlias. 

The  Decorative  or  Cactus  Hybrid  types  are  numerous, 
and  their  popularity  comparatively  recent.  They  have 
been  largely  seedlings  from  Show  fls.  Their  rays  are 
rarely,  if  ever,  recurved  at  the  margins.  All  the  other 
types  of  Dahlias  are  well  defined,  and  a  single  picture  of 
each  one  will  represent  its  type  with  sufficient  exactness. 
No  one  picture,  however,  can  give  any  cnncrption  of  the 
great  variety  of  forms  includfl  in  tliis  Ijnrticnltural  sec- 
tion. The  name  Cactus  Hybrids  in.Mns  inartirally  "mis- 
cellaneous,"and  is  analogous  to  tin- ".I  apajus."  section  of 
Chrysanthemums,  which  is  purpusely  left  Ity  the  National 
Chrysanthemum  Society  as  vague  and  undefined  as  pos- 
sible. It  is  on  this  section  and  the  pure  Cactus  type  that 
the  greatest  hopes  for  the  future  of  the  Dahlia  are  based. 

The  Pompon  type  is  a  small  brother  of  the  Show  and 
Fancy  types.  It  has  the  same  colors  and  the  same  form, 
but  the  flowers  are  smaller  and  more  abundant.  As 
a  rule  the  smaller  the  flowers  the  prettier  and  more 
individual  they  are.  The  larger  they  are,  the  more  they 
suffer  by  comparison  with  the  Show  type.  Perhaps 
their  greatest  point  is  their  productiveness.  When  pro- 
fusion is  the  main  idea,  not  great  size  and  quality,  the 
Pompons  are  the  favorite  type  of  Dahlia  for  cut-flowers. 
The  single  flowers  may  be  just  as  freely  produced,  but 
they  are  not  so  lasting  as  cut-flowers. 

The  Single  type  has  had  many  ups  and  downs.  In 
the  reaction  against  formalism  it  came  to    the  front 


446 


DAHLIA 


about  1881,  and  for  several  years  thereafter  several 
hundred  forms  were  kept  distinct,  and  they  were  made 
the  chief  feature  of  the  European  shows.  It  is  exceed- 
ingly interesting  to  get  seeds  of  wild  Dahlias  from 
Mexico.  They  give  flowers  like  the  star-shaped  one  in 
Pig.  663.  When  the  Dahlia  first  came  into  cultivation 
its  rays  were  relatively  long,  slender,  acuminate, 
notched  at  the  end,  and  with  such  wide  spaces  between 
the  tips  of  the  rays  as  to  give  the  flower  the  stellate 
appearance  seen  in  Fig.  663.  In  the  course  of  the  evo- 
lution of  the  single  type,  the  gardeners  retained  the 
most  regular  and  symmetrical  forms.  Single  Dahlias 
with  always  and  only  8  rays  were  preserved.  The  rays 
of  Dahlias  became  broader  and  rounder,  as  in  Fig.  660, 
until  finally  in  pedigree  varieties  they  closed  up  the 
vacant  spaces,  and  the  flower  presents  to  the  eye  one 
unbroken  picture— one  concentrated  impression  of  a 
single  color.   The  same  mental  ideals  have  produced  the 


rose-petaled  Geraniums  and  the  shouldered  Tulips.    ; 
a  high  bred  single  Dahlia  there  are  no  minute  teeth  or 
notches  at  the  tips  of  the  rays. 

In  the  wild  Dahlia,  no  matter  what  the  color  of  the 
ray  may  be,  the  base  of  the  ray  is  usually  yellow;  some- 
times this  yellow  is  very  ob,iectionable."  Two  different 
policies  have  been  pur.sued  in  the  matter— suppression 
and  encouragement.  Most  of  the  single  Dahlias  of  high 
pedigree  have  rays  of  uniform  coloration  with  no  sec- 
ondary color  at  the  base,  but  a  few  have  a  distinct  ring 
of  color  at  the  Ijase,  often  called  an  "eye  or  crown," 
which  is  sunH-tiiii.-s  yellow  and  rarely  red  or  some  other 
color,  r^ually  tii.  rays  ,,f  a  single  Dahlia  are  spread 
out  horizi'iiially.  ^uuni  inies  they  bend  back,  and  rarely 
they  bend  iinvunls  aiul  form  a  cup-shaped  flower.  These 
three  forms  can  doubtless  be  separated  and  fixed  dur- 
ing those  periods  when  the  interest  in  the  Single  type 
warrants  it. 

Single  Dahlias  are  likely  to  lose  some  of  their  rays 
after  a  day  or  two  in  a  vase.  In  cutting  them  it  is  well 
to  select  the  younger  flowers.  A  vigorous  shake  often 
makes  the  older  ones  drop  their  rays.  It  is  an  easy 
matter  to  keep  the  seeds  from  forming  and  save  the 
strength  of  the  plant  for  the  production  of  flowers. 


DAHLIA 

There  are  three  modem  types  of  minor  importance,— 
the  Single  Cactus,  Pompon  Cactus  and  Tom  Thumb. 
The  Single  Cactus  type  differs  from  the  common  single 
type,  in  having  rays  with  recurved  margins,  which  give 
a  free  and  spirited  appearance  to  the  fls.  Instead  of 
spreading  out  horizontally,  the  rays  often  curve  inward, 
forming  a  cup-shaped  flower.  This  type  originated  with 
E.  J.  Lowe,  Chepstow,  Eng.,  was  developed  by  Dobbie 
&  Co.  about  is;n,  and  was  first  disseminiitcd  in  1894. 
The  Sincli-  <':..-fir-'  T):.!iii:r-  nre  v-rv  ji  ^v.  I,  intfTPsting 
and  pretty      I'l  .  , .    - 1...  ,  i  i  i p ,.,,,   .,..,,,  f,,rm  to 

Pompon   i^    i!:i>  '.     li.i   .     !■:  .     ■-):i-;-     and   Show 

types.     Tl...    «ri;.,-    h,,  .    -.■.■;,    >.,,!;,     l..,,    »aii.l„,s    vf   this 

type,  "Ponipcn  Cai-tus"  aii.l  "Little  Car-tus."  Thev  have 
small  fls.,  with  flat,  reflexed  rays.  The  Tom  Thumb 
type  is  a  miniature  race  of  round-rayed  single  Dahlias, 
which  grow  from  12-18  inches  high,  and  are  used  for 
bedding.  The  type  originated  in  England  with  T.  W. 
Girdlestone,  and  was  developed  and  introduced  by  Cheal 
&  Sons.  The  "green"  Dahlia  can  hardly  be  called  an 
important  type,  but  it  is  an  interesting  abnormal 
form,  in  which  the  rays  are  partially  or  wholly  sup- 
pressed, aii.l  thi-  clii.f  f.atiiic-  ,.f  intrlist  is  a  confused 
mass  of  Ki-.-i'ii  stuir,  iM.t  r.-srnil.lini,'  ii.-fals  at  all,  but 
evidently  a  iiiultipliaaiiMn.it'  tiic  nutai-  niNulucral  scales, 
which,  in  tli.-  Dahlia,  an-  '^rrm,  l.-afy  lira.-ts.  This  form 
is  essentially  unstable  and  unhealthy.  It  can  never  be 
propagated  extensively.  This  freak  was  pictured  as 
long  ago  as  1845  in  G.C.,  p.  626.  Several  different  varie- 
ties have  probably  degenerated  into  this  condition.  See 
F.S.  19:1994.  Another  in.,i,resting  variation,  which 
hardly  ranks  in  present  importance  with  the  9  types 
contrasted  below,  is  the  laciniated  form,  which  makes  a 
very  pretty  and  novel  though  rather  formal  effect. 
Examples  are  Germania  Nova,  Mrs.  A.  W.  Tait  and  its 
yellow  variety  among  large  double  forms,  and  White 
Aste-r  among  the  Pompons.  In  these  cases,  the  notches 
at  the  tips  of  the  rays,  instead  of  being  minute  and  in- 
conspicuous, are  deepened  so  much  that  tlii-v  trivn  the 
laciniated  effect.  At  present  this  form  i  a  ,  ilal.l.  in  a 
very  narrow  range  of  colors.    It  is  n   '  :  ,      j    ,1    jt 

will  be  an  important  factor  in  pro.lia  1        ■  ilir- 

raum-Iike  forms.  Aiiothi-r  form  wliiah  l.ii'la^  .1. -arip. 
tion,  but  is  neverth'  ]'  --   n-  r\  .ji-tMiat,  is  that  of  (irand 


Duke  Alexis.  It  is  la 
but  is  perhaps  best  •■ 
tion,  simply  becan  < 
Show  type  the  mo-i 
hoped  that  the  foi-a 
peated  in  all  the  \r:.. 
a  very  flat  flower,  ai 
leaving  a  round  hoi. 
between  Grand  Duke 


iy])e  than  any  other, 
I  'actus  Hybrid  sec- 
i^abh-  to   keep   the 


Ale^ 


.  :  (1.  ALaaut  mwway 
(■  show  or  cupped  type 
is  an  interesting  form,  the  "quilled"  Dahlia,  a  name 
which  is  necessary,  perhaps,  though  unfortunate.  In 
A.  D.  Livoni  (which  is  one  of  the  most  popular  of  all 
Dahlias,  and  the  nearest  approach  to  a  pure  pink  un- 
tainted by  any  suggestion  of  purple  derivation)  the  rays 
are  rather  tightly  folded  for  about  two-thirds  of  their 
length,  leaving  a  round  hole  at  the  tip  as  in  Grand  Duke 
Alexis,  but  giving  a  peculiar  whorled  effect,  which 
plainly  shows  the  spiral  arrangement  of  the  successive 
tiers  of  rays.  Among  Pompons,  Blumenfalter  is  an  ex- 
ample of  this  rosette-like  or  quilled  form,  and  many 
colors  are  Jiroi-urabla.  Howcvi-r.  tin-  word  ".)nillcil"  usu- 
ally SUgtrasI  -  a   l-liL-  nil..'  w  nil  a   llara.l  ,1;,,  aiina,   \'.  Ii.  leas 

in  the  form  ■  ■  a      are 

merely  roll-..   :  .  _,  i1,.t 

into  a  thin,   -aama  --   IiiLa.     r,  rhai.-   M >-l    mil. -a- taut 

variation  that  has  not  yet  appearerl  in  the  Dahlia,  is  the 
wonderful  elongation  of  the  disk  florets  into  long,  thin, 
variously  colored  tubes  which  have  produced  such 
charming  effects  in  the  China  Aster  and  have  culmi- 
nated In  the  marvelous  grace  of  such  Chrysanthemums 
as  lora.  Northern  Lights  and  Lillian  B.  Bird.  The  Dah- 
lia may  not  be  denied  such  possibilities,  for  in  G.C.  III. 
20:3.39  (1896)  a  new  Dahlia  was  described  in  which  the 
quills  are  really  tubes  for  two-thirds  of  their  length. 
May  we  hope  for  some  striking  development  of  this 
form  within  our  generation  1 

The  main  types  of   Dahlias  may  perhaps  be  distin- 
guished more  clearly  by  the  following  scheme  : 


Plate  IX. 


A  modern  Dahlia 
or  Caciu;  Hybrid 


DAHLIA 

A.    Plants  not  very  dwarf. 

E.    Fls.  single. 

C.    Bays  flat,  not  recurred  at  the  margins. 

1.  The  Single  Type.    Fig.  CGO. 

CC.    Bays  with  recurved  margins. 

2.  The  Single  Cactus  Type.   Fig.  6G1. 

BB.    Fls.  double. 

c.    Size  of  fls.  small,  IS  in.  across. 

D.   Bays  cupped. 

3.  The  Pompon  Type.   Fig.  662.    Also  called  "Bouquet" 

and  "Lilliputian." 

DD.    Bays  flat. 

4.  The  Pompon  Cactus  Type. 

CC.    Size  of  fls.  large, 3-5  in.  across,  averaging  4  in. 

D.   Bays  cupped. 

E.    Colors  single,  or  the  edges  darker  than  the  ground 

color. 

5.  The  Show  Type.   Fig.  663. 


The  Fancy  Type. 


7.  The  Cactus  Type.    Figs.  665,  666. 

DDD.    Bays  various  in  form. 

8.  The  Cactus  Hybrid  Types.     Also    called   "Decora- 

tive" Dahlias. 

aa.    Plants  very  dwarf. 

9.  The  Tom  Thumb  Types. 

Societies  and  Shotvs.  — The  Dahlia  is  one  of  about  a 
dozen  genera  of  plauts  -whose  horticultural  value  has 
been  attested  by  permanently  successful  special  socie- 
ties. There  are  national  Dahlia  societies  in  England  and 
America.  Dahlia  shows  are  usually  held  the  second  or 
third  week  of  September.  With  the  growing  mteiest  in 
nature-study,  attempts  are  being  made  to  make  a  pel 
raanent  institution  of  local  fall  flower  shows  which 
shall  come  at  a  sufBcient  interval  before  the  Chr-\san 
thenium  shows,  and  in  which  the  children  mav  exhibit 
their  own  products.  The  Dahlia  and  China  Aster  are 
especially  suited  for  such  shows. 

Harden  Evolution  of  Dahlias.— In  the  evolution 
of  Dahlias  in  general,  some  of  tlie  great  changes  are 
as  follows:  (1)  The  growing  season  his  been  greatly 
shortened  and  the  flowering  season  lengthened  In 
these  and  in  all  other  particulars  Dahlias  weie  %\onder 
fully  variable  even  in  the  first  decade  of  their  European 
culture,  but  in  general  they  bloomed  for  onh  a  few  days 
before  frost.  Nowadays,  the  Dahlia  season  is  m  full 
force  a  month  and  a  half  or  two  months  before  frost 
with  a  good  show  of  blooms  in  favored  localities  for  In- 
dependence Day;  and  -Tune  15th  is  a  record  of  extreme 
earliness  f.ir 'Wiii.  A-n.  w,  after  six  weeks' growth  from 
tubers  plant. .1  ,,ut  .ii  .l".rs.  (2)  The  colors  of  the  flow- 
ers have  bet-n  ^acatly  improved,  as  even  the  most  senti- 
mental objectur  to  liie  idea  of  "improvement"  in  flow- 
ers would  have  to  acknowledge  if  confronted  with  wild 
and  cultivated  plants.  The  number  of  colors  has  been 
greatly  increased  and  the  vividness  of  the  colors  inten- 
sified. Most  people  can  distinguish  and  enjoy  from  12 
to  30  colors,  and  these  colors  have  occun-ed  in  each  type 
and  been  carefully  saved,  purified  and  strengthened. 
Dull  and  intermediate  shades  tend  to  drop  out.  (3)  Im- 
mense numbers  of  variegated  forms  are  produced. 
Broadly  speaking,  variegation  is  perhaps  later  to  appear 
than  pure  colors,  and  is  conserved  by  a  formality-loving 
class.  It  is  said  that  the  Fancy  Dahlia  originated  later 
than  the  Show  Dahlia,  and  was  for  many  years  inferior 
in  size  and  outline.  It  is  also  said  by  botanical  collectors 
in  Mexico  that  wild  Dahlias  are  mostly  self-colored, 
rarely  variegated.  Among  the  bewildering  variety  of 
variegated  Dahlias  the  leading  types  of  variegation  are 


DAHLIA  447 

perhaps  only  5:  (a)  the  "tipped"  or  "shaded"  Dah- 
lias, a  very  common  form,  in  which  the  upper  part 
of  the  ray  is  evenly  painted  with  another  color,  the 
former  term  being  used  for  the  smaller,  and  the  latter  for 
the  greater  amount  of  secondary  color ;  ( 6 )  the  "  edged  " 
Dahlias,  in  which  the  secondary  color  is  confined  to  the 
sides  of  the  rays,  dut-s  not  all'ect  the  tip,  and  is  usually 
abroad  strip;!,  i  th..  "mar-hu-d"  Dahlias,  with  a  very 
narrow  strip  of  .-..iMr  w  hi.h  ■  mi  t  lines  the  whole  margin  of 
the  rays,  and  oftiii  j.-iv.s  a  vci  y  lielicateand  dainty  effect; 
(d)  the  "striped  and  banded  '"  Dahlias,  with  broad  bands 
down  the  middle,  and  often  merging  into  the  "  edged" 
forms ;  (e)  the  "  mottled  "Dahlias,  which  are  variously 
dotted  and  splashed.  (4)  Eetumingnow  to  the  broad  fea- 
tures in  the  evolution  of  the  Dahlia,  a  fourth  is  the  pro- 
duction of  varieties  with  long  flowering  stems  suitable 
for  cut-flowers.  Many  of  the  old  sorts  have  thick,  short 
stems  with  superabundant  foliage,  which  requires 
K'css  of  doubling  has  been  carried 
i.  _i.  .  .  'I'he  "  yellow  center"  has 
,!  I. a-ming  variety  that  the 
:  ;  ).:,-  most  relentlessly  sup- 
,  ■  I  nuor  stock.  The  tempta- 
n"\  I  li  h  -  IS  nJniost  irresistible,  and 


thinning.  (5 
to  an  extrao 
been  the  on 
florist  has  h: 
pressed.    It  i 


rraptom 


occurs  with  rays  of  inagt-uta  ..r  allird  shad.-s,  as  the 
colors  conflict.  There  is  no  question  that  it  breaks  the 
absolute  regularity  and  unity  of  a  perfect  show  flower, 
but  it  is  a  question,  especially  with  white  and  yellow- 
rayed  forms,  if  the  yellow  disk  does  not  often  add  a 
pleasant  variation.  Asidn  from  matters  of  taste,  it  is 
probal.lr  that,  nn  ..tli.r  tlnrists'  tluwcr  lias  had  more  full, 
precise  and  miiniti-  rules  laid  down  t'^r  its  perfect  form 
than  the  Show  Dahlia.  The  i)n>ci-ss  of  doubling  seems 
to  be  associated  with  a  cool  climate.  Dahlias  soon  de- 
generate to  a  relatively  single  condition  in  our  southern 
states,  and  new  stock  of  desired  varieties  has  to  be  se- 
cured from  the  north.     (6)  The  habit  has  been  vastlvim- 


663.  The  Pompon  type  (X  K). 


448 


DAHLIA 


proved.  Wild  Dahlias,  when  brought  into  cultivation, 
soon  grew  too  tall  to  be  self-supporting.  An  old-fashioned 
unbranched  Dahlia  tied  to  a  large  and  ugly  stake  was 
often  a  hopeless  and  helpless  object.  Many  varieties  of 
Dahlias  can  be  made  to  branch  at  the  ground  and  be- 
come self-supporting  by  successive  early  pinchings  of 


663.  A  Show  Dahlia 


its  wild  proeenitor  (XX). 


the  leading  shoots,  but  some  varieties  .seem  to  be  too 
firmly  set  in  the  old  tree-like  habit  to  submit  to  pinch- 
ing. In  the  early  days  the  average  height  of  plants 
may  have  been  5  ft.  Nowadays  3  ft.  is  perhaps  the 
average,  but  the  tendency  to  retain  only  dwarf  forms 
still  continues,  and  the  Dahlia  must  ultimately  be  freed 
from  stakis.  Tlie  main  thiiiir  is  to  secure  the  good 
flower  liri  ■■•>:'''  i;i;ir">i  ili-  i  i.i  I  >i  t  la*er,  if  possible.  It 
is  to  1m>  li  .;  i  1 ,  .:  ii.  I  i.iiids  of  foliage  will  give 
live  forms.  The"fem- 
ii  Mid  delicate  kind.  Ami 
L  ]purple,  finely  cut  foliage, 
present  general  tendencies 
■try  differently  in  each  im- 
portant case. 

The  Dahlia  has  had  one  difficulty  as  peculiar  to  it- 
self as  the  calyx  bursting  of  the  C'araation,  or  the  differ- 


way  to   IC""-    .    ■     . 

leaved"  t\i-  i  -  r.  i 
Barillct  h:is  Iiaiidsi.i 
All  the  above  feat 
which,  however,  woi 


DAHLIA 

The  latest  bibliography  is  that  by  C.  Harman  Payne 
in  G.  0.111.21:329(1897).  There  have  been  about  25 
books  devoted  to  the  Dahlia,  many  of  them  pamphlets 
and  cheap  cultural  manuals.  These  books  were  mostly 
published  from  1828  to  1857,  with  none  at  all  for  nearly 
■10  years  after  that  date  until  1896,  when  Lawrence  K. 
Peacock's  book,  The  Dahlia,  which  is  the  best  American 
book,  made  its  appearance.  The  first  American  treatise 
was  by  E.  Sayers,  published  at  Boston,  1839,  and  now 
forgotten.  Many  interesting  facts  came  out  in  1889,  the 
centennial  year  of  the  Dahlia.  A  report  of  the  National 
Dahlia  Conference  is  reprinted  from  the  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society  for  1890,  but  Shirley  Hib- 
berd's  statements  therein  regarding  the  botany  of  the 
Dahlia  agree  very  poorly  with   Hemsley's   revision  of 


and  terminal  buds  of  Chrysanthe- 
often  troubled  with  a  "green  eye." 
nd  button  in  the  center  of  a  blossom 
1.  r  iiiv..|uri;il  bracts,  which,  at  that 
ih:iTi  till-  unopened  rays  which  they 
till,  ilii^  ■■  L'li  (11  eye  "is  followed  by  a 
ii-<  "-ncii  (ve"  is  still  considered  to 
and  in  exhibitions  is  often 


ent  values  of 
mums.  They  a 
This  is  a  hard  r. 
formed  by  the 
stage,  are  lontn 
protect.  Oftenr 
yellow  center, 
destroy  the  unit; 
surreptitiously  removed.  The  yellow  disk  can  be  cut 
out  with  a  knife  and  the  innermost  rays  carefully  re- 
placed. A  fundamental  difficulty  associated  with  this 
matter  is  the  slowness  with  which  some  Dahlias  open. 
The  outer  rays  open  first,  and  in  Fig.  (ifiS ,  where  the  suc- 
cessive stages  are  shown:  the  outer  ones  are  the  most 
expanded  ;  then  comes  a  series  of  cupped  rays  ;  then 
some  that  are  tightly  folded  with  two  creases,  and  finally 
the  hard  green  eye.  A  poor  Show  Dahlia  opens  slowly, 
and  shows  an  eye  while  the  outer  rays  are  tumbling  out, 
withering,  or  being  burned  by  the  sun.  A  good  Show 
Dahlia  opens  its  tiers  in  rapid  succession,  and  shows  no 
green  eye. 

Literature.— As  in  many  other  cases,  the  magazine 
literature  of  the  Dahlia  is  the  most  bulky,  and,  in  some 
respects,  more  important  than  the  books  on  the  subject. 


vhich  is  the 


the  genus  in  G.  C.  II.  12 :  437,  524,  557  ( 1 
latest  botanical  monograph. 

A.  Height  tall,  tree-like. 
B.  Fls.  nodding,  bell-shaped. 
imperi41is,  Roezl.  Height  6-18  ft. :  stem  usually  un- 
branched, knotty,  4-6-angled:  Ivs.  2-3-pinnately  parted; 
leaflets  ovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  acuminate,  toothed, 
with  a  few  short  scattered  soft  hairs :  fls.  nodding,  4-7  in. 
across,  white,  more  or  less  tinged  with  blood  red,  espe- 
cially at  the  base:  rays  sterile  or  pistillate,  lanceolate, 
sharp-pointed,  not  3-toothed  at  the  apex.  Gt.  1863;  407. 
G.C.  1870:459;  II.  12:437.  B.  M.  5813.  Gn.  12:95;  33, 
p.  .527.  R.H.  1872:170.  A.G.  15:313.  Mn.  8:  61. -As  few 
conservatories  can  make  room  for  so  large  a  plant,  it  is 
common  to  graft  this  species  on  dwarf  varieties  of  Z>. 
rosea.  The  inflated  and  pointed  fl.-buds  (3-4  in.  long) 
are  very  characteristic.  It  is  not  known  whether  the 
original  plant  collected  by  Roezl  was  found  in  wild  or 
cultiv,ated  surroundings.  This  species  and  the  next 
are  mostly  cultivated  under  glass ;  the  others  are  grown 


jtdoors  i 


Qd  the  1 


stored  in  - 


BB.  JFls.  erect,  not  bell-sltaped,  but  opening  out  flat. 

exc61sa,  Benth.  {D.  arbbrea,  Kegel).  Height  20  ft.  or 
more:  stem  usually  unbranched,  glaucous,  marked  with 
horizontal  rings  made  by  the  stem-clasping  base  of  the 
petioles  as  the  lower  Ivs.  fall  away:  Ivs.  bipinnate,  as 
much  as  2K  ft.  long,  2  ft.  wide ;  leaflets  as  many  as  25, 
ovate,  those  of  the  upper  Ivs.  often  contracted  at  the  base, 
acuminate,  toothed,  pale  green  beneath,  with  a  few  short 
scattered  hairs  or  none:  fls.  4K  in.  across,  dilute  purple. 


664.  A  semi-double  form  of  Dahlia  VKYs). 

s  one  of  man.v  that  have  been  crowded  out  in  the 

ruggle  to  perfect  the  Show  and  Fancy  types. 

pink.  Maund,  Botanist  2 :  88  ( 1838  ? ) .  G.C.  H. 
This  was  described  from  a  cultivated  plant  with 
I  a  single  row,  but  with  considerably  elongated 
It  was  almost  an  anemone-flowered  type,  and 


DAHLIA 


i)-c«  has  never  been 
are  been  cultiTated 
The  tree  fonns  of 


:.  suOir 


all  the  florets  were  sterile. 
sufficiently  describtd,  Imt 
for  many  years  u 
Dahlias 

AA.    Seight  medium,  .u-mnjlmj  .-;  ft., commonly  from 
S-5  ft.,  rarely  exceeding  these  extremes. 
B.  Lvs.  once  pinnate:  stem  not  branching  from  the  60,  f 
habit  erect. 
c.    Stems  not  glaucous :  rays  fertile. 
D    Bays  of  the  single  fls  not  recurved  at  the  margins 
of  the  double  fls  neier  flat,  but  cupped 
rosea  Civ  (7)  i andbihs ,  Dest  )    Fig  663    The 
„  I     I    |i     II     llN   ill  the  old  fashioned  Dahlias, 
1  ~  Pompon     '^hovi'  and   Fancy 

1  I  1    t  ri   the  piient  of  the  vast 

,1     ,  1,    rtKuItiml   vinetus      Ivs 


DAHLIA  449 

often  rising  2-3  ft.  above  the  foliage.  The  rays  are  very 
short  and  often  roundish,  with  a  short  sharp  point  in- 
stead of  3  minute  teeth.  There  are  no  red,  yellow  or 
white  forms  in  nature.  The  roots  of  this  and  D.  coccinea, 
being  slenderer  than  those  of  1).  rosea,  must  be  pre- 
served with  greater  care  during  winter. 

D.  Zimapani.   See  Cosmos  diversifolius.  W.M. 

Propagation.— There  are  four  methods  by  which 
Dahlias  are  propagated  :  by  cuttings  (an  important 
commercial  method) ;  by  division  of  roots  (the  amateur's 


1885  -  1 1 
Some  pi  1 
at  all  1 
parts  ot  I 
In  doul.l 

COUS      sti 

whether  1 


liDUt  an  entiie  pHnt 
s  usualh  have  aboi 
u  forms  have  glau 
rliors  have  doubted 
list  met  from  D  cot 
s  ire  very  distinct 
11    ilthough  there  are 


DD  Bays  of  the  single  fls  with  recui  1 1  d  m, 
gins,  of  the  double  fls  noteiipjnd  1 
long,  flat  and  pointed,  and  ^oiiu 
least  uith  leiuned  maiguis 

Juar«zu,  Hort  (/>  Tua)fzu,B.ort  1  li 
€65,  666  The  parent  of  the  pure  C  n  tiis  1) 
has  These  all  originated  from  oir  j  1  i 
which  was  flowered  in  Europe  foi  the  h 
time  in  1864,  and  first  pictured  m  G  C 
12  433  (1879)  P  M  1879  383  Gn  18,  p  51 
19  283,  50,  p  23b 

cc     Stim\  glaucou!,      lays  not  fettile 

coccinea,  C  av  Fig  667 ,  see  B  M  762 
(1804)  Alwa\s  more  slender  than  Z>  josea, 
with  niriowtr  It  ifl(  ts  and  in  the  wild  at 
least,    (1«    It  II     11     till      D     rosea       The 

color  nil  1!  1    and  does  not  in 

elude  Willi  t     i>f  purple  or  crim 

son      Til  I    m    scarlet    through 

orange  tu  \    11  1  1     n      1  nl  I    t   ims 

and  it  has  bttu  ti     (ii   ni  1         1  1  H     1    il  1       [  t 
cies  will  not  h-slm  h  I  lu 

named  varieties  p  lui    1  1  nd 

533  (1881),  which  ti.   .inihn,    ,1 I  tn 

be  varietieb  of  D   comnta     iie  piobd  h  „ar 
den  forms  of  D   rosea      The  only  characters  that 
tamly  distinguish  D    coccinea   from   D    tosea   arc 
•  glaucous   stems  and  infertile  rays  of  the  former, 
these  characters  break  down  in  garden  forms. .  B.  M. 
762.    Gn.  19:  270.    G.C.  II.  12:  525. 

BB.   Lvs.  twice  pinnate:  stems  branched  from  the  base: 
habit  spreading. 

MSrckii,    Lehm.    (D.   glabr&ta,     Lindl.).     Fig.    668; 
confer    B.M.  3878  (1841).    Height  2-3  ft.:  roots  much 


slender  than  those  of  I). 


and 

pinnate:  floral  bracts 
i-iillafr:  outer  involu- 
'  .  I. II.  l;i:  270  (1881). 
I  I  ml.  and  is  worth 
111  -  Si  Ills  of  species 
■  \i.  ■•  In    Pringle  have 

n Ill    station  lately. 

'lla^T  makes  it  vastly 
i"lia-e  III'  most  of  the 
.(  il..-.-  stedlings  had 
liage.  The  plants  are 
much  dwarf er  and  wider  spreading  than  most  florists' 
Dahlias,  and  show  no  stem  while  growing.  The  branched 
flowering  stems  are  remarkably  long,  slender  and  wiry, 


wholly  devoid  c.f  h 

ii-s  :    Ivs 

linear:  tls.  Mj-i-alh 

111:,.-;     IM 

cralbraii^  '               r 

-This   Nil 

growing'  .11.  1.  1;.     1- 

gathered  liui,,   >m,.1 

l.l..lll~   1 

been  grown  at  tin 

.,ra.-[l 

The  fine-cut  charar 

er   ..t    11 

more  attractive  thai 

tl, : 

varieties  of  D.  ms, 

Seve 

beautiful  dark  red 

.1-  purpl 

665.  The  orieinal  Cactus  DahUa  (XK). 

Photographed  and  reduced  from  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle, 

where  it  was  first  pictured. 

method);  by  grafting  to  perpetuate  rare  kinds;  and  by 
seeds,  to  produce  new  varieties. 

Dici.iioii  of  /("oofs. —This  is  the  easiest  and  most  sat- 
isfactory to  amateurs.  As  the  eyes  are  not  on  the 
tubers,  but  on  the  crown  to  which  the  tubers  are  at- 
tached, care  must  be  taken  that  each  division  has  at 
least  one  eye,  otherwise  the  roots  will  never  grow.  It 
is,  therefore,  best  to  start  the  eyes  by  placing  the  roots 
in  a  warm,  moist  place  a  short  time  before  dividing. 
The  ront<  are  sometimes  placed  in  a  hotbed,  and  shoots 


thii 


'Ills  mellii"!  is  u-eil  iiiaiuly  liy  eommercial 

he  attention  a  few  cuttings  would  require 
I  af  that  it  would  be  cheaperto  buy  plants. 
I'lanred  closely  in  benches  in  the  green- 
.Jaimary,  and  cuttings  are  made  from  the 


450 


DAHLIA 


young  shoot?  as  fast  as  they  form  the  third  or  fourth 
set  of  leaves.  These  cuttings  are  carefully  trimmed 
and  placed  in  pure  sand  in  the  propagating  bench,  using 
a  dibble,  and  putting  the  cuttings  in  rows  about  3  in. 
apart  and  K-1  in.  between  the  cuttings. 

The  propagating  bench  is  made  by  running  a  flue,  hot 
water  or  steam  pipes  beneath  an  ordinary  bench,  and 
boarding  up  the  side  to  confine  the  heat.  Although 
there  maybe  a  difference  of  opinion  among  propagators, 
yet  a  bottom  of  sand  heat  of  65°,  with  the  temperature 
of  the  house  from  5-10°  less,  will  give  the  best  practical 
results.  With  this  temperature,  the  cuttings  will  root 
in  about  two  weeks,  and  will  be  far  stronger  than  if 
rooted  In  less  time  with  greater  heat.  As  soon  as  cut- 
tings are  rooted,  they  are  potted  off  into  small  pots  and 
grown  in  a  cool  greenhouse  until  danger  of  frost  is  over, 
when  they  are  planted  out  in  the  open  ground.  Cuttings 
made  too  far  below  a  joint,  or  too  late  in  summer,  will 
produce  flowerinfi;  plants  but  no  tubers. 

Grafting.  — This  is  a  very  interesting,  though  not 
profitable,  mode  of  propagation.  The  top  of  the  tuber  is 
cut  slantingly  upward,  and  the  cutting  slantingly  down- 
ward, placed  together  and  tied  with  raffia  or  any  soft, 
handy  material.  They  are  then  planted  in  a  pot  deep 
enough  to  cover  the  lower  part  of  the  graft  with  earth, 
and  they  will  soon  adhere  if  placed  under  a  hand  glass 
or  in  a  frame.  Grafting  is  practiced  only  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  rare  and  weak-growing  sorts. 

Seeds.  — The  chief  use  of  seeds  is  the  production  of 
new  varieties.  Seeds  are  also  used  bythose  who  chiefly 
desire  a  mass  of  color,  and  are  not  particularly  desirous 
of  finely  formed  blooms.  If  planted  early  enough  in- 
doors and  transplanted  to  the  open  as  soon  as  safe,  fine 
masses  of  color  can  be  secured  before  frost,  and  the 
roots  of  the  more  desirable  kinds  can  be  saved,  and  will 
give  even  better  results  the  next  season. 

Position.— Dahlias     are    easily   destroyed    by    high 
winds  unless  they  are  given  a  protected  position,  and 
they  need  plenty  of  air  and  sunlight  for  best  results 
shaded,  close,  airless  quarters  the  growth  is  sappy  and 
the  flowers  are  poorly  colored. 

Soil  —The  soil  is  not  so  important,  except  in  its 
ability  to  hold  moisture  during  severe  droughts.  Any 
rich  soU  that  will  grow  corn  will  also  grow  Dahlias  to 
perfection,  if  all  other  conditions  are  favorable.  They 
pill  grow  equally  well  in  clear  sand,  clay  or  gravel. 


reasonable  to  expect  Dahlias  or  any  garden  plants  to 
succeed  in  a  hard  clay,  devoid  of  humus,  easily  baked 
and  never  tilled. 

Feeding.- It  is  always  best  to  broadcast  the 
and  plow  or  spade  it  into  the  soil;  thorough  spading  is 
absolutely  necessary  if  the  manure  is  not  well  decom- 
posed. On  heavy  clay  or  gravelly  soils,  loose,  coarse 
manure  may  be  used,  but  on  light  or  sandy  soils,  ma- 
nure should  always  be  fine  and  well-rotted. 
Commercial  fertilizers  are  also  largely  used,  , 

and  are  most  valuable  when  used  in  connec- 
tion with  manure.  Any  good  fertilizer,  rich 
in  ammonia  and  phosphoric  acid,  with  a 
liberal  amount  of  potash,  will  answer  at  the 
time  of  planting,  out  as  a  top-dressing  later, 
nothing  equals  pure  bone  meal  and  nitrate 
of  soda,  4  parts  bone  to  1  part  soda.  ^"//^ 

Kinds  of  Stock.  —  Dahlias  are  offered  in 
five  forms :  large  clumps,  ordinary  field  roots, 
pot  roots,  green  plants  and  seeds.  The  clumps 
give  the  best  satisfaction  the  first  year,  but 
are  entirely  too  large  and  unwieldy  for  any- 
thing but  a  local  trade  and  exchange  among 
amateurs.  The  ordinary  field  roots  are  the 
most  valuable,  as  they  can  be  easily  and  safely 
handled,  and  always  give  satisfactory  results. 
Pot  roots  are  largely  used  in  the  mailing 
trade,  and,  while  they  will  not  always  give  as 
good  results  the  first  year,  are  valuable  for 
shipping  long  distances,  where  larger  roots 
could  not  be  profitably  used  owing  to  heavy 
transportation  charges.  Green  plants  are 
mainly  used  to  make  up  any  deficiency  in  the 
field  crops,  owins;  to  unfavorable  seasons,  or 
an  unusual  demand  for  certain  varieties. 


DAHLIA 

Planting —There  is  a  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  tne 
proper  time  to  plant  Dahlias,  but  the  writer  has  always 
found  it  best  to  plant  early,  and  would  advise  planting 
large,  strong  roots  about  two  weeks  before  danger  of 
frost  is  over.  This  would  be,  in  the  vicinity  of  Phila- 
delphia, about  April  15 ;  and  as  it  takes  from  two  to  three 
weeks  for  the  plants  to  get  up  through  the  ground,  there 
will  be  no  danger,  while  the  plants  will  bloom  that  much 
earlier.  It  is  best,  however,  not  to  plant  small  roots  or 
green  plants  until  danger  of  frost  isover— in  the  vicinity 
of  Philadelphia,  about  May  1  to  10,  according  to  the  sea- 
son. A  good  rule  to  follow  everywhere  would  be  to 
plant  small  roots  and  green  plants  as  soon  as  danger  of 
frost  is  over,  and  large  roots  about  three  weeks  earlier. 

Tillage.  — The  first  requisite  of  successful  garden 
cul»-viiticai  i^  to  tliornughly  stir  the  soil  to  considerable 
depth  and  i-nricli  it,  if  it  is  not  already  rich,  by  broad- 
casting and  iilowing  or  spading  in  a  good  coat  of  well 
rotted  manure.  Too  much  stress  cannot  be  placed  upon 
the  thorough  preparation  of  the  soil,  as  it  not  only  allows 


666.   Matchless 


DAHLIA 

the  roots  to  go  down  deep  afterthemoistiiremort-  readily 
during  dry  weather,  but  affords  ^rnuii  iltMin^Lr  during 
excessive  rains.     Having  prepart-d   u       -■    '  iIm.vc, 

marli  out  rows  4  ft.  apart  and  6  tu  >  I  i    .    i  hint 

the  roots  from  18  in.  to  3  ft.  apart  m  n,.  i..,v ,  a  .  ■  rcling 
as  solid  rows  or  spcoiraen  plaints  are  .ii>iicd. 

During  its  early  stair.-  i.f  di-velcipmeiu,  the  Dahlia 
grows  very  rapidiv,  and  should  be  kept  thoroughly 
tilled.  But  while  di-.].  tillai.'i-  is  beneficial  during  its 
early  stages  of  devel.ipmeut,  it  is  almost  fatal  to  the 
production  of  flowers  if  practiced  after  the  plants  come 
into  bloom.  Therefore,  when  the  plants  commence  to 
bloom,  cease  deep  tillage  and  stir  the  soil  to  the  depth 
of  1  to  3  in.  only,  but  stir  it  often,  and  never  allow  the 
surface  to  become  hard  and  baked.  This  will  not  only 
prevent  excessive  evaporation  of  moisture  and  keep  the 
under  soil  cool  and  moist,  but  will  also  prevent  the  de 
struction  of  immense  quantities  of  feeding  roots 

As  long  as  the  roots  supplj  more  nourishment  tl  in  is 
needed  to  support  the  plant  both  the  plant  >>ud  tin 
flowers  increase  in  size  and  beauty  but  as  thi  su]  i  h 
gradually  becomes  exhausted  the  plants  ceise  gi  wmt, 
and  the  flowers  become  much  smaller  This  con  lition  is 
■what  is  generally  called  "  bloomed  out  but  what  is  reallj 
'starved  out," and  can  easily  be  prevented  if  the  propel 
attention  is  given  to  the  plants  As  soon  as  the  flowers 
commence  to  grow  smaller,  broadcast  around  each  plint 
a  small  handful  of  pure  bone  meal  and  nitrate  of  soda, 
in  proportion  four  parts  bone  to  one  part  soda,  and  care- 
fully work  it  into  the  soil. 

Wateking.— This  is  a  debatable  subject,  and,  al- 
though a  judicious  application  of  water  during  a  severe 
dry  spell  is  very  benefieial,  yet  in  nipe  cases  out  of 
every  ten  where  water  is  applied  a  thorough  stirring  of 
the  surface  soil  would  give  better  results. 

Many  people  believe  Dahlias  should  be  watered  every 
evening,  and  as  soon  as  they  are  up  commence  watering 
them  daily  unless  it  rains.  This  practice  is  very  inju- 
rious, as  it  causes  a  rapid  but  soft  growth,  and  as  the 
soil  is  seldom  stirred,  the  roots  become  so  enfeebled  for 
want  of  air  that  they  are  unable  to  supply  the  needs  of 
the  plant  ;  as  a  consequence,  but  few  buds  are  formed, 
and  they  generally  blast  before  developing  into  flowers. 
In  other  cases,  as  the  enthusiasm  wears  off,  watering  is 
stopped,  probably  right  at  the  beginning  of  a  severe 
drought,  and  the  weak,  pampered  plants  are  fortunate 
to  survive,  much  less  to  bloom. 

If  large,  strong  roots  are  planted  and  the  soil  is  kept 
thoroughly  stirred,  there  will  be  little  need  of  artificial 
watering  until  after  the  plants  come  out  in  full  bloom. 
However,  if  it  should  become  hot  and  dry  after  the 
Dahlias  come  into  bloom,  it  would  be  very  beneficial  to 
give  them  a  thorough  watering  once  each  week  or  ten 
days  during  the  continuance  of  the  drought.  But  care 
should  be  taken  to  stir  the  soil  to  the  depth  of  1-2  in. 
the  next  day,  carefully  pulverizing  it  later,  in  order  to 
seal  the  natural  capillary  tubes  by  which  the  moisture 
is  evaporated. 

The  best  rule  to  follow  is  not  to  allow  the  plants  to 
suffer  for  want  of  moisture,  nor  to  water  them  except 
where  they  need  it,  but  to  water  them  thoroughly  when 
necessary,  and  not  to  allow  excessive  evaporation  for 
want  of  frequent  stirring  of  the  soil. 

Training.  — In  planting  the  roots  or  tubers,  place 
them  on  their  sides  with  the  eye  as  near  the  bottom  as 
possible,  and  cover  only  2-3  in.  deep.  As  soon  as  the 
shoots  appear,  remove  all  but  the  strongest  one,  and 
pinch  out  the  center  of  that  one  as  soon  as  two  or  three 
pairs  of  leaves  have  formed,  thus  forcing  it  to  branch 
below  the  level  of  the  ground.  As  the  plants  develop, 
the  soil  is  filled  in  gradually  by  subsequent  hoeings.  By 
this  method  the  entire  strength  of  the  root  and  the  soil 
is  concentrated  on  the  one  shoot,  causing  it  to  grow 
vigorously;  while  the  pinching  back  not  only  causes  it 
to  branch  below  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  thus  brace 
it  against  all  storms,  but  also  removes  all  of  those  im- 
perfect, short-stemmed  flowers  that  appear  on  some 
varieties.  If  the  plants  are  pinched  back  low, as  described, 
there  is  no  danger  of  the  branches  splitting  down,  as  the 
soil  around  themwill  hold  them  securely  in  place.  How- 
ever, where  they  branch  above  ground  and  are  inclined 
to  split  down,  drive  a  short,  stout  stake  near  the  stem 
and  tie  the  branches  to  it.   These  short  stakes  are  not  to 


DAHLIA 


451 


hold  the  plants  up.  but  to  prevent  the  branches  splitting 
down  where  the  above  directions  have  not  been  followed 
closely. 

The  writer  was  the  first  to  use  and  advocate  this 
method  of  training,  and  by  its  practice  has  grown  many 
thousands  of  Dahlia  blooms 
on  stems  from  18  in.  to  2  ft. 
long,  selling  them  to  florists 
by  the  thousands  for  four 
e  ruling  price  of 
carnations,  and  higher  than 
that  asked  for  roses. 


667.   Dahlia  ( 
.See  the  Botanical  Magazin 
1804,  plate  762. 


Storikg  the  Roots. -As  soon  as  the  plants  are  killed 
by  frost,  lift  the  roots,  and,  after  removing  all  the  soil 
from  them  possible,  allow  them  to  dry  in  the  air  for  a 
few  hours,  when  they  should  be  stored  in  the  cellar  or 
some  other  cool  place  secure  from  frost.  If  the  cellar  is 
very  dry  or  is  not  frost  proof,  put  the  roots  in  a  barrel 
or  box  and  cover  completely  with  dry  sand  or  some 
other  suitable  and  convenient  material,  such  as  sawdust 
or  tanbark,  to  prevent  freezing  or  loss  of  vitality  by 
drying  or  shriveling. 

Va-rieties.- Ji'orciit-nowers,  the  Decorutife  or  Cactus 
hybrid  kinds  are  the  most  valuable,  and  the  following 
are    among  the    very    best  :    Nymphfea,     Clifford    W. 


E.  C.  Monroe.  The  Cactus  Dahlias  are  beautiful 
and  artistic,  but  will  not  last  long  after  being  cut.  The 
best  are  :  Aiger,  Austin  Cannell,  Strohlein  Kronne, 
Henry  P.  Michell,  Mrs.  Bennett,  John  W.  Roach,  Geo. 
Marlow,  Lorelev,  Beatrice  and  Mrs.  Peart. 

Of  the  SAow  Dahlias,  among  the  best  are  :  Miss  May 
Lomas,  A.  D.  Livoni,  Storm  King,  Emily,  Ruby  Queen, 
Arabella,  Constancy,  Queen  of  Yellows,  Willie  Garrett, 
Lady   Maud   Herbert. 

Fain-q :  Frank  Smith,  Miss  Browning,  Penelope, 
American  Flag,  Lottie  Eckford,  Uncertainty.  Of  the 
Pompon  or  Bouquet  Dahlias,  the  best  are  Snowclad, 
Fairy  Queen,  Daybreak,  Eleganta,  Little  Prince,  Le  Petit 
Jean,  Carol,  Litt'le  Beauty,  Yellow  Bird  and  Red  Piper. 
The  Single  varieties  are  especially  adapted  for  cutting, 
but  should  be  cut  as  soon  as  opened,  otherwise  the 
petals  will  fall. 

For  beddiiig,  the  plants  must  be  dwarf,  of  branching 
habit,  and  profuse  bloomers.  A  few  desirable  kinds  are: 
Marg.  Bruaiit,  Magnificent,  Triomphe  de  Solferino, 
Colibre,  Snowclad,  Sunbeams,  Mrs.  Dodd  and  Bloom- 
enfalter. 

For  Massing  and  Banking.- Cactus  :  Aegir,  Stroh- 
lein Kronne,  Mrs.  A.  Beck,  Cyclops,  Baron  Schroeder. 

Decorative:    Wm.  Agnew,  C.   W.  Bruton,  Perle  de 


452 


DAHLIA 


la  Tete  d'  Or,  Evadne,  Mrs.  E.  C.  Monroe,  Iridescent, 
Wilhelm  Miller,  Black  Beauty,  Grand  Duke  Alexis, 
Nymphsea,  Oriental,  Orange  Scarlet. 

Show  :  Storm  King,  A.  D.  Livoni,  Model  of  Perfec- 
tion, Willie  Garrett,  Hone-st  John,  Ernest  Krebig, 
Psyche,  Bird  of  Passage,  Oakfleld,  Arabella,  La  Prance, 
Princess  Bonnie, 
Queen     of      Yel- 


clad,  Carol,  Fairy 
Queen, Catherine, 
Sunshine,    Little 


ganta.  Elfin,  Miss 
Lou  Kramer,  Le 
Petit  Jean,  Bes- 
.sie,  Tom  and 
Teddy. 

Singles  are  val- 
uable for  this  pur- 
pose, especially 
St.  George,  Ami 
Barrillet,  Ada, 
John  Downie, 
Evelyn,  Isaac  Pit- 


ited 


Lady, 


For  Borders 
and  Medges.  — No 
special  list  of  va- 
rieties cau  be  re- 
668.  Dahlia  Merckii.  commended      for 

See  the  Botauieal  Magazine,  1841.  this    purpose,    as 

plate  3878.  ''    *^     largely    a 

matter  oi  taste. 
Othek  Purposes.  — Dahlias  are  used  for  many  other 
purposes,  and  are  grown  in  many  other  forms  with 
pleasing  effect.  Some  train  the  tall  varieties  on  trel- 
lises in  espalier  form;  many  train  them  to  tall  supports, 
while  others  spread  them  out  on  the  ground  and  peg 
them  fast,  to  give  the  appearance  of  a  bed  of  large- 
flowering  pigmies.  The  latter  form  is  quite  unique  and 
satisfactory,  as  plants  of  some  of  the  varieties  grow  un- 
usually well  and  bloom  profusely.  The  Fancy  Dahlia 
Uncertainty  and  Cactus  Dahlia  Dellcata  are  typical 
varieties  that  seem  to  do  better  in  this  form  than  any 
other. 

Enemies.  —  Dahlias  are  generally  remarkably  free  from 
enemies,  but  in  some  localities  the  tarnished  plant  bug 
(Lt/gus  pratensis)  makes  success  impossible,  as  there 
practical  remedy.    This  bug  is  chiefly  responsible 


for  the  blasted  buds  and 


669.  Bellis  perennis. 


ded  flowers.  It  pierces 
the  young  buds,  shoots,  and 
sucks  the  sap.  The  shoots 
curl  over,  blacken,  check  the 
growth  of  the  plant,  and 
new  side  shoots  are  stimu- 
which  often  meet  the 
same  fate.  Consult  Bulletin 
47,  Mo.  Esp.  Sta. 

Lawrence  K.  Peacock. 

recommended 
d  Higgins  : 
<r  (Ifiifrril  Purposes.— 
I  ■    I>a\\  Ti.  Robin  Adair, 
1     "i'     Ailiriis,    Madam 
/.nlr-.    .Madge  Wild- 
thv,   Miss  Miller,  A. 
I).   Livoni,    Mary   D. 
"    Halleck,  Snow,    Bird 
of    Passage.     Cham- 
pion RoUo,  Dr.  J.   P. 
Kirtland. 

Fancy  .■  Rev  C. 
W.  Bolton,  Young 
America,  Mrs.  J. 


DAIS 

Downie,  Rev.  J.  B.  McCamm,  John  Forbes,  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing, Keystone,  Frank  Smith. 

Pompon:  Burning  Coal,  Eurydice,  Daybreak,  Phoebe, 
Lillian,  Purity,  Sunbeam,  Little  Bessie,  Brunette,  Fash- 
ion, .Snowclad,  Virginale,  Rosalie,  Hedwig  Polwig,  Cath- 
erine, Guiding  Star,  Aillet's  Imperial,  Alewine,  Vivid. 

Decorative  :  Grand  Duke  Alexis,  Wm.  Agnew,  Juno, 
Bowery  Girl,  Josephine,  Lyndhurst,  Perle  de  la  Tete 
d'Or. 

Cactus:  Matchless,  Bertha  Mawley,  Mrs.  Bennett, 
Harmony,  Edelcactus. 

For  Exhibition.  — Show:  Miss  Cannell,  Wm.  Powell, 
Duchess  of  York,  Harrison  Weir,  John  Walker,  R.  T. 
Rawlings,  Kaiser  Wilhelm,  Muriel,  Pearl,  Alice  Emily, 
James  Vick,  Emily  Edwards,  A.  D.  Livoni,  Wm.  Paw- 
cett,  James  Service,  Madge  Wildfire,  Mrs.  Langtry, 
Hector,  John  Lamont,  J.  T.  Saltmarsh. 

Fancy:   S.  Mortimer,  Dorothv,  Sunset,  Young  Amer- 
ica,  Champion    R..11,,,   Cn.ial   Grant,  Mrs.  J.  Downie, 
Lottie  Eekfor.l,    S;,!;,,,,:,,!.!.  r,    Prince    H.-nry.    Matthew 
Campbell,  Duchrss  .,i  AII^■tIl\ . 
Rev.    J.    B.    .M.rannn,    .1.    ' 
Forbes,    Frank    Smith,    K 

Cactus :  Matchless,  Ernest 
Glasse,  Mrs.  Bennett,  John 
Welch,  Harmony,  Gloriosa, 
Mary  Hillier,  Beatrice, 
Prince  of  Orange,  Mrs.  A. 
Peart,  Starfish,  Green's  Gem, 
John  Roach. 

Decorative :  May  Pictor, 
Wm.  Agnew,  Oban,  Juno, 
Lancelot,  Amphion,  Bowery 
Girl,  White  Swan, Marchioness 
of  Bute,  Perle  delaTeted'Or, 
Rayon  d'Or,  Wilhelm  Miller. 

Pompon:  Burning  Coal, Eu- 
rydice , Phoebe,  Eleganta,  Min- 
nie, Lillian,  Hilda  Searl,  Hen- 
rietta, Mars,  Purity,  Ernest, 
Sunbeam,  Mattie  Mourey, 
Snowclad,  Virginale,  Rosalie, 
lolanthe,  Hedwig  Polwig,  Lit- 
tle Hermon,  Golden  Gem, 
Raphael,  Alewine,  Aillet's  Im- 
perial. 

For  Cut-flowers.- Cactus  : 
Beatrice,  Ernest  Glasse,  John 
Roach,  Harmony,  Matchless, 
Edelcactus,  Starfish,  Green's 
Gem. 

Decoranve:  Grand  Duke 
Alexis,  C.  W.  Bruton,  Alpha, 
Wm.  Agnew,  Nymphsea,  Jose- 
phine, White  Swan,  Lynd- 
hur.st.  Bowery  Girl,  Oban, 
Perle  de  la  Tete  d'Or,  Rayon 
d'Or,  Bennett  Goldney. 

Pompon :  Alewine,  Purity, 
Eurydice,  Sunbeam,  Rosalie, 
Guiding  Star,  Phoebe,  lolan- 
the, Minnie,    Lillian,    Golden 


DAIS  (Greek,  pine  torch  ; 
application  not  obvious ) . 
ThymelceAcea.  This  genus 
contains  a  tree  that  yields  a 
strong  fiber,  and  is  also  rarely 
cult,  for  ornament,  especially 
in  Fla.  and  S.  Calif.,  and  pos- 
sibly in  one  or  two  northern 
conservatories.  It  has*  Ivs. 
resembling  the  Smoke  Tree, 
Ehus  Cotinus.and  bears  long- 
stalked  umbel-like  heads  of 
starry  pink  fls.,  with  floral  670.  Ox-Eye  Daisy  or  White 
parts  in  5's.  The  genus  has  Weed-Chrysanthemum 
half  a  dozen  species,  all  from      Leucanthemum  (X  H). 


DAIS 

S.  Africa  or  Madagascar.  Tender  deciduous  shrubs :  Ivs. 
opposite,  often  crowded  at  the  ends  of  branches:  fls.  in 
terminal  heads;  perianth  tube  cylindrical,  often  curved; 
stamens  10,  in  a  double  series,  the  alternate  ones  shorter, 
upper  or  all  exserted  ;  style  exserted.  The  plants  are 
prop,  by  cuttings  nf  half  ripened  wooil. 

cotini£61ia,  Linn.  Lvs.  oppo- 
site and  ali'TiKiic.  nlilong  or 
obovate,  a.'ut.'  at  hotli  ends:  in- 
volucre a  half  shorter  than  the 
fls. :  head  about  15-ttd. :  fls.  Kin. 
across;  fragrant.  South  Africa. 
B.  M.  147. 

DAISY  (i.  e.,  (lay's  eye,  in 
allusion  to  the  sun-like  form  of 
the  flower).  A  name  which 
properly  belongs  to  the  Bell  is 
perennis  of  Europe,  a  low 
early  flowering  compo  te 
which  m  its  doul  le  f  ms 
(F  w    lely  known  a 

Belhs)    The 


DAMASK    VIOLE'I 


453 


w 
u         1  1 

N    \ner        tl 
In /Tar.'    M       ' 

lie 

annual 

tl  p  on 

Mch 

aelmas  Da  sy 

(X      ) 

th 

ana) 
try      II 
Daisj    iltl       ^1 
Whiteweel  ai 
hirta  (Fig  0  1 
theCTr^  ait) 
sies    or  Mar.u 
smtl             )      11 
Daisie          1      1  11     -M 
oftlu         It.      I    rt 
flowciii  ^,  E    „e            1 
Rn   r  D      j       n  a  Ij 
Tht  \tncan  Da    \  is  a 

/           ; 

I 

/ 

1         I 
(-/    / 

1    V  t 
1    1 

1     we 
o    rec 
0    e    be 
species 

F 
Di 

t    t  N 
Uel  D 

I  fnl  a 
of  Lonas 

)     ue   called 
in  many  parts 
\ork     Sprng 
es      The  Swan 
(I'lgs  '55  "56) 
L  H  B 

DALBlBGIA  (N.  Dalberg,  a  Swedish  botanist,  1730  to 
1820).  Legumiiiisie.  About  60  species  of  trees,  shrubs, 
or  climbers,  belonging  to  tropical  regions  r.U  over  the 
world.  One  species  only  introduced  to  S.  Calif.,  and 
most  likely  to  prove  of  great  interest  as  a  timber  tree. 
Experiments  in  Egypt  have  shown  its  most  remarkable 
property  of  standing  severe  droughts,  as  well  as  sub- 
mersion for  a  long  period.  Lvs.  alttemate,  odd-pinnate, 
without  stipules :  fls.  small,  numerous,  purple,  violet  or 
white,  in  forking  cymes  or  irregular  cyme-like  panicles. 

The  Sissoo  tree  is  worth  trial  in  nearly  frostless  dis- 
tricts, especially  along  sandy  river  banks.    It  improves 


sterile  lands.  The  wood  is  very  elastic,  seasons  well, 
does  not  warp  or  split,  is  easily  worked,  and  takes  a  fine 
polish.  It  is  also  a  durable  wood  for  boats.  Thr  tivi- is 
raised  easily  from  seeds  or  cuttings,  -iml  is  of  quick 
growth.  The  demand  is  greater  than  tli.-  supply  in 
India,  and  the  tree  is  cult,  for  timber.  ( F.  von  Mueller, 
Extra  Trop.  Plants. )  Other  species  of  Dalbergia  are  of 
economic  value. 

Sissoo,  Roxb.  A  good  sized  tree,  80  ft.  high  in  India: 
lvs.  pinnate;  leaflets  5,  alternate,  stalked,  obovate,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  pubescent  beneath :  fls.  white,  in  short, 
axillary  panicles.— In  India  considered  one  of  the  best 
timbers,  whenever  elasticity  and  durability  are  required. 
P.  Fkanceschi  and  W.  M. 
'DALECHAMPIA I  aftn- till- French  savant.Dalechamps, 
l.')i:j-l."iHH  I .  Kiipliurhii'irrir.  This  genus  contains  a  tropi- 
cal sliruli  ran  ly  lultiwitrd  for  its  showy  rose-red  bracts. 


a ve  white  bracts. 


Cult. 


Koezliina,  Mucll.  Arg.  Erect  shrub,  .3-4  ft.  high,  much 
branched,  leafy:  lvs.  6  in.  long,  sessile,  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  acuminate,  entire,  or  with  coarse  obtuse  teeth  above 
the  middle,  narrowed  to  a  cordate  base:  bracts  2-2K  in. 
long,  broadly  heart-shaped,  sessile,  toothed,  membra- 
nous, nerved,  rose-red,  with  other  smaller  bracts:  fls. 
small,  yellow,  clustered.  Mex.  B.M.  5640.  Var.  dlba, 
Hort.,  has  white  bracts. 

DALIBABDA  (after  Thomas  Dalibard,  French  bota- 
Tiistl.  h'lisdeew.  A  low-growing,  native,  hardy  her- 
liacoous  j^erennial  plant,  with  foliage  resembling  a 
violet  and  fls.  like  those  of  a  strawberry.  It  is  a  shy, 
modest  plant,  flowering  from  June  to  August  in  shady 
woods.  It  is  rarely  cultivated  in  alpine  gardens  and 
rockeries,  being  a  slow-growing  plant,  liking  a  deep 
fibrous  soil  and  a  sheltered  position.  Prop,  by  cuttings. 
The  genus  has  lately  been  referred  to  Rubus,  but  it 
differs  utterly  in  habit,  in  the  carpels  being  usually  well 
defined  instead  of  indefinite  and  the  akenes  dry  instead 
of  drupaceous. 

ripens,  Linn.  (Biihus  Dalihdrda,  Linn.).  Fig.  673. 
Tufted,  creeping:  lvs.  heart-shaped,  wavy-toothed:  fls. 
white,  1  or  2  on  each  scape ;  calyx  ."i-O-parted,  3  of  the 
divisions  larger  and  toothed;  petals  5;  stamens  numer- 
ous; pistils  5-10.  Common  in  northern  woods.  D.  85. 
In  Pig.  673,  a  shows  the  perfect  flower;  h,  c,  akenes  of 
the  cleistogamous  fls. 

DAMASK  HOSE.    Bosa  Damascena. 

DAMASK  VIOLET.    Besperis  malroHalis. 


671.  Yellow  field  Daisy,  or  Brown 


U4  DAME  S     ROCKET 

DAME'S  ROCTKET  and  DAME'S  VIOLET.     Besperis 


DAMMAKA.     SceAgathls. 

DAMNACANTHUS  (Qreek,  powerful  spines).  Rubi- 
iLcew.  This  monotypic  genus  contains  a  tender,  ever- 
green, Japanese  shrub,  chiefly  valued  for  its  coral-red 
berries,  which  remain  on  the  bush  until  the  fls.  of  the 
next  season  are  produced.  Branches  numerous,  spiny: 
Ivs.  small,  opposite,  leathery,  nearly  sessile,  broadly 
ovate,  acuminate  :  fls.  small,  axillary,  in  I's  or  2's, 
white,  fragrant;  calyx  tube  obovoid,  limb  4-5-cut;  co- 
rolla funnel-shaped.  Prop,  by  cuttings.  This  plant  may 
be  obtained  from  dealers  in  Japanese  plants. 

Indicus,  Gjertn.  (Z>.  m&jor,  Sieb.  &  Zucc).  Described 
above.  Himalayas  and  Jap.— Var.  submltis  is  not  so 
spiny. 

DAMPING-OFF.  a  gardeners'  phrase  for  a  disas- 
trous rotting  of  plant.s,  especially  of  seedlings  and  cut- 
tings, and  generally  at  the  surface  of  the  ground.  It  is 
usually  associated  with  excessive  moisture  in  the  soil 
and  air,  with  high  and  close  temperatures,  and  some- 
times poor  light.  Such  conditions  weaken  the  plants 
and  allow  them  to  fall  a  prey  to  the  minute  parasitic 
fungi  which  live  upon  the  decaying  vegetable  matter  in 
the  soil,  and  can  remain  alive  for  months,  even  if  the 
«oil  is  thoroughly  dry  or  frozen.  As  soon  as  the  disease 
is  noticed,  the  healthy  plants  should  be  removed  to 
fresh  soil,  as  the  disease  spreads  rapidly.  A  whole 
bench  of  cuttings  may  be  ruined  in  a  night.  The  skill- 
ful propagator  takes  every  possible  precaution.  His 
benches  have  perfect  drainage,  he  uses  fresh  sharp 
sand,  and  sometimes  sterilizes  it  with  steam  heat  for 
several  hours.  Damping-off  is  one  of  the  most  trying 
experiences  of  the  beginner,  and  nothing  can  prevent  it 


DANDELION 

ing-off  and  Burning  are  also  used  for  ruined  flowers. 
Burning  is  often  caused  by  sunlight  or  by  imperfections 
in  glass,  but  a  flower  spoiled  by  dripping  cold  water,  or 
by  some  unknown  cause,  is  said  to  have  a  burned  look. 

One  of  the  commonest  occasions  of  Damping-ofl  is  the 
sudden  flooding  of  a  bed  or  bench  after  leaving  it  too 
dry  for  a  long  time. 


but  a  thorough  grasp  of  the  principles  of  Greenhouse 
Management  in  general,  and  Watering  in  particular. 
<  Consult  articles  on  these  stibjects.)    The  terms  Damp- 


DAN.SA  (a  personal  name).  Marc 
genus  of  fern-like  plants,  with  synangia  sessile,  ar- 
ranged in  rows,  and  covering  the  entire  under  surface 
of  the  leaf.    They  are  rarely  seen  in  cultivation  inAmer. 

DANDELION  (i.  e.,  dent  de  livn,  French  for  lion's 
tooth:  referring  to  the  teeth  on  the  Ivs. ).  The  vernacu- 
lar of  Tiirdxacum  officindle,  Weber,  a  stemless  peren- 
nial or  biennial  plant  of  the  Comp6xltiv.  It  is  native  to 
Europe  and  Asia,  but  i^  ii;itur:ilizi-ii  in  ;ili  ti-iiipcr.ite 
countries.  On  the  Korky  .Mts.  ,niil  in  thr  bi^h  iiintli 
are  forms  which  are  ai>]t;iniitlv  iiidi^'rnnns.  .\  tl.nit  fn-m 
the  head  of  a  Dandelion  is  >h<jwu  iu  Fig.  Ii74.  The  oviiry 
is  at  e;  pappus  (answering  to  calyx)  at  u;  ray  of  corolla 
at  c-  ring  of  anthers  at  t>;  styles  at  d.  The  constricted 
part  at  e  elongates  in  fruit,  raising  the  pappus  on  a  long 
stalk,  as  shown  in  Fig.  67.t;  and  thus  is  the  balloon  of  the 
Dandelion  formed.  A  Dandelion  plant,  with  its  scattering 
fruits,  is  shown  in  Fig.  676.  There  is  another  species  of 
Dandelion  in  this  country,  but  evidently  not  common. 
It  is  the  Red-seeded  Dandelion  (T.  erylhrospinmim, 
Andrz.),  with  red  seeds,  not  reflexed  involucral  scales, 
and  shorter  beak. 

The  Dandelion  is  much  prized  for  "greens."  For  this 
purpose  it  is  cultivated  in  parts  of  Europe  ;  also  about 
Boston  and  in  a  few  other  localities  in  this  country. 
There  are  several  improved  large-leaved  varieties, 
mostly  of  French  origin.  Some  of  these  named  forms 
have  beautiful  curled  Ivs.  Seeds  are  sown  in  the  spring, 
and  the  crop  is  gathered  the  same  fall  or  the  following 
spring, —usually  in  the  spring  in  this  country.  Com- 
monly tht'  seeds  are  sown  where  the  plants  are  to  stand, 
although  the  plantlets  may  be  transplanted.  The  plants 
should  stand  about  1  foot  apart  each  way,  and  a  good 
crop  will  cover  the  land  completely  when  a  year  old. 
Sandy  or  light  loamy  soil  is  preferred.  The  crop  is  har- 
vested and  marketed  like  spinach.  The  Ivs.  or  heads 
are  often  blanched  by  tying  them  up,  covering  with 
sand  or  a  flower-pot.  Thf  plants  are  sometimes  grown 
more  closely  in  beds,  mimI  fi^ini.s  ;in-  i)ut  over  them  to 
force  them.  Roots  nv'-  ->>u\'^uu\>'  rrnioved  from  the 
field  to  the  hotbed  or  Imu-,  i<,r  liivini,'.  When  treated 
like  chicory  (which  see i,  tin-  ro^ts  will  produce  a  win- 


DANDELION 

ter  salad  very  like  harhe  de  cnpucin.  Riiots  dug  in 
fall  and  dried  are  sold  for  medicinal  purposes  in  drug 
stores  under  the  name  of  Taraxacum.  l.  H.  B. 

DANGLEBERRY  or  BLUE  TANGLEBEBEY.    Gaij- 

lussacia  froudosa. 

OAFHNE  (Greek  name  of  Laurus  nobilis).  Thy- 
viekedcew.  Ornamental  evergreen  or  deciduous  shrubs, 
with  handsome  foliage  and  sweet-scented,  white,  purple, 
lilac  or  rarely  greenish  fls..  which,  in  warmer  climates, 
often  appear  during  the  winter.  Lvs.  alternate,  rarely 
opposite,  entire,  short-petioled  :  fls.  in  clusters,  short 
racemes  or  umbels,  apetalous,  mostly  fragrant;  perianth 
tubular  or  campanulate,  4-lobed,  corolla-like,  usually 
clothed  with  silky  hairs  outside  ;  stamens  8,  included; 
stigma  capitate,  sessile  or  nearly  so  :  fr.  a  fleshy  or 
leathery  1-seeded  drupe.  About  40  species  in  Eu.  and 
Asia.  Only  JD.  Meiereum,  with  very  early  lilac,  fra- 
grant fls.  and  decorative  scarlet  fr.,  and  some  low  ever- 
green species,  like  D.  Cneorum  and  D.  Btayniiana,  are 
hardy  north,  while  most  of  the  evergreen  species  can  be 
recommended  only  for  warmer  climates.  D.  Pontica  and 
v.  Laiirrnhi.  with  larffe  evergreen  lvs.,  are  hardy  as  far 
north  as  N.w  York.  Daphnes  thrive  best  in  a  well 
drained,  lii_'!it  snil  jiinl  in  a  partly  shaded  position,  but 
some,  as  1>.  ( ' lu  ^•riun  and  D.  Blagayana,  which  are  ex- 
ceedingly pritty  plants  for  rockeries,  do  better  in  sunny 
situations.  In  the  north,  D.  odora  and  its  varieties  are 
often  grown  in  pots  for  their  sweet-scented  and  hand- 
some fls.  appearing  during  the  winter.  A  sandy  com- 
post of  peat  and  loam  in  equal  proportions  will  suit  them ; 
they  require  a  good  drainage  and  careful  watering  dur- 
ing the  winter,  and  pots  not  larger  than  just  necessary 
should  be  given;  they  may  also  be  planted  out  in  a  cool 
greenhouse  and  trained  as  a  wall  plant.  D.  Genkiea, 
with  ab\iii.lant  lilac  fls.  before  the  lvs.,  is  sometimes 
forced.  l'n.|'.  I'V  sr.ds.  sown  after  maturity  or  strati- 
fied, but  unniiiiatiii-  very  slowly;  also  by  layers  put 
down  ill  siiuim  ainl  t.ik.n  off  the  following  year.  The 
evergrt'i-ii  sii.-.i.s  may  be  increased  by  cuttings  of  ma- 
ture wood  ill  fall  unili-r  glass,  and  kept  in  a  cool  green- 
house during  the  winter."  If  gentle  bottom  heat  can  be 
given  in  early  spring,  it  will  be  of  advantage  to  the  de- 
velopment of  the  roots  ;  softwood  cuttings  taken  from 
forced  plants  may  also  be  used.  B.  odora  is  often 
veneer-grafted  on  seedling  stock  of  B.  Laumolii  in  win- 
ter, or  on  roots  of  B.  Mezernim.  B.  Cneorum  and 
probably  its  allies  are  readily  increased  in  spring  liy  re- 
moving the  earth  around  the  plant,  pegging  down  the 
branches  and  filling  with  fine  compost  almost  to  the 
tops  of  the  branches.  Next  spring,  if  the  compost  is 
carefully  removed,  a  large  number  of  little  buds,  each 
supplied  with  a  white  root,  are  found  along  the  branches ; 
they  are  easily  detached  and  planted  in  pans  or  boxes. 
In  California,  according  to  Franceschi,  the  species 
most  commonly  grown  is  D.  odora,  the  plants  being 
mostly  imported  from  Japan.  Many  plants  are  also  sent 
from  Japan  for  eastern  greenhouse  culture.  A  decoction 
of  the  bark  of  B.  Mezeretim  is  sold  in  drug  stores  under 
the  name  of  Mezereum.  It  is  stimulant  and  diuretic.  It 
is  also  known  as  Olive  Spurge.  Alfred  Rehder. 

Although  hardy  Dai.hn.s  an-  Renerally  recommended 
to  be  planted  in'inntial  slia.l.,  tliey  invariably  succeed 
in  open,  sunny  )>la.,s.  ami  .  vm  in  dry  sjiots  when  the 
start  is  made  witli  stroiii:.  wi'll-rooted  plants.  They 
grow  very  freely  in  a  light,  open,  well  drained  soil,  en- 
riched with  thoroughly  decayed  manure.  An  annual  top- 
dressing  of  the  same  material  is  of  great  benefit  to  the 
plants,  young  or  old. 

For  propagation  by  cuttings,  half-ripened  wood  is 
best.  Layers  should  not  be  separated  mitil  early  in  the 
following  spring,  and  it  is  advisable  to  shade  the  young 
plants  in  their  new  quarters  for  a  few  weeks  until  the 
roots  have  taken  hold  in  the  ground  and  growth  has 
started.  Cuttings  should  not  be  subjected  to  a  very 
strong  bottom  heat  before  a  good  callus  has  formed,  as 
they  are  slow  to  emit  roots,  and  free  growth  can  not  be 
expected  until  the  young  plants  attain  the  age  of  2 
years.  The  commonest  of  the  hardy  kinds  is  B.  Cneo- 
rum; but  B.  Blagayana,  which  is  still  very  rare  in 
America,  is  a  charming  species,  worthy  of  greater  popu- 
larity.  Grafts  of  this  species  are  likely  to  die  without 


DAPHNE  455 

apparent    cause.      B.  Neiipolifana    needs    a   sheltered 
po-sition.  J.  B.  Keller. 

Alphabetical  list  of  species  described  below  :  D.  au- 
tumnalis,  1;  Blagayana,  5;  buxifolia,  7;  Cneorum,  4; 
collina,  6;  Bauphini,  8;  Belphini,  8;  Fioniana,  7;  For- 
tune!,3;  Genkwa,  3;  Houtteana,  3;  hybrida,  8;  Indies, 
9;  Japonica,9;  Jenkwa,  3;  Laureola,  10;  Mazeli,  9; 
Mezereum,  1,  2;  odora,  9;  odorata,  9;  oleoides,  7;  Pon- 
tica, 10;  sericea,  6;  Van  Houttei,  2. 

A.    Lvs.  deciduous  :   fls.  axiUary  along  the  branches  of 
the  previous  year,  appearing  before  the  lvs. 

1.  Mezereum,  Linn.  Erect  shrub,  with  stout  branches, 
to  4  ft.:  lvs.  alternate,  cuneate,  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
glabrous,  grayish  beneath,  1-3  in.  long:  fls.  usually  3, 
sessile,  silky  outside,  fragrant,  lilac-purple,  appearing 
much  before  the  lvs. :  fr.  roundish  ovoid,  scarlet.  Feb.- 
Apr.    Eu.  to  Altai  and  Caucasus.     Gn.  29:550.-Var. 


676.  The  Dandelio 


456 


DAPHNE 


41ba,  Ait.,  has  white  fls.  and  yellow  fr.  Gn.  29:550. 
Q.C.  III.  21:183,  185.  Var.  Alba  pl^na,  Hort.,  has  double 
white  fls.  Gn.  29:550.  Var.  grrandifldra,  Hort.  (var. 
autttmndliSf  Hort.).  With  larger,  very  early  fls.,  some- 
times blooming  in  fall. 

2.  Houtteina,  Planch.  (D.  Mezereum,  va.r.atropurpu- 
rea,  Dipp.).  Shrub,  to  4  ft.,  with  erect,  stout  branches: 
Ivs.  alternate,  cuneate,  oblong-lanceolate,  glabrous, 
coriaceous  and  often  persistent,  purple  :  fls.  appearing 
before  the  Ivs.,  lilac-violet,  2-4,  in  short-peduncled  clus- 
ters. Apr.  F.S.  6:592. —Of  garden  origin,  and  probably 
hybrid  between  X>.  Latireola  and  Mezereum. 

3.  GSnkwa,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (2>.  Fdrtunei,  Lindl.  B. 
Jinkwa,  Hort.).  Shrub,  to  3  ft.,  with  slender  branches : 
Ivs.  opposite,  oblong-elliptic,  appressed-pubescent  on 
the  veins  beneath,  154-2  in.  long:  fls.  lilac,  3-7,  in  short- 
stalked  clusters,  scentless,  denselv  silky,  villous  outside. 
Mar.,  Apr.  Jap.  S.Z.  75.  Gt.  15:499.  F.S.  3:208.  Gn. 
42:868.    E.B.  10:73. 

AA.   Lvs.  evergreen,  alternate  (see  No.S). 

B   Fls.  in  terminal  heads,  rarely  axillary  and  pinkish. 

c.   Habit  low,  procumbent  or  trailing. 

4.  Ciie6ruin,  Linn.  Fig.  677.  With  long,  trailing,  pu- 
bescent branches  :    lvs.  crowded,  cuneate,  oblanceolate, 

mucronulate,  finally  gla- 
brous, dark  green  and 
glossy  above,  glaucescent 
beneath,  J^-lin.  long:  fls. 
in  sessile,  many-fld.  heads, 
pink,  fragrant.  Apr.,  May, 
and  often  again  in  suni- 
Mts.  of  M.  Eu.     B. 


il3. 


C.  18: 1800. 


677.  Daphne  Cneorun 


"■^  mC^i*\U  Hort.     Of  more    vigorous 

growth.  Gn.  51,  p.  358. 
Var.  maximum  of  Euro- 
pean nurseries  =D.  Ifea- 

5.  Blagayina,  Freyer. 
Branches  often  ascending, 
glabrous  :  lvs.  cuneate, 
obovate  or  oblong,  gla- 
brous, 1-lKin.  long:  heads 
many-fld.:  fls.  white  or 
yellowish  white,  fragrant, 
nearly  glabrous  outside, 
almost  1  in.  long.  Apr., 
May.  Mts.  of  southeastern  Eu.  B.M.  7579.  F.S.  22:2313. 
Gt.  29:1020.  Gn.  14:143.  (J. C.  II.  13:245  :  17:505  :  III. 
11:491. 

oc.   Mahit  erect,  1-4  ft.  high. 
D.    Perianth  densely  pubescent  outside. 

6.  serfcea,  Vahl  (Z>.  cotUna,  Sm.).  Height  1-3  ft.: 
branches  pubescent :  lvs.  cuneate,  oblong  or  oblanceo- 
late, obtuse,  slightly  revolute  at  the  margin,  glabrous 
and  shining  above,  appressed-pubescent  beneath, 
1-lK  in.  long:  fls.  fragrant,  in  few-fld.  heads,  with  bracts, 
purple,  densely  pubescent  outside,  with  ovate-obtuse 
lobes,  54  in.  long.  Spring.  Italy  to  W.  Asia.  B.M.  428. 
B.R.  24:56.    L.B.C.  14:1348. 

7.  oleoides,  Schreb.  (X>.  6Kj-j7o;ia,  Vahl).  Shrub,  to 
3  ft.:  branches  pubescent:  lvs.  obovate-elliptic  to  obo- 
vate-lanceolate,  usually  mucronulate  or  acute,  villous- 
pubescent  beneath,  sometimes  glabrous  at  length, 
1-1!^  in.  long :  fls.  in  few-fld.  heads  without  bracts, 
white  or  pale  lilac,  with  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  lobes, 
}^  in.  long.  Southeastern  Eu.  L.B.C.  3:299.  B.M.  1917. 
—Very  variable  in  shape  and  pubescence  of  flvs.  Var. 
Fioni^na,  Hort.,  with  obovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  lvs.  and 


8.  hjbrida,  Lindl.  (D.  Daiiphini,  Hort.  D.  De'lphini, 
Lodd.).  Garden  hybrid  of  i>.  foninn  X  odoi-a.  Similar 
to  JO.  odora,  but  hardier.  Erect  shrub,  to  4  ft. :  lvs.  cu- 
neate, oblong-elliptic,  dark  green  and  shining  above, 
glabrous  or  slightly  hairy  along  the  veins  beneath  when 
young,  2-3  in.  long  :  fls.  reddish  purple,  very  fragrant, 
rather  large,  in  few-fld.  heads.   B.K.  14:1177. 


DARLINGTONLA. 

DD.  Perianth  glabrous  outside,  or  nearly  so. 
9.  "oddra,  Tluinhff.  (Z>.  .Japinica,  Thunhg.  D.Indica, 
Loisel.,  not  Liuii.i.  Slnul^  to  4  ft.,  with  glabrous 
branches:  lvs.  ..l.l.nj^:  ,  llijitic.  acute  at  both  ends, 
bluntly  pointid,  -lal.r.iii-,  _'-:i  in.  long:  fls.  in  dense, 
terminal  head.s,  vui\  ti  mli  :iiii.  wliit'-  to  purple:  ovary 
glabrous.  Winter  and  -i  hl  i  li  ini,  .liip.  Gn.  28:499. 
Gng.  2:211.  — Var.  Alba,  M  i:         lute.     Gn.  28:499. 

Var.  Mazfili,  Hemsl.    11  l    l .  :ixillary  clusters 

along  the  branches,  j.iiil,  ..  ii-ii.  ,  Jiite  within.  Gn. 
14:154.  R.H,  1872:392.  Har.li.-rtlum  the  type.  Var.  punc- 
tMa,  Hemsl.  Fls.  in  dense  heads,  white,  spotted  out- 
side with  red.  B.M.  1587.  Var.  marginita,  Hort.  Lvs. 
bordered  yellow:  fls.  red.  P.M.  8:175.  R.H.  1866:251. 
Var.  rtibra,  Don.  Fls.  purple.  S.B.F.G.  II.  4:320. 
G.C.  111.21:173.  D.  odordfa,  Hort.,  is  a  common  mis- 
print in  catalogues  for  D.  odora.  D.  odorata,  Lam.= 
D.  Cneorum. 


10.  Laortola,  Linn.  Shrub,  to  4  ft. :  Ivs.  cuneate,  obo- 
vate-lanceolate, acute,  shining  and  dark  green  above, 
glabrous,  2-3K  in.  long  :  fls.  in  5-10-fld.,  nearly  sessile 
racemes,  yellowish  green,  scentless  :  fr.  black.  Mar.- 
May.  S.  Eu.,  W.  Asia.— Var.  purpurea  of  the  Kew 
Arboretum  =  i>.  Uoutteana. 

11.  F6ntica,  Linn.  Shrub,  to  5  ft. :  lvs.  cuneate,  obo- 
vate or  obovate-lanceolate,  acute,  shining,  glabrous,  2-3 
in.  long:  fls.  in  long-peduncled,  1-3-fld.  clusters,  green- 
ish yellow,  fragrant,  with  linear-lanceolate  lobes.  Apr., 
May.  Southeastern  Eu.,  W.  Asia.  B.M.  1282.  G.C. 
11.14:209. 

D.alplna,  Linn.  Erect  shrub,  to  2  ft.:  lvs.  deciduous,  cu- 
neate-lanceolate,  sparingly  silky;  fls.  white  or  blvished,  termi- 
nal, fragrant.  May.June.  S.Eu.  L.B.C.1:66.— 7>.  a/(dica,  Pall. 
Shrub,  to  4  ft.:  lvs.  deciduous,  'un.;.!!  .  -.Mon;,'  lanceolate, 
glabrous:  fls.  white,  in  terminal,  l-.'.tM  1.  :mU,  li.imaiit.  May, 
June.  Altai,  Songaria,  Mongolia.  P.  M  i-:.  I.  I;.i  );:HI9.— D. 
au«<raiw.  Cyrill.=C.  sericea.— Z>.  r,i n>  ".•-<,■.,  [■:>'.[  .MliodtoD. 
Altaica.  Lvs.  n.-ii-rowcr:  Hs.  in  :i-'Jii  tl-l  li.  ml-  i  ;,ii.;isiis  BM 
TMH-n    /I. /,,;,,,  ,,„    ll,,rt.'='lJ   X.vi|,M|,Tr„i;,   -    /i.  i,l"Men,ltr. 


Lodd.  (D.  Cneorum  X  si-iir, 
cuheate-oblong,  obtuse,  in-;i 
rosy  pui-ple,  fragrant.  Ma 
8:7in.~/».  j,ap!irifera.  Si.  I 


g;-: 


Switzerland  and  Carpath.  Mts.  ALFRED   ReHDER. 

DAPHNlDIUM.    See  Benzoin. 

DAPHNIPHYLLUM  (Greek,  literally  a  laurel-leaf). 
Fuphorbidcew.  A  genus  of  oriental  trees,  perhaps  15 
species.  The  following  species  are  very  rare  in  cultiva- 
tion, and  are  obtained  through  dealers  in  Japanese 
plants.  The  genus  has  no  near  allies  of  horticultural 
value.  Tropical  glabrous  trees:  lvs.  alternate,  entire, 
stalked,  leathery,  usually  narrow,  feather-veined  :  ra- 
cemes axillary,  short :  bracts  minute  or  none  :  fls. 
stalked,  dioecious,  without  petals  :  fr.  an  olive-shaped 
drupe. 

macidpodum,  Miq.  Lvs.  leathery;  petiole  2  in.  long; 
blade  about  8  in.  long,  2  H  in.  wide,  elliptic-oblong,  with 
a  very  short,  hard,  abrupt  point:  racemes  of  female  fls. 
3  in.  long,  slender;  pedicels  distant.   Japan. 

glauc6scens,  Blume.  Tree,  often  20-30  ft.  high,  in  In- 
dia, Java  and  Corea:  petiole  three  to  four-fifths  in.  long 
in  the  pistillate  plant;  in  the  staminate  8-13- tenths  of 
an  inch  long;  lvs.  obovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at  the 
tip;  blade  3-tin.  long,  12-16-tenths  of  an  inch  wide. 
—There  is  a  variegated  form.  -^^  jj. 


DARLINUTONIA 

pitcher  plants.  There  is  only  one  species  in  this  genus. 
The  plant  was  first  collected  near  Mt.  Shasta  by  the 
Wilkes  Exploring  Expedition.  Indians  attacked  the 
party,  and  as  the  explorers  retreated  to  their  camp  W.  D. 
Brackenridge  grabbed   something,  which  turned 


DASYLIKION 


457 


be  fragraeuti 
grows  at  uii  altituMi-  "i  .1. 
of  Califonii;..  m  spliamn 
and  rushi-~.  I'lic  inirlMi 
foot  or  tw..  Iiit'li.  'I'lic  pi 
twisted  and  rounded  at  t 
head.  From  this  hangs 
with  two  long  flaps.  Vi 
seen  the  entrance  to  the  t 
sorts  of  insects,  big  and 
them  is  not  obvious,  but  t 


ig  pla 


The  Darlingtonia 


ittlL- 


llu 


fate 


nded  top  is 
death  to  all 
lant  attracts 
f  the  insects  is  clear. 


They  climb  down  a  long,  narrow  funnel,  guided  by  nee- 
dle-like downward-pointing  hairs.  Arrived  at  the  bot- 
tom, the  insects  find  these  needles  numerous  and  con- 
verging. As  they  attempt  to  escape  they  are  confronted 
by  an  impassable  array  of  lances.  The  manner  of  their 
death  can  be  easily  imagined.  They  sink  into  the  bot- 
tom in  a  putrid,  sticky  mass,  and  the  products  of  de- 
composition are  presumably  Lilisurlnd  I'V  the  ydaiit. 

Darlingtonias  have  been  ixvnwn  imtd.iiirs  in  the  cast 
the  year  round  in  a  few  special  l."alifii-s.  Ivhvanl  (iil- 
lett,  at  Southwick,  Mass.,  srows  tin  in  in  a  favuicd  spot 
without  artificial  protection.  F.  H.  Hursfurd  can  ]. re- 
serve them  at  Charlotte,  Vt.,  with  the  aid  of  a  winter 
mulch. 

Califdmica,  Torr.  Fig.  678.  Rootstock  horizontal:  Ivs. 
forming  pitchers  as  described  above,  which  are  curi- 
ously veined,  and  have  a  wing  on  the  ventral  surface 
and  a  crest  on  top,  green,  finally  becoming  a  pear  yel- 
low: scape  erect,  %-l%tt.  high,  clothed  with  obtuse, 
erect,  concave,  half-clasping  bracts:  fls.  solitary,  nod- 
ding, 3  in.  across;  sepals  5,  pale  green;  petals  shorter 
than  the  sepals,  about  1  in.  long,  converging,  greenish 
yellow,  with  broad  reddish  brown  veins,  contracted 
above  the  middle;  stigmas  5;  ovary  cylindrical  below, 
dilated  into  a  broad  ,=)-iobed  top  with  a  deep  depression 
in  the  center,  5-celled:  seeds  obovate-club-shaped.  B.M. 
5920.  I.H.  18:75.  F.S.  14:U40.  G.C.  III.  7:84,  85; 
17:304;  24:339.  — Int.  to  cult,  about  1861.  w.  M. 

As  greenhouse  plants,  Darlingtonias  require  the  same 
treatment  as  their  allies,  Sarracenias,  Dioneas  and  l)ro- 
seras.  A  well  grown  collection  of  these  plants  is  not 
only  very  interesting  and  curious,  but  also  very  beauti- 
ful. To  succeed,  they  must  occupy  a  shaded  position, 
and  never  be  allowed  to  become  dry.  Give  a  cool,  moist, 
even  temperature.  If  possible  a  glass  case  should 
be  provided  for  them,  with  provision  made  for  ven- 
tilation; a  constant  moist  atmosphere  can  be  more 
easily  maintained,  and  at  the  same  time  the  green- 
house in  which  they  are  grown  may  be  freely  ven- 
tilated without  injury  to  these  plants.  The  material 
in  which  they  grow  best  is  two-thirds  fern  root  fiber 
with  the  dust  shaken  out,  and  one-third  chopped  sphag- 
num moss  and  silver  sand,  with  a  few  nodules  of  char- 
coal added.  About  the  first  week  in  July  is  perhaps  the 
best  time  for  potting,  though  one  must  be  guided  by  the 
condition  of  the  plants,  choosing  a  time  when  they 
are  the  least  active.  When  well  established  they  will 
only  require  potting  once  in  two  years.  The  pots  should 
be  placed  in  pot  saucers  as  a  safeguard  against  their 
ever  becoming  dry.  ami  all  the  space  between  the  pots 
should  be  lille.l  wiih  .|.|i,i-MiMn  nios-i  n|i  to  the  rims  of 
thepots.  Aieni['   [  I".    ^liirinLT  winter,  with 

a  gradual  li^.    :,-  ■  :,  n   m  ^ining,  will  suit 

them  admiralily.  h  n  -i^  i  .  -  nnni.i-  they  should  be 
kept  well  shadi-(i.  -.r'  iIm  \  ni,i;  n.  r.ini.ved  to  a  well 
shaded  frame  out^i.le,  in  ^..nn'  vr.linl..!  position  free 
from  hot,  drying  wimN,  rr'|':(-.tii.i!i  ""i  tin-se  plants  is 
effected  by  division  ol  ilir  nmis,  oi-  liy  seeds  sown  on 
live  sphagnum  moss  hi  \nins,  the  muss  being  made  very 
even  and  the  pans  placed  either  under  a  bell  .iar  or  glass 
case  in  a  cool,  moist  atmosphere.  [For  detailed  English 
experience,  see  G.C.  III.  24:338.] 

Edward  J.  Canning. 

Darlingtonia  Courlii  was  named  after  William  Court, 
tor  many  years  hybridizer  and  traveler  for  James 
Veitch  &   Son.     Some   say  it  is  a   hybrid  between    a 


Nepenthes  and  Darliiiijloiiia  Calitornica.  Its  Ivs.  or 
pitchers  are  shorter  and  stouter  than  those  of  D.  Cali- 
fornica,  and  more  rounded  at  the  mouth.  The  stalks  of 
the  pitchers  bend  out  almost  horizontally  from  the  base 

or  crown  ot  the  plant  and  then  be  

come  erect.  The  treatment  is  much 
the  same  as  for  £>  Califoinica,  ex 
cept  that  it  must  be  kept  indoors  in 
winter.  It  thrives  well  in  a  house 
with  OdontngUisum  critpum  and 
Masdevallia  It  is  generallv  sus 
pended  like  Nepenthes  The  writei 
has  successfully  grown  it  when  it 
was  potted  in  peat  or  sphagnum   m  a 


Youne  leaves  of  Darlingtonia 


small  pot  which  was  inverted  into  a  larger  pot,  with  a 
layer  of  sphagnum  packed  in  between,  and  the  whole 
kept  constantly  moist.  It  is  an  interesting  and  attrac- 
tive plant,  and  enjoys  considerable  popularity  in  Eng- 
land- Henry  A.  Siebrecht. 
DABNEL.     Lolium  perenne. 

DASYLlEION  {Greek,  tufted  lily).  Uli&cea^.  Highly 
ornamental  plants,  well  adapted  for  rockeries,  for  iso- 
lated specimens  on  lawns,  decoration  of  conservatories, 
staircases,  etc.,  and  eminently  suitable  for  terraces  and 
vases,  in  the  formal  style  of  gardening.  Trunk  short  or 
missing  altogether  :  Ivs.  in  large  number,  inserted  in  a 
symmetrical  way,  so  as  to  form  a  dome  or  globe-shaped, 
regular  head,  more  or  less  serrulated,  and  in  some 
species  ending  in  a  brush-like  tuft  of  dried  fibers.  The 
tall  panicles  of  numberless  whitish  green,  minute  flow- 
ers are  also  a  striking  feature.  Dasyliriuns  generally 
branch  after  blooming.  Tliev  ,11.  ■•<  iIm  1  .isicst  pos- 
sible culture,  and  wiU  stand  s,,t,  I  i.ist,  par- 
ticularly if   kept  dry.     Easil^                          i :  nii  seeds 

and   from  cuttings  of  the  Immi    I  .         inced,  as 

thev  i!o   tnit    ■~nr\fr   a--   a   riil.        -         •      i-haps  more 


prism- 


much  as  they  desi-rve.  r.  Fkanceschi. 

These  plants  are  inferior  to  Yucca  filamenlosa  in 
hardiness  and  in  showiness  and  regularity  of  flowering, 
but  they  have  an  individuality  of  their  own  which  should 
commend  them  to  amateurs  who  like  things  that  every- 
body doesn't  have.  They  are  especially  esteemed  in 
California,  where  the  great  flower-stalks,  8  or  10  ft.  high, 


458 


DASYLIRION 


give  a  strong  impression  of  tlie  desert,  whicli  contrasts 
forcibly  witli  civilized  surroundings.  The  individual 
flowers  are  not  highly  colored,  but  the  spikes  are 
several  feet  long.  Three  plants  sold  as  Dasylirions  be- 
long to  Nolina,  a  closely  related  genus,  which  is  chiefly 
distinguished  by  fruit  characters.  In  Dasylirion  the 
ovary  has  3  ovules,  and  the  fruit  is  dry  and  indehiscent, 
or  splits  through  the  partitions  and  between  the  cells. 
In  Nolina  the  ovary  has  2  ovules,  and  the  fruit  is  dry, 
often  3-winged,  and  bursts  in  an  irregular  fashion.  The 
latest  monograph  is  in  Latin  by  J.  G.  Baker  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  Vol.  18  (1881). 

A.  Stems  4-angledf  square  in  section. 
quadranffulitum,  S.  Watson.  Trunk  3  ft.  high  :  Ivs. 
drooping,  dark  green,  2  ft.  or  more  long,  2-3  lines  broad 
at  the  base,  soon  narrower  and  quadrangular,  the  mar- 
gin rough  but  not  toothed.  Mex.  Discovered  in  1878.— 
This  is  the  only  species  with  entire,  not  toothed,  leaf- 
margins.  With  Pranceschi  the  trunk  is  so  short  as  to 
be  almost  globular ;  the  Ivs.  are  4-6  ft.  long,  slightly 
arching,  and  not  splitting  into  fibers. 

AA  Stems  not  4-angUd. 
B.  Tips  of  Ivs.  not  splitting  into  fibers. 
glaucoph^llum,  Hook.  (D.  glaiicum,  Carr.).  Recog- 
nized by  the  above  character  and  by  the  very  glaucous, 
bluish  green  Ivs.,  of  which  the  inner  ones  are  strict  and 
rigid,  not  gracefully  drooping,  the  outer  ones  recurved, 
2-3  ft.  long,  8-9  lines  wide  above  the  base.  Mex.  B.M. 
5041.    K.  H.  1872,  p.  435.    G.C.  II.  13 :  205.1 

BB.    Tips  of  Ivs.  splitting  into  fibers. 
c.    Trunk  long,  2-5  ft. 
D.    Teeth  on  the  leaf-margins  yellowish. 
Tex&num,  Scheele.    Lvs.  light  green,  3-4  ft.  long,  5-6 
lines  wide  above   the   base  ;    margin   serrulate,  armed 
with    hooked   teeth   1  line  long    and   3-6   lines  apart; 
flower-stalk  8-10  ft.  high.    Tex.  and  New  Mex. 
DD.    Treth  on  the  leaf-margins  broivn. 
Whe^leri,  s.  \V:it~.    Lvs.  very  similar  to  those  of  />. 
Texan  II  1,1.  ,-:i  I  in.-  «  id.-.    The  lvs.  are  shorter  than  in 
D.  glaiV''i'li;i!l'i,„.  1111.1  they  usually  have  a  spiral  twist, 
which  giv.-  till-  pliuit  a  remarkable  appearance.   Ariz 
and  N.  Mex. 

CO.    Trunk  short. 
D.    Racemes  short,  densely  fid. 
E.   Length  of  lvs.  S-4  ft. 
graminifdlium,  Zucc.     Trunk  very  short :    rosette  of 
lvs.  4-5  ft.  across  :    lvs.  3-7  lines  wide  above  the  base, 
tipped  with  6-8  spreading  fibers.    Mex.    Int.  into  cult, 
about  1835.— This  name  and  V. serratifoliumvreTe  given 
by  Zuccarini  without  description,  and  are  greatly  con- 
fused in  botanical  literature  and  perhaps  also  in  gardens. 
EE.    Length  of  lvs.  S-3  ft. 
acritrichum,  Zn   ■  .  .  P.  •irdcile,  Zucc).    Trunk  in  gar- 
wide. 


pX  gn 
20-30  til 
F.S.14: 


I  ft.  high:  lvs. 
IIS,  splitting  at  the  tip  into 
recurved.    Mex.    B.M.  5030. 


.(.111.  l;i;204. 
DD.    Racemes  long,  loosely  fid. 
8errati!61ium,  Zucc.  Lvs.  exactly  as  in  D.  acroirichun 


Mex.  — Can  be  . 


uished  0 
DATE. 


W.  M. 


Ira,  Phoenix  dactylifera,  Linn.,  native 
to  N.  Africa  and  Arabia,  and  extensively  planted  in 
I'.mntri.-;  \iii.l.  r  Aral.i.-  I'ontrol.  It  is  also  grown  to  some 
i-\ii-iiT  in  vMiuli.  rri  A^in  and  southern  Europe  and  in 
■  iili.r  tr..|in:il  nnd  MiMrnpical  countries.  The  pulpy 
fniif^  iMn-riiiii.  mh,  ..f  the  most  important  articles  of 
f.""i  u(  till-  Alalia:  ami  the  leaves  and  other  parts  of  the 
plant  affunl  materials  for  dwellings  and  many  domestic 
uses.  Nearly  all  parts  of  the  plant  are  utilized  in  some 
way.  The  Date  palm  reaches  a  height  of  100  ft.,  mak- 
ing a  straight,  shaggy  trunk,  and  it    continues  to  bear 

for  one  or  tw ntui-ii-i.    It  is  dioecious.     See  Phoenix. 

The  Dati  |.iiliii  li;i^  l.rcn  grown  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  ajiii  a. 1  ji'-nt  M''\icr>  for  many  years.  In  Florida, 
California,  an.l  i-.~ii  att-.l  areas  of  a  few  other  states, 


DATE 

it  has  been  grown  for  decorative  purposes  for  more  than 
a  century.  At  the  missions  founded  by  the  Spaniards 
at  St.  Augustine,  and  other  places  in  Florida,  and  that 
long  line  of  missions  extending  from  far  iuto  Mexico, 
northward  and  westward  through  southern  New  Mexico, 
Arizona  and  California,  it  is  probable  that  the  Date  was 
planted  wherever  the  climatic  conditions  were  favor- 
able. Within  the  borders  of  the  United  States  the 
greater  number  of  these  early  plantings  were  in  Florida 
or  along  the  coast  of  southern  California,  regions  where 
the  sum  total  of  vummer  hfat  is  not  sufficientto  perfectly 
develop  the  nai-'  fi-uit,  I'lie  Hatf.  as  a  fruit  producer, 
being  indiiriiKni-  n.  a  .1. —  it  i-n  .immnent,  does  not  take 
kindly  to  humi.l  n  ^'i.m-.  ,  v.  n  wu.  r-  it  is  not  sufficiently 
cold  to  prohibit  the  gruwth  of  the  tree.  For  this  reason 
the  greater  number  of  the  early  plantings  in  this  country 
matured  little  fruit,  while  that  produced  was  of  poor 
quality,  although  in  many  instances  the  trees  grew  luxu- 
riantly and  to  large  size.  In  the  more  arid  portions  of 
Lower  California  and  Sonera,  where  there  is  suflicient 
water  for  irrigation,  the  early  plantings  have  been  con- 
tinued down  to  the  present  time,  and  Dates  of  fair 
quality  have  been  grown  for  many  years.  Moreover, 
each  year  the  area  devoted  to  Dates  is  increasing.  Not 
only  have  sufficient  Dates  been  grown  in  Sonora  to  sup- 
ply the  local  markets  and  the  markets  of  the  larger 
cities,  Hermosillo,  Guaymas  and  Altar,  but  during  the 
past  year  a  surplus  has  been  shipped  from  the  state. 

The  part  of  the  United  States  suitable  for  growing 
the  Date  tree,  for  the  profitable  production  of  fruit,  is 
confined  to  rather  narrow  limits;  viz.,  the  irrigable  por- 
tion of  southern  Arizona  below  an  altitude  of  2,500  feet 
and  the  somewhat  similar  area  of  southern  California 
east  of  the  coast  ranges  of  mountains,  where  the  sum- 
mer temperature  is  not  lowered  by  proximity  to  the  sea. 
As  a  tree,  however,  it  will  make  excellent  growth  over 
a  much  larger  area,  including  the  semi-arid  regions  of 
central  and  southern  California.  Over  the  larger  area 
it  will  occasionally  bloom  and  the  earlier  varieties  ma- 
ture fruit,  but  the  summer  heat  will  rarely  be  sufficient 
to  brinir  it  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection.  In  recent 
years  [lat.-i  hav..  matured  in  favorable  localities  in 
CalitMinia.  ill  I... til  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento 
valli  y-.  lull  ii  i~  ..illy  east  of  the  mountains  in  the  irri- 
galil.-  r.-.'i.n-  ..]  the  Mojave  desert  that  there  is  suffi- 
cient Miinin.r  li.  at  to  mature  an  annual  crop.  In  the 
stri.'tly  ,1.  V.  It  r.  -n.ns  of  southern  Arizona  and  south- 
east.-rii  ( 'a!it'..iiiia  the  planting  of  seedling  Dates  is 
■asiiiLr.  and  the  time  is  n..t  far  distant  when 
iiniitalittleattfiith.il  v.,]]  1..  -ivcntothe 
production  of  this  fruit.    Ani.i.  .s  may  be 

mentioned  those  on  a  rancii  <  il  .11   llanlon, 

situated  on  the  California  si.l. n.    .     iii.i.i  river  a 

few  miles  below  Yuma.  In  Ihi.'i  .Mr.  Haul. -a  received  a 
box  of  Dates  from  La  Paz,  Lower  California,  which  were 
grown  at  that  place,  and  planted  the  seed  the  same  year. 
Prom  these  seeds  12  pistillate  and  several  staminate 
trees  were  raised,  the  trees  beginning  to  bloom  at  the 
age  of  5  years.  All  the  pistillate  trees  have  fruited 
abundantly  each  year  since  7  years  of  age,  and  now  vary 
in  height  from  20  to  50  feet,  each  tree  producing  yearly 
from  6  to  17  bunches  of  fruit,  the  bunches  varying  in 
weight  from  20  to  38  pounds. 

In  recent  years  many  seedling  palms  have  come  into 
bearing  in  southern  Arizona,  particularly  in  Salt  river 
valley.  On  the  Bartlett,  Adams  &  Co's.  ranch  at  Glen- 
dale,  several  seedling  Dates  were  in  bearing  in  the 
fall  of  1898,  at  which  time  one  tree,  8  years  from  seed, 
bore  an  estimated  crop  of  more  than  400  pounds.  On 
a  ranch  owned  by  E.  L.  Arthur,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Tempe,  a  dozen  or  more  palms  were  in  bearing  the  same 
year,  several  of  which  bore  one  or  more  bunches  of  fruit 
the  fourth  year  after  planting.  In  addition  to  those 
cited  above,  many  seedling  palms  bore  during  the  fall 


rapi 


Phoenix 
Florence,  Yuma,  Tu.  ■ 
Arizona,  and  a  nuin!.. 
An  impetus  was  gi  \'. 
the  importation  by  tin 
in  the  spring  of  1891  at 
which  were  supposed 
trees  of  approved 


lendah 


Me 


.r.   Ill  tins  ...luntryby 

.syi',  of  74  rooted  suckers,  08  of 

have  been  taken  from  female 

while  the  remaining  six  were 

labeled  male.     These  trees  were  distributed  to  various 


DATE 

points  in  New  Mexioo,  Arizona  anti  California.  Those 
planted  on  the  Experiment  Station  farm  at  Pheenix 
have  made  a  much  better  growth  and  bloomed  more 
freely  than  the  plants  sent  elsewhere,  some  of  the  speci- 
~  ,  in  the  fall  of  1H98,  measuring  more 

than  20  feet  to  the  topmost  leaf  and 
producins;  100  to  200  pounds  of 
fruit  to  till-  tree.  A  sufficient  num- 
ber (if  the  imported  palms  have 
blossomed  to  indicate  that  they 
are  not  true  to  name,  more  than 
one-half  of  those  blossoming  to 
date  being  staminate,  while  those 
that  have  fruited  are  inferior  to  a 
number  of  the  choicer  seedlings 
grown  in  Arizona.  It  yet  remains 
for  another  importation  to  be  made, 
when  greater  care  may  be  taken 
that  the  imported  plants  are  suck- 
ers from  trees  of  recognized  merit 
and  approved  varieties. 

An  examination  of  specimens  of 
fruit  from  many  of  the  seedling 
Dates  grown  in  tin-  riiii.  d  States, 

Mexico,  during  tin  ■  ^in-^.n  cif  l.-iliS, 
and    also    an    ex;uiiiii;tiii'n    nf    the 


679. 


fruit  of 
Experim 


the 


nsicle 


eedline  Date. 


in  the  size,  flavor,  shape,  color,  and 
general  desirability  of  the  differ- 
ent specimens.  Only  about  50  per  cent  of  the  trees  ex- 
amined bore  edible  Dates,  the  remainder  being  astrin- 
gent even  when  fully  ripe,  and  little  more  than  a  skin 
over  a  pit.  Of  the  remaining  50  per  cent  only  about 
one-fifth  were  especially  desirable  and  worthy  of  per- 
petuating by  growing  suckers.  It  must  be  remembered 
in  this  connection  that  Dates,  like  most  other  fruits,  do 
not  come  true  to  seed ;  hence,  it  is  not  reasonable  to  ex- 
pect a  very  large  percentage  of  desirable  Dates  as  a  re- 
sult of  growing  seedlings.  Some  of  the  best  seedling 
Dates  grown  in  Arizona  in  1898  were  light  in  color  and 
varied  in  weight  from  two-sevenths  to  one-fourth  ounce 
to  the  specimen,  with  from  10  to  11  parts  in  weight  of 
flesh  (mesocarp)  to  one  part  of  pit.  The  largest  of  the 
imported  Dates;  viz..  the  variety  labelled  "Seewah,"  pro- 
duced Dates  averaging  nearly  one-third  ounce  to  the 
is  tiie  largest   Date  yet  pro- 


ited  States, 
-.■,  th.  ic  being  but  8  parts  of 
■tli<!-njore,  the  flesh  is  covered 
■pl.  anil  there  is  a  firm  papery 
•  the  pit.    An  excessive  develop- 


specimeu.    Althoutrl 

duced  in  Arizcjiia.  a 

the  pit  is  ixtirm.ly 

flesh  to  nnr  ..f  pit. 

with  a  thiek  skin  i  .■ 

covering  (endocarp) 

ment    of    either   epicarp    or   endocarp    is    undesirable. 

Choice  varieties  of  Dates  should   have  thin  skins  and 

small  seeds  surrounded  by  a  thin,  papery  covering.    The 

flesh  should  be  thick,  of  medium  firmness,  swr^et,  and  of 

agreeable    flavor.      The   Date   industry    in    the    Tniteil 

States  is  in  its  infancy.    Approved  vari<Ti.s  lia\  <■  ni-t  a-- 

yet  been  introduced  and  the  quantity  .>f  Iriut  i.r.Mlu.iil 

has  not  reached  suiScient  magnitude  to  give  it  a  <.oni- 

mercial  rating. 

The  Date  palm  grows  upon  nearly  all  kinds  of  soil.  If 
it  be  sufllciently  irrigated  and  has  the  requisite  amount 
of  heat,  the  soil  seems  to  be  a  secondary  consideration. 
In  general  it  may  be  said,  however,  that  lean,  sandy  soils 
of  the  desert,  "with  a  small  percentage  of  clay  and 
charged  with  alkaline  salts,  are  preferable  to  rich  and 
heavy  soils,  suitable  for  growing  ordinary  crops.  The 
question  of  water  is  of  great  importance  in  the  culture 
of  Dates,  as  it  is  necessary  that  the  roots  of  the  Date 
palm  be  in  moist  earth  throughout  the  year.  In  general, 
the  atnount  of  water  required  for  successful  culture  is 
considerable.  If  sufdcient  water  cannot  be  supplied  by 
natural  methods,  we  must  resort  to  irrigation.  Water 
should  be  supplied  at  frequent  intervals  throughout  the 
year.  However,  the  most  should  be  supplied  in  the 
spring  before  blooming,  and  in  the  fall  prior  to  the 
ripening  of  the  fruit.  The  amount  of  water  for  each 
palm  depends  so  much  upon  soil  and  local  conditions 
that  an  estimate  would  be  worthless.  Care  should  be 
taken  not  to  irrigate  to  excess  at  the  time  of  blooming 


DATE  459 

and  immediatelv  after,  as  it  will  militate  against  the 
successful  setting  of  the  fruit.  The  Date  seems  not  only 
to  enjoy  a  high  atmospheric  temperature,  but  a  high 
temperature  of  the  water  supplied  in  irrigation  as  well. 


in  order  to  prevent  scalding.  Care  should  be  taken,  dur- 
ing the  warmer  portion  of  the  year,  that  the  Date  pahn 
is  not  subjected  to  hot  water  about  the  roots,  rising 
above  the  soil  for  a  considerable  length  of  time,  and 
later  left  until  the  soil  becomes  exceedingly  dry  and 
baked  by  the  sun.  Such  extremes  may  sometimes  seri- 
ously injure  or  destroy  the  tree. 

Dates  are  propagated  either  by  seeds  or  suckers.  As 
with  the  apple  and  most  other  fruits.  Dates  do  not  come 
true  to  seed,  hence  the  only  sure  way  to  obtain  good 
Dates  is  to  secure  a  sucker  from  a  tree  of  established 
excellence.  Propagation  from  seed  is  of '  little  value 
when  we  desire  to  obtain  Dates  of  the  same  quality  as 
those  from  which  the  seeds  were  obtained,  or  when  we 
wish  a  correct  proportion  of  male  to  female  trees. 
Again,  seedling  palms  are  usually  very  much  later  in  ma- 
turing their  fruit,  and  generally  the  fruit  from  such 
trees  have  large  seeds  and  little  flesh.  It  is  always 
preferable  to  propagate  Dates  from  suckers  unless  one 
desires  to  originate  new  varieties,  not  only  on  account 
of  the  knowledge  of  the  sex  ( it  being  hardly  necessary 
to  state  that  the  sex  of  a  sucker  is  the  same  as  that  of 
the  plant  from  which  it  is  taken)  but  on  account  of  the 
ability  to  make  a  election  m  the  variety  and  quality  of 
the  fruit 

rl  n^in..  t     th     -nil     Phoenix  are  diffi 
lilt  \  nil    lilt    Mil      1  Frequently  as 

I        11       t    ti    I    ]  !   I  t    I    Dates  die  even 
1  uh     1   1    1      111      1      It  I  are     In  plant 


All 


high 


mg     utk  I       Will     til 
best    of      ittenti  u 
large   percentage    di 
while  withc  ut  t  are  n   t 
one  m  a  hundred  will 
grow      It  1    due  nft 
much  to  the  lack  of  e\ 
perience    in    removing 
the    uckers  as  to  li  k 
of    proper    care    att  i 
removal    that  so  lir„ 
a   percentage     fail     t 
grow     Suckers  may  1 
removed   at   any   tim 
during   the    spring      i 
early  summer   or  even 
in  the  winter  if  propei 
care     be     given    them 
after  leimval     If  thev 
are  to  be  planted  in  the 
open  e:i  mnd  it  i    advi 
able    t      lemo-se    them 
duim.,    th        prmg   or 
eaih        iiiumer      April 
pri  1   il  I\  1    ingthebe  t 
nil  iitl     In  winter  when 


the 


at 


stand  till  the  sucker 
may  be  remo^  ed  with 
comparatively  small 
loss  if  the  bulbs  be 
not  les  than  4  mche 
in  diameter  and  have 
a  fe^  roots  It  is  nee 
essarv  when  suckers 
are  removed  at  this  sea 
son  to  et  them  m 
rather  small  pots  so 
that  the  earth,  which 
should  be  given  a  daily 
soaking,  may  have  a 
chance  to  get  warm 
quickly.  The  pots 
should  be  kept  in  a  greenhouse,  or,  better  yet,  imbedded 
in  a  hotbed  of  manure,  covered  with  the  customary 
frame  and  glass.  In  all  cases  the  leaves  should  be 
cut  back  to  6  to  12  inches  in  length.  If  proper  atten- 
tion can  be  given  it  is  best  to  plant  the  suckers  where 


460 


thev  are  to  i 


DATE 


IS  a  seeomi  chance  for  loss  occurs 
wln^Ti  ihoy  nrp  ]>);nittMl  in  a  tmrst^ry  and  later  moved  to 
til.-  )i.i-it]..ii  tliiit  tht-y  :ir.'  tiiKilly  to  occupy.  A  2-inch 
c-lii-.l.  \mII  >l!;ii|,rii.',l.  ;uMi  all  appropriate  mallet  are 
til.'  iiii|i'.ri:iiii  t.ii.N  t.i  u<c  in  ri-iiKJVing  suckers.  The 
U-atVtalks  -liouM  1.1-  rut  away,  ixposing  the  bulb  of  the 
sucker,  care  being  taken  not  to  injure  the  bulb  in  re- 
moving. One  should  cut  in  rather  deeply  at  either  side, 
not  being  afraid  of  injuring  the  old  plant,  cutting  out  a 
V-shaped  portion  extending  from  the  Ijase  of  the  bulb 
downward  for  a  foot  or  mon-.  ami  bcinLT  i-arcful  to  si'- 
cure  in  uninjured  condition  all  tli.-  atta.  li,.,l  r,„,ts.  If 
the  position  of  the  sucker  br  not  too  luL^h  abo\r  tlio 
ground  the  V-shaped  portion  >lioiiM  l.t-  .oniitrned  ib.wn- 
ward  into  the  soil,  that  all  established  routs  be  obtained. 

Under  proper  cultivation  the  Date  palm  should  pro- 
duce from  10  to  14  leaves  each  year.  A  well  developed 
tree  will  have  at  one  time  from  30  to  60  leaves,  the  old 
ones  dying  away  below  while  new  ones  are  forming  at 
the  top.  The  different  varieties  show  great  variation  in 
rapidity  of  growth,  form  and  length  of  leaves,  size  of 
stem,  and  general  aspect  of  plant.  The  stem  of  the 
Date  palm  is  very  elastic,  and  when  it  reaches  a  height 
of  10  or  more  feet  it  is  frequently  necessary  to  tie  the 
growing  bunches  of  Dates  securely  to  the  lower  leaf- 
stalks, that  they  be  not  broken  and  injured  by  the  wind 
before  maturity. 

For  further  information,  consult  Bull.  29,  Arizona 
Exp.  Sta.  j_  -^^  TouMET. 

A  successful  method  of  propagation  of  Date  trees  is 
to  bank  up  earth  about  the  base  of  the  parent  tree  and 
above  the  base  of  the  suckers,  and  keep  moist  by  wa- 
tering daily  to  induce  formation  of  roots.  Suckers  may  be 
partially  severed  from  the  old  stock  before  the  banking 
is  done,  or  after  the  roots  have  started.    When  the  roots 


For  purposes  of  pollination  the  Arabs  usually  plant 
about  one  male  tree  to  25  female  or  fruit-bearing  trees. 
In  order  to  secure  perfect  pollination,  they  cut  sprays 
of  male  blossoms,  when  the  pollen  is  in  the  best  condi- 
tion, and  tie  them  to  the  leaf-stems  above  the  pistillate 
flowers  at  the  time  they  are  opening.  If  this  were  done 
in  cases  where  isolated  female  Date  trees  are  growing 
in  America,  there  would  be  much  perfect  and  delicious 
fruit  where  now  there  is  that  which  is  worthless,  be- 
cause of  the  lack  of  pollination. 

In  the  earlier  importations  the  agents  were  imposed 
upon  by  either  ignorant  or  designing  natives  of  Egypt, 
by  sending  seedlings  instead  of  rooted  suckers,  which 
were  specifically  ordered.  The  varieties  from  Algeria 
and  Arabia  were  suckers  from  the  best  varieties,  but  un- 
fortunately, most  of  them  have  died.  At  least  two  are 
yet  living  at  the  California  Experiment  Station  at  Tulare. 
This  year,  1899,  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Wash- 
ington has  succeeded  in  importing,  through  a  special 
agent  sent  to  Algeria,  a  number  of  suckers  from  the  best 
bearing  trees  in  that  country,  and  further  efforts  are  b. 
ing  made  to  secure  more  plants  from  there,  and  from 
other  famous  Date-growing  countries. 

H.  E.  Van  Deman. 

DATE  PLUM.     Another  name  of  Persimmon. 

DATtKA  (Arabic  name).  Includes  Brugmansia. 
Solan ("ti-nr.  This  genus  contains  the  widespread  James- 
town Weed  and  several  plants  cultivated  for  their 
huge  trumpet-like  flowers,  which  have  an  odor  that  is 
very  pleasant  to  some.  The  genus  has  perhaps  25 
species,  widely  dispersed  in  warm  and  temperate  re- 
gion- TT.it.-,  -lirubs  and  trees:  Ivs.  large,  entire  or 
".i'\  t.i.  III.  .1  IN.  large,  .solitary,  erect  or  pendulous, 
m..-tl>  -liii.  .  «ith  more  or  less  violet,  rarely  red  or 
>!  \\".\  .    Ii.  -pinx.     The  most  popul.ir  kind  in  northern 

2  or  3  well-deflne.l  1 1  ~  .me- 

times,  however,  tl..  n-cd 

mass  of  petalage.     I '.ml Iiii[i.    i    mi-    ...    in.hto 

occur  in  any  of  the  sp,.,-i,.s  .l.-.ril..-,l  ).ol,.w.  Tin-  Horn 
of  Plenty,  D.  eornucopia,  has  been  especially  piipular 
in  America  since  about  1895,  when  it  was  found  in  South 
America  by  an   orchid  collector  of   the  United   States 


DATURA 

Nursery  Company,  and  soon  became  widely  distributed 
in  "yellow,  white,  blue  and  deep  carmine,"  all  double 
forms.  The  "yellow"  was  probably  a  dull,  creamy  shade, 
and  the  "blue,"  a  violet.  The  disseminators"  assert 
that  seeds  started  in  Januarv,  February  or  March  will 
produce  200-3(10  fraerant  flowers  in  a  season. 

Daturas  c(.ntain  ^ti-.m-  nai-.'oti.-.    l.arL-.' il..-<i-s  are  poi- 


.Stramoniii 


nipi.  !      i  I         .1    \\...l.     Its  foul,  rank  herbage  and 

laiL ■■   ..tt.  11  seen  in  rubbi.sh  heaps.    At 

llio  lii  I  I  .  .  -Ill  -.  til.nicnt  in  America— Jamestown, 
Va..  li.o,  -11  L-  ,,ai.l  that  tlif  men  ate  these  thorn  apples 
with  curious  results.  Capt.  John  Smith's  account  of  their 
mad  antics  is  very  entertaining.  It  has  been  conjectured 
that  this  same  plant  was  used  by  the  priests  at  Delphi  to 
produce  oracular  ravings.  The  seeds  of  D.  sanguinea 
are  said  to  have  been  used  by  Peruvian  priests  that  were 
believed  to  have  prophetic  power.  The  Arabs  of  central 
Africa  are  said  to  smoke  parts  of  the  dried  plant  for 
asthma  and  influenza. 

Daturas  are  of   easy   cultni-.',     ^..m.     :.i.     treated    as 
tender  annuals.    In  the  nortli  t'  i.^  can  be 

grown  outdoors  in  summer,  ami  .r^  during 

the  winter;  in  the  south  ami  in  >.  .  .uihrina  they  are 
almost  everblooming.  Daturas  ai.-  >oiii,iiijn-s  kept 
in  cool  conservatories  the  year  round,  iu  which  case 
they  should  be  planted  in  the  border,  as  Daturas  rarely 
flower  well  in  pots,  their  roots  being  large  and  spread- 
ing and  requiring  a  constant  supply  of  moisture.  This 
method  produces  great  quantities  of  bloom  in  spring. 
After  flowering,  the  plants  should  be  cut  in  to  the  main 
limbs,  or  a  very  straggling  and  unsightly  growth  will 

A.  Floicers  red. 
sanguinea,  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  Tree-like  shrub,  4-12  ft.  high : 
branches  fragile,  leafy  at  the  apex:  Ivs.  clustered,  5-7 
from  the  same  point,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  almost 
7  in.  long,  2}4--%  in.  wide,  pubescent  on  both  sides, 
shining  green  above,  paler  beneath,  the  lower  Ivs.  wavy 
or  angled,  upper  one  entire;  petioles  2%  in.  long,  chan- 
neled, pubescent :  peduncles  terminal  :  fls.  pendulous, 
brilliant  oranL-r.  md,  about  .'^  in.  Ion-:  <-alvx-  ovate,  5- 
angled,  vari.L':.t..l.  inHat.-.l.      I'.i-u.      U.K.  ■Jii:17:i9.  F.S. 


^VA.  I''fon-€rs  yellow. 
chlorAntha,  Hook.  Shrub,  glabrous  throughout:  Ivs. 
broadly  ovate,  almost  triangular:  margin  wavy,  with 
short,  rather  sharp,  very  distinct  teeth :  peduncles  axil- 
lary, very  short:  fls.  pendulous,  yellow;  calyx  tubular, 
with  5  nearly  uniform,  short,  triangular  teeth.  Habitat 
unknown.  B.M.5128.  Gn.  46:  988  and49,  p.  379.-Datura 
"Golden  Queen"  is  presumably  a  horticultural  variety 
of  this  species.  While  this  species  is  horticurally  dis- 
tinct by  reason  of  its  yellow  fls.,  it  is  a  very  doubtful 


DATURA 

specie*?  botanically.  being  founded  on  a  very  double 
garden  form  of  unknown  origin.  In  Vilmorin's  Blumen- 
giirtnerei  it  is  referred  to  D.  hiimilis.  Best.,  but  D.  Ini- 
milis,  according  to  Index  Kewensis,  is  to  be  referred  to 
J},  fastuoxa. 


DAVALLIA 


461 


AA.    J'h.  tfhite,  ;io)netimt!i  touched  with  violet. 

B.    Plants  tall,  7-15  ft.  high:   blossoms  pendtiloiis. 
c.    Calyx  tubular,  u-ith  5  obscure  teeth. 

suayeolens,  Humb.  &  Bonpl.  {l>.  Gdrdneri,  Hools.)- 
Angel's  Tkumpet.  This  is  the  plant  which  is  usually 
cultivated  as  D.  arborea.  It  is  said  to  be  very  distinct 
from  the  true  D.  arborea  of  Linn.,  but  it  can  be  sepa- 
rated with  certainty  only  by  the  calyx.  Tree-like  shrub, 
10-15  ft.  high:  Ivs.  ovate  oblong,  6-12  in.  long,  2]4-4  in. 
wide,  I'lifiii,  Llilni.n-,  iHtioled,  often  unequal  at  tht- 
base:  tis.  \>    '  '  '  ;ilyx  inflated,  angled,  glabrous, 

with  5  ■■li-  ■     I  wlia  tube  plaited,  the  limb  witii 

5shortl..lir-:  in.m-  I-  iMW, led  together.  Mex.  G.C.  III. 
11:593;  2^:  *1.  .^.H.  J :  4;iH.  — Franceschl  says  it  resem- 
bles D.  eorniyera  in  habit  and  fls.,  but  the  Ivs.  and 
stems  are  almost  glabrous,  and  the  calj-x  lacks  the  char- 
acteristic spur-like  appendage  of  D.  cornigera.  The 
double  form  is  much  commoner  in  the  gardens  than  the 
single. 

cc.    Calyx  spathe  hie,  not  toothed 

arbdrea,  Linn.  {Brugmdwiia  aibbiea  Steud.) 
Angel's  Thumpet.  Small  tree  Ivs  n-s  itr  1  in(  i  olite, 
margin    entire,    never  wavy   or   ar_-l  H     j  nl  iit     m 

pairs,  one  a  third  shorter  than  thi  tli  i  i  ii  I  ^  1  m 
or  more  long:  tls.  with  a  musk  like  <•  1  i  l\  ^  lul  ul  ir, 
entire,  spathe-like,  acuminate;  con.ll  i  tul  i  tmti  the 
lobes  of  the  limb  very  long,  anthers  <listin(t,  not  con- 
glomerate. Pern  and  Chile.  G.C.  II.  11  141. -Most  of 
the  plants  cult,  under  this  name  are  presumably  D.  sua 
veotens.  The  extent  to  which  the  true  D.  a'lboiea  is 
cultivated  is  undetermined. 

BB.   Plants  less  tall,  only  2-5  ft  high 

c.    Blossoms  erect:  calyx  not  spurred. 

D.    Corolla  5-toothed. 

fastudsa, Linn.(Z).  and B. corn«cdpia,Hort.).  Fig.681. 
Annual,  4-5  ft.  high,  herbaceous:  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  acute  and  unequal  at  the  base,  toothed  or 
wavy,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  solitary,  upper  ones  in 
pairs,  one  of  which  is  larger,  7-8  in.  long,  2ii-3]4  in. 
wide:  petioles  \%-2}4  In.  long:  fls.  6J^-7  in.  long,  violet 
outside,  whitish  within ;  calyx  purple,  angled,  2  in.  long. 


5-toothed,  the  teeth  triangular  lanceolate, 
lines  long,  2-3  lines  wide.    Native  of  India.    Naturalized 
in  the  tropics  of  both  worlds.    F.S.  14:1457.    Gn.  46:978 
and  I.H.  42:  25.— There  is  a  variety  Huberi&.iia.    This  is 
the  commonest  of  all  Daturas  In  eastern  gardens. 
DD.    Corolla  10-toothed. 

meteloldes,  DC.  (/>.  TTrif/Zidi,  Hort.).  Perennial  (cult, 
as  an  annual  north):  branches  slender,  forked:  Ivs. 
ovate  oblong,  almost  entire,  acuminate,  acute  at  both 
ends,  not  cordate  or  angled,  upper  leaves  often  in  pairs, 
the  larger  2-2%  in.  long,  8-9  lines  wide;  petioles  thick- 
ened at  the  base,  4-5  lines  wide:  calj'x  tubular,  the  teeth 
large,  ,5-10  in.  long,  very  acute,  unequal;  corolla  about 
4-,1  in.  !.'!!-  "I-  fv  ii-p  as  long  as  the  calvx,  10-toothed, 
th..  I.  -  ■!■  -I  ■'  '  i.lifomia.  Gt.  1859:260.  R.H.  1857, 
I'    1       M  I   fin  talioides,  etc.    The  name  means 

liki    I'M  u\\  is  a  common  plant  in  S.Europe. 

■■  /'.  //'.  '.  '  .  ''  -1-1  I'lTennial,  spreading  over  the  ground 
in  hirge flumps:  Ivs.  greyish  dull  green  color:  fis.  stand- 
ing erect,  white,  delicately  tinged  with  light  violet- 
purple,  not  quite  as  fragrant  as  D.  suaveolens.  This  can 
be  grown  also  as  an  annual,  easily  blooming  the  first 
year  from  seed.  The  common  statements  that  this  plant 
is  an  annual  are  incorrect."- /Vanrcs-c/ii. 

cv.    Blossoms  pendulous  :  calyx  icitJi  a  long  spur. 
cornigera,  H.,..k,  i  D.&nd  B.Kn)ghtii,  Hon.).  Height 
3-4   ft  .   ri.in.  Ii.  -   iL.wny  :  Ivs.  chiefly  at  the  ends  of 
brail   :     -  i       i  i  tjoled,   acuminate,   margin   entire, 

wav\  _  i.endulous,  white  or  creamy  white, 

verv  iiii^nii  1  *  i::iit.  striated,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  ter- 
minated liv  ;i  _  1  A  1  -!i:i|ii-il  spreading  or  recurved 
point;   stain.  11-  M.  \.  B.M.  4252.  £.  £"»!)(/*;!! 

seems  to  hv  f  for  the  double  form.  Gn. 

45:  p.  549.  — <  'i>ri  u.  m  in.  .m-  horned  or  spurred, referring 
to  the  ebarat-tir  <.i  tli.-  calyx,  which  easily  separates  this 
species.  "Tliis  and  D.suaceolens  are  known  as  '  Flori- 
pondio'  to  the  8p.inish-Americans,  perhaps  no  other 
plant  being  more  popular  with  them."—/'.  Franceschi. 
W.  M. 

DADCUS  (ancient  Greek  name).  L'mbelllferm.  Per- 
haps 25  annual  and  biennial  herbs  of  very  wide  distribu- 
tion. One  or  2  species  are  native  to  N.  Amer.,  and  the 
wild  Carrot  is  an  abundant  old-field  weed  in  the  north- 
eastern states.    See  Carrot. 


DAVALLIA    (a  perso 


PnliipndHtc 


D.  platyphylla,  see  Microlepia  ;  D.  stricta,  see  Steno- 
loma;  h.  ienuifolia,  see  Stenoloma;  D.  Tyermanni,  see 
ffumata.  L.  M.  Underwood. 

The  diverse  habits  of  growth  of  the  many  different 
species  of  Davallias,  and  then  good  lastmg  qualities, 
peculiarly  fit  them  under  ordiuan   care  for  decorative 


purposes,  when 

1.  h.  It.    iii.i  -a  1.  .  tul  pi  ints  .ire  desired 

Among  the  in   i 

1      1         It           11        1     in. .st  often 

seen  and  b.    t 

D.  bul- 

lata.  B.  pa, 

1    joung 

fronds  of   . 

weU  adapt.  1 

ind  var. 

elegans,!) 

,  -saand 

majus,    I> 

'   (syn.. 

Mooreana)   i 

,                                                i„i  speci- 

men  plants     J> 

lu  1      ,1                     u  1  I  ettchi 

1.    li.i    tcin   dishes,  b. .  lusp  of  their 

dwarbsh  habit  o 

t  giowth  and  the  ease  with  which  they 

may  be  nised  flora  spores. 

did  plants  of  D.ivallia  may  be  cut  into  a  number  of 
smaller  ones  with  a  sharp  knife.  Planted  firmly  into 
shallow  pans  and  placed  in  a  temperature  of  60-65°  F., 
they  soon  develop  into  symmetrical  plants.  The  rhizomes 
should  be  firmly  fastened  to  soil  by  strong  copper-wire 
staples,  where  they  will  root  in  a  short  time.  To  gain 
a  large  number  of  small  plants,  the  rhizomes  should  be 
detached,  cleaned  from  all  soil  and  roots,  laid  on  sand 
and  thinly  covered  with  moss.    Placed  in  a  shaded  posi- 


462  DAVALLIA 

tion  in  a  temperature  of  65-70°  and  kept  moderately 
moist,  a  number  of  small  plants  will  develop  from  the 
dormant  eyes,  which  may  be  separatily  iinft.d  a^  sunn 
as  of  sufficient  size.  Spores  of  Davallia  ^lii.ul.l  h,  x,.\vii 
on  a  fine  compost  of  soil,  leaf-moM  ..i-  |n  :it  an.l  -and  in 
equal  parts,  and  placed  in  a  slia.l.  d   |i"~iii>.n  m  a  tmi- 

perature  of  60-65°  F.    All  il"    -i  -  ::.■ ,.;   i  i    ;   ijatiou 

of  Davallias  will  be  most -;.  iming 

the  spring  months.    All    I '.i  i     h  and 

open  compost,  an  abundan...;  ..^  lii   um;  ,i  i. ,  m  .i-ture 

at  their  roots,  a  temperature  ul  ou-g:.    1  .  an. I  a  ;!,.. rough 

syringing  every  bright  day.  jj.  N.  Bkuckner. 

A.    Lis.  once  pinnate,  with  fete  linear  se<imeiits. 

pentaph^lla,  Blume.  Lvs.  scattered  from  a  stout 
flbrillose  rootstock,  with  1  terminal  and  4-6  lateral 
pinnae,  4-6  in.  long.  Kin.  broad;  sori  in  marginal  rows. 
Java  and  Polynesia. 

AA.   Lfs.  trl-qiiadri-pinnatifid,  delloitl. 
B.    Length  of  Irs.  usually  less  than  1  ft. 

bull&ta,  Wall.  Fig.  68.1.  Lvs.  scattered  from  a  creep- 
ing rootstock,  which  i.s  clothed  with  light  brown  flbrillose 
scales,  often  whitish  when  young ;  8-10  in.  long, 
4-6  in.  wide,  quadri-pinnatifld.  with  deeply  incised  seg- 
ments; texture  firm.  India  to  Java  and  "Japan.  F.E. 
11:543. 


H&riesii,  Moore.     Rootstock    stout,    with    brownish 

scales,  which  are  lanceolate  from  a  broad  dilated  base: 

lvs.  deltoid,  4-6  in.  each  way,  with  the  pinnse  cut  away  at 

the  lower  side  at  base;  segments  short-linear,  l-nerved; 

sori  intramarginal.   Japan.    G.C.  III.  13:  571. 

BB.    Length  of  leg.  1-2  ft. 

c.    Foliage  commonly  tri-pinnaiifid. 

ilegans,  Swz.    Rootstock  clothed  with  woolly  fibers : 

lvs.  ^15  in.  wide,  with  the  main  rachis  slightly  winged 


DEARBORN 

toward  the  apex  ;  indusia  several  to  a  segment,  with  the 
sharp  teeth  projecting  bevond  the  cups.  Cevlon  to  Aus 
tralia  and  Polj-nesia. 

s61ida.  Swz.  {D.  oniAta,  Wall.).  Rootstock  clothed 
witli  appressed  scales  or  fibers  :  lvs.  1-2  ft.  long,  12-15 
in.  wiilf.  the  center  of  the  apex  broad  and  undivided  ; 
segments  broad  and  slightly  cut ;  indusia  marginal. 
Malaya. 

cc.    Foliage  commonly  quadri-pinnatificl. 

pyxidita,  Cav.  Rootstock  clothed  with  pale  brown 
linear  scales  :  lvs.  tri-quadri-pinnatifid,  6-9  In.  broad, 
with  olilong  segments  ;  sori  with  a  broad  space  outside, 
which  is  extended  into  a  horn-like  projection.  Australia. 

Fiji^nsia,  Hook.  Lvs.  6-12  in.  broad,  with  the  lower 
pinna>  deltoid  and  the  segments  cut  into  narrow,  linear 
divisions  V^-^in.  long  ;  sori  on  the  dilated  apices  of 
the  segments,  with  no  horn.  Fiji  Islands.  A.F.6:900; 
9: 233.  G.C.  III.  23: 323. -One  of  the  finest  species,  with 
numerous  varieties. 

disB^cta,  J.  Sm.  Rootstock  stout,  with  dense,  rusty 
scales  :  lvs.  10-12  in.  broad,  on  straw-colored  stalks  ; 
segments  oblong,  cuneate  at  base,  with  simple  or  bifid 
lobes  ;    sori    minute,  often  with  two  projecting  horns. 

BBB.    Length  of  lvs.  3-S  ft. 

divaricElta,  Blume  (/>.  polydntha.  Hook.).  Rootstock 
with  linear  rusty  scales  :  lvs.  tri-pinnatifid,  sometimes 
2  ft.  broad,  with  deltoid  segments  cut  into  linear  oblong 
lobes  ;  sori  at  some  distance  from  the  edge.  India  to 
Java  and  Hong  Kong. 

p411ida,  Mttt.  1 2).  Mooredna,  Masters).  Rootstock 
st<iut,  witli  lancinlate  dark  brown  scales:  lvs.  with  straw- 
col.. r.-.l  stalks  lJ-18  in.  long,  quadri-pinnatifld,  with  del- 
toid, stalk.-.l  segments,  the  ultimate  obovate-cuneate, 
bearing  the  sorus  on  the  upper  side  at  the  base.  Anei- 
teimi  and  Borneo.  A. F.  6:  901;  9:  231.  A. G.  13:143. 
L.  M.  Underwood. 

DAY  FLOWEK.     See  Commelina. 

DAY  LILY.     Funkia  ami  nemerocalli.i. 

DEAD  NETTLE .     Lam i u m . 

DEANE,  EEV.  SAMTTEL,  poet  and  agricultural  writer, 
was  born  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  July  30,  17.33,  and  died  at 
Falmouth  (now  Portland),  Maine.  Nov.  12,  1814,  where 
he  had  been  pastor  since  Oct.  17,  1764.  While  vice-presi- 
dent of  Bowdoin  College,  he  published,  in  1790,  his  "New 


1  Farmer.orGeorgicalDic 
can  encyclopedic  work  on  agriculti 
wiiliT  i-irculation,  probablv,  than  .1 
upon  Fii-ld -Husbandry,"  1747.  If-  ■ 
to  III.'  mi. Idle  of  the  present  .i  i 
frc-eh-  quoted  by  F.  G.  Fessen.l  i  . 
The  "second    edition,  1797,  wa-  .  i. 


theflrstAmeri- 
This  had  a  much 
1  Klii.fs  "Essays 
■ I   tv  he  traced 

.  I  Hi.  in  1837". 
■  i  I  iM  lieorgical 
shed  in  1822. 


stage  of  American  horticulture  when  it  was  hardly  im- 
portant enough  to  be  considered  distinct  from  general 
agriculture.  For  biographical  details,  see  Drake's  Dic- 
tionary of  American  Biography. 

DEABBOBN,  HENBY   ALEXANDER    SCAMMELL, 

soldier,  statesman  and  author  (1783-ls.'l  .  »'.i-  :il-'>  an 
ardent  horticulturist.    He  was  a  moving'  i      !i    or- 

ganization of  the  Massachusetts  Hortu  ^  \. 

and  was  elected  its  first  president  on  1 1 1 .  ■  i.iii'i  M^nh. 
1829.  He  was  partly  instrumental  in  tin-  >  -labli.-liin,  nt 
of  an  "experimental  garden  and  cemetery  at  Mount 
Auburn,"  the  parent  of  rural  cemeteries.  The  plan  of 
the  cemetery  was  largely  his  ( cf .  Bigelow ) .  He  "  devoted 
himself  to  this  work  "most  assiduously,"  writes  the 
chronicler  of  the  society,  "spending  the  greater  part  of 
the  autumn  [1831]  at  Mount  Auburn,  in  laboring  with 
hands  as  well  as  mind, without  money  and  without  price." 
The  Ablie  Berlese's  Monographv  of  the  Camellia  was 
translat.-.l  l.y  him,  and  published" in  Boston  in  1838.  He 
als..  tian-lai.d  I'r.un  the  French,  in  1830,  an  account  of 
th.'  -in..'  tani..u-  Mnrus  mnlticaulis.  He  left  MS. 
writing's  ..n  li..rTi.-ulture.    For  notes  on  his  horticultural 


DEARBORN 

labors,  see  "History  of  the  Mass.  Horticultural  Society," 
1880,  which  contains  a  portrait ;  also  John  B.  Ktissel 
in  Tilton's  Journ.  Hort.  7:88,  157,  270.  Gen.  H.  A.  S. 
Dearborn  was  son  of  Gen.  Henry  Dearborn,  of  Revolu- 
tion and  later  fame.  L.  H.  B. 

DfiCODON  (Greek,  ^.--^"./^..^i.  L^ilh, -,),;■„•.  A  hardy 
perennial  herb  r:ir.  h  mltiNiit.M  l.v  ,1.  ;,|.rs  in  native 
plants.  It  has  oi.i"iMt.-  .n-  ulnni.  .1  U-.,  iIm-  upper  with 
axillary,  short-st:ilk.,l  ,lust,T.  ..f  iK.  AluuLid  Deeodon 
is  usually  considi-n-.l  a  subgenus  uf  XLsa-a.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  Ly thrum  bv  havine;  5  (rarely  4)  petals 
instead  of  6,  and  8-10  stamens,  while  Lythrum  has 
mostly  6  or  12. 

verticlUatus.Ell.  (Xes(earerflcimta,'aBK.).  Swamp 
Loose-Strife.  Smooth  or  downy:  stems  recurved,  2-8 
ft.  long,  4-G-sided:  Ivs.  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile:  pet- 
als 5.  cuneate-lanceolate,  rose-purple, Kin.  long;  stamens 
10,  half  of  them  shorter.  Swampy  grounds,  N.  E.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  La. -Int.  by  H.  P.  Kelsey. 

DECUMAKIA  (Latin,  decnmus,  tenth,  referring  to  the 
number  of  the  parts  of  the  fl.).  Saxifragdcew.  Shrubs 
climbing  by  aerial  rootlets  :  Ivs.  deciduous,  opposite, 
petioled  :  fls.  in  terminal  peduncled  corymbs,  small, 
white,  perfect ;  sepals  and  petals  7-10  ;  stamens  20-30: 
fr.  a  5-10-celled  ribbed  capsule  opening  between  the 
ribs,  with  numerous  minute  seeds.  Two  species  in  E. 
N.  Amer.  and  China,  of  which  only  the  An 


DELAWARE 


463 


tal 


shrub. 


rith 


handsome  glossy  foliage  and  fragrant  white  Hs.,  forming 
a  corymb  of  feathery  appearance,  well  adapted  for  cover- 
ing walls,  rocks,  trellis  work  and  trunks  of  trees,  but 
not  hardy  north.  Thrives  in  almost  any  humid  soil. 
Prop,  by  greenwood  cuttings  in  summer  under  glass, 
rarely  by  seeds. 

birbara,  Linn.  {D.  sarmeulosa.  Bosc).  Climbing  to 
30  ft.,  but  usually  less  high  :  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute, 
remotely  denticulate  or  entire,  glabrous  and  shining 
above,  2^  in.  long  :  corrmbs  2-3  in.  broad,  semiglobose. 
May,  June.  Va.  to  Fla., west  to  La.  B.B.2:I8.5.  Mn.l:41. 
Alfred  Rehder. 

DEERBEREY.    r„rci„inm  st,im!,ui,m. 

DEERGEASS.     Ehexia. 

DELABBBEA  (after  a  French  naturalist).  Araliicea;. 
A  genus  of  two  species  of  tall,  tender  shrubs  from  New 
Caledonia,  distinguished  from  Aralia  by  the  fruits. 
Culture  same  as  Aralia. 

spectibilis,  Linden  &  And.  (ArAliaconetiina,  Nichol- 
son). Stem  ashy  grey,  with  brown,  warty  spots  :  Ivs. 
odd-pinnate,  Ifts".  in  8-10   pairs,  each    1ft.  3-toothed    or 


twice  cut,  sometimes  so  deeply  .• 
free   segments.    New    Ciil..l>.ni 
the  name   of  Aralia   syn  ■  / 
have  been  sold.     TheEu^li 
Aralia  filicifolia.    The  B.l-i;,i 
was  Delarbrea\spectabilis.    (Set 


3  entirely 
I. -Under 
nt  plants 
plant  was 

.    G.C.IL 


iiien 


5:603.)  The  two  plants  can  be  distinguished  at  a  glance. 
The  primary  division  of  the  leaf  in  .dl.  filicifolia  is  long 
and  narrow,  thrice  as  long  as  in  D.  spectabilis,  and 
tapering  to  a  long  point,  while  in  D.  spectabilis  the  pri- 
mary division  of  the  leaf  is  short  and  has  3  well-marked 
segments.  In  A.  filicifolia  the  secondary  divisions  are 
deeply  and  irregularly  cut  ;  in  D.  spectabilis  they  are 
merely  serrate.  The  two  plants  are  also  immediately 
distinguished  l)y  the  spots  on  the  stem. 

DELAWAEE,  HOETICUITTJBE  IN.  The  state  of 
Delaware  (  Fig.  084)  is  situated  close  to  the  largest  fruit- 
consuming  cities  of  the  New  World.  An  emphatic  com- 
mercial advantage  in  the  development  of  a  diversified 
horticulture  arises  from  the  modifying  climatic  influence 
of  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  bays;  from  a  variety  of 
fertile  soils;  and  from  the  ripening  of  its  fruits  and  vege- 
tables between  the  products  of  the  North  and  South, 
There  is  probably  no  area  in  the  United  States  which,  in 
its  natural  commercial  advantages,  in  its  climatic  en- 
vironment, and  in  the  diversity  of  its  soils,  is  so  pre- 
eminently fitted  for  the  development  of  an  extensive 
and  diversified  horticulture  as  the  peninsula  to  which 
Delaware  belongs. 


New  Castle,  the  northern  county,  is  hilly  and  rolling, 
and  varies  from  a  dense  clay  to  a  clay  loam.  Horticul- 
turally,  it  is  well  adapted  to  plum,  pear,  apple  and  bush- 
fruit  culture,  and,  in  restricted  areas,  to  the  cherry, 
peach  and  trucking  industries.     But  the  production  of 


PHILADELPHIA 


684. 


hay,  grain,  and  dairy  products  is  the  leading  feature  in 
New  Castle's  rural  activities.  Kent,  the  central  county, 
is  gently  undulating.  The  soil  varies  from  a  clay  loam 
in  the  northern  part  to  a  sandy  loam  along  the  southern 
border.  The  most  diversified  horticulture  of  the  state, 
including  tree  fruits,  bush  fruits,  strawberries,  grapes, 
and  vegetable  products,  has  been  developed  here.  In 
,  wlii-li    i-    iiM.stlv  level,  a 

'•■■''■-■^'  '!•'■  ' ■•riving  clay 

'  I    ^  liiral  areas 

.:   !.i,.li  fruits 

.1..  ■!    Ill    >:i-~i  \.  tlie  horti- 


frequently  approactn 


•  loam.    The 


are  most  prommenti}  '!■  \  ■  i^i" 'i  in  >  i- 
cultural  areas  lying  'in  the  w.-stern  luilf  i.f  the  county. 
Delaware  horticulture  was  born  in  1832,  with  the  peach 
industry,  when  the  first  extensive  orchard  was  set  near 
Delaware  City.  In  a  single  year  the  value  of  its  peach 
crop  was  $16,000.  Then  an  era  of  the  most  rapid  horti- 
cultural extension  was  inaugurated.  By  1840,  half  a 
million  baskets  of  peaches  were  shipped  from  the  county. 
But  in  1842  the  peach-yellows  broke  out  near  Delaware 
City,  and  by  1867  more  than  one-half  of  the  crop  of  three 
million  baskets  was  grown  in  southern  New  Castle 
county.  The  orchards  of  New  Castle  had  largely 
disappeared  in  1870,  and  in  1890  it  contained  less 
than  5,000  acres.  Kent  county,  however,  in  1890  had 
23,000  acres,  and  Sussex  county  20,000  acres.  In  1899, 
extensive  orchards  were  being  planted  again  in  New- 
castle county  and  northern  Kent  county. 


464 


DELAWARE 


The  center  of  the  peach  belt  in  1890  was  along  the 
southern  l.Mnli-r  nf  Ki-nt  county,  where  the  trees  were 
comparain  i  l>  li.^ihln,  Imt  in  1890  the  yellows  had  ex- 
tendeil  im  ■  1 1  i  i,  -ii,>i-x,  where  it  has  remained  sta- 
tionary I  i  I  ,  In  1896  the  Delaware  division 
of  the  riMi.i'i'  Hihi  I,  W  ihiiington  &  Baltimore  railroad 
-carried  mcr  iwo  million  baskets  of  Delaware  peaches, 
"which  was  over  yu  per  cent  of  the  total  crop,  and  esti- 
mated that  there  were  between  four  and  five  million 
beariilg  trees  in  the  state. 

The  peach-yellows  has  been  responsible,  primarily,  for 
the  shifting  of  the  peach-growing  centers.  No  sys- 
tematic, cooperative  effort  has  been  made  to  suppress 
the  disease.  Yellows  legislation  is  inoperative  from 
a  lack  of  public  and  political  support.  Intelligent  grow- 
ers remove  trees  at  the  first  indication  of  infection,  but 
the  efforts  of  a  few  individuals  have  not  been  effective 
in  checking  the  progress  of  the  disease.  The  ultimate 
remedy  for  the  yellows  in  Delaware  lies  in  a  more 
diversifi.n  !i-i  i  i- u'-  i.i-.  . 

The   J.r; 
Foster.    <  I 

Mountiun    i.-  -<  ,  i.rc  > 
Crawford  ijau-,  .Mutu 

Next  to  the  peach 
small   fruit  interests,  which  are 
veloped  in  the  southern  half 


of  peaches  are  :  Hale  Early, 

Oldmixon,    Moore    Favorite, 

vorite,  Elberta,  Brandywine, 

1  Smock. 

commercial  importance  are  the 

stensively  de- 

1  the  western 

nd  8,000  acres 

iiics  in  these 

1  •  .f  the  P.  W. 

'  r  90  per  cent 

111  is  road  car- 

a  still  larger 


tS   of 


&  B.  K.  I, 
of  the  tot;,!  ,.,,.,1 
ried  over  L'4.I100, 
quantity  in  1899. 

Since  189G,  the  Lucretia  dewberry  has  been  set  out  in 
large  quantities  in  both  Kent  and  Sussex  counties,  while 
the  blackberry  acreage  has  fallen  off  in  consequence. 

Among  the  principal  varieties  of  strawberries  are  Bu- 
bach,  Tennessee  Prolific,  Gaudy,  Greenville,  Michel  and 
Haverland.  The  Souhegan,  Palmer  and  Mills  com- 
prise the  prominent  black  raspberries ;  the  Miller, 
Cuthbert,  Loudon  and  Bi  ^nd\^vlno  the  r(d  \  am  tits  , 
and  Early  Harvest  and  \\  iNon  thi   blackb(  rries 

In  Kent  county  tlit  pear  industr\  is  a  prominent 
horticultural  featuu  The  Kiefftr  is  the  leading  ^  i 
riety.  Its  adaptability  to  \arious  soils,  its  earlj  and 
precocious  bearing  tendencies,  and  the  cheapness  of  its 
production  give  it  unusual  commercial  \  alue  throughout 
the  state.  In  the  fill  of  1897  nioi.  th  m  40  000  Kii  ff,  i 
trees  were  sold   in  centi  il  x   i  n  t\ 

and  young  orchards  iron  ~       i\ 

and  New  Castle  counties     ^  iln 

Kieffer  to  a  large  e\tciii  i  I- 19 

there  were  about  100,000  K     i       i  .  ii., 

old  and  60,000  trees  o\er  J  ji  ii^   .id  m  tin  ^i  iti 

Previous  to  the  advent  of  the  Kiiffcr  the  Bartlitt, 
Duchess,  Lawrence  and  Aiijou  were  the  leading  Kinds, 
the  orchards  existing  m  the  tno  upper  uuuntjew. 

The  introduction  of  the  Japanese  plum  has  opened 
the  way  to  plum  culture.  Scattering  orchards  of  Bur- 
bank  and  Abundance  have  been  set  in  Sussex  and  New 
Castle  counties,  but  an  extensive  development  is  under 
way  in  Kent.  In  the  vicinity  of  Clayton  and  Smyrna 
there  were  6,000  trees  in  bearing  in  1897,  since  when 
10,000  trees  have  been  set.  There  were  32,000  trees  in 
the  state  in  1899.  TheJapanese  plums,  as  a  class,  arc 
well  adapted  to  the  state.  TJIiey  are  .l.-itin.-.l  t..  im.v.- 
an  increasingly  important  factor  in  ih.  li.  n  i.  i;;i  n  m  v. 
the  future,  but  with    their  concenti  ' 

hoods,  their  weak  points  may  be  e\ I  . 

prominently.  Burbank,  Abundanci-  anu  i  il  ^  l.i  .  i..  .  n 
the  leading  varieties,  and  Red  June,  Chaljot  and  Hale 
are  growing  in  popularity. 

The  native  plums  of  the  Hortulana  and  Chickasaw 
groups,  which  ripi-n  licfi.ri'  the  northern  Doimstica  va- 
rieties, ar.-  r.i].;.l'.,  :ill:,Ii,iiK:  .I.-i  r-,  .  .1  |.r..n,:ii-ii-.  ,  Tliey 
are   hai-'l'  '        •  .'  ■"  '  ."  •,.!    re- 


DELPHINIUM 

150  to  200  acres  of  grapes,  where  the  history  of  viticul- 
ture began  about  1855.  Grape  culture  has  been  a 
profitable  industry  in  this  neighborhood,  the  net  income 
frequently  exceeding  $100  per  acre.  Recently,  however, 
the  profits  have  been  somewhat  less  on  account  of  the 
lower  prices  and  the  grape  diseases.  Many  of  the  vine- 
yards are  models  of  intelligent  tilling,  pruning,  spray- 
ing and  training.  The  principal  varieties  are  Niagara, 
Moore's  Early,  Concord,  Brighton,  Agawam  and  Wyom- 
ing Red. 

Delaware  is  widely  known,  W't  onh-  tlironeh  her  ex- 
tensive  orchards   and  small  tr  m    i!    ii    i '-i^.  but  also 

through  the  products  of  her  en         _      .     -.     In  1895 

the  tomato  output  amounted  t-     - '  -  :   jteaches 

to  50,000  cases  ;  peas  to  nearly  a  hi,,  .piini  ;i_\  ;  corn  to 
over  .50,000  cases  ;  and  a  large  amount  of  berries,  pears 
and  other  fruits,  not  separately  classified.  Since  1895, 
the  amount  of  the  various  canned  goods  has  not  fluctu- 
ated widely,  except  with  canned  peas,  which  in  1898  had 
rearlM  .1    111. (inn  ,  a^.s;  and  with  tomatoes,  which  have 

■  \l'  I'  lie  is    preeminently  a  horticultural 

Stan  ,  .  ,  M  ...  i.ni.s  in  horticulture  are  largely  unde- 
veloia.l.  li..  i.li>Meal  environment  makes  it  a  natural 
fruit  garden.  There  are  several  industries  that  could 
be  profitably  introduced  or  extended  to  larger  acreages. 
Apple  culture  ;  plum  culture,  of  the  Japanese  and  early 
native  types  ;  sour  cherry  culture,  especially  for  can- 
ning ;  nut  culture,  on  cheap  land  ;  vegetable"  growing, 
and  glass-house  gardening-all  offer  opportunities  for  a 
greater  horticultural  diversity.  The  various  fruit  inter- 
ests are  gradually  extending  over  wider  areas,  and  it 
may  be  expected  that  Delaware  will  not  only  maintain 
its  present  horticultural  prestige  but  will  be  an  m 
creasingly  potent  factor  in  American  hcrticulture  in  the 
*"♦"'■<'•  G    HlR    LI   I     «ELL 

DELPHINIUM  (Greek,  a  dolphu     t  I 


r 


mg  natives  are  worthless  for  Delaware,  as  the  markets 
are  then  supplied  with  Domestica  plums. 
In  the  vicinity  of  Smyrna  and  Clayton  there  are  from 


zone.  Annual  or  perennial,  erect,  branching  herbs:  Ivs. 
palmately  lobed  or  divided:  fls.  in  a  showy  raceme  or 
panicle;  sepals  5,  petal-like,  the  posterior  one  prolonged 


i  sessile,  forming  many-seeded  follicles.    Full 
i   :ii  I,    I .ii Ills  are  very  common  in  a  number  of  the  spe- 
n  pare  Figs.  685,  686). 
1 '    :,  i    nmras  thrive  in  any  good  garden  soil,  but  are 

iiiih!  .  I  li\'  a  deep,  rich,  sandv  loam,  exposed  to  the  sun. 
!>.,  |.    ,  I.  i.,n:n I     ;h.     -oifi.    verv    important.     The 

aiinn..  -,-■    j. "'..'.  ■■■■!■:-.-.■. 1,  \>  liirii  ar.'  very  slow 

ill^.!"..'  ,.;..,'.'  ~'  ■  .|M  P..  .,,M  II  III  111.,  falltopro- 
diire  ihiM  I- .  ail;,  11m  iM  \i  ~.  a~oii.  The  ]  ren  ii  iiials  may  be 
prop. :  ( 1 1  Hy  root  division  in  the  fall  or  spring.  (2)  By 
cuttings,  about  whicli  J.  B.  Keller  says:  "Take  a  few  cut- 
tings from  each  plant  in  early  spring,  when  growth  is 
about  3  or  4  inches  long,  or  else  use  the  second  growth, 
which  has  come  after  the  flower-stems  have  been  re- 
moved. Cuttings  root  readily  in  a  shaded  frame,  no 
bottom  heat  being  required,  but  an  occasional  sprinkling 
during  dry  and  hot  weather  is  necessary.   When  rooted 


DELPHINIUM 

they  are  treated  like  seedlings."  (3)  By  seeds,  started 
in  the  greenhouse  or  hotbed  in  March  or  even  earlier. 
The  young  seedlings  should  be  given  plenty  of  room  by 
transplanting  as  they  grow,  and  may  be  set  in  the  open 
garden  by  June.  If  started  thus  early  they  flower  the 
first  autumn,  but  the  seed  may  be  planted  in  late  spring 
or  summer,  care  being  taken  to  wal.  r  will  cluiin^'  iliv 
weather,  and  flowers  will  come  tht-  lu-xt  suiiiiim  f.  '\\>  isri 
the  best  results,  the  perennials  slinuhl  \<r  ti  an^iihintr.! 
every  2  or  3  years.  Two  good  crcp^  d  l.l..ss,,nis  iiuiy 
be  secured  in  one  season  by  cutting  away  Ihc  lluwcr- 
stems  of  the  first  crop  as  soon  as  the  flowers  have 
faded,  of  course  no  seeds  will  be  produced  in  this  waj 
The  Delphiniums  are  much  grown  in  the  open  garden 
and  border,  and  are  of  great  value  for  cut  flower  pur 
poses  Pour  species  are  of  much  greater  popularity  than 
the  others  the  annual,  D  Ajacis,  and  the  perennials, 
D.  grandiflorum,  D  hybridum  &ai  D .  foi  mo^nm  Tht 
last  three  have  been  especially  prolific  in  named  a  a 
rieties 

Rocket  and  Candelabrum  are  names  used  to  designate 
the  forms  of  inflorescence  m  the  two  annual  species  The 
"Rocket"  or  spike  like  form  is  more  commonly  found  in 
the  Ajacis  txpp  ind  the  '(  indflibnim  "with  a  number 
of  short  s|  il  I  Ilk.  h  Ills  t  iliU  n  iit  In  i-rlits,  is  tound 
more  otti  II  n  (  i  hli  -  \  in  \  \ii  itti  mjit  to  dis- 
tinguish 1  l\  II  tl  \iii  1  I)  1|  1  II  I  mis  Bot  Gaz 
12  49-54  iss  1  Until  M  ii  ^i  i|  Im  ,li  i  (,attung 
Delphinium   m  Eii„'   But    1  Uub   Jl)    i2_'-4'lM   1805 

Alphabetical  list  of  species  described  below  A^acis, 
1;  alpinum,U,,  altissimum,  U,  uzuieum,l&,  bicolor,  7, 
Biciku,  17,  Brunonianum,  8  ,  cardinale,  4  ,  Carolinia 
num,  18,  Cashmerianum,  10,  cheilanthum,  24,  Chinense, 
17;  ColumbiaHHm,22;  Consolida,2;  decorum, 9;  elatum, 
16;  exaltatum,15;  formosiim,25;  grandiflorum,  17;  hybri- 
dum,27;  Maackianum,26;  Menziesii,12;  mesoleucum,19; 
nudicaule,  3;  Nuttallii,  22;  occ.identale,  23;  pauciflorum, 
13;  Prsewalskianum,  5  ;  Przewalskii,  5;  pyramidale, 
16;  scopulorum, 23 ;  simplex,  21  ;  Stnense,  17;  sulphu- 
renm,  6  ;  tricome,  II  ;  troUiifolium,  20  ;  virescens,  18; 
Zalil,  6. 

A.   Annuals:  petals  only  S,  united :  follicle  1. 

1.  Ajicis,  Linn.  Fig.  687.  An  erect  annual,  about 
18  in.  high,  with  a  few  spreading  branches :  Ivs.  of  stem 
sessile,  deeply  cut  into  fine,  linear  segments;  root-lvs. 
similar,  but  short-petioleil :  ris.  sln.wy,  liliu-  i.r  violet, 
varyingto  white, morenuiiiiri.iistlKiii  iii  />.  i '.oisuli, In.  in 
a  spicate  raceme;  petals  l',  unitiil;  cilyN  s|iin-  about 
equaling  the  rest  of  the  Howi-r:  t'l.ilirlr  I'mly  1.  pubes- 
cent; seeds  with  wrinkled,  broken  ridges.  '  May-Aug. 
Eu.   R.H.  1893,  p.  228.    Same  figure  in  S.H.  2: 282. 

2.  Caiis61ida,  Linn.  An  erect,  hairy  annual,  1-lK  ft. 
high:  Ivs.  similar  to  D.  Ajacis.-  fls.  few,  loosely  panicled, 
pedicels  sliortcr  tlian  the  1. raits,  l.liir  i.r  violet  or  white; 
petals  2.  uiiitr.l:  i\,nirl,.  1,  ulal.r^ii- ;  s,.,.,N  with  broken, 
transversi- liil-i  s.  .Imii -An::.  I'.ii,  I'.axtir  Brit.  Bot.  4, 
t.297.  K.U.  l.s'.i:i.  p.  -s  ,  var.  ..,  ,i.)/»m  ( •,!  lulehlbriim). 
Var.  imperialis,  llort.  [1).  imperial^  fl. pi.,  Uort.).  Fls. 
double.    From  the  English  gardens. 

AA.   Perennials :  petals  4:  follicles  S-S. 
B.    Sepiils  red. 

3.  nudioaMe,  Torr.  .»c  Uiay.  St.ni  1-1',  ft.  lii-li.  gla- 
brous, branched,  frw-lvil.:  ivx.  riillirr  Mirniliiit .  l-:i"in. 
across,  lobed  to  th.-  iiiiil.lli-  ut  tarilin-  :;-7  tiims.  the 
secondary  lobes  nnniiliil  ami  i.ftiii  iinn'riiiiati-;  pi-tioles 
3-5  in.  long,  dilated  at  the  base:  fls.  panicled;  sepals 
bright  orange-red,  obtuse,  scarcely  spreading,  shorter 
than  the  stout  spur;  petals  yellow,  nearly  as  long  as 
sepals:  follicles  3,  spreading  and  recurved,  soon  becom- 
ing glabrous;  seeds  thin-winged.  April-July.  Along 
mountain  streams,  northern  Calif.  B.M.  5819.  F.S. 
19:1949.    R.H.  1893,  p.  259.    A  good  perennial  in  the  E. 

4.  cardin&le,  Hook.  Stem  erect,  2-3K  ft.  high,  partly 
pubescent:  Ivs.  smooth,  fleshy,  deeply  5-parted, the  parts 
cut  into  long,  linear  lobes:  raceme  elongated,  many-fld. : 
fls.  bright  red,  with  petal  limbs  yellow:  follicles  gla- 
brous, usually  3;  seeds  smooth.  July,  Aug.  Calif.  B.M. 
4887.    Gt.208.    F.S.  11:1105.    R.B.  6:101.    Gn.  19:273. 

BB.    Sepals  clear  yellow  or  tipped  with  blue. 

5.  Przew4l8kii,  Huth.  [D.  Prsewatskidnum,  Hort.). 
Nearly  glabrous,  often  branched  at  base,  erect,  varying 


DELPHINIUM 


465 


much  in  height:   Ivs.  3-5  times  deeply  parted,  parts  di- 
vided  into   narrow,  obtuse   lobes:    fls.  clear  yellow,  or 
sometimes  tipped  with  blue;  spur  equaling  the  sepals: 
follicles  3,  densely  hairy.  July,  Aug.   Asia.   Int.  1892. 
^  6.  Zaiil,   Aitch.    &    Hems. 

,7",,,  {D-   sulphiireum,    Hort.     D. 

^-_-     -  '  hjbridum,   var.  sulphiireum, 

'•  Hort.).    Stem  nearly  simple, 

erect,  1-2  ft.  high,  rather  gla- 
brous, or  becoming  so:  Ivs. 
of  several  narrow,  linear 
lobes,  dark  green,  petioles  not 
dilating  at  the  base :  fls.  large, 
light  yellow,  in  long  racemes: 
follicles  3,  longitudinally  fur- 
rowed and  ribbed ;  seeds  with 
transverse,  fibrous  plates. 
June,  July.  Persia.  Int.  1892. 
B  M  7049.  Gn.  50:1094;  54, 
p  347  GC.  III.  20:247.  Seed- 
lings from  tubers  and  plants 
lie  down  as  if  dead;  but  they 
nake  a  second  growth  after 
,  short  period  of  rest. 


c     Reight  iH  ft.  or  less. 


~~  7  bicolor,  Nutt.  Erect, 
rather  stout,  %-l  ft.  high, 
from  fascicled  roots  :  Ivs. 
687.  Delphinium  Ajacis-The  small,  thick,  deeply  parted 
common  annual  Larkspur  a""!  divisions  cleft,  except 
perhaps  in  the  upper  Ivs.; 
segments  linear  and  obtusi :  raceme  rather  few  fid.,  the 
lower  peducls  ascending  1-2  in.:  spur  and  sepals  nearly 
equal,  J^  m  long  or  more,  blue;  upper  petals  pale  yel- 
lo\v  u.  white,  blue-vcincd  ,  lower  petals  blue:  follicles 
glabrous  or  becoming  so.  May-Aug.  Dry  woods,  Colo., 
west  and  north  to  Alaska. 

8.  Brunoniinum,  Royle.  Musk  Larkspur.  Stems 
erect,  M-l/^ft.  high:  plant  somewhat  pubescent:  upper 
Ivs.  3-parted,  lower  ones  reniforin,  5-parted  ;  segments 
deeply  cut,  musk-scented  :  fls.  large,  light  blue  with 
purple  margins,  center  black  ;  spur  very  short ;  sepals 
1  in.  long,  membranous  and  often  clinging  until  the 
fr.  is  mature:  follicles  3  or  4,  villose.  June,  July.  China. 
B.M.  5461.    R.B.  1863:34. 

9.  decorum,  Fischer  &  Mever.  Stem  slender  and 
weak,  %-l}4  ft.  high,  sninutli  or  m-arlv  si,  :  Ivs.  few, 
bright  green;  upper  i.ii'-  -iiiall.  :;  :.  i  Miiid  intn  narrow 
lobes;  lower  and  rail  i' III  I  I  :  i  i  rminout- 
line  and  deeply  3-.")  Jill           i      ,      ,  :.    inLTwidely: 

fls.  in   a  loose    raci-iiH  .  t^r    - \>  h  ii    i.:Mn<l-il:    sepals 

blue,  %  in.  long,  equaling  tin-  spurs:  upjier  petals  at 
least  tinged  with  yellow:  follicles  3,  thickish,  glabrous. 
Spring.    Calif.    Int.  1881.    B.R.  26:64. 

DD.    Petioles  hardly  dilating  at  the  base, 
B.    Upper  petals  never  yellow. 

10.  Cashmeriinum,  Royle.  Plant  pubescent,  not  very 
leafy:  stem,simple,erect,slender.l0-18in.high:  root-lvs. 
orbicular,  2-3  in.  in  diameter,  5-7-lobed,  coarsely,  acutely 
toothed  and  cut;  petiole  5-8  in.  long;  stem-lvs.  short- 
petioled,  3-5-lobed,  cut  like  the  radical  ones,  all  rather 
thick,  and  bright  green  :  inflorescence  corymbose,  the 
branches  rather  spreading:  fls.  2  in.  long,  deep  azure 
blue;  spur  broad,  obtuse,  inflated,  decurved,  little  over 
half  as  long  as  sepals;  upper  petals  almost  black,  2-lobed, 
lateral  ones  greenish:  follicles  3-5,  hairv.  July-Sept. 
Himalayas.  B.M.  6189.  Gt.  1105.  Gn.  18:261.  R.H. 
1893,  p.  259.    Hardy  in  Mass.,  and  choice. 

Var.  WAlkeri,  Hook.  Stem  very  short,  leafy,  many- 
fld. :  upper  Ivs.  less  lobed  or  almost  entire,  small,  long- 
petioled:  fls.  very  large,  light  blue  with  yellow  petals. 
Suited  to  rockwork.    B.M.  6830. 

EE.    Upper  petals  yellow  or  striped  with  yellow. 

11.  tricdme,  Michx.  Stem  succulent,  about  1  ft.  high : 
Ivs.   3-5-parted,  with   3-5-cleft    linear  lobes  ;    petioles 


46G 


DELPHINIUM 


smooth,  hardly  dilating  at  the  base  :  fls.  large,  blue, 
rarely  whifi^li :  upper  petals  sometimes  yellow,  with  blue 
V,  Mi~,  l,.,M  r  .  ri.s  white-bearded;  sepals  nearly  equaling 
Til  '       I   l.-s  3-4,  very  long,  becoming  glabrous, 

>i  ujiiitr;    seeds    smooth.     May.     Northern 

sr;ii'  -  1.  !■  '  .  I:;i06.— Very  beautiful  and  much  used. 
Best  for  riickwork.  The  foliage  dies  down  in  midsum- 
mer and  the  plant  appears  as  if  dead. 


simple,  slender, 
3-5-parted,  the  di 
ceolate  lobes;  pet 
simple,  conical  r; 
cent  outside,  m 
upper  petals  yellow 


ml'  ilrft  into  linear  or  lan- 
i  ii  iiiir  at  the  base:  tis.  in 
^  !  lui',  somewhat  pubes- 
I'lj  till-  spurs  in  length; 
u'lfs  ;i,  pubescent,  or  some- 
times glabrous ;  seeds  black,  winged  on  the  outer  angles. 
April-June.  On  hills,  Calif,  and  northward  to  Alaska. 
B.R.  U:  1192. 

13.  paucilldmm,  Nutt.  Roots  oblong  or  fusiform,  fas- 
ciculate-tuberous :  stems  slender,  nearly  glabrous,  K-1 
ft.  high  ;  Ivs.  small,  parted  into  narrow,  linear  lobes; 
petioles  not  dilating  at  base:  fls.  and  fr.  similar  to  those 
of  D.  Memiesii,  but  on  shorter  pedicels.  May,  June. 
Colo,  to  Wash,  and  Calif.    Int.  1892. 

cc.    Reight  usually  more  than  iK  ft. 

j>.    Seeds  wrinkled  or  smooth,  not  winged  nor  scaly. 

E.    Follicles  always  S. 

14.  altissimum,  Wallich.  Plant  shaggy-hairy  above: 
stem  tall  and  slender,  branched :  Ivs.  palmately  5-parted, 
the  divisions  3-lobed  and  toothed :  bracts  long-lanceolate : 
fls.  blue  or  purple,  in  long,  branching  racemes  ;  spur 
straight  or  slightly  incurved,  equaling  the  sepals;  petals 
2-lobed  :  follicles  3,  erect ;  seeds  not  winged  or  scaly. 
Aug.,  Sept.     Himalayas. 

15.  ezaltitom,  Alton.  Stem  stout,  2^  ft.  high, 
smoothish:  Ivs.  flat,  nearly  glabrous,  deeply  cleft  into 
3-7  wedge-shaped  lobes,  which  are  often  trifld;  petioles 
usually  not  dilated  at  the  base:  fls.  blue,  with  yellow  on 
the  upper  petals,  mf.ihnii  in  size,  on  long,  'crowded, 
erect,  pyrami.l.il  lar. m.  s  ;  sepals  nearly  equaling  the 
spur  in  li-iii,-tli  :  I'illi.l.^  :;.  pubescent  or  smooth;  seed 
coats  irrcL'ularlN  wiinkU-d.  June-Aug.  Borders  of 
■woods,  Ala.  tu  -Minn. 

16.  elitum,  Linn.  (/>.  alphitnn,  Waldst.  &  Kit. 
D.  pyramidale,  Royle).  Bee  Larkspur.  Glabrous, 
2-6  ft.  high  :  Ivs.  somewhat  pubescent,  5-7-parted, 
parts  rather  narrow,  cut-lobed  ;  upper  Ivs.  .'i-.'.-parted ; 
petioles  not  dilated  at  the  base:  ra. .  im-  uni,  1,  lik.-  I>. 
exaltatum  or  more  spike-like:  fls.  bin.  .  witli  il  nk  \  Mkt 
petals;  sepals  ovate,  glabrous,  ii.arh  .,|ualiii;.'  tin- 
spurs:  follicles  3;  sccils  traiisv.r-i  i  .  ..  Dnl.h.l.  m.t 
scaly.  June-Aug.  I'.- 1;.  _' ; :  I*". :  i,;  7,.,  a.  .r-.) 
F.S.12:1287.  (var.  i1  ;  I;  M  i-  i  ■  -  -  -  ;  .  _',-,8 
— A  polymorphou ^  a'  '  .  i  :  :  I  ,  It  is 
probable  that  all  it  iniui,  aii  ii-  i.;,,iii-  -..m  here 
under  this  name  .shipuid  he  caili-ci  J>.  ,  j-nit'itum,  which 
is  a  closely  allied  species. 

17.  ^andiadrum,  Linn.  (Z>.  S/ii^H-se,  Fischer).  Figs. 
685-6.  Stem  rather  slender,  2-3 ft.  high:  Ivs.  rather 
small,  many  times  partrd  intn  n.  arly  rtivthat.  narrow, 
linear  lobes:  fls.  larirc.  Mn-'.  \ai-\  inir  To  \\liiTr,  tin-  <pur 
and  lower  petals  often  \iMlet.  u|,|'.rr  |,rtal-  eftni  \elliiw; 
spurs  long  and  tai'er  |>Miiiteil:  i.ilh.lrs  ;;.  jiiil>e>cent; 
seeds  triangular,  coats  wriukkti.  not  .sialv.  JuIv.Aug. 
Siberia.  Int.  1880.  B.M.  168C.  Gn.  46:991  and" p.  484. 
Var.  41bum,  Hort.  Fls.  pure  white.  Var.  albo-pldno, 
Hort.  Fls.  double  and  pure  white.  Var.  flore-pl^no, 
Hort.  (var.  hybridum  fl.-ph,  Hort.).  Fls.  double,  blue, 
very  pretty.    R.H.  1893,  p.  259;  1895,  p.  379  (same). 

Var.  Chin^nse,  Fischer.  Stem  very  slender,  not  much 
branched:  Ivs.  and  fls.  like  the  type,  but  fls.  more  nu- 
merous. China.  L.B.C.  1:71.— A  favorite  garden  form. 
The  double  blue  form  has  been  known  as  D.  Brickii, 
Hort. 

EE.    Follicles  varying  from  S  to  6. 

18.  Caroliniamim,  Walt.  (D.  azureum,  Michx.  D. 
vir^scens,  iiutt.).  Plant  somewhat  pubescent :  stem  IK- 
2H  ft.  high,  not  much  branched :  Ivs.  3-5-parted,  the  di- 
visions 3-5-cleft  into  usually  linear  lobes:  racemes  spi- 
cate,  usually  many-fld. :  fls.  azure  blue,  but  varying  to 


DELPHINIUM 

whitish  or  white  ;  sepals  often  with  a  brownish  spot: 
follicles  3-5,  oblong,  erect;  seeds  transversely  wrinkled. 
July.  N.  C.  to  111.,  west  and  south.  P.M.  16:258.  Var. 
Alburn,  Hort.  (var.  dlbidum,  Hort.).  Stems  2-3  ft.  high: 
Ivs.  larger  than  the  type  and  with  broader  divisions: 
fls.  creamy  white. —  The  double  form  of  this  is  not  much 
used. 

Var.  vimineum,  Gray.  Stem  2-4  ft.  high,  sometimes 
branched,  broader-lvd.,  looser-fld.:  fls.  violet  or  white. 
Tex.    B.M.  .3593.    B.R.  23:1999  (as  X>.  azureum). 

19.  mesoleiicum,  Link.  Stem  3  ft.  high,  pubescent 
above:  Ivs.  3-5-parted,  the  segments  wedge-shaped  and 
deeply  serrated ;  petioles  somewhat  dilated  at  the  base : 
fls.  blue,  with  pale  yellow  or  whitish  petals  :  seeds  not 
seen.   June.    Nativity  not  known. 

DD.    Seed  u-inged. 
E.    L'pper  petals  never  yellow. 

20.  trolliifdlium,  Gray.  Stem  2-5  ft.,  leafy,  often  re- 
clining :  Ivs.  thinnish,  large,  often  reniform  at  base, 
.3-7-parted:  lobes  wedge-shaped,  incised  :  racemes  in 
larger  plants  1-2  ft.  long  and  very  loose:  fls.  blue,  with 
upper  petals  white :  spur  and  sepals  each  %  in.  long  : 
follicles  glabrous;  seeds  with  thin  wing  or  crown  at  the 
end.    Apr.    Moist  grounds,  Columbia  river.     Int.  1881. 

EE.    Upper  petals  often  yellow. 

21.  simplex,  Dougl.  Stem  nearly  simple,  2-3  ft.  high, 
soft  -  pubescent  throughout : 
Ivs.  many-parted,  into  linear 
divisions  and  lobes:  racemes 
dense,  little  branched :  fls. pale 
blue,  with  upper  petals  yellow, 
lower  petals  white -bearded  ; 
sepals  equaling  the  spur:  fol- 
licles 3,  pubescent ;  seeds 
dark,  with  margins  white- 
winged.  June.  Mountains  of 
Idaho  and  Oregon.   Int. 

22.  Niittallii,  Gray  (D.  Co- 
lumbiinum,    Greene).     Stem 
erect,  simple,  nearly  glabrous, 
leafy,  iy^-2%  ft.:    Ivs.  thin- 
nish, 3-5-parted,  parts  divided 
into  many  linear-oblong  lobes : 
racemes  long,  many-fld. :    se- 
pals deep  blue,  ovate, 
sparingly      pubescent, 
shorter  than  the  spur  ; 
petals   blue   or    upper 
ones  yellow,  lower  ones 
H bite- bearded  :       fol- 
licles 3,  pubescent, 
rather     erect ;      seeds 
thin,    dark,  with    yel- 
low wings.     Summer. 
Low,  open  woods,  Co- 
lumbia river.  Int.  1892. 

23.  scopulorum.Gray. 
Stem  2-5  ft.,  glabrous, 
at  least  below  :  Ivs.  5- 
7 -parted,  the  upper 
ones  the  more  nar- 
rowly cleft ;  petioles 
dilating  at  the  base  : 
racemes  simple,  dense- 
ly many-fld. :  fls.  blue 
or  purple,  rarely  white,  ^^§^ 
upper  petals  often  yel-  ^^^^ 
low  ;  spur  K  in.  long 
equaling  the  sepals 
follicles  3,  pubescent; 
seeds  large  -  winged. 
Aug.,  Sept.  Moist 
grotmd,  west  of  Rock- 
ies.—A    polymorphous 

Var.  Bubalplnum, 
Gray    (D.  occidentdle, 
Wats.).       A  smaller 
plant,   pubescent    above 
shorter  racemes,  larger 
licles  glabrous,   Wasatch  mountains. 


# 


DELPHINIUM 


Fischer.  Stem 
branched,  2-3  ft.:  Ivs.  e-lii))r..n-^  r.r  ■ 
5-parted,  the  lol.e^  |i.iiiitr.l.  siil.tri 
toothed:  fls.  dark  Mm-,  iln'  u|i|i.r  \;t 
yellow,  the  lower  imm>~  iiiili\iii.  '" 
rather  long,  straight  ..r  <..iii.uliat  ci 
either    glabrous    or    jmbescent ; 


.   <ii  :ii,  .    fiitire  ;    spur 
It  .uiv,-,!  :    follicles  3, 
seeds   3-comered,   3- 
winged,  not  scaly.    June,  July.    Siberia.    B.B.  6:473. 
Gt.  13:253.    P.M.  16:258  i&s  D/mngnificum). 
DDD.    Seeds  scaly. 

25.  formdsum,  Boiss.  &  Hult.  Fig.  688.  Stem  strong, 
2-3  ft.,  hairy  below,  rather  glabrous  above  :  lower  Ivs. 
5-7-parted,  long-petioled ;  upper  ones  3-5-parted,  short- 
petioled  or  sessile,  all  alternate:  racemes  many -fid.: 
fls.  blue,  with  indigo  margins;  spur  long,  violet,  bifid  at 
the  tip:  follicles  3,  pubescent ;  seeds  scaly.  June,  July. 
Asia  Minor  perhaps,  but  its  origin  is  disputed.  P.S. 
12:1185.  Vick's  Mag.  2305.  B.H.  1859,  p.  528. -The  most 
permanent  form  for  naturalizing. 

26.  Maackiinum,  Kegel.  Erect,  3  ft.  high,  pubescent 
or  glaltroas,  branched  above  :  Ivs.  pubescent  on  both 
sides,  base  often  truncate  or  reniform,  3-5-parted,  the 
parts  serrate;  petioles  dilated  at  the  base:  peduncles 
yellow-hairy,  with  the  bracts  often  inserted  above  the 
base:  fls.  in  loose  panicles,  sepals  blue,  ii  as  long  as  the 
spurs;  petals  dark  violet :  follicles  often  glabrous,  %  in. 
long;  seeds  small,  distinctly  scaly. 

July.    Siberia.    Gt.  344. 

27.  hybridum,  Steph.  Stem  3-t 
ft.,  pubescent  above  :  root  some- 
what bulbous  :  Ivs.  S-niany- 
parted  ;  lobes  linear  ;  petioles  di- 
lated and  sheathing  at  the  l.ase  : 
racemes  dense:  fls. blue, lower  limbs 
white-bearded;  spur  straiirlit, 
longer  than  the  sepals:  foUiibs  3, 
hairy;  seeds  ovate,  with  transverse 
scales.  June-Aug.  Mountains  of 
Asia.  R.H.  1893,  p.  258  ;  same  out 
in  S.H.  2: 282. -There  are  many 
double  and  semi-double  vars.  of 
this  type. 

Var.  Birlowi,  Paxt.  Very  large, 
semi-double  fls.,  deep  blue,  with 
brownish  center.  A  supposed  hy- 
brid with  B.  grandiflorum.  B.  R. 
23:1944.    Int.  1892. 


DEMAZfiEIA  [Df^mazrnu). 
Graminete.  Annuals  or  peren- 
nials, with  narrow,  involute  leaf- 
blades  :  spikelets  peculiarly  dis- 
tichous on  two  sides  of  a  3-sided 
rachis,  many-fld.,  sessile,  or  some 
of  the  lower  spikelets  pedicellate. 
Four    species    knowTi.     Mediterra-  ^X  J^.J 

nean  and  S.  African. 

sioula,  Dum.  {BHzopi)rum  Slculum,  Link.).  Spike 
Grass.  Fig.  689.  A  smooth,  erect  annual,  8  in.  to  1  ft. 
high:  Ivs.  few:  panicle  spike-like,  2-3  in.  long  ;  spike- 
lets ovate  to  linear,  8-20-fld.  Mediterranean. -Fre- 
quently used  for  edging.  p_  g.  Kennedy. 

DEMEEARA  ALMOND.    Consult  TerminaUa. 

DENDROBIUM  {Ine  and  life:  they  are  epiphytes). 
Orchid  (I'  in  .trilie  A' pi, I. 'nd  rem.  A  genus  containing  many 
species  i.f  i;ieat  li.irticultural  merit.     Flowers  racemose, 

fasciculat -    SMlitary  :    perianth    usually    spreading; 

labelluni  aiti.ulate  ..r  .-.mnate  with  the  base  of  the 
column:  ei.luinii  vle.ir.  semiterete;  base  produced  con- 
spicuousl\  ;  jM.lliiija  i :  stems  cane-like,  in  some  species 
deciduous,  si.  that  diniiiir  the  resting  season  the  plants 
appear  like  a  group  ot  dried  sticks.  The  species  (more 
than  300)  are  distributed  through  the  tropical  countries 
of  the  eastern  hemisphere.  Australia,  Japan,  China, 
India  and  the  Philippine  Islands  furnishing  a  large 


DENDROBIUM  467 

number.  They  are  particularly  abundant  in  parts  of 
India.  No  species  are  known  in  Africa.  The  term 
pseudobulbs  has  been  used  throughout  this  article  for 
the  sake  of  uniformity,  but  these  members  are  very 
variable  in  the  genus,  ranging  from  very  large  (several 
feet  long)  to  very  small  and  thin.  The  flowers  are  of 
many  sizes,  forms  and  colors.  Some  of  the  species  re- 
semble Epidendrums,  Cattleyas,  and  other  genera. 
Oakes  Ames. 

The  growing  of  most  of  the  commercial  Dendrobiums 
can  generally  be  understood  and  accomplished  in  observ- 
ing three  steps:  (1)  The  season  of  rain,  that  produces 
the  abundance  of  growth.  (2)  The  season  of  colder 
temperature,  to  ripen  the  wood.  (3)  The  dry  season,  pro- 
ducing the  flowers. 

In  the  seleeti.m  of  varieties,  tliere  are  very  few  that 
will  not  res]H.iHl  h>  the  treatment  suggested  by  this 
sclienie.  7>.  th i  ii:-:,fl<'>-niii ,  fi nihri>itmn,  chrysotoxumj 
Fiun:.  ,  ".  :ei.;  ,11  \  a  liet  les  ..f  t  his  group,  respond  most 
geie  '  ,  '  •  -I  inainaait  in  tli.^  warm  glasshouse. 
Tit.  I  ■  -  !■:    '  —  I -e  li-aut  iliil  in  tlie  orchid  family. 

'I'll-     i..|.,,,..l   IS   e,|inii   parts  of  clean  peat  and 

mos.-.     lix  Uie  i.lani;.  very  iiianl\-   in    jiots  or   baskets. 

While  growing,  au  titiutelan' t  watei-mnst   l»e  given, 

with  syringing  on  all  lite  .la\-.  \\  in  n  tlie  growth  is 
well  made  and  develojM  .1.  tie  n  e.ne  ^  lie  ^ra^on  of  rest, 
and  water  can  be  withheM  gra.liiail\.  nut  11  tinally  none 
is  given,  ('ommereiallv  spetiking.  I  iiinlrol.imiis  can  be 
flowered  in  any  ordinary  glasshouse,  tiinl  with  only 
partial  sha.le.    Another  nn-tliod  is  to  give  more  shiide  at 

The  propagation  of  these  species  is  by  division  of 
the  growths,  either  in  the  resting  season  or  the  starting 
of  the  growing  season.  Pruning  is  not  to  be  practiced, 
as,  being  of  slow  growth,  they  require  the  leaves  for  the 
furnishing  of  the  plant.  Shading  should  be  adopted. 
With  all  Dendrobiums,  care  should  be  taken  not  to  over- 
pot.  Grow  in  small  pots  or  baskets,  so  as  to  confine  the 
roots.     D.  Dearei  may  be   grovvm  continuously,  with- 


The  comm 
Phalcenopsis, 
laying  the  ste 
by  means  of  i 
practiced  exi 
growth  the  s 


■    conservatory    Dendrobiums,    as    D. 
Aiiisworthii,  etc.,  are   propagated  by 

Hat  on  baskets,  attaching  them  firmly 
Pruning  of  these  varieties  was  once 

ively,  but  when  there  is  plenty  of 
and  flowers  can  be  cut  at  the  same 
time;  this  adds  more  beauty  to  the  flower.  D.  nobile 
and  I).  JVardiciiHin  are  easy  to  grow,  only  care  should 
be  taken  not  to  be  too  severe  on  all  classes  of  this  sec- 
tion, after  the  growth  is  made,  until  midwinter.  They 
bloom  best  when  the  late  autumn  sun  partially  ripens 
the  stems.     See  Orchids.  COLDJ  Ogston. 

Index;  aggregatum,  14;  Ainsworthii,  43;  albiflorum, 
10;  albo-sanguineum,  48;  amoenum,  58;  anosmum,  68; 
Aphrodite,  63;  aqueum,  53;  aureo-flavum,  10;  aiireum, 
,50;  Balleanum,  43;  Barberiamim,  60;  bnrhnliihim.  19; 
Bensoniie,  67;  bicameratum .  1 '2 :  I'tLnhlmm. '_'"_':  }-t'.\alIii, 

61;    Bryraerianum,  16;    Cab Iiiae     '.":    (',/.,;..      iii; 

capillipes,  41;  cariniferum,  '■'<-.  ,       :■         i     '      /  v- 

sofi,5, 27;  chrysotoxum,17:  cla- :     ,       -  :     I  in. 

43;  crassinode,  60;  crepidiifnni,  '  ,,  .,;,,'  tie 
entum,33;  crumenatntti.  t; ;  e.i  ,        m. 

65 ;  Dalhousianuni  .:.]:'>  !  -      I  t    .  ■  i 

florum,  8;    Devouitiittt:  '      I ;-. 

37;  erythroxanthtiiit.  :  :  I  'i  '  :  '  '  I  ■  'utit.  In; 
Findleyanum,  40;  tint!          :i  ,,;,.;   i-ree- 

inanii,  69;  fuscatuni.  J'  I  I  e  eitsouii,  28; 
giganteum,  02,68, 71 :  ■'  i  ;  .  :  ;  .  .  <  .  tilithianum, 
9;  heterocarpum,  4!i:  li  ■    ■!■    e   ..  l  t:  I  i .eniiii,  27;  in- 


Palpebrse,  5 ;  Parish  1  i .  le   /'  '.      I         .    '         t-. 

23;  Pierardi,  73;  piiti    ,    i     i  ,     i  i,.,- 

dopterygliim,  49;  Rneix.at.  .M  :  -  aKt  ttttiLif.  :;- :  .--.hio^- 
derianumj23;  Schroederi,  fs;  seeuntiuni,  1 ;  suavissmuini, 
17;  sulcatum,  11;  .superbiens,  21;  superbum,  68;  thyrsi- 
florum,7;  tortile,  47;  transparens,  71;  ['eifcftianjim,  Ifij 
Wardianum,  59. 


468  DENDROBIUM 

A.    Inflorescence  racemose  (fl.  usnallij  solitary  hi  Jeti- 

B.    Racemes  densely  flowered. 
c.    Petals  pinkish  or  purplish. 

1.  secundum,  Wall.  Pseudobulbs  terete,  nearly  2  ft. 
long:  Ivs.  ovate-oblong:  fls.  all  on  one  side  of  peduncle, 
crowded;  petals  smaller  than  sepals,  rose-mauve;  la- 
bellum  paler,  with  an  apical  blotch  of  orange.    Sumatra. 

2.  cumulitum,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  tufted,  slender, 
erect,  about  18  in.  long:  Ivs.  oblong:  fls.  1  in.  across, 
purplish,  suffused  with  white;  inflorescence  globose. 
Burma. 

cc.    Petals  white. 

3.  D^arei,  Reichb.  f.  Fig.  690.  Pseudobulbs  tall:  Ivs. 
about  2  in.  long,  oval-oblong  :  fls.  about  2  in.  across, 
white;  sepals  lanceolate;  petals  nearly  orbicular;  label- 
lum  oblong,  with  a  pale,  yellowish  green  blotch  in  the 
throat.   Philippine  Isls.    Gn.  54,  p.  237.    G.C.  III.  2-1:193. 

4.  leucolophdtum,  Reichb.  f .  Pseudobulbs  stout,  erect : 
racemes  many-fld. :  fls.  white,  lateral  lobes  of  labellum 
greenish;  midlobe  narrowly  oblong.   Malay  archipelago. 

5.  F&Ipebree,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  clavate,  4-angled: 
Ivs.  oblonK- lanceolate  :  raceme  loosely  fld. :  fls.  white, 
with  a  yellowish  disk  near  the  base  of  the  labellum. 
Burma. 

6.  crumenitum,  Swartz.  Pseudobulbs  erect:  Ivs.  ovate- 
oblong:  raceme  terminal,  many-fld.:  sepals  and  petals 
ovate;  labellum  white.   Malay  archipelago. 

7.  thyrsifldrum,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  terete, 
jointed:  Ivs.  oblong:  racemes  pendulous,  ample:  sepals 
and  petals  white  ;  labellum  yellow,  downy-pubescent. 
Burma.  B.M.  5780.  I.  H.  22:207.  Gn.  .50,  p.  28.  A.F. 
3:155.  P.E.  9:329.  J.H.  III.  31:229.  G.C.  II.  15:46:i.- 
Much  like  the  next,  and  by  some  united  with  it. 


<  "1 


\    J      . 


VJn„y^ 


ccc.  Petals  yellow. 
8.  densiSlbnun,  Wall.  Pseudobulbs  jointed,  about  15 
in.  high:  Ivs.  oblong  :  racemes  pendulous,  ample:  fls. 
l!^-2  in.  across  ;  sepals  and  petals  yellow  ;  labellum 
orange-yellow,  downy-pubescent.  Nepal.  B.M.  3418. 
G.C.  II.  17:7.37;  HI.  14:123  and  24:185. 


DENDROBIUM 

Var.  Schr<ideri,  Hort.  (var.  album,  Hort.),  haswhitish 
sepals  and  petals.    A.G.  20:5. 

9.  Griff ithitaum,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  clavate  :  Ivs. 
lanceolate-oblong  :  fls.  in  drooping,  flexuose  racemes  ; 
petals  ciliate,  yellow.    Burma. 

10.  Fdrmerii,  Past.  Pseudobulbs  round,  attenuate  at 
base,  thickening  above  :  Ivs.  oblong  :  racemes  ample, 
pendulous:  fls.  2  in.  across,  tinged  with  pink;  throat  of 
labellum  orange-yellow  ;  sepals  oblong  ;  petals  oval. 
Khasia  Hills.  B.M.  4659. -Var.  albifldrum,  Hort.  (var. 
album  of  catalogues),  lias  white  fls.,  the  labellum 
marked  with  yellow.  F.S.  23:2461.  Var.  ailreo-fl4vum, 
Hort.  {at'irea  of  catalogues  1).  Fls.  golden  yellow;  disk 
of  labellum  deeper  yellow. 

11.  Bulcjltum,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  clavate,  com- 
pressed: Ivs.  ovate-oblong:  racemes  10  or  more  fld. :  fls. 
yellow,  crowded.    Khasia  Hills.    B.M.69C2. 

12.  bicameratum,  Lindl.  {D.  brevifldrum  of  cata- 
logues). Pseudobulbs  fusiform  or  clavate,  about  18  in. 
long:  Ivs.  elliptic,  oblong:  fls.  yellow,  marked  with  red, 
clustered  on  a  short  rachis,  forming  a  capitate  raceme. 
Sikkim. 

13.  erythroxAnthum,  Reichb.  f.  Fls.  in  dense  racemes, 
yellowish  striped  with  crimson-purple.    Philippine  Isls. 

BB.   Racemes  loosely  flowered. 
c.    Pseudobulbs  one-leaved. 

14.  aggregatum,  Roxb.  Lvs.  oblong,  coriaceous,  at  the 
summits  of  ovate  pseudobulbs:  fls.  yellow,  numerous,  in 
lateral  drooping  racemes;  sepals  ovate;  petals  broadly 
ovate;  labellum  broader  than  long,  with  orange  throat; 
disk  pubescent.  Burma.  B.M.  3643. -Var.  mMuB, 
Hort..  is  a  larger-fld.  form. 

15.  J6nldnsii,  Wall.  Pseudobulbs  short,  compressed: 
lvs  oblong,  coriaceous:  fls.  orauge-yellow,  solitary ;  se- 
pals o\  al ,  pttalsbroadly  ovate.  Assam.  B.R.  25:37.- 
\  ery  like  1>  mjijtejatum. 

(r      P',(Hdobiilbs  leafy  at  summit. 

D.  Flowers  yellow. 
t  Labellum  pectinately  fringed. 
Ih  BrymenAnum,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  jointed, 
blender,  about  2M  ft.  high,  sometimes  much  shorter: 
lvs  several,  lam colate:  fls.  fleshy,  golden  yellow;  upper 
sepal  oblong,  petals  and  lateral  sepals  very  similar;  la- 
bdlum  ri. flexed  at  apex,  disk  downy;  margin  provided 
\Mth  a  conspu  uously  long  and  pectinate  fringe.  Burma. 
H  M  (.381      A  F  0:609.    G.C.  II.  11:  475;  16:689. 

F I  Lain  Hum  not  pectinately  fringed. 
17  chrysotdxum,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  clavate  :  lvs. 
st\eral,  4in  long,  coriaceous:  racemes  arching,  many- 
fld  petals  and  sepals  about  equal,  golden  yellow  ;  la- 
btllum  of  similar  color,  deeper  in  the  throat.  Burma. 
HM  505!  G  F  5:533.  Gn.  48,  p.  239.- Var.  suavissi- 
mum,  Hurt  P-,eudobulbs  stout  :  fls.  delightfully  fra- 
1  lilt,  1  ibellum  with  blotch  deeper-colored  than  in  the 


Di).  Floicers  greenish. 
\>  macrophyllum,  Rich.  (D.  Veitchianum,  Lindl.). 
IScudobulbs  tla\ ate,  compressed:  lvs. oblong:  racemes 
man\  fld  tU  large;  sepals  greenish,  hairy  behind; 
petils  whitish,  lateral  lobes  of  labellum  greenish, 
shadtd  with  purple;  midlobe  greenish,  with  purple- 
dotted  line-.  I  II  35:57.  — Sold  as  D.  Veitchianum,  liot 
n  maciophyllum  of  gardens  (see  B.  superbum).  Java. 
Dayinmn,  Hort.,  is  said  to  be  a  better  form  than  the 
type. 

ceo.   Pseudobulbs  more  or  less  leafy  to  base. 
D.    Flowers  white. 

19.  Fytchi^num,  Batem.  (Z>.  barbdtidum,  Hort.). 
Pseudobulbs  slender:  lvs.  oblong -lanceolate,  acute: 
racemes  10-15-fld. :  fls.  white;  lateral  lobes  of  the  label- 
lum tinted  with  purple.    Burma.    B.M.  5444. 

20.  Macfdrlanei,  Reichb.  f.  Fls.  several  inches  across, 
white;  labellum  marked  with  purple,  3-lobed;  sepals 
lanceolate;  petals  narrowly  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate. 
New  Guinea. 


DENDROBIUM 

DD.    Floivrs  purple. 

21.  Bup6rbieii3,  Eeichb.  f .  Pseudobulbs  cylindric:  Ivs. 
linear-oblong:  racemes  remotely  fld. :  fls.  rich  mageuta- 
purple;  sepals  and  petals  undulate-margined;  labellura 
similar  in  color,  3-lobed,  lateral  lobes  incurved;  disk 
with  raised  white  lamella?.    North  Queensland. 

22.  bigibbum,  Lindl.     Pseudobulbs  elongated,  erect, 

1  ft.  or  more  high :  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate :  racemes  sub- 
erect:  fls.  magenta-purple;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate; 
petals  spreading,  reflexed ;  labellum  3-lobed,  lateral  lobes 
incurved,  deeper  colored  than  the  petals,  with  a  white 
crest.    Torres  Straits.    B.M.  4898.    I.H.30:47G. 

23.  Phalaen6pais, Fitzg.  Pspudobull.s  tall,  terete:  Ivs. 
lanceolate:  fls.  on  slender  j..  air,  I-,  |i:il.- mauve;  sepals 
lanceolate,  spreading,  pal.r  ih^m  ilir  jutMls;  petals 
orbicular,  spreading;  lab.lluiu  :;  lo!,,  ,1.  lateral  lobes 
incurved.  Australia.  B.M.CslT.  A,i  i .  LIU  ;  :..  G.F.5:440. 
A.P.  13:1224.  For  var.  Schroederlinum,  see  G.  C.  III. 
10:642-3;  15:339.  R.B. 23:85.  A.P.10:401.  For  var. 
hololeiica,  see  G.C.  III.  18:  397.  J.H.  III.  31: 149.-One  of 
the  most  useful  Dendrobiums  for  cut-flower  purposes. 
There  are  many  fine  varieties,  pale  in  color  or  even 
white. 

DDD.    Flowers  yellow. 
E.    Labellum  not  slipper-like. 

24.  clav4tum,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  cylindric,  20  or 
more  in.  long:  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate:  racemes  few-fld. : 
fls.  orange-yellow  ;  labellum  brighter  yellow,  with  a 
maroon  blotch,  denticulate  on  the  margin.  Nepal. 
B.M.  6993. 

25.  fimbritltum,  Hook.  Pseudobulbs  2  or  more  ft.  high, 
slender:  Ivs.  lanceolate,  dark  green:  racemes  lax,  pen-^ 
dulous:  sepals  and  petals  orange-yellow,  ciliate;  label- 
lura yellow,  with  an  orange-yellow  throat,  margin  irregu- 
larly fringed.  Nepal.  G.C. 1X1.25:305.  Var.  ocul4tum, 
Hort.  (D.  Pilxtfini,  Paxt.).  lias  smaller  fls.,  with  a  deeper 
colored  blotch  on  the  labellum.  B.M. 4160.  G.C. III. 14:97. 

26.  fuscitum,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  cylindric  or  nearly 
so:  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate:  racemes  with  a  zigzag  rachis, 
drooping:  fls.  yellow,  with  2  maroon  spots  on  the  label- 
lum.   Sikkim,  Himalayas. 

27.  Hookeriinum,  Lindl.  {D.  Chrysdtis.  Reichb.  f.). 
Pseudobulbs  .slender,  swollen  atthebase:  Ivs. lanceolate 
to  oblong:  fls.  large,  in  pendulous  racemes,  golden  yel- 
low ;  labellum  with  2  deep  maroon  blotches,  margin 
fringed.     Sikkim.   B.M.  6013.    J.H.  III.  33:  221. 

28.  Gibsonii,  Paxt.  Lvs.  lanceolate:  racemes  from  the 
upper  nodes  of  the  stems:  fls.  5  or  more,  yellow,  with 
maroon  spots  on  the  labellum.    Khasia  Hills. 

29.  dixAnthum,  Reichb.  f.    Pseudobulbs  clavate,  about 

2  ft.  long:  lvs.  linear-lanceolate:  fls.  yellow,  in  racemes 
from  the  upper  part  of  the  stems.    Burma. 

EE.    Labellum  slipper-like. 

30.  moschitum.  Wall.  Pseudobulbs  several  ft.  high, 
leafy  from  the  base :  lvs.  oblong-linear,  striate:  fl.-stem 
radical,  longer  than  the  pseudobulbs:  racemes  pendu- 
lous: fls.  2-4  in.  across;  sepals  and  petals  about  equal, 
oblong,  orange-yellow;  labellum  inflated,  colored  like 
the  petals,  with  crimson  markings  at  the  base.  Burma. 
B.M.  3837.  Var.  Calceolaria,  Hort.  (D.  Calceolu.<:,  Hort.). 
Fls.  smaller,  orange-yellow. 

31.  Dalhousiinum,  Wall.  Pseudobulbs  elongated,  rod- 
like,  spotted  with  purple  when  young:  lvs.  clasping, 
narrowly  ovate  :  racemes  pendulous,  lax  :  fls.  large  ; 
sepals  spreading,  yellow,  tinted  with  rose;  labellum  con- 
cave, orbicular,  blotched  at  base  with  maroon-purple. 
Burma.  B.R.  32:10.  I.H.  28:  423.  Gn.  48:1032,  p.  223. 
G.C.  in.  21: 157. 

AA.   Inflorescence  not  racemose. 

H.    P.iiiitlobulbs  black-hairy. 

c.    L'dves  deciduous. 

32.  cariniferum,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  subcylindric, 
6-9  in.  long:  ivs.  narrowly  oblong:  fls.  IHin.  across,  soli- 
tary or  in  2's  or  3's.  near  ajiex  of  stem;  sepals  lanceo- 
late, acute,  strongly  keeled  at  back,  pale  fawn-yellow, 
fading  to  ivory  white;  petals  ovate,  white;  labellum 
3-lob6d,  spurred  at  base,  side  lobes  triangular,  reddish 


DENDHOBILTM 


4G9 

orange,  midlobe  spreading,  undulate,  tufted,  with  long 
woolly  liairs  along  the  veins  on  the  upper  surface,  red- 
dish orange  at  base,  usually  white  at  apex.  Burma. 
B.M.  6715  (var.  Wattii). 

33.  cru6ntum,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  erect,  terete, 
1  ft.  long,  swollen  at  base:  Ivs.  elliptic-oblong,  decidu- 
ous: fls.  solitary  or  in  pairs,  lJ^-2  in.  across;  sepals  tri- 
angular-ovate, keeled  at  back,  pale  green,  longitudinally 
veined  with  darker  green;  petals  linear-acute,  colored 
like  the  sepals;  labellum  3-lobed,  lateral  lobes  oblong, 
erect,  crimson-scarlet,  midlobe  ovate,  apiculate,  pale 
green,  with  red  border,  and  a  large  warty  crest,  below 
which  are  5  raised  red  lines,  the  2  outermost  being  most 
developed.    Malay  Isl.   G.C.  III.  18:  91. 

34.  longicbmu,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  slender,  8-12  in. 
high:  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  2-2's  in.  long:  fls.  solitary 
or  in  2's  or  3's,  not  fully  expanding;  sepals  and  petals 
sub-equal,  elliptic-oblong,  transparent  white;  labellum 
funnel-shaped,  anterior  portion  fimbriate,  white,  with  a 
broad  raised  orange-red  central  band,  with  divergent 
lateral  streaks  of  same  color;  spur  slender.    Burma. 

CC.    Xr.v.  not  ,leri,Juou.s. 

35.  fonndsum,  lioxb.  I'scudubulbs  stout,  erect:  lvs. 
ovate-oblong:  peilunoU-  from  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
3-5-fld.:  fls.  3-4  in.  across,  white;  sepals  oblong-lanceo- 
late, apiculate;  petals  nearly  orbicular;  labellum  large, 
the  small  basal  lobes  clasping  the  column,  throat  with  a 
yellow  band,  which  expands  in  a  large  yellow  blotch 
near  the  distal  end.  Khasia  Hills.  B.R.  25:  64.  Var. 
gigantdum,  Hort.  Fls.  measure  4-5  in.  across.  G.C.  III. 
24:471.    Gng.  1:118-9.    F.E.  10:1240. 

36.  infundibulum,  Lindl.  Fls.  white;  sepals  spread- 
ing, elliptic-oblong;  petals  broad;  labellum  large,  with 
an  orange-yellow  blotch  in  the  throat;  basal  lobes  infold- 
ing the  column.  Burma.  B.M.  .5440.  I.H.  21:  172.  Var. 
Jamesiinum,  Hort.  Pseudobulbs  stouter  and  more  rigid : 
labellum  of  flower  differently  formed,  especially  the  side 
lobes,  which  are  roughened  on  their  inner  surface;  disk 
cinnamon  red. 

37.  Dracdnis,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  stout,  erect, 
12-18  in.  long:  lvs.  lanceolate,  3-4  in.  long:  fls.  in  fas- 
cicles from  the  uppermost  joints  of  the  stem,  IK  in.  in 
diam.,  ivory  white,  striped  with  orange-red  at  base  of 
labellum;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute;  petals  oblong-lanceo- 
late, reflexed  at  tips  ;  labellura  3-lobed,  lateral  lobes 
small,  rotund;  midlobe  oval,  oblong,  crisped  and  mi- 
nutely toothed  on  the  margin,  with  3  longitudinal  raised 
lines.   India.    B.M.  54.59. 

38.  scabrillngue,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  stout,  erect, 
slightly  attenuated  below,  9-12  in.  high  :  lvs.  oblong: 
fls.  li^in.  in  diam.,  in  fascicles  from  the  uppermost 
joints  of  the  stems;  sepals  and  petals  similar,  sub-equal, 
ovate-lanceolate,  ivory  white;  labellum  3-lobed;  lateral 
lobes  oblong,  erect,  yellow-green ;  midlobe  oval-oblong, 
reflexed,  yellow,  with  .5-7  orange-yellow  sunken  lines  on 
disk;  spur  small,  conical.    Burma. 

39.  L6wii,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  slender:  sepals  and 
petals  pale  yellow;  labellum  marked  on  the  side  lobes 
and  midlobe  with  crimson.   Borneo.    B.M.  5303.    F.S. 

BB.    Pseudobulbs  not  black-liairy,  upright. 

r.    Leaves  persistent. 

V.    Petals  and  sepals  white. 

40.  Japdnicum,  Lindl.  [D.  monilifdrme,  Swartz). 
Pseudobulbs  tufted,  6-12  in.  long,  attenuated  below  : 
lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute :  fls.  fragrant,  1}^  in.  across, 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  white,  dotted  or  speckled  with 
mauve  at  the  base  of  the  labellum.    S.  Jap. 

DD.    Petals  and  sepals  yellow. 

41.  caplUipea,  Reichb.  f.  Dwarf,  tufted  plants,  with 
fusiform  pseudobulbs:  lvs.  lanceolate:  fls.  in  pairs  or 
solitary,  golden  yellow,  with  a  deeper  blotch  on  the 
labellum.    India. 

42.  lutSolum,  Batem.  Pseudobulbs  erect,  about  IK  ft. 
long:  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute:  fls.  about 2  in.  across, 
yellowish  or  creara-white  ;  labellum  with  a  few  reddish 
lines.  Burma.  J.H,  III.  32:143.  G.C,  IL  19:340  (var. 
chlorocentrtim). 


470 


DENDROBIUM 


Diiu.    Petals  and  sepals  rose-color. 

43.  ndbile,  Lindl.  Fig.  691.  Stems  stout:  Ivs.  oblong 
sepals  and  petals  white,  suffused  with  rose  at  the  apices ; 
labelluni  white,  with  a  blotch  of  amethyst-purple  at  dis 
tal  end,  throat  dark  crimson.  Himal.,  China.  G.C.  II 
11:565;  III.  23:.S41.  J. H.  III.  34:295.  R.B.  23:25.  A.F 
4:415;  13:620. 

Var.  nobllius,  Hort..  has  larger  fls.,  which  are  more 
intense  in  color,  the  sepals  and  petals  pale  only 
base.    I.H.  42:36. 

Var.  Cookaoni&num,  Hort.,  is  a  pelorian  form,  the 
petals  having  acquired  at  the  base  the  rich  coloring  sc 
cliaracteristic  of  the  labellum.    Gn.  55,  p.  445. 

Var.  Balleinum,  Hort.  Sepals  and  petals  white;  la- 
bellum yellowish,  with  pale  crimson  blotches  on  eilhei 
side  of  the  throat.   Silikim. 


the 


,^J^-. 


D.  Ainsworthii,  Moore,  is  a  be 
brid  of  1).  heterocarpum   and   / 
small,  lateral  racemes  ;    sepals  and   peta 
with   a  featliered,  purple  blotch,  white.     < 
G.C.  II.  16:624. 

44.  LintvwiAnum,  Reichb.  f.  Stems  long,  clavate:  Ivs. 
narrow,  several  inches  long:  sepals  oblong;  petalsovate, 
white  at  base,  otherwise  rosy  mauve;  distal  end  of  la- 
bellum pale  mauve,  anterior  portion  white,  with  2  mauve 
spots.    China,  Jap.    B.M.  4153. 


DENDROBIUM 

45.  P4risMi,  Reichb.  f.  Stems  thick  :  Ivs.  oblong- 
lanceolate:  sepals  and  petals  rose-mauve;  labellum  or- 
bicular, amethvst-purple,  blotched  on  each  side  with 
maroon.    Burma.    B.M.  5488. 

46.  Findleyanum,  Parish  cS;  Reichb.  f .  Stems  shining, 
yellowish,  internodes  slender  :  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate  : 
lis.  large,  in  pairs;  lateral  sepals  and  petals  ovorlapping, 
pale  pink-lilac  ;  labellum  yellow  margined  with  wuite- 
Burma.    B.M.  6438.    Gn.  49:1070. 

47.  tbrtile,  Lindl.  Stems  clavate,  irregular  when  old: 
Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  about  3  in.  long :  fls.  3  in.  across ; 
sepals  and  petals  pink-lilac;  labellum  pale  yellow,  with 
a  deep  crimson  blotch  in  the  throat.  Burma.  B.M.  4477. 
-Var.  rbseum,  Hort.  Fls.  delicate  rose  color.  The  next 
is  very  similar. 

rr.    Lvs.  decidttoiis. 

48.  albo-sanguineum,  Lindl.  Stems  ahout  1  ft.  high, 
stout:  lvs.  line:u-Ianceolate:  fls.  2  or  3  together,  2-3  in. 
ici  ss  nhitisli  I  et  lis  streaked  with  red  at  the  base  ; 
lalielhim  with  Ml  ti hes  m  the  middle.  Burma.  A.F. 
11  13%     B  M   Tl   II 

41  rhodopterygium,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  cylin- 
dric  erec  t  al  mt  1  ft  long  :  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate  : 
fls  about  ^  HI  across  ;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  ; 
petals  o\ate  loth  r<<le  purple  mottled  with  white; 
labellum  crimson  purple,  striated,  bordered  with 
white 


BBB     Pseitilobitlbs  drooping. 
<      il  ■!  persistent:   fls.  yellow. 

50  heteroc&rpum,  Wall.  (i>.  aitreum, 
Lmdl  1  Stems  erect,  attenuated  at  base, 
or  nearlv  so  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate;  sepals 
and  petals  pale  yellow  ;  labellum  orange- 
yellow  blotched  and  streaked  with  crimson. 
Assam,  Khasia  Hills,  Nepal,  Philippine 
Isls    B  M  4708. 

51  Kucken,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  slender, 
about  IH  ft  long,  attenuated  below:  lvs. 
line-ir  lanceolate  :  fls.  either  solitary  or  in 
pans  lateral  sepals  triangular;  sepals  and 
petils\tlIowish;  labelluni  with  white  lateral 
Icl  PS   streaked   with    rose,  yellow.    Philip- 

pillP  Isls 

)_    lasiogl698um,  Reichb.  f.    Pseudobulbs 
about  1*2  ft  long,  attenuate  above  and  be- 
low    lvs   lanceolate  :    fls.  I'.J  in.  across,  in 
2  s  or  3  s   white  ;  lateral  lobes  of  labellum 
lined  with  red.    Burma. 
5S    iqueum,  Lmdl     Pseudobulbs  decumbent:  lvs. 
long      fls     solitary  or   in    pairs,    yellowish 
3ite    with  a  vellow  disk  on  the  labellum;    upper 
pal  elliptic  oblong   acute;    lateral  sepals  falcate; 
petals  ov<ite     Nilghri  Hills,  India. 
Leaies  deciduous. 
D    Flowers  yellow. 
54.  chrysAnthum,  Lindl.  {D.  Pdxtoni 
dobulbs  slender,  tall,  flexuose,  leafy  t 
ovate-lanceolate  :    fls.   yellow  ;    sepals 
broader,  oval,  denticulate;  labellum  orbicular,  fringed, 
maroon-purple,   base     infolding    the    column. 
Burma.    B.R.  15:1299.    G.C.  III.  15:565. 

.55.  ochre&tuin,    Lindl.      Pseudobulbs    with    swollen 
joints  :    lvs.  narrowly-ovate  :  fls.  in   pairs;  sepals  and 
petals  about  equal,  golden  yellow  ;  labellum  orbicular- 
yellow,   with   maroon-purple    blotch.      India. 
B.M.  44,50. 

DD.    Fls.  white  or  pinjcish. 
E.    Labellum  glandular,  eiliate. 

56.  L6ddigesii,  Rolfe  (D.  pulch^lluni,hodd.).  Habit 
dense,  dwarf :  stems  very  slender,  3-4  in.  long:  lvs.  ob- 
long-lanceolate: fls.  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  ;  se- 
pals and  petals  pale  pink  or  rose-lilac  ;  labellum  with 
an  orange-yellow  disk  bordered  with  rose-lilac.  India. 
NotZ>.  pulchellum,  Roxburgh,  for  which  species  it  often 
passes  in  gardens.    B.M.  5037. 

57.  DeToni&num,  Past.  Stems  pendulous,  about  3  ft. 
long:  lvs.  linear-lanceolate  :    sepals  and  petals  white. 


,  Lindl.).  Pseu- 
the  base.  Ivs. 
oblong  ;    petals 


DEXDROBIUM 

tipped  with  amethyst-purple;  labellum  cordate,  with  an 
amethyst-purple  blotch  in  front,  otherwise  white,  with 
2  oranse-yellow  blotches  in  the  throat,  the  margin  deli- 
cately fringed.  Khasia  Hills.  B.M.  4429.  J. H.  III.  34: 
197.    G.C.  III.  7:680. 

&E.  Luhdlumnot  glandular,  ciliate. 
F.  Pseiidobiilbs  conspUuoasl!/  nodose. 
5S.  amfenum,  Lindl.  Pseudobulbs  slender:  1  vs.  linear- 
lanceolate:  lis.  usually  solitary,  otherwise  in  2's  orS's; 
sepals  and  petals  white,  tipped  with  violet-purple;  la- 
bellum violet-purple  bordered  with  white  and  blotched 
with  yellow.    Nepal.    B.M.G199.    G.C.  II.  16:625. 

59.  Wardianum,  Warner.  Stems  2,  3  or  more  ft.  high, 
pendent  :  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate  :  fls.  usually  2  or  3  to- 
gether, 3-4  in.  across  ;  sepals  and  petals  tipped  with 
rose-mauve  (amethyst-purple);  labellum  with  an  apical 
blotch  of  same  color,  otherwise  yellow  shading  into 
white  at  the  margin,  and  blotched  with  maroon  in  the 
throat.  There  is  a  variety  in  w'iich  the  apical  blotches 
are  wanting.  Burma.  B'.M.  5Ub8.  I.H.  24:277.  P.R. 
1:231.  Gn.  47,  p.  84.  R.B.  23:25.  J.H.  III.  30:454: 
32:237. 

60.  crassindde,  Reichb.  f.  Stems  pendulous  or  nearly 
so,  1-2  ft.  long,  swollen  conspicuously  at  the  contiguous 
internodes  :  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate:  fls.  2  or  3  together, 
about  2  in.  across;  sepals  and  petals  white,  tipped  with 
rose-mauve;  labellum  similarly  tipped  with  rose-mauve, 
otherwise  vellow  with  a  white  border.  Burma.  B.M. 
5766.-Var."  Barberianum,  Hort.,  is  a  stronger-growing 
form  of  the  species,  with  brighter  colored  fls.,  the  col- 
oring at  the  tips  of  the  petals  covering  more  surface. 

61.  Bdxallii,  Reichb.  £.  Pseudobulbs  pendulous,  about 
30  in.  long:  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute:  fls.  2Hin. 
across,  usually  in  pairs;  sepals  and  petals  white,  tipped 
with  pale  mauve  ;  labellum  yellowish,  bordered  with 
white,  tipped  with  pale  mauve.    Burma. 

62.  Falconeri,  Hook.  Stems  slender,  knotted,  branch- 
ing above  :  Ivs.  linear:  fls.  solitary,  about  3  in.  across  ; 
sepals  and  petals  white,  tinged  with  rose  and  tipped 
with  :iniethyst-purple;  labellum  spreading  in  front,  ma- 
roon-purple, with  2  deep  orange  blotches,  tipped  with 
amethyst-purple.bordered  with  white.  India.  B.M.  4944. 
I.H.23:243.  — Var.  gigant^um,  Hort.,  is  a  stronger-grow- 
ing form  of  the  species,  with  larger  fls. 

63.  Aphrodite,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  0-12  in.  tall  : 
Ivs.  linear-lanceolate  :  fls.  2  in.  across,  often  in  pairs  ; 
sepals  whitish;  petals  similarly  colored ;  midlobe  of  1:»- 
bellum  large,  yellowish,  with  2  maroon  blotches  at  base. 
Burma. 

FF.   Pseudobulbs  not  conspicuousli/  nodose. 
G.   Zip  yellow  at  base. 

64.  giatiosissimum,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  slender 
at  base,  thickened  above,  swollen  at  the  nodes  :  Ivs. 
lanceolate  :  fls.  in  2's  or  3's,  from  the  leafless  stem, 
about  2  in.  across;  sepals  and  petals  white,  tipped  with 
pale  crimson-purple  ;  labellum  white,  blotched  with 
crimson-purple  at  the  apex  and  marked  with  yellow  on 
the  disk.    Burma. 

65.  erystalUnum,  Reichb.  f.  Stems  about  1  ft.  long, 
slender,  striated,  nearly  pendulous:  Ivs.  narrow:  fls.  m 
pairs  or  solitary ;  sepals  and  petals  white,  with  amethyst- 
purple  apices;'  labelluin  yellow,  with  an  amethyst  blotch 
on  front,  margin  whitish".    Burma.    B.M.  0319. 

06.  crepidatum,  Lindl.  Stems  1  ft.  long,  slender, 
striated:  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate:  lis.  2  or  3  in  a  group, 
about  1  in.  across,  white,  tinted  with  lilac  ;  labellum 
yellow,  with  a  white  border.  Assam.  B.M.  4993.  — Var. 
rdseum,  Hort.,  occurs  in  catalogues. 

07.  BAnsoniae,  Reichb.  f.  Pseudobulbs  cylindric:  Ivs. 
linear  :  fls.  2Hin.  across,  in  2's  or  3's,  white,  disk  of 
labellum  orange-yellow,  with  2  maroon  spots  at  base. 
British  Burma.  B.M.  5679.  I.H.  35:47.-Var.  majus, 
Hort.,  is    a  larger-fld.  form. 

GG.   Lip  not  yellow  at  base. 

68.  superbum,  Reichb.  f.  (D.  macrophyllum,  Hort.). 

Stems  stout,  pendent  :    Ivs.  ovate  :    sepals  lanceolate  ; 

petals  ovate-lanceolate,  delicate  rose-mauve  ;  labellum 

of  same  color,  with  deep  crimson-purple  throat.   Philip- 


DENDROPANAX 


471 


pine  Isls.  B.M.  3970. -Var.  an68mum,  Hort.  Fls.  scent- 
less or  nearly  so.  mostly  solitary  ;  sepals  and  petals 
shorter,  not  undulate.  J.H.  III.  28:275  (var.  Houttoni). 
Var.  gigantfeum,  Hort.    Fls.  larger. 

69.  lituUIdrum.  Lindl.  Stems  about  2ft.  long,  grey- 
ish: Ivs.  linear:  lis.  in  pairs  or  sometimes  4  or  more  in 
each  group,  amethyst-purple  ;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate; 
petals  ovate-oblong;  labellum  funnel  or  trumpet-shaped, 
deep  maroon,  anterior  portion  white.  Burma.  B.M. 
6050. — Var.  FieSmanii,  Hort.  Labellum  with  a  pale  yel- 
low zone,  sepals  and  petals  deeper  colored  than  in  the 
type.    Very  similar  in  habit  to  Dendrobium  nobile,  but 

70.  MacCarthisB,  Thwaites.  Fls.  bell-shaped,  rosy 
mauve  and  white;  sepals  and  petals  only  slightly 
spreading;  labellum  pale  mauve,  striped  and  blotched 
with  purple,  a  maroon  spot  on  the  disk:  racemes  pendu- 
lous.   India.    B.M.  4886. 

71.  transpirens.  Wall.  Pseudobulbs  slender:  Ivs.  lin- 
ear-lanceolate: Hs.  1  J^  in.  across,  in  2's  and  3's;  sepals 
white,  tinted  with  pale  mauve;  petals  similarly  colored: 
labellum  white  with  mauve  spots,  tinted  with  mauve  at 
the  apex.    India.   B.M.  4663. 

EEE.    Labellum  cucullate,  wholly  or  in  part,  pale  sulfur 
yellow. 

72.  primulinum,  Lindl.  Stems  drooping,  slender, 
about  1  ft.  long,  greyish:  sepals  and  petals  about  equal, 
pink-lilac ;  labellum  yellow  with  deep  crimson  margin. 
Nepal.  B.M.  5003  (as  B.  no6i?c,  var.).— Var.  gigan- 
ttum,  Hort.  Pseudobulbs  longer  and  more  slender:  fls. 
much  larger. 

73.  Pierardi,  Roxb.  Stems  long,  slender,  pendulous: 
Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  :  sepals  and  petals  pink-lilac  ;  la- 
bellum yellow,  marked  with  deep  crimson  at  base. 
Burma.  B.M.  2584.  Gn.  55,  p.  405.— Var.  latifdlium, 
Hort..  is  very  similar  to  this. 

74.  cretaceum,  Lindl.  Stems  about  1  ft.  long:  Ivs.  ob- 
long-lanceolate :  fls.  solitary,  whitish,  disk  of  labellum 
vellowish,  with  crimson  marking,  margin  fringed, 
khasia  Hills. 

Hybrids  :  D.  Ain3worthii=D.  helerocarpum  XD.  nobile  (see 
No.42).— X>.  Z)ommta)ii(»i=D.  nobileXD.  Linawianum.— fl. 
Cffs*i'ope=D.  JaponieumXD.  nobile,  v:ir.  albiflonim.— D.  splejt- 
didissitmtm  =  !>.    aureum  X  nobile.—  Var.    grandiflorum  =D. 


D.  JoAonnis,  Beichb.  f.,  and  I),  rnhuatum  .ire  not  in  cult,  in 
the  United  States,  but  have  appeared  in  trade  catalogues. 

Oakes  Ames. 
DENDROCALAMUS.     Consult  Bamboo. 
DENDEOCHlLUM.    Compare  Platyclinis. 

DENDROMECONI  Greek  f;,.|»!/«»,tree;»ifCOH,poppy). 
The  only  genus  of  Paparnaci  known  to  have  woody 
stems.  California.  Probably  nnlv  one  species.  D.  rigi- 
dum,  Benth.  Dry.  rocky  hills  of  the  Coast  Range,  mainly 
in  the  south:  3-10  ft.  high  :  stems  up  to  1  in.  thick: 
bark  whitish  :  branches  stiff,  erect:  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, not  cut,  coriaceous,  reticulately  veined,  very  acute 
and  mucronate  :  fls.  bright  yellow,  1-3  in.  in  diam.,  on 
pedicels  1-4  in.  long:  capsules  linear,  nerved.  lJ<-2}^ 
in.  long;  seeds  black,  almost  globular.  Hardy  in  some 
parts  of  England.  Propagated  from  seeds,  that  take 
very  long  to  germinate.  B.M.  5134.  F.S.  14:1411.  Gn. 
50:1087.  J.H.  III.  29:92. -D.  Hirfordii,  Kell.,  and  D. 
flexile,  Greene,  from  Santa  Cruz  and  Santa  Rosa  Islands, 
are  now  considered  as  forms  of  above,  varying  mainly 
in  the  habit,  more  drooping  and  graceful,  and  in  the 
much  larger,  ovate,  more  glaucous  leaves.  These  differ- 
ent forms  occur  also  in  the  mountains  near  Santa  Bar- 
bara. Considerable  variation  in  size  of  flowers  appears 
to  depend  mostly  upon  the  conditions  where  plants  are 
growing.    Outdoor  shrubs.  p.  Fkanceschi. 

DENDEOPANAX  (Greek,  tree  Panax).  Aralidcea. 
A  genus  of  about  20  trees  and  shrubs  from  tropical 
America  and  Asia,  also  China  and  Japan.  D.  Japonicus, 
Seem.,  may  be  obtained  from  dealers  in  Japanese  plants. 
The  leaves  have  been  compared  to  Fatsia  Japonica,  but 
are  smaller  and  mostly  3-lobed.  The  floral  parts  are  in 
5's.     Berry  globose. 


472 


DENDROPHTLAX 


DENDEOPff?LAX  (Greek,  groicitig  on  a  tree).  Orchi- 
ddcew,  trihf>  Vrhnlnr.  Epiphytes  :  sepals  and  petals 
spreadinfr.  iatn'Iliiin  H-I<>h»*d,  lateral  lobes  small,  angular, 
middle  inn-  witli  ^incailiTii;  lobes;  spur  long,  filiform: 
column  shori  ;  |".lliiii;i  L'.  Near  Phalrenopsis.  The  fol- 
lowing are  iiitr<Hlucfd  into  American  horticulture: 

Lindenii,  Reichb.  f.  Scape  leafless,  bearing  a  single 
white  tiower :  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate  ;  divisions 
of  midlobe  of  labellum  lanceolate;  capsule  smooth.  On 
Oreodoxa  Megia,  and  live  oaks,  S.  Florida. 

funilis,  Hort.  { Oi^coclMes  funilis,  Lmd\.  Angrwcum 
fitndle,  Lindl.).  Leafless,  roots  numerous,  fleshy:  pe- 
duncles 2-fld.:  fls.  white;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-lan- 
ceolate ;  labellum  3-lobed,  with  a  long  horn.  Mts.  of 
Jamaica. 


DENNSTaiDTIA  (e 


Oakes  Ames. 


onal  name).  Polypodidcetp- 
A  genus  of  hardy  or  greenhouse  ferns  of  wide  distri- 
bution, often  referred  to  Dicksonia  but  belonging  to  a 
different  family  from  the  antarctic  or  southern  hemi- 
sphere tree  ferns  of  the  latter  genus.  Indusiura  inferior 
cup-shaped.    For  culture,  see  Dicksonia 

punctil6bula,  Moore  {Dicksbnia  pilosiiis- 
cula,  Willd.).      Figs.   692,693.      Lvs.  light 
green,  from  a  slender,  creeping  rootstock, 
1-2%    ft.    long,    5-9  in.    wide,  usually   tri- 
pinnatifld,  under  surface  minutely  glandu- 
lar, giving  the  dried  lvs.  a  somewhat  pleas- 
ant   fragrance  ;      sori    minute,     on 
small,    recurved   teeth.      Canada    to 
Tennessee. 


^W 


-^ 


'n 


Smithii,  Moore.  Lvs.  thick,  the  under  surface  almost 
woolly,  glandular,  tripinnate;  lower  pinnae  9-12  in.  long, 
3^  in.  wide;  sori  2-8  to  each  segment.    Philippines. 

diss^cta,  from  the  West  Indies,  often  6-7  ft.  high, 
with  broad  (2-4  ft.)  lvs.  is  sometimes  seen  in  cultivation, 
and  is  well  worth  a  place  in  the  trade. 

L.  M.  Underwood. 

DENTAEIA  (Latin,  dens,  tooth  ;  referring  to  the 
toothed  rootstocks).  Cruel ferie.  Toothwobt.  Dealers 
in  native  plants  sometimes  cultivate  a  few  of  these  hardy 
herbaceous  perennials,  which  have  pleasant  tasting  root- 
stocks,  2  or  3  lvs.,  mostly  with  3  leaflets,  and  corymbs 
or  racemes  of  large  white  or  purplish  fls.  in  spring. 
The  European  and  eastern  American  species  are  readily 
told  from  Cardaniine  by  habit  and  many  obvious  differ- 
ences, but  the  western  American  of  the  two  genera 
converge  so  that  some  botanists  have  merged  Dentaria 
into Cardamine.  (See  E.  L.  Greene,  Pittonia.  3:117-124.) 
The  genus  contains  no  arctic  or  alpine  forms.  About  9 
species  are  cultivated  in  Old  World  rockeries.  They  are 
of  easy  culture  in  light,  rich  soil  and  moist,  shady  posi- 
tions. Usually  prop,  by  division,  as  seeds  are  not 
abundant. 

A.   Sootstock  not  tuberous. 

diphylla,  Michx.  Pepper-root.  Rootstock  several 
in.  long,  often  branched,  strongly  toothed  at  the  many 
nodes  :  stem-lvs.  2,  similar  to  the  root-lvs.,  close  to- 
gether ;  leaflets  3,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  cre- 


UESCHAMPSIA 

nate,  the  teeth  abruptly  acute;  petals  white  inside,  pale 

purple  or  pinkish  outside.    Nova  Scotia  to  S.  C. ,  west 

to  Minn,  and  Ky.    B.M.  1465.— Rootstocks  5-10  in.  long, 

crisp,  tasting  like  water-cress.    Pretty  spring  flower. 

AA.  Bootstock  tuberous. 

B.    Lvs.  3-parted,  but  not  into  distinct  leaflets. 

c.    Tubers  usuully  not  jointed  or  prominently  tubercled. 

laciniilta,  Mubl.    Tubers  deep-seated;  stem-lvs. 2  or 3, 

with  lateral  segments  often  2-lobed,  all  broadly  oblong 

to  linear,  more  or  less  sharply  toothed;  petals  pale  rose 

to  white.    Quebec  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

cc.    Tubers  with  joints  about  1  in.  long. 

macrocArpa,  Nutt.  (C  gemm&ta,  Greene).  Lvs.  1-3, 
palmately  or  pinnately  3-5-parted  or  divided,  segments 
linear  to  oblong,  entire  :  fls.  purple  or  rose.  N.  Calif, 
to  B.  C. 

BE.   Lvs.  cut  into  3  distinct  leaflets. 
c.    Leaflets  linear,  entire. 

ten^Ua,  Pursh.  Tubers  small,  irregular:  stem-lvs.  1 
or  2,  nearly  sessile,  sometimes  bulbiferous  ;  leaflets 
linear-oblong  or  linear,  obtuse,  entire  :  petals  rose. 
Washington. 

cc.    Leaflets  not  linear  or  entire. 

Califdrnioa,  Nutt.  Tubers  mostly  small :  stem  K-2  ft. 
high  ;  lvs.  very  variable  ;  stem-lvs.  2-4,  mostly  short- 
petiolate,  and  above  the  middle  of  the  stem,  with  3-5 
leaflets,  rarely  simple  or  lobed;  leaflets  mostly  short- 
petiolulate,  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  linear,  entire  or 
toothed;  petals  white  or  rose.    Mts.  of  Calif,  and  Ore. 

mAxima,  Nutt.  Tubers  near  the  surface  jointed, 
strongly  tubercled  :  stem-lvs.  2  or  3,  usually  alternate; 
leaflets  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  toothed  and 
somewhat  cleft  or  lobed.  Vt.  to  western  N.  Y.  and 
Peuna.  w.  M. 

DEODAE.    Cedrus  Deodara. 

DEPAEIA  (Greek,  depas,  a  beaker  or  chalice;  refer- 
ring to  the  form  of  the  involucre).  A  small  genus  of 
Hawaiian  and  South  American  ferns  related  to  Denn- 
stiedtia,  rarely  seen  in  cultivation  in  America.  The 
sori  are  marginal  and  usually  on  stalked  projections 
from  the  margin  of  the  leaf.  l.  jj.  itnderwood. 

S^EEIS  (Greek,  n  leather  covering).  Legumindsw. 
A  genus  of  tropical,  tall,  woody  climbers,  one  of  which  is 
cult,  in  S.  Calif.  About  35  species,  mostly  Asian.  Lvs. 
alternate;  Ifts.  opposite,  the  odd  one  distant;  stipules 
none:  fls.  violet,  purple  or  white,  never  yellow. 

8c4ndens,  Benth.  Climbing;  Ifts.  9-13,  lK-2  in.  long, 
oblong,  obtuse,  mutiious  or  retuse,  glabrous  or  minutely 
pilose  beneath:  racemes  4-G  in.  long,  unbranched:  fls. 
purple:  jiod  Imit;.  l:iuceolateacuteat both  ends,  narrowly 
win-'liti  I  L'  l.i  ;  ovules  6-8.  S.  Asia  and  Indian  Ar- 
chil" ■  I  ■  -  i'-'-n  offered  in  this  country,  but  has 
not  I"  .  .  .  I y  cultivated.  The  above  description 
is  Til  111  1 1    I :  i'lM  -  [M  ■iitii-ns  contributed  by  Dr.  Franceschi, 

DESCHAMPSIA  (after  Deschamps,  a  French  bota- 
nist). Perennial  grasses  with  small,  shining  spikelets, 
like  Trisetum  and  Aira.  The  plants  are  usually  stouter 
and  the  spikelets  longer  than  in  Aira,  from  which  it  dif- 
fers in  the  prolongation  of  the  rachilla.  Lvs.  flat  or  con- 
volute: spikelets  2-  (rarely  3-)  fld.,  in  terminal,  usually 
spreading  panicles  :  awn  slender,  twisted  below.  Spe- 
cies about  20,  inhabiting  cold  and  temperate  regions,  a 
few  occurring  in  the  high  mountains  of  the  tropics. 
About  8  species  are  found  in  N.  America. 

caespitdBa,  Beauv.  (A'ira  caispitdsa,  Linn.).  Tufted 
Hair-Grass.  Hassock-Grass.  A  native  perennial  hav- 
ing a  tendency  to  form  tufts  or  tussocks.  Panicle 
pyramidal  or  oblong,  2  in.  long  ;  rays  slender,  bearing 
spikelets  above  the  middle  ;  awn  variable  in  length.— 
Abundant  in  the  Rocky  Mt.  region,  where  the  tufts 
help  to  bind  the  spongy  soil  and  prevent  land-slides. 
In  England  it  is  sometimes  used  by  the  farmers  to 
make  door  mats.     Also  used  for  ornament. 


DESCHAMPSIA 

flexudsa,  Trin.  {Alra  flexttdsa,  Linn.).  Wood  Hair- 
Grass.  A  slender,  perennial  gra.ss,  1-2  ft.  liigli,  with 
numerous  very  fine  root-Ivs.,  and  a  delicate  capillary 
panicle.  It  grows  in  tufts  like  the  above,  and  can  be 
distinguished  by  the  much  longer  and  twisted  awn.  N. 
Amer.,  Eu.  — Valuable  for  woodland  pastures,  as  it  will 
grow  well  in  the  shade.    Also  used  for  ornament. 

P.  B.  Kennedy. 

DESIGN.  The  "design-work"  of  florists  refers  to 
formal  arrangement  of  material  as  opposed  to  informal 
arrangement  of  cut-flowers.  Funeral  designs  are  per- 
haps the  commonest.  Dried  grasses  and  everlasting 
flowers  are  used  in  funeral  designs.  The  term  design 
is  borrowed  from  the  language  of  art,  and  can  also  be 
applied  to  formal  styles  of  bedding  as  opposed  to  the 
informal  border.  Design  work  is  less  popular  in  America 
than  in  parts  of  the  Old  World,  the  distinguishing 
feature  of  our  floriculture  being  the  general  taste  for 
cut-flowers  and  for  their  free  arrangement.  Many  pic- 
tures of  designs  may  be  seen  in  the  florists'  trade 
papers. 

DESMAZfiRIA.    See  lUmazeria. 

DESMODIUM  (Greek,  a  band  or  chain;  referring  to 
the  jointed  pods  I.  By  some  called  3/ei6omia.  Legumi- 
ndsiF.  Tick  Trefoil.  Mostly  herbs,  of  l.iO  or  more 
species,  in  temperate  and  warm  regions  of  America, 
Asia,  Africa  and  Australia.  Lvs.  pinnate,  with  3-5 
(rarely  1)  leaflets:  fls.  small  and  papilionaceous,  in  ter- 
minal or  axillary  racemes  in  summer,  mostly  purple: 
pod  flat,  deeply  lobed  or  jointed,  the  joints  often  break- 
ing apart  and  adhering  to  clothing  and  to  animals  by 
means  of  small  hooked  hairs.  Fig.  G94.  A  number  of 
species  are  native  to  N.  America,  and  are  sometimes 
grown  in  the  hardy  border,  where  they  thrive  under  or- 
dinary conditions.  One  hothouse  species,  D.  garaiis, 
is  sometimes  cult,  for  its  odd  moving  leaflets.  1>.  pen- 
duHflorum  and  D.Japonicum  will  be  found  under  Les- 
pedeza.  Several  of  the  native  spe  ies  are  worthy  of 
cult.,  but  are  practically  unknown  in  the  trade  The 
following  have  been  offered  b\  coUec-tirs  Ciinadense 
DC;  cuspidatum  Hook  Dill  m  Diil  Maiilandi 
cum,Boott;nudifloium  DC  pn)n  ulaliim  DC  pan  i 
Worum,  DC.     seiSthflonim    Torr    i,  Graj      The  Florida 


DEUTZIA 


473 


Ph 


^, 


Beggar-weed  is  Desmodiiim  lorliiosum.  DC,  of  the  W. 
Indies.  It  is  coming  into  prominence  in  the  south  as  a 
forage  plant  (see  Farmers'  Bull.  102,  U.  S.  Dept.  of 
Agric. ) . 


gjrans,  DC.  Telegraph  Plant.  From  2-3  ft.  high, 
with  3  oblong  or  elliptic  leaflets,  the  small  lateral  ones 
(which  are  almost  linear)  moving  in  various  directions 
when  the  temperature  is  congenial,  and  especially  in 
the  sunshine  :  fls.  purple  or  violet,  in  a  many-fld. 
panicle.  S.  Asia.  Grown  occasionally  as  a  curiosity, 
particularly  in  botanical  collections.  See  Darwin's 
Power  of  Movement  in  Plants,  and  various  botanical 
treatises,  for  fuller  accounts. 

Desmodium  gijrinis  is  of  tolerably  easy  culture.  It 
requires  stove  temperature,  and,  although  a  perennial, 
it  is  best  treated  as  an  annual.  The  be.st  method  of 
propagation  is  by  seeds.  These  should  be  sown  in  Feb- 
ruary in  a  light,  sandy  soil,  in  4-in.  pots,  and  placed  in  a 

nate.  'The  seedlings  sli..ul,l  1,,.  |init,:i  sin-ly  into  small 
pots  as  soon  as  large  c-ii..n-li  u<  IiiumIIi',  :iimI  Ih^  grown  on 
as  rapidly  as  possible,  usm:;  :i  imMur  i*  ni  ;,'i.u,l,  tibrous 
loam  and  leaf  soil  in  about  equal  pnipuiiiuiis.  By  mid- 
summer they  will  be  bushy  phiuts,  aud,  though  not 
showy,  they  will  be  very  interesting. 

L.  H.  B.  and  Edward  J.  Canning. 

DEtJTZIA  (named  by  Thunberg  in  honor  of  his  friend 
and  patron,  Johann  van  der  Deutzl.  Saxifragdeem. 
Very  ornamental  shrubs  with  showy  white  or  blush  fls. 
appearing  in  spring  or  early  summer.  Lvs.  deciduous, 
opposite,  petioled,  serrate,  usually  with  rough  stellate 
pubescence  :  fls.  in  racemes  or  corymbs,  white,  some- 
times purplish,  epigynous;  calyx-teeth  5;  petals  5;  sta- 
mens 10,  rarely  more,  shorter  than  the  petals;  filaments 
usually  winged  and  toothed  at  the  apex  :  capsule  3-5- 
celled,  with  numerous  minute  seeds.  About  15  species  in 
E.Asia  and  Himalayas  and  1  in  Mexico.  i>.  pto-ri flora  and 
D.  Lemoiiiei  are  the  hardiest,  but />.  scabra,  tlieboldiana 
and  gracilis  are  also  hardy  north  in  somewhat  sheltered 
positions  or  with  slight  protection,  while  most  of  the 
others  are  more  tender  and  can  not  be  grown  safely 
north  of  New  York.  The  Deutzias  thrive  in  almost  any 
well  drained  soil,  and  are  well  adapted  for  borders  of 
shrubberies.  Potted  plants  forced  with  a  temperature 
not  exceeding  50°  develop  into  beautiful  specimens  for 
the  decoration  of  greenhouses  and  conservatories,  es- 
pecially D.  Lemointi,  I>.  gracilis  and  discolor.  The 
same  plants  cannot  be  forced  again.  Prop,  readily  by 
greenwood  and  hardwood  cuttings,  also  by  seeds  sown 
in  pans  or  boxes  in  spring. 
A.  Fls.  in  racemes  or  panicles:  petals  valvate  in 
the  bud. 
B.  Longer  filaments  narrowed  toward  the  apex, 
without  teeth. 
SieboldiAna,  Maxim.  (Z>.  scdbrn.  Sieb.  &  Zucc).  Low 
shrub,  to  2  ft.  :  lvs.  short-petiole. 1,  the  pair  below  the 
panicle  sessile,  ovate  or  ovate.  Miptir.  i.Hiinle.l  or  cor- 
date at  the  base,  rough  and  rug..~.-  aii'H  .  .  ^t.ll:ite-pubes- 
cent  beneath,  light  green,  1-2  in.  b.ii^';  ].aiii.'les  erect, 
loose,  2-3  in.  long:  fls.  white,  rather  small,  with  spread- 
ing petals ;  calvx  lobes  persistent.  June.  Japan.  S.Z.  7. 
-Graceful  low  shrub,  but  less  showy  than  the  two  fol- 
lowing species. 

BB.  All  filaments  with  2  large  teeth  below  the 
anthers. 
Bcibra,  Thunb.  Shrub,  to  6  ft. :  lvs.  all  petioled,  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at  thebase,  crenate-dentate, 
with  rough  pubescence  on  both  sides,  dull  green,  1-3  in. 
long:  panicles  erect,  2-4  in.  long:  fls.  white  or  blushed, 
with  erect  petals;  calyx  lobes  deciduous.  June,  July. 
Japan,  China.  S.Z.  6.  B.M.  38.38.  B.R.  20:1718.  S.B.F.G. 
11.4:393.  A. G.  18:356.  Var.  angustifolia,  Voss.  Branches 
reddish  brown :  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  rougher.  Var. 
crenata,  Voss  {D.  crenata,  Sieb.  &  Zucc).  Branches 
brown:  lvs.  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  less  rough.  This  var. 
is  less  common  in  cultivation  than  the  former.  Var. 
marmorata,  Hort.  Lvs.  spotted  with  yellowish  white. 
Var.  pl^na,  Maxim.  With  double  fls.  R.H.  1867:70.  F.S. 
17:1799;  18:1850.  I. H.  11:389. -Cult,  in  different  forms 
as  Candidissima,  with  pure  white  double  fls.  lA.F. 
6:263.  J.H.  III.  34:153.  G.C  II.  18:173) ;  Pride  of  Roches- 
ter, with  very  large  white  double  fls.;  Purpurea  Plena, 
double  outside  purplish  ;  Watereri,  with  large  double 
fls.,  tinged  rose. 


DEWBERRY 


lis  ovate  or  lanceolate 
I  )ug  acimnnate  fis  larger 
ill  filaments  toothed 
Himalayas  —  2>  dentata 
Hort  =D  !,cabri  — D  For 
tunn  Hort  CD  scabraX 
•Meboldiana)  Lv 
oblong  fls  large  pure 
white  filament's 
inctly  toothed 
\anety  of  D  scibra 
lit   under  this 

?  Hort  =D  scabr  i  \  ar 
r  n  ita  —  />  rdsea  Hort 
0  gr  leilis  ro<!ea  Lemoine) 
hi  111  between  D  discolor 

with       campanulite 


griciUs,  Sieb.  &  Z;icc.  Pig.  C95.  Shrub,  to  3  £t.,  with 
slender,  often  arching  branches:  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  with  sparse  stellate  hairs 
above,  nearly  glabrous  bi-malh,  bright  green,  1-2  in. 
long:  fls.  pure  wim^  ,  irj  i  r  .  m.  .  ;  i-  i  ,!■<  erect  or  some- 
what spreadiuf.',  "  I:  Inirter  than  the 
petals;  calyx-ti.i'i  ;  i  I  i  ,i,  .lapan.  S.Z.8. 
P.F.G.2,p.7.  l.-.ii"i.  I,  ii  1-H,  |..L'ii:(.  Thereare 
vars.  with  yellow  ami  wiiu  \  ariegateil  ivs.;  see,  also, 
B.rosfci  (Suppl.  list). 

AA.    Fls.  in  ctirijmbs. 

discolor,  Hemsl.  Shrub,  to  7  ft.  :  Ivs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late, denticulate,  dark  green  above,  much  paler  beneath, 
coated  with  stellate  hairs,  sparingly  altove,  densely  be- 
neath: corymbs  loose,  10-20  fld. :  fls.  white,  with  spread- 
ing petals,  valvate  in  the  bud;  filaments  with  large  teeth. 
China.  Var.  purpur&scens,  Franch.  Three-4  ft.  :  Ivs. 
ovate,  less  stellate-hairy,  1-2  in.  long  :  corymbs  rather 
few-ad.:  petals  pinkish  outside  ;  calyx  red,  with  large 
teeth.  June.  China.  R.H.  18'.»5:C4.  G.F.  7:287.  U.C. 
III.  20:45. 

Lem6inei,  Hort.  (D.  gracilis  x  parvitldra).  Fig.  696. 
Spreading  shrub,  to  3  ft.:  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  finely 
serrate  with  appressed  teeth,  with  sparse  stellate  hairs 
above,  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  lK-3  in.  long:  fls.  in 
large  corymbs  or  broad  panicles,  pure  white  ;  petals 
broadly  ovate,  spreading,  partially  valvate  and  partially 
imbricate  in  the  bud;  filaments  with  large  teeth.  G.F. 
9:285.  A. F.  11:457.  Gt.  44,  p.  507  and  46,  p.  383.  Gng. 
4:135.  J.H.  111.34:77.  G.C.  III.  18:389.  On.  48,  p.  317. 
—A  very  desirable  shrub,  more  vigorous  and  with 
showier  fis.  than  D.  gracilis.    Excellent  for  forcing. 

parvilldra,  Bunge.  Shrub,  to  6  ft. ,  with  erect  branches : 
Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  finely  serrate,  with  stellate 
hairs  on  both  sides,  often  grayish  green  beneath,  2-3 in. 
long:  fls.  in  many-fld.  corymbs;  petals  roundish  obovate, 
spreading,  imbricate  in  the  bud;  longer  filaments  with- 
out teeth.  June.  N.  China,  Mongolia.  G.F.  1:365.  Gt. 
11:370;  43,  p.  05  and  46,  p.  362.  R.H.  1892,  p.  223.  G.C. 
III.  14:153. 

D.angustifoUn. Dim' =t>.  Lemuim-i.-I>Iln,nm,!a„a.R.BT. 


-D.  Watsoniund  Wellsi.  Hort.=D.  scabrav 

Alfred  Rehdek. 
DEVIL-IN-A-BUSH.    mgella. 

DEWBERRY.  The  Dewberry  is  one  of  the  most  recent 
acquisitions  among  garden  fruits.  As  a  cultivated  fruit, 
it  is  American,  and  the  varieties  are  forms  of  native 
species.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  blackberry  chiefly 
by  its  low,  trailing  habit,  its  method  of  propagating  by 
tips  instead  of  suckers,  and  its  few-flowered  cymose 
clusters.  Four  distinct  species  are  found  in  cultivation. 
(1)  The  northern  Dewberry  (Ruhus  viUosits,  Ait.,  until 


lately  known  as  B.  Cini,i,lf}isis).  In  this  species  the 
leaflets  are  thin  and  deciduous,  the  stems  sparsely  and 
lightly  prickly,  and  the  flower-stalk  slightly  fuzzy  but 
not  glandular.  A  well  marked  sub-type  has  been  set  off 
from  this  species,  comprising  the  Luoretia  Dewberry 


DEWBEKRY 

(var.  rorihaceus,  Bailey),  which  is  a  stronger  plant, 
with  weilge-ovate,  jagged  leaflets,  long  flower  stalks, 
large  flow'ers  and  leaf-like  sepals.     Figs.  697,  698.     (2) 


The  Bartel  t\pe  (if    inii 
stems    straight    reflexed    ]  1 1 
simple  teeth  and  ha\  ing  th 
by  a  tip  formed  hv  the       | 
(3)  ThesouthernDewhiiM  (/ 
has  round    shruht  \    ti  iilnu    t 
curred  oi  leflexed  piickles    gla 
bristles        The    lejves    are    ev 


prickles  on  the  vein  and  pt 
flower  stems  It  is  represent 
Manatee  and  a  fev,  others  (4 
iB.  tittkliu  Cham  ^  Schl 
woody  stems  usualh  weak  am 
upright  the  fruiting  liianche' 
slender  prickle      often   rende 


:ig    th. 


ilin  iti  11  b\  the 
we  teiu  Dewberry 
This  has  round 
ng  but  sometimes 
■rou      armed   with 


densely  setose     It  includes  the  Skagit  (  hief  m  1  other 
Still  another  species    bettei    known   as  the  cut  leived 
blackberrj    has  been  ling  in  cultivation   chiefli    for  or 
nament      Its    stems  aie   irtiied  with   stron^    re  urred 
prickles  and  its  leaves  lie  much  parted  and  dm  led 

The  culture  of  tne  Dewberry  is  much  the  s  ime  i 
that  of  the  blackberrj  except  m  the  matter  of  tr  lining 
though  It  IS  thought  to  thrne  better  on  lulit  an  1 
sandj  soils  than  the  blackbeirv  No  summer  \  imiin, 
of  the  canes  is  needed  although  the  old  cane  m  i\  1  e 
removed  as  soon  as  done  fiuiting  \  irious  nieth 
ods  of  training  are  emplcNed  the  object  of  all  be 
ing  to  keep  the  bearing  cane  ofi  the  ^round  so  that 
they  will  not  interfeie  with  cultivation  and  the  fruit  will 
be  kept  clean.  For  this  purpose  the  single  stake  and 
the  wire  trellis  methods  are  best  known.  Tying  the 
canes  to  stakes  (Fig.  699)  is  perhaps  the  be.st  method. 
The  fruiting  canes  are  tied  to  the  stake  or  trellis  in 
spring,  being  shortened  to  from  3  to  5  feet  in  length. 
The  young  canes  are  allowed  to  grow  upon  the  ground 
at  will,  or  at  most  are  turned  in  the  direction  of  the  row 
If  they  interfere  with  cultivation.  They  remain  in  this 
position  during  winter,  where  they  can  be  very  con- 
veniently protected,  and  take  their  place  upon  the  trellis 
or  stakes  the  following  summer. 

The  Dewberries  have  proved  successful  and  profitable 
with  some  and  a  failure  with  others.  Different  varieties 
should  be  planted  together  to  insure  proper  fecundation 
of  the  blossom.s.  Their  chief  value  lies  in  their  season 
of  ripening,  which  is  in  advance  of  the  blackberries. 
Lucretia  and  Bartel  are  the  most  important  varieties. 

For  histovy  and  botany,  see  Bailey,  Evolution  of  Our 


DIANELLA  i  I  .J 

Native  Fruits;  for  culture,  see  Card's  Bush-Fruits,  and 
Cornell  Bulletins  'M  and  117.  Consult  Blackberry,  Lo- 
ganberry and  Riibus.  fr^d  W.  Cakd. 

DIACKIUM  (through  and  point;  the  stems  are  sur- 
rounded by  sheaths).  Urchidicece,  tribe  Epidindrea. 
Four  tropical  Amer.  epiphytes,  closely  allied  to  Epi- 
dendrum,  with  which  they  have  been  included.  Differs 
from  that  genus  in  the  fact  that  the  column  and  lip  are 
not  united.  Fls.  showy,  in  loose  racemes  :  Ivs.  few, 
sheathing  :  pseudobulbs  slender.  Culture  of  Epiden- 
drum  and  Cattleya. 

bicomitum,  Benth.  (Epidendrum  fticojiiiifion.Hook.). 
Pseudobulbs  1-2  ft.  long,  hollow,  bearing  dry  sheaths: 
Ivs.  short  and  leathery:  raceme  slender,  3-12-fld. :  the 
Hs.  white,  with  small  crimson  spots  on  the  3-lobed  lip, 
fragrant.  B.M.  3332.  G.C.  III.  16:337.  J. H.  III.  33:29. 
— A  handsome  orchid,  requiring  high  temperature. 

D.  bidentatum.  Hemsl.  (Epidendrum  bidentdtum,  Lindl.), 
of  Mexico,  has  been  listed  in  trade  catalogues,  but  it  is  practi- 
cally unknown  to  cult.,  and  is  probably  not  now  in  the  Amer. 
t"de.  L.  H.  B. 


DIAMOND  FLOWER. 

DIANELLA  (diniinuth 


/..»« 


Tender 

perennial  fibrous  rooted  id^aits.  with  hard,  linear,  sheath- 
ing, grass-like  Ivs.,  often  2-3  ft.  long,  large,  loose 
panicles  of  blue  fls.  on  delicate,  pendent  pedicels,  and 
great  numbers  of  pretty  blue  berries,  which  remain  at- 
tractive for  several  weeks,  and  are  the  chief  charm  of 
the  plant.  There  are  about  a  dozen  species  of  world- 
wide distribution.  They  perhaps  succeed  best  in  the 
open  border  of  a  cool  greenhouse.  Prop,  by  divisions, 
or  by  seeds  sown  in  spring  in  mild  heat.  A  few  plants 
have  lately  been  imported,  but  the  species  are  not  ad- 
vertised. Latest  monograph  by  J.  G.  Baker,  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soo.  14:574  (1875). 

A.    Stems  entirely  wanting. 
B.   Anthers  1  line  long. 
Tasm^nica,  Hook.    Height  4-5  ft. :  Ivs.  numerous,  in 
a  rosette,  broadly  ensiform,  2— i  ft.  long,  %-l  in.  wide, 
margined     with     small     reddish     brown 
spines,  that  cut  the  hand  if  the  leaves  are 
carelessly  grasped  :  panicle  very  lax,  sur- 
passing the   Ivs.  1-2  ft.,  with  as  many  as 
60  fls. :  fls.  pale  blue,  nodding,  }•<-%  in. 
\\      acioss    segments  finally  reflexed 


ISBVis,  R.  Br.  Lvs.  X-VA  ft.  long,  6-9  lines  wide,  less 
leathery  and  paler  than  in  D.caruha  andatlirst  slightly 
glaucous :  panicle  deltoid,  the  branches  more  compound 
than  in  D.  revoluta:  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  with 
5  distant  veins,  inner  ones  densely  3-veined  in  the 
middle  third.  Eastern  temperate  parts  of  Australia. 
B.R.  9:751.    L.B.C.  12:1136. 


476 


DIANELLA 


oc.     [''ehts  of  the  perianth-segments  crowded  into  a 

revoltlta,  R.  Br.  Height  2-3  ft.:  Ivs.  in  a  rosette,  1- 
IX  ft.  long,  3-4  lines  wide,  dark  green,  purplisb  at  the 
base  and  margin,  not  spiny  at  the  margin  :  panicle 
branches  short,  ascending:  fls.  later  than  D.  ceeriilea. 
W.  and  E.  Australia  In  temperate  parts.  Tasmania. 
B.R.  9:734  and  13:1120. 

AA.    Stems  present  but  short. 

caertlea,  Sims.  Subshrubby,  with  a  short  stem  in  age, 
branching :  Ivs.  about  fl,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  branches, 
9-12  in.  long,  6-9  lines  wide,  dark  green,  rough  on  the 
back  and  margin:  outer  perianth-segments  with  5  distant 
veins,  inner  ones  with  3  closer  veins.  Eastern  temper- 
ate Australia.    B.M.  505. 

ensifdlia,  Red.  Caulescent  herb,  3-6  ft,  high,  the  Its. 
never  in  a  rosette,  numerous,  hard,  linear,  1-2  ft.  long, 
9-12  lines  wide,  lighter  colored  on  the  keel  and  margin: 
fls.  blue  or  greenish  white.  Trop.  Asia,  China,  Aus- 
tralia, Hawaiian  Islands.    B.M.  1404.  yf   ji 

DIANTHUS  (Greek  for  Jove's  flower).  CaryophyllA- 
ceie.  Fink.  About  200  species  of  Old  World  small  herbs, 
many  of  them  prized  for  their  rich  and  showy  flowers. 
Nearly  all  of  them  are  perennials;  they  form  tufts  and 
have  grass-like  Ivs.,  and  jointed  stems  with  terminal 
fls.  and  opposite  Ivs.  From  kindred  genera  Dianthus 
is  distinguished  by  the  sepal-like  bracts  at  the 
base  of  a  cylindrical  calyx  (cf.  Pigs.  366,  367);  petals 
without  a  crown;  styles  2.  They  are  temperate-region 
plants.  The  flowers  are  usually  pink  or  red,  but  in 
garden  forms  white  and  purple  are  frequent  colors. 
Most  of  the  cult,  species  are  hardy  in  the  north  and  are 
easy  of  culture.  The  perennial  species  are  excellent 
border  plants.  The  chief  care  required  in  their  cultiva- 
tion is  to  see  that  the  grass  does  not  run  them  out. 
Best  results  in  flowering  are  obtained  usually  from  2- 
year-old  seedling  plants.  Two  weedy  species',  D.  pro- 
lifer,  Linn.,  and  J).  Armeria,  Linn.,  are  naturalized  in 
the  eastern  states.  Monogr.  by  P.  N.  Williams,  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  29  (1891-3).  L.  H.  B. 

Dianthus  is  essentially  a  European  genus,  there  being 
but  one  species  found  native  on  this  continent  (/>.n(;)i«Hs, 
found  in  high  northern  regions  and  in  Europe),  though 
others  are  escapes  from  gardens,  such  as  D.  deltoides 
and  D.  barbalus.  Among  the  gems  of  the  genus  are 
various  pretty  little  alpine  tufted  sorts  as  D.  neglectus, 
D.  glacialis  and  B.  alpinus,  all  of  which  are  of  dwarf, 
close  habit,  not  exceeding  3  in.  in  height  and  having 
very  large  single  flowers  of  brightest  colors.  These  are 
suited  only  for  rock  gardening,  as  on  level  ground  they 
often  become  smothered  with  weeds  or  swamped  with 
soil  after  a  heavy  rain  storm,  and  to  these  two  causes 
are  attributablethe  failures tocultivate them.  Dianthuses 
like  a  warm  soil,  and  one  that  will  not  become  too  wet 
at  any  time,  especially  in  winter,  where  the  perennial 
kinds  are  grown,  as  they  are  often  killed  not  so  much 
from  cold  as  from  too  much  ice  round  them.  Snow  is  the 
best  possible  protection,  but  ice  is  the  reverse. 

All  Dianthuses  ai-e  readily  propagate*!  from  seeds 
sown  in  rich  soil,  but  the  double  kinds  are  reproduced 
from  cuttings  alone  to  be  sure  to  have  them  true,  and  in 
the  fall  months  cuttings  are  easily  rooted  if  taken  with 
a  "heel"  or  a  part  of  the  old  stem  adhering  to  the 
base  of  the  shoot;  so  that  to  make  cuttings  it  is  best  to 
strip  them  off  rather  than  to  make  them  with  a  knife.  It 
will  be  found  also  that,  if  cuttings  made  from  plants 
growing  in  the  open  ground  do  not  root  readily  but  seem 
to  dry  up  in  the  cutting  bench,  if  the  plants  to  be  in- 
creased are  carefully  lifted  and  potted,  placed  in  a  tem- 
perature of  say  50°  until  young  growth  shows  signs 
of  starting,  every  cutting  taken  off  at  this  stage  will 
root  easily.  The  transition  from  outdoors  to  the  propa- 
gating house  should  not  be  too  abrupt.  Another  method 
of  propagation  is  by  layering,  and  with  the  garden 
Pinks,  or  forms  of  />.  plumarius,  it  is  the  easiest  and 
surest.  After  hot  weather  is  past  stir  the  soil  round 
the  parent  plant,  take  the  branches  that  have  a  portion 
of  bare  stem,  make  an  incision  half  way  through  and 
alongthe  stem  for  an  inch,  and  peg  this  down  in  the  soil 
without  breaking  the  shoot  off  ( Fig.  370 ) .    Roots  will  be 


DIANTHUS 

formed  and  good  strong  plants  be  the  result  before 
winter.  The  layering  method  is  specially  suitable  to  such 
species  as  D.  plumarius,  D.  Caryophyllus  and  double 
forms  of  others,  such  as  Sweet  William,  e.  O.  Orpet. 

Index:  alpinus,  11;    atroruhens,  2;  ha.rb&tus,  5;   cajii- 
tatus,3;  Carthusianorum,2;  Caryophyllus,  8;  Chinensis, 


700.  Sweet  William -Dianthus  barbatus  (X}4). 

13;  Cincinnatus,  13;  cinnabarinus,  1;  cruentus,  4;  del 
toides,  10;  dentosus,  13;  diadematus,  13;  glacialis,  12; 
Heddewigi,  13;  hybridus,  13;  imperialis,  13;  laciniatus, 
13;  latifolius,  14;  macrosepalus,  13:  plumarius,  6;  punc- 
fatu.i,  8  ;  semperflorens,  13;  Sinensis,  13;  superbus,  7; 
sylvestris,9;  viscordalis,  sub  14. 

A.    Flowers  in  dense  cymes  or  in  heads,  the  cluster  often 

subtended  by  involucre-like  Ivs. 

B.   Petals  not  bearing  hairs  or  barbs  :   bracts  dry. 

1.  cinnabarinus,  Sprun.  A  ft.  high,  woody  at  base, 
perennial,  blooming  in  Aug.  and  Sept. :  Ivs.  linear, 
sharp-pointed  and  rigid  :  petals  fiery  red  above,  paler 
beneath,  glandular:  stamens  included.  Greece.— Hand- 
some little  species;  useful  for  hardy  border  or  rookery. 
BB.    Petals  with  hairs  or  barbs  on  the  lower  part  of  the 

blade. 

2.  Carthusianfirum,  Linn.  (D.  atrdrubens,  Willd.). 
Hardy  perennial  or  biennial,  glabrous,  scarcely  glaucous, 
12-18  in.  high,  the  stem  angled:  Ivs.  short,  linear  and 
pointed,  without  prominent  nerves  when  fresh  :  lis.  in 
a  dense,  6-20-fld.  head,  in  shades  of  red,  the  petals 
sharply  but  not  deeply  toothed,  the  cluster  subtended 


DIANTHUS 

by  very  narrow  or  even  awl-like  Ivs.  Denmark  to  Portu- 
gal and  Egypt.  B.M.  1775,  2039.- Very  variable.  Little 
known  in  Amer.  gardens. 

3.  capitatus,  Balb.  Much  like  the  last:  plant  glaucous, 
conspicuously  pube.scent,  taller:  petals  purple-spotted. 
Siberia,  Servia. 

4.  cruSntus,  Griseb.  Cespitose.  glaucous,  glabrous  : 
stem  1-2  ft.,  terete,  forking:  Ivs.  linear  or  lance-linear, 
sharp  acuminate:  tls.  deep  blood-red,  small,  numerous 
in  a  contracted  cyme  ;  petals  red-hairy  towards  the 
base.    July.  Greece. 

5.  barb&tus,  Linn.  Sweet  William.  Fig.  700.  Per- 
ennial, but  readily  grown  from  seed,  and  flowering  well 
the  second  year,  glabrous,  the  stems  4-angled,  10-18  in. 
high:  Ivs.  broad  and  flat  or  conduplicate,  5-nerved:  fls. 
several  to  many  in  a  round-topped,  dense  cyme,  in  many 
colors,  the  petals  not  hairy.  Russia  to  China  and  S.  to 
the  Pyrenees.  B.M.  207. -The  Sweet  William  is  one  of 
the  oldest  garden  flowers.  It  is  sure  to  be  found  in  the 
old-fashioned  gardens.  The  cult,  forms  run  into  many 
colors.  Sometimes  found  along  roadsides  as  an  escape. 
There  are  double-Ad.  forms.    R.H.  1804,  p.  277. 

AA.    t^lou'ers  solilat-y,  or  in  S's  or  S's. 
B.    Calyx-bracts  short  and  broad,  appressed. 

c.   Petals  fimbriate. 
plumirius,  Linn.   Common  Grass  or  Gardes  Pink. 


DIANTHUS 


477 


Scotch  Pink.  Pheasant's  Eye  Pink.  Lo 
blooming  in  spring  and  early  summer,  ver 
Ivs.  narrow  and  short,  blue-glaucous  :  tl<.  in 
rphsh 


uttv 


hue, 
the  blade  of  the  petal 
fringed  one-fourth  or  one- 
fifth  its  depth ;  calyx  cUin- 
drical,  with  short,  broad- 
topped  mncronate  bracts. 
Austria,  Siberia.  — A  uni- 
versal favorite.  Hardy. 
Much  used  in  old-fash- 
ioned gardens  as  edging 
for  beds.  There  are  double- 
fid,  forms. 

7.  supSrbUB,  Linn.  Fig.  701. 
Taller,  the  stems  forking,  less 
tufted. later-lid.,  broader-lvd.; 
calvx  longer:  petals  lilac,  dis- 
sected below  the  middle.  Nor- 
way to  .Japan  and  Spain.  Vari- 
able. B.M.  297. -A  handsome 
species,  growing  16-24  in., 
fragrant.    Perennial. 


8.  Caryophyllus,  Linn.  Car- 
nation. Clove  Pink.  Pico- 
tee.  Grenadine.  F'igs.  3li6-8, 
370-5.  Plat«  IV.  Cespitose, 
glabrous,  1-3  ft.,  the  stems 
hard  or  almost  woody  below, 
the  nodes  or  joints  conspicu- 
ous :  Ivs.  long-linear,  very 
glaucous:  fls.  on  long  stems, 
particularly  inAmeriean  cult. ; 
calyx  -  bracts  very  broad, 
abruptly  pointed  :  Vars.  soli- 
tary, large,  very  variable  in 
size,  form  and  color,  but  origi- 
nally pain  lilac,  fragrant. 
B.M.  39  (Bizarre  Carnation); 
1622  (var.  imbricatus);  2744 
(Picotees).  -  Generally  sup- 
posed to  be  native  to  the 
Mediterranean  region,  but 
^^  ^''■'  Williams  gives  its  geograph- 

ical limits  as  "north  and  west  Normandy"  and  "south 
and  east  Punjab"  (northwestern  Hindoostan).  Long 
cultivated.  In  Europe  it  is  largely  grown  as  an  outdoor 
Pink,  but  in  this  country  it  is  chiefly  known  as  the 
greenhouse  Carnation.    The  American  forcing  type  is 


701.  Dianthus  superbus. 


distinguished  by  very  long  stems  and  a  continuous 
blooming  habit.  Garden  varieties  of  i).  Caryophyllus 
are  numberless,  and  they  often  pass  under  Latinized 
names  (V.punctAtus,  Sort. ,isoDeoitbesenames).  For 
studies  in  the  history  and  evolution  of  the  Carnation, 
see  Bailey,  Survival  of  the  Unlike,  Essay  28.   SeeCarjia- 


702.   Dianthus  Chinensis  (X  J^). 

9.  sylv^stris,  Wulf  (D.  virgineus,  Hort.).  Slender, 
1  ft.  high,  the  stem  angular  compressed  and  bearing  1-3 
odorless  fls.:  Ivs.  tufted,  linear  and  sharp-pointed, 
scabrous  on  the  margins  :  fls.  rather  small,  red,  the 
petals  obovate  and  shallow-toothed.  Eu.  B.M.  1740.— 
Pretty  perennial  border  plant. 

BB.  Calyx-brad.':  luilf  the  Iitigth  of  the  calyx,  mostly 
narroii-i":  n',  <1 1  :  .  slmrt  and  spreading,  the 
radla,!  .  ,...,rly  so. 

10.  deltoides.  1.  ,  i  ;  )  n  Pink.  Tufted,  6-10  in., 
blooming  in  spring  ml  .mix  summer,  creeping:  stems 
ascending,  forkiiii.',  witli  solitary  fls.  on  the  branchlets: 
stem  Ivs.  an  inch  long,  sharp-pointed  :  fls.  small  ( K-?i 
in.  across),  the  petals  toothed,  deep  red  with  a  crimson 
eye,  the  petals  bearing  an  inverted  V-shaped  pocket  at 
their  base  (whence  the  name  deltoides).  Scotland  to 
Norway  and  Japan.  — One  of  the  prettiest  border  Pinks, 
making  neat  mats  of  foliage  and  bearing  profusely  of 
the  little  bright  fls.    There  is  a  white-fld.  variety. 


478 


DIANTHUS 


11.  alplnus,  Linn.  Very  dwarf,  the  1-fld.  stems  rarely 
reaching  inoi-e  than  3-4  in.  high,  more  or  less  prostrate: 
foliage  dark  shining  green:  fl.  1  in.  or  more  across,  deep 
rose  or  purplish  and  crimson  spotted,  a  darlier  ring 
around  the  eye.  Russia  to  Greece  and  Swiss  Alps.  B.M. 
1205.  Un.  26:4,55;  47,  p.  292;  45,  p.  53. -One  of  the  choic- 
est of  alpine  and  rockwork  plants. 

BBB.    Calyx-bracis  Jeafi/  and  spreading. 

12.  glacUlis,  Htenke.  Three  to  4  in.  high,  the  stems 
tufted  and  usually  1-Hd.:  Ivs.  green,  narrow-linear  and 
pointed,  somewhat  serrulate:  fls.  small  and  odorless, 
red-purple;  the  petals  toothed.  Mts.  of  S.  Eu.  G.C.  II. 
21:809. —A  pretty  species,  but  difficult  to  establish. 
Grown  among  alpine  plants. 

13.  ChinfinBiB,  Linn.  {D.  Sinensis,  Hort.).  Fig.  702. 
Perennial,  cespitose,  glabrous,  more  or  less  creeping  at 
base:  stem  forking,  angled  aud  more  or  less  grooved, 
pubescent:  Ivs.  broad  and  nearly  flat  or  slightly  trough- 
shaped,  3-5-nerTed:  fls.  large,  solitary  or  more  or  less 
clustered,  pink  or  lilac;  the  petals  (at  least  in  the  wild) 
barbed  or  hairy  towards  the  base;  calyx- bracts  4,  in 
some  cult.  vars.  short.  —  China  and  Japan ;  but  recent  au- 
thorities consider  a  European  Pink  to  be  but  a  form  of 
it,  and  thereby  extend  its  range  west  to  Portugal.  The 
Amocr  Pink  (/>.  dvtitdsvs,  Fisch.)  is  a  form  known  as 
var.  maoros§palus,  Franch.:  it  is  a  hardy  border  plant, 
1  ft.  high,  with  bright  nd  lis.  and  ;i  sput  nt  Iium-  ..f  each 
petal.  Z>.  Sf/H/).  / /;.') .  J. .,  I  I'lii  ..  1-  :i  L.if'iv  jMicjiiiial 
form,  12-18  in.,  «  nil  ,  ■  i  ■  .  ,  r..-d- 
eyed,  fragrant  I1-.  /'  '  ,  i  to  a 
beautiful  and  vaniiM-  11. I  Ml  L-:M.irii  r;i,i^,\;,i  Hed- 
dewigi,  Regel  \.li.  Jima,  ,ri,j,,  Ht.rt.).  Ihe-i-  arc  ex- 
tensively grown  from  seeds,  and  are  practically  an- 
nuals, although  plants  may  survive  the  winter  and  give 
a  feeble  bloom  in  the  spring  in  mild  climates.  The 
flowers  are  scarcely  odorous.  They  are  single  and 
double,  of  many  vivid  colors;  and  many  of  the  garden 
forms  have  bizarre  markings.  In  some  forms,  var.  la- 
ciniitus,  Regel  (D.  hicinidtus,  Hort.),  the  petals  are 
slashed  and  cut.  D.  imperi&liB,  Hort.,  is  a  name  applied 
to  a  strain  with  strong  habit  and  rather  tall  growth, 
mostly  double.  C.  diademitus,  Hort.,  is  another  garden 
strain.  D.  Cmcinnd.tUB,  Lem.,  is  a  red  form  with 
shredded  petals.     I.H.    n:.188.     D.  h^brldus,  Hort.,  is 


DICENTRA 

13:1380-1.  Gn.  49:1051.  The  garden  Pinks  are  of 
easy  culture.  Seeds  may  be  sown  in  the  open  where 
the  plants  are  to  stand,  but  better  results  are  obtained, 
at  least  in  the  north,  if  plants  are  started  in  the  house. 


f|t.t;1    fi,P^^A 


3t.  This  name  {D.  lujbridKs)  is  also  applied 
to  a  dentosus-\\k%  form,  which  some  regard  as  a  hybrid 
of  dentosits  and  some  other  species.  For  portraits  of 
garden  Pinks,  see  B.M.  5536;  F.S.  11:1150;  12:1288-9; 


704.  Dicentra  formosa  (X 

Plants  bloom  after  the  first  fall  frosts.    They  gr 

16  in.  high,  and  should  be  planted  6-8  in.   apart.    They 

are  very  valuable  for  borders  and  flower  gardens. 

14.  latifdliUB,  Hort.  Perennial,  0-12  in.  high,  of  doubt- 
ful origin,  but  in  habit  intermediate  between  D.  Chi- 
nensis  and  I>.  barbatus.  Fls.  large,  double,  in  close 
clusters  or  even  heads:  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate.— A  good 
border  plant. 

D.  viacorddlis  is  a  name  which  once  was  advertised  by  Man- 
ning, hut  is  not  now  in  the  trade.  The  seed  was  obtained  from 
an  English  firm.  It  is  probably  a  garden  form  of  some  old 
species.  L.  H.  B. 

DIC£NIBA  (Greek,  dis,  keutron,  two-spurred,  but 
originally  misprinted  Dictytra,  and  then  supposed  to  be 
Dielytra).  Fumariicem.  A  genus  of  charming  hardy 
perennial  plants  with  much  cut  foliage,  and  rose,  white 
or  yellow  fls.  of  interesting  structure.  The  Squirrel 
Corn  and  Dutchman's  Breeches  are  two  of  our  daintiest 
native  springtime  flowers,  and  the  Bleeding  Heart  is 
one  of  the  choicest  memories  of  old-fashioned  gardens: 
it  is  also  the  most  widely  cultivated  of  all  the  plants  of 
this  delightful  order.  Though  long  known  to  herbaria, 
plants  of  BleedingHeart  were  not  introduced  to  western 
cultivation  f  rotu  Japan  until  the  late  forties.  Robert  For- 
tune saw  it  on  the  Island  of  Chusan,  where  he  also  got 
DUrvilld  rosea  and  the  epoch-making  "Chusan  Daisy," 
the  parent  of  pompon  Chrysanthemums.  The  first  live 
plants  seen  in  England  flowered  in  May,  1847.  It  rapidly 
spread  into  every  garden  in  the  land,  and  is  now  rich 
in  home  associations.  It  is  an  altogether  lovely  plant. 
There  are  about  15  species  of  Dicentra,  mostly  N. 
American.  Sepals  2,  scale-like  :  petals  united  into  a 
2-spurred  or  heart-shaped  nectai-iferous  corolla :  stamens 
diadelphous. 

Dicentras  are  easily  cultivated  in  borders  and  wild  gar- 
dens. Two  kinds  can  be  readily  secured  from  the  woods 
in  the  E.  Try  to  reproduce  the  natural  conditions,  espe- 
cially the  degree  of  shade.  They  like  a  rich,  light  soil. 
Prop,  by  dividing  crowns  or  roots.  It  is  a  singular  fact 
that  the  forcing  of  Bleeding  Hearts,  though  practically 
unknown  in  America,  is  said  to  be  commoner  in  England 
than  outdoor  culture.    According  to  Nicholson,  the  fore- 


DICENTRA 

ing  must  be  very  gentle  and  the  plants  kept  as 
glass  as  possible.  It  is  best  to  have  fresh  pla 
year,  and  return  the  forced  ones  to  the  border. 

A.  Fls.  rose-purple. 

B.  Jiucmes  simple. 
speotAbilis,    Hem.     (Dle'U/tru     spectdbilis,    C 

Bleeding  Heart.    Fig.  70H.    Height  1-2  ft. : 


DICHOKISANDRA 

creamy  yellow;  crest  of  the  inner  peta 
Scotia  to  L.  Huron,  S.  C.  to  Mo.  I.H. 
A. G.  13:516.    D.  .S.5.  B.M.  U27  {as  Fiinu 


479 


rosy  red;  corolla  heart- 
shaped  ;  inner  petals 
white,  protruding.  Late 
spring.  Jap.   F.S.  3:258. 


I.  4458.  R.H.  1847:461.  Gn.  40:820. -The  wbite-fld. 
variety  has  a  weak  growth  and  sickly  appearance. 

BB.    Eacemes  compound. 
c.    Inner  petals  protruded. 

eximiat  Torr.  Fls.  deep  rose,  heart-shaped,  tapering 
to  a  neck,  which  is  longer  and  narrower  than  in  B.  for- 
inosa,  the  tips  of  the  outer  petals  much  longer.  Rocks 
of  western  N.  Y.  and  Mts.  of  Va.  Var.  multipinnata, 
Hort.,has  Ivs.  still  more  finely  cut.  "The  handsomest 
foliaged  hardy  plant  in  our  entire  collection."—!/.  W. 
Manning. 

cc.    Inner  petals  scarcely  protruded. 

formfisa,  Walp.  Fig.  704.  Fls.  pale  rose,  with  a  short, 
thick  neck,  the  tips  of  the  outer  petals  shorter  than  in 
n.  ezimia.  According  to  Gray,  Syn.  Flora,  the  fls.  are 
cordate,  but  B.M.  shows  2  pronounced  spurs,  with  tips 

pointing  toward  each  other.     Mn   "  ""  "" 

Fiimaria  formosa).     Calif,  north. 


5.  Mn.  6:41. 
Cttetillaria). 
W.  M. 
DICHORISANDRA  (Greek  words  referring  to  the  di- 
vision of  the  stamens  into  two  series).  Commeli- 
nicece.  About  28  species  of  tropical  perennial  herbs, 
with  handsome  foliage,  often  beautifully  variegated, 
and  rich  blue  fls.  borne  in  thyrse-like  panicles.  Sepals 
distinct,  ovate  or  oblong,  green  or  colored,  about  equal; 
petals  distinct,  wider  than  the  sepals;  stamens  6.  C.  B. 
Clarke  in  DC.  Mon.  Phan.  3:272  (1881).  The  following 
are  in  the  trade  but  not  sufiBciently  described  :  X>. 
gata^  D.  Zanoni.  ^^  j|^ 

Dichorisandra   tJiyrsiflora  is  a  sat- 
isfactory plant  of  unusual  and  inter- 
esting appearance,  which  requires  lit- 
tle  attention   when  once  well   estab- 
lished,   and    may    be   relied   upon    to 
flower   regularly   year  after  year.     It 
needs  careful  repotting  every  year  at 
first  until  a  good-sized  pot  (say  8  in.) 
is  well  filled  with  roots.  It  then  throws 
up  a  strong  shoot  each  year  about  6  ft. 
high,  unbrauched,  and  with  perhaps  8 
or  9  Ivs.  near  the  top.    The  handsome 
thyrse  of  dark  blue  fls.  gives   a  color 
that  is  rare  in  the  greenhouse.    This 
plant  may  be  the  only  representative 
of  its  interesting  order  in  a  private  collection.  It  is  wil- 
ling to  be  crowded  into  the  background,  where  its  bare 
is  hidden,    and  where  the  light  may  be  poorest. 
The  stem  dies  down  in  the  winter  time,  when  water 
should  be  gradually  withdrawn.   Water  should  be  given 
liberally   during  the   growing  season.     Of  the  foliage 
plants  of  this  genus,  i>.  mosaica  is  commonest.    It  is 
dwarfer,  and  does  not  flower  so  regularly. 

Cult,  by  Robert  Shore. 
A.  Foliage  not  variegated. 
thyrsiJiara,  Mikan.  Distinguished  by  its  large  Ivs., 
which  are  lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  distinct  petiole, 
glabrous,  6-10  in.  long,  2  in.  wide,  green  on  both  sides: 
stem  about  3  ft.  high,  scarcely  branched,  robust,  gla- 
brous: racemes  subpanicled,  pubescent:  sepals  glabrous, 
blue  or  somewhat  herbaceous.  Bra?..  B.R.  8:682.  L.B.C. 
12:1196.    P.M.  3:127. 


B.M.  13351 


Flou 


llou 


chrysAntha,  Walp.  Pale  and  glaucous:  inflorescence 
thyrsoid-paniculate:  fls.  numerous,  as  many  as  50  in  a 
thyrse,  erect,  golden  yellow;  corolla  deciduous;  outer 
petals  hardly  larger  than  the  inner,  the  tips  soon  recurv- 
ing to  below  the  middle.  Dry  hills,  Calif.  F.S.  8:820  (as 
Capnirchis  ehrysdntJia) .  —  Rare  in  cult. 

AAA.    Flowers  chiefly  white. 

b.    Corolla  merely  heart-shaped,  the  spurs  being  short 

and  rounded. 

Canadensis,  Walp.   {Diilytra    Canadensis,  G.  Don). 

SQtJiKREL  Corn,  from  the  scattered  tubers  resembling 

grains   of  maize.     Fig.  705.     Lvs.  finely  cut  :    raceme 

simple,   few-fld.:    fls.  white,  tipped  with  rose;  crest  of 

the  inner  petals  conspicuous,  projecting.    Nova  Scotia 

to  Mich.,  south  to  Penn.  andKy.,  but  chiefly  northward 

in  the  vegetable  mold  of  rich  woods.   B.M.  3031. 

BB.    Corolla  not  heart-shaped,  the  spurs  longer  and 

divergent. 

CucuI14ria,    Bern.    (Dielytra    CuculUria,   G.  Don). 

Dutchman's  Breeches.    Fig.  706.   Easily  told  from  i?. 

Canadensis  by  its  loose,  granular  cluster  of  tubers:  lvs. 

finely  cut :  racemes  simple,  few-fld. :  fls.  white,  tipped 


I's  Breeches  (X%). 


AA.   Foliage  variegated. 
m03S.ica,   Linden   (iJ.  wmsdica,  Koch  &  Lind.).     Dis- 
tinguished by  its  large,  broadly  elliptical  lvs.,  which  are 
roundish  at  the  base,  sessile,  glabrous,  about  6  in.  long. 


480 


DICHOBISANDRA 


3-4  in.  wide,  with  a  short,  sharp,  rather  abrupt  point: 
stem  uubranched, robust,  spotted:  racemeshort,  densely 
thyrsoid:  sepals  white  or  greenish.  Gt.  18(J8:593.  P.S. 
16:1711.  — Its  chief  beauty  is  the  mosaic  appearance  of 
the  foliage,  due  to  numberless  short,  ti-ansverse,  whitish 
lines,  which  do  not  pass  by  the  longitudinal  veins  of  the 
leaf.  The  under  side  of  the  Ivs.  is  a  rich  purplish  color. 
Var.  gigantda,  Hort.,  is  cult,  abroad. 

Var.  und4ta  (D.  ,ni,h;i,i.  C.  Koch  &  Linden).    Foliage 

without  any  nio^al.    ,,|,iM.,,i;i ,  tlie  varicK':ition  beiug 

entirely  longitu'li:  '  11  :  '^'1' I  \t.-iii  lies  in  tin- mid- 
dle of  a  long,  win:  li.lMi^' the  full  l.-iii;th  of 
the  leaf.  F.S.  17 ,  i ;.-,;  (  ,.,.,,.  n^U-v^  J>.  nn.l.ih,  xo  D. 
mosaica,  but  hortu  uluuiillj  ibty  aru  very  distinct. 

SWbertii,  Hort.  A  little  known  plant  with  white  mid- 
rib and  margins. 

D.acaitlis,  Cogn.  Stemless:  Ivs.  in  a  rosette,  almost  sessile, 
narrowly  oblong,  wa^-y,  acxitish.  short-cune,ite  at  the  base, 
sparsely  pilose  on  both  sides:  panicles  terminal,  sessile,  much 
shorter  than  the  Ivs.  Braz.  I.H.  41:19.  Handsomely  varie- 
gated with  countless  short,  longitudinal  lines.— Z>.  aniiustifblia, 
Lind.  &  Rod.  Stem  purple,  spotted  green:  Ivs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late, sessile,  glabrous,  roundish  at  the  base,  aciite.  about  6  in. 
long,  2  in.  wide  at  the  middle,  purple  below,  marked  above  with 
short,  transverse,  white  lines.  Equador.  I.H.  :J9:1.18.— />. /cm- 
cophthdtmos,  Hook.,  differs  from  all  here  described  in  having 
radical  inflores.-en.'O,  its  fls.  hum  fl:it  ..n  flic  gr..nli,l  Lvs.  el- 
liptic, acumin-it.-    -r,. „   l.ntli    .-vl...-    tls    1,1,,,.    will.   ,,  „,hite 


M.  tilil 


W.  M. 


DICHKOA  (Greek,  (Us,  two,  and  chros,  color).  In- 
cludes Adamia.  i><ixifiagdctii'.  This  genus  contains  a 
rare  greenhouse  shrub  in  habit  resembling  a  Hy- 
drangea, with  violet-blue  fls.  in  a  pyramidal  panicle  a 
foot  across,  and  handsome  blue  berries,  instead  of  the 
capsular  fruit  of  Hydrangea.  Lvs.  persistent,  alternate, 
stalked,  widest  at  middle,  tapering  both  ways,  serrate: 
panicles  terminal,  many-fld.:  fls.  blue,  lilac,  or  violet; 
petals  5  or  G,  valvate  ;  styles  3-5,  club-shaped.  The 
genus  has  only  2  species,  the  commoner  and  more  vari- 
able one,  D.  fehrifuga,  which  is  glabrous,  being  found 
in  the  Himalayas,  Malaya,  and  China,  while  i>.pu6csrdi.s- 
is  native  to  Malaya  only. 

febriKiga,  Lour.  (Ad&mia  versicolor,  Viort.).  Later 
writers  aUso  include  AdAmia  cyAnea,  Wall.,  which 
Lindley  distinguished  by  its  smaller  lvs.  and  fls.,  5 
petals,  and  10  stamens,  while  A.  versicolor  hud  7,  or 
sometimes  G  petals,  and  20  stamens.  Plants  are  still 
cultivated  abroad  under  the  name  of  A.  cyanea,  but  it 
cannot  be  stated  here  how  distinct  they  are  for  horti- 
altural  purposes.    A.  versicolor,  P.M.  16:322.    A.  cy- 


inea,  B.M.  3046. 


W.  M. 


DICKSdNIA  (named  for  James  Dickson,  an  English 
botanist,  1738-1822).  Cyalhe&cece.  Tree  ferns  with  a 
distinctly  2-valved  inferior  indusium,  the  outer  valve 
formed  by  the  apex  of  the  leaf  segment.  A  small  genus, 
mostly  of  the  southern  hemisphere.  For  D.  pilosius- 
ctila,  punctilobiila  and  Smithii,  see  Pennstwdtia. 

Dicksonias  are  amongst  the  most  important  tree  ferns, 
both  for  their  beauty  and  because  of  their  relative  hardi- 
ness. In  their  native  countries  some  of  them  are  occa- 
sionally weighted  with  snow,  and  Z>.  antarctica  has  to 
endure  frosts.  They  can  be  grown  in  coolhouses,  and 
should  be  tried  southward  outdoors  in  sheltered  places. 
Their  trunks  are  more  tiliVMiis  tlmn  tle.se  of  most  tree 
ferns,  and  hence  more  retentive  ••(  ineistnre,  so  that 
they  need  less  care.  Agned  inink  in. Mimes  30^0  fronds 
a  year,  and  retains  them  until  tli.>  next  set  is  matured, 
unless  the  trees  suffer  for  moisture  in  winter.  Although 
they  rest  in  winter,  the  fronds  soon  shrivel  up  if  the 
trunks  are  allowed  to  get  too  dry.  Dicksonias  should 
have  their  trunks  thoroughly  watered  twice  a  day  dur- 
ing the  growing  season.    These  waterings  should  be 


DICTAMNUS 

gradually  decreased  until  winter,  when  the  trunks 
should  be  kept  merely  moist  all  the  time.  Only  in  the 
hottest  summer  days  is  slight  shade  needed.  It  is  a 
pity  to  grow  tree  ferns  in  pots,  but  if  this  must  be  done 
several  principles  should  be  ob.served.  The  lapse  of  a 
single  day's  watering  will  often  cause  serious  damage. 
As  a  rule,  the  pots  should  be  of  the  smallest  size  con- 
sistent with  the  size  of  the  trunk.  Three  or  four  inches 
of  soil  all  round  the  trunks  is  enough.  The  above  points 
are  taken  from  Schneider's  Book  of  Choice  Ferns,  as 
tree  ferns  are  little  grown  in  America. 

antdrctica,  Labill.  Scales  of  the  short  leaf-stems 
dense,  dark  purplish  brown :  lvs.  5-6  ft.  long,  the  central 
pinnfe  12-18  in.  long  ;  segments  oblong,  the  sterile  in- 
cised. Australia  and  Tasmania.  G.C.  III.  9:81. -Trunk 
sometimes  30-35  ft.  high.  A  very  useful  decorative 
plant. 

squarrdsa,  Swz.  Scales  of  the  short  leaf-stem  fibril- 
lose,  light  colored:  lvs.  3-4  ft.  long,  the  pinnfe  9-15  in. 
long;  segments  lanceolate,  the  sterile  toothed,  the  ribs 
scabrous.    New  Zealand  and  Chatham  Island. 

L.  M.  Underwood  and  W.  M. 

for 


DICTAMNDS  (old  (ireek  name,  supposed  to  indicate 
foliage  like  the  ash  :  hence  Fraxinella,  diminutive  of  the 
Latin  Fraxinns.  an  ash),  liutrte,,,.  Gas  Plant.  Burn- 
ing Bush.  FuAXiNELi.A.  Dittany.  This  genus  includes 
an  old  garden  favorite  which  has  a  strong  smell  of 
lemon,  and  will  sometimes  give  a  fla.sh  of  light  on  sultry 
summer  evenings  when  a  lighted  match  is  held  near 
the  flowers.  It  is  also  one  of  the  most  permanent  and 
beautiful  features  of  the  hardy  herbaceous  border.  In- 
stances are  known  in  which  it  has  outlived  father,  son 
and  grandson  in  the  same  spot.  The  genus  has  only 
2  species,  and  is  distinguished  from  allied  genera  (none 
of  which  have  garden  value)  by  the  5  unequal  petals, 


707.  The  Gas  Plant— Dictamn 


10  (leolineil  stamens,  and  short  stipe,  on  which  the  ovary 

'I'll.'  'ills  Plant  makes  a  sturdy,  bold,  upright  growth, 
an. I  a  .liimii  :;  f.et  liiijb  and  as  much  in  thickness  makes 
a  I. raw-  si^-lit  when  in  Hower.  A  strong,  rather  heavy 
soil,  ni.ideralely  rich,  is  best  for  these  plants.  They  are 
not  fastidious  as  to  situation,  succeeding  as  well  in  par- 
tial shade  as  when  fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  and  drought 
will  not  effect  them  when  once  fairly  established.  Old, 
strong  clumps  are  good  sub,iects  as  isolated  specimens 
on  a  lawn,  and  a  large  patch,  planted  in  the  border,  is  not 
only  effective  while  in  full  flower,  but  the  dark,  persis- 
tent foliase  is  ornamental  throughout  the  season.  It  is 
not  advisable  to  disturb  the  plants  very  often,  as  they 
improve  with  age,  producing  taller  flower-stems  and 
more  of  them  as  they  grow  older.  They  are  excellent  for 
cutting,  especially  the  white  variety.  Prop,  with  diffi- 
culty by  division,  but  easily  by  seeds,  which  are  sown  in 
the  open  ground  in  fall  as  soon  as  ripe,  and  covered  an 
inch  or  so.  They  will  germinate  the  next  spring,  and, 
when  two  years  old,  the  seedlings  may  be  removed  to 
their  permanent  positions,  where  they  will  flower  the  fol- 
lowing year. 


DICTAMNUS 

klhas,  Lhm.  {D.FmxiiiHla.Pevs. }.  Fig.  707.  A  vig- 
orous, symmetrical,  hardy  herb,  with  glossy,  leathery 
foliage  surmounted  by  long,  showy  terminal  racemes  of 
good-sized,  fragrant  fls.  Lvs.  alternate,  odd-pinnate; 
Ifts.  ovate,  serrulate,  dotted  with  oil  glands:  fls.  white. 
Eu.,  N.Asia.  Gn.  35:701.  A.F.5:328.  Gng.5:321.  Var. 
rilbra,  Hort.,  has  rosy  purple  fls.,  the  veins  deeper 
colored.  Var.  gigantSus,  Hort.  (/>.  giganleus,  Hort.), 
was  recently  introduced.         j.  b.  Keller  and  W.  M. 

DICTYOGEAMMA  (Greek,  «e»e(Z  lines).  PolypodiA- 
ce<e.  A  genus  of  a  few  Japanese  and  Pacific  Island 
ferns,  with  naked  sori,  which  follow  the  course  of  the 
reticulated  veins.  The  species  are  sometimes  referred 
to  Gymnogramma.  Strong-growing  indoor  fern,  useful 
for  specimen  plants. 

Japfinica,  F^e.  Lvs.  simply  pinnate  or  bipinnate  at  the 
base,  lK-2  ft.  high,  the  piunse  ti-V2  in.  long  and  an  inch 
wide  ;  sori  extending  from  the  midrib  to  the  edge. 
Japan  and  Formosa.  Also  known  as  Gijmnoiimmma 
Japonica.  An  interesting  fern  of  rather  strong  growth, 
and  very  distinct  in  appearance.  Grows  best  in  a  mod- 
erate temperature— for  example,  55-60°— and  requires 
an  open  and  well-drained  soil  of  peaty  character. 

L.  M.  Underwood  and  W.  H.  Taplin. 

DICTYOSPfiKMA  (Greek,  Kc/ffrf  seed).  PalmAeea;, 
tribe  Areceie.  This  genus  of  Areca-like  palms  contains 
a  few  species  of  considerable  commercial  importance, 
the  young  plants  being  used  chiefly  for  house  and  table 
decoration.  Slender  spineless  palms,  with  a  ringed 
trunk:  lvs.  equally  pinnatisect;  segments  linear-lanceo- 
late, acuminate  or  bifid,  the  apical  ones  confluent;  mar- 
gins thickened,  recurved  at  the  base;  midrib  and  nerves 
prominent,  sparsely  clothed  with  persistent  scales 
beneath,  or  naked;  rachis  and  petiole  slender,  scaly, 
3-sided,  furrowed,  sheatli  elongated,  entire:  spadix  on  a 
short  glabrous  or  toraeutose  peduncle,  the  branches  erect 
or  spreading  and  flexuose,  the  lower  ones  with  mem- 
branaceous bracts  at  the  base:  spathes  2,  complete,  dor- 
sally  compressed,  papery,  the  lower  one  2-crested  ; 
flower-bearing  areas  much  depressed:  bracts  and  bract- 
lets  scaly:  pistillate  fls.  rather  large,  white  or  yellowish : 
fr.  scaly,  small,  olive-shaped  or  subglobose.  Species  2 
or  3.   Indian  Archipelago.  Jared  G.  Smith. 

Dictyosperma  is  a  genus  of  medium-sized  palms  of 
slender  habit,  and  having  pinnate  leaves.  At  least  two 
s-pecies  of  Dictyosperma  {rubra  and  alba)  have  been 
included  among  commercial  palms  for  some  years  past, 
though  not  grown  in  such  quantities  as  the  popular 
Kentias,  Arecas  and  Latanias.  D.  aiireii  is  also  occa- 
sionally set-n  ill  cininiprcial  collections. 

The  cultiv;iti(.ii  [if  tlipse  palms  does  not  present  any 
great  ditliruliiis,  similar  conditions  to  those  required  by 
Chr!isiili,l.,.,nj,„.s  l„t,sr,ns  answering  well.  These 
conditions UKiy  be  briefly  summarized  as  follows:  A  soil 
consisting  of  well  rotted  sod,  to  which  has  been  added 
about  one-sixth,  in  bulk,  of  good  stable  manure,  firm 
potting,  and  an  abundance  of  water  both  at  the  root  and 
overhead,  a  night  temperature  during  the  winter  of  60 
to  6.5°  F.,  and  moderate  shade  on  the  glass  from  March  1 
to  November  1.  This  treatment  applies  especially  to 
young  stock,  and  may  be  modified  somewhat  with  old 
and  well  established  specimens,  the  latter  enduring  a 
slightly  lower  temperature  without  injury,  providing 
they  are  not  overwatered.  Dictyospermas  are  rather 
susceptible  to  the  attacks  of  some  insects,  notably  red 
spider  and  various  scale  insects,  and,  if  allowed  to  be- 
come very  dry,  are  liable  to  lose  their  lower  leaves,  the 
most  satisfactory  species  being  D.  rubra.  Propagation 
by  seeds,  which  germinate  in  6  to  8  weeks,  when  sown  in 
a  warm  greenhouse.  ^  g  Taplin. 

Alba,  Wendl.  &  Drude  {Areca  alba,  Bory.  Ptycho- 
spArma  alba,  Scheff. ).  Distinguished  by  the  whitish 
petioles  and  the  whitish  green  veins  of  the  lvs.  Caudex 
40-.50  ft.  high,  8-9  in.  iu  diam.,  dilated  at  the  base:  lvs. 
8-12  ft.  long;  petiole  6-18  in.  long,  grooved  down  the 
face;  segments  2!-^-3  ft.  long,  2-3  in.  wide,  7-nerved; 
veins  and  margins  green  or  reddish:  branches  of  the 
spadix  6-18  in.  long,  erect  or  slightly  reflexed,  zigzag 
when  young. 


DIDYMOSPERMA 


481 


aiirea,  Wendl.  &  Drude  (Areca  aitrea,  Hort.).  Dis- 
tinguished by  the  yellow  or  orange  petioles  and  veins 
of  young  plants.  Caudex  about  30  ft.  high,  smaller  and 
more  slender  than  the  preceding:  lvs.  4-8  ft.  long;  peti- 
ole 8  in.  long;  segments  l]4-2  ft.  long,  1  in.  wide;  sec- 
ondary veins  scarcely  visible:  branches  of  the  spadix 
rigidly  erect,  9-U  in.  long. 

furfuricea,  Wendl.  &  Drude  {Areea  fitrfurAcea, 
Hort.).  Like  JO.  rubra,  but  the  petiole  and  leaf-sheath 
of  the  young  plant  tomentose. 

rubra,  Wendl.  &  Drude  (Areca  rubra,  Hort.).  Re- 
sembling D.  alba,  but  the  lvs.  of  the  young  plants 
darker  green,  the  primary  veins  and  margins  dark  red, 
the  redness  disappearing  very  much  in  adult  plants: 
branches  of  the  spadix  longer  and  more  reflexed. 

Jared  G.  Smith. 

DICYETA  is  a  gesneraceous  genus  closely  allied  to 
Achimenes,  but  with  smaller  fls.  and  different  anthers. 
It  has  2  species,  both  from  Guatemala.  D.  Candida  is 
cult,  abroad  as  Achimenes  Candida. 

DIDlSCUS.     See  Trachymene. 

DIDYMOCHiaiNA  (Greek,  twincloak;  alluding  to  the 
indusium).  PolypodiAcew.  A  small  gemis  of  greenhouse 
ferns  of  rather  coarse  foliage.  Indusium  elliptical, 
emarginate  at  the  base,  attached  along  a  central  vein, 
free  all  round  the  margin. 

Iunul4ta,  Desv.  {D.truneuldta,  Hort.).  Lvs.  clustered 
from  an  erect  caudex,  bipinnate,  3-6  ft.  long  ;  pinnules 
almost  quadrangular  %-\  in.  broad,  entire  or  slightly  sin- 
uate, each  bearing  2-6  sori.  Cuba  to  Brazil;  the  same 
or  an  allied  species  in  Madagascar  and  Malaya.  — Z).  lu- 
nutata  is  a  very  attractive  fern  while  in  a  small  state, 
but  its  articulated  ]'in"iil'"*  '■"'<■  ^i  'Irawback  as  a  com- 
mercial species,  renil.Tiiiir  ii  "I  littlr  value  for  house 
decoration.        l.  m.  rM.i:uw a.i.l  W.  H.  Taplin. 

The  following  points  are  cuiuU-used  from  Schneider's 
admirable  work.  The  Book  of  Choice  Ferns:  D.lunulala 
is  one  of  the  most  distinct  ferns  in  cultivation.  It  looks 
like  a  tree  maidenhair,  but  the  stems,  instead  of  being 
black  and  slender,  are  thick  and  fleshy  and  the  leaves 
are  fleshier  than  any  Adiantum.  In  cult,  the  trunk  is 
only  a  few  inches  high,  but  the  fronds  are  4-6  ft.  long 
and  densely  covered  with  long,  brown,  chaffy  scales. 
The  metallic  color  of  its  young  fronds  is  a  fine  feature. 
This  is  a  warmhouse  fern,  and  may  be  used  for  subtropical 
bedding.  It  has  a  bad  trick  of  droppine  its  pinnules  if 
allowed  to  get  too  dry  at  the  root,  but  soon  rallies  under 
liberal  treatment. 

DIDYMOSPfiEMA  (Greek,  double-seeded).  Palmdceai, 
tribe  Arecece.  Low  or  erect  palms  with  slender  trunks. 
Leaves  terminal,  unequally  pinnatisect,  silvery-scaly  be- 
low ;  segments  opposite,  alternate,  solitary,  or  the 
lower  ones  iu  groups,  cuneate  at  the  base:  obovate-ob- 
long  or  oblanceolate,  sinuate-Iobed  and  erose,  the  ter- 
minal one  cuneate;  margins  recurved  at  the  base;  mid- 
herve  distinct,  nerves  flabellate;  sheath  short,  fibrous: 
spadices  with  a  short,  thick  peduncle  and  thick  branches : 
spathes  numerous,  sheathing  the  spadix:  fls.  rather 
large :  fr.  ovoid  or  oblong.  Species  6.  India  and  Malay 
Archipelago. 

porphyrocArpon,  Wriiill.  \-  linulr  {Walliclna  por- 
phyrocarpa.  Mart.).  Si.  ins  iv.  .ly.  :;-li  ft.:  lvs.  5-8  ft. 
long;  leaflets  9-15  in.  l.iii".  .Iistaiit,  narrowly  oblong, 
long  cuneate,  blunt,  m-  si  i  in  ah- 1  y 'J-:;  loljed,  truncate,  den- 
ticulate, glaucous  beneath.    Java. 

Didymosperma  is  a  genus  of  East  Indian  palms  of 
moderate  growth,  containing  possibly  8  species,  most 
of  which  are  stemless  or  else  forming  but  a  short  trunk, 
the  pinnate  leaves  risiiit;  fnnii  a  mass  of  coarse  brown- 
ish fibers  that  siun.iiii.l  tin-  l.asr  ..f  the  plant.  Theleaf- 
lets  are  of  irn-u'ular  sliapn,  biaiiiiu'  some  resemblance  to 
those  of  Carvnta.  and  th.'  i.laiiis  frequently  throw  up 
suckers  from  tin-  lias,.,  'riir  miinl.rrs  of  this  genus  are 
not  verycomiiiiin  in  .nltiv  ai  inn.  Tin-  species  that  is  most 
frequently  sf.n  is  tin-  jilani  kimun  to  the  trade  as 
D.  caryoioidi  X.  an  attra.tivr  warinli.nise  palm  that  has 
also  appeared  niiih-r  the  svimiiyni  Ilarina  caryotoides, 


and  ha<i  latrlv  I 
While  y.iuiiL-.  :.t 

houseaii.l  i-i 

shine,  Ihmul.  ^^ 
folia  (or  ir.,//,. 
an  elevation  of  : 


482  DIDYMOSPERMA 

referred  to  Wallichia,  which  see. 
.  till-  Didymospermas  enjoy  a  warm 
i^phire  with  shading  from  full  sun- 
i.ilil  that  one  species,  B.  ohlongi- 
.  is  frequently  found  in  Sikliim  at 
feet  above  the  sea.  Prop,  usually 
by  seeds;  occasionally  by  suclsers,  which  are  kept  rather 
close  for  a  time  after  their  removal  from  the  parent 
plant-  Jared  G.  Smith  and  W.  H.  Taplin. 

DIEFFENBACHIA  (Dieffenbach,  a  German  botanist). 
Aroldete.  Low,  shrubby  perennials:  stems  rather  thick, 
inclined  or  creeping  at  the  base,  then  erect,  with  a  leafy 
top:  petioles  half  cylindrical,  sheathed  to  above  the  mid- 
dle, long,  cylindrical  at  the  apex  ;  blade  oblong,  wiili  u 
thick  midrib  at  the  base;  veins  very  numerous,  the  lirM 
and  second  parallel,  ascending,  curvingupwards  at  tlieir 
ends  :  peduncle  shorter  than  the  Ivs.  Differs  from  i 
Aglaonema  in  floral  characters.  Central  and  South 
America.  Perhaps  a  dozen  species.  Engler  (in  DC. 
Monogr.  Phaner.  vol.  2)  recognizes  6  species,  with  many 
varieties.  Dieffenbachias  are  popular  hothouse  plants, 
being  grown  for  their  handsome  and  striking  foliage. 

For  Dieffenbachias,  similar  rooting  material  to  that 
mentioned  for  Anthuriums,  combined  with  a  high  and 
moist  atmosphere,  will  produce  a  very  healthy  and 
luxuriant  growth  of  foliage,  especially  after  the  plants 
have  made  their  first  few  leaves  in  ordinary  light  pot- 
ting soil.  Unless  it  be  the  very  large-leaved  kinds,  like 
trinmphans,  nobilis  and  Banmanni,  three  or  four  plants 
may  be  placed  together  in  large  pots,  keeping  the  balls 
near  the  surface  in  potting.  Jenman  i,  S!i  uttU  worth  id  iik  , 
Leopoldii  and  ebumea  are  all  well  suited  for  mass- 
ing together  in  large  pots.  When  above  a  certain 
height,  varying  in  different  species,  the  plants  come  to 
have  fewer  leaves,  and  those  that  remain  are  small; 
they  should  then  be  topped,  retaining  a  considerable 
piece  of  the  stem,  and  placed  in  the  sand  bed,  where 
they  will  throw  out  thick  roots  in  a  week  or  two. 
The  remaining  part  of  the  stems  should  then  be  cut 
up  into  pieces  2  or  3  inches  long,  dried  for  a  day  or 
so,  and  then  put  into  boxes  of  sand,  where,  if  kept  warm 


DIEFFENBACHIA 

piota,  Schott.  Blade  oblong,  or  oblong-elliptical,  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  2H-4  times  longer  than  wide,  rounded 
or  acute  at  the  base,  gradually  narrowing  to  the  long 
acuminate-cuspidate  apex,  green,  with  numerous  irregu- 
lar oblong  or  linear  spots  between  the  veins;  veins  15-20 
on  each  side,  ascending.    L.B.C.  7:608. 


708.    Dielfc 


and  only  slightly  moist,  every  piece  will  send  out  a 
shoot,  and  from  the  base  of  this  shoot  roots  will  be  pro- 
duced. These  can  be  potted  up  as  soon  as  roots  have 
formed. 


709.  Dieffenbachia  Sea 


Var.Baiisei, Engl. (i>.iJ<i«.'ici, Kegel).  Fig.708.  Blade 
nearly  or  completely  yellowish  green,  with  obscurely 
green-spotted  margins  and  scattered  white  spots.  l.H. 
2C:338. 

Var.  Shuttleworthiina,  Engl.  {D.  Shutlteworthictna, 
Bull).    Blade  pale  green  along  the  midrib. 

Segulne,  Schott.  Lvs.  green,  with  white,  more  or  less 
continent  stripes  and  spots,  otdoiig  or  ovate  oblong, 
nded  or  slightly  cordate  or  suliarnto  at  the  base,  nar- 
ed  toward  the  apex,  short  o'j^iti'lair :  primary  veins 
1-1."),  the  lower  spreading,  tin-  iip|M  i  r.iiictr.  and  as- 
ending.  Lowe  14  (as  var.  uninihi/.i  i .  W.Indies.— 
'ailed  "Dumb  Plant "  because  tliosu  who  chew  it  some- 
inies  lose  the  power  of  speech  for  several  days. 

Var.  BarraquiniJlna,  Engl.  (Z).i?arra4MJn!"i}«n,Versch. 
&  Lem.  C.  (jigantea,  Verscb.).  Petioles  and  midribs  al- 
most entirely  white;  blade  with  scattered  white  spots. 
l.H.  11:387;  13:470,471. 

Var.  n6bilis,  Engl.  (Z>.ji(5Ji!7e,Hort.).  Fig.  709.  Blade 
elliptical,  acute,  dull  green  with  dirty  green  spots. 
Brazil. 

Var.  liturata,  Engl.  {D.  Leopoldii,  Bull.  D.  Wallisi, 
Lind.t.  Blade  dark  green,  with  a  rather  broad,  yellowish 
green,  ragged-margined  stripe  along  the  midrib;  spathe 
glaucous.    l.H.  17: 11.    S.H.  1,  p.  455. 

Var.  irrorita,  Engl.  {D.  irrordta,  Schott.  D.  Bau- 
maiini,  llort.).  Lvs.  large  and  bright  green,  blotched 
and  sprinkled  with  white.    Brazil. 

The  above  are  the  recognized  type  species.  The  fol- 
lowing are  in  the  Araer.  trade.  Probably  some  or  all  of 
them  belong  to  the  foregoing  species: 

CWlsoni,  Bull.  Lvs.  deep,  satiny  green,  the  middle 
gray-feathered,  and  the  blade  also  blotched  yellow-green. 
Colombia. 

Cdrsii,  Hort.   See  B.  Parlatorei. 

ebfimea,  Hort.  Compact :  lvs.  light  green,  freely 
spotted  with  white,  the  stems  reddish  and  white-ribbed. 

illustris,  Hort.    See  B.  late-maeulata. 

imper4tor,  Hort.  Lvs.  16-18  In.  in  length,  5-6  in.  wide, 
olive-green,  fantastically  blotched,  marbled  and  spotted 
with  pale  yellow  and  white.    Colombia. 

insignis,  Hort.  Lvs.  dark  green,  with  irregular, 
angular  blotches  of  pale  yellowish  green,  6  or  more  in. 
wide.   Colombia. 


DIEFFENBACHIA 

late-macul4ta,  Lind.  &  Andr^  {D.  ilhistris,  Hort.). 
Lvs.  glaucous-preen,  profusely  white-barred  and  white- 
spotted.     Brazil.    I. H.  23:23-1. 

Jfinmani,  Veitch.  Lvs.  rich,  bright,  glossy  green,  re- 
lieved by  a  milk-white  band  at  every  lateral  nerve,  and 
by  a  few  white  spots  interspersed  between  the  bands. 
Guiana. 

ma^fica,  Lind.  &  Rod.  Lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  large, 
dark  green,  blotched  and  spotted  with  white  along  the 
veins.    Venezuela.    LH. 30:482.    S.H.2,p.383. 

marmdrea,  Hort.    See  Parlatorei. 

Parlatdrei,  Lind.  &  Andr^,  var.  mannorea,  Andr6 
{!}.  memoria  and  monnora  and  Corsii,  Hort.).  Lvs. 
long-oblong,  acuminate,  the  midrib  white  and  the  blades 
blotched  white,  the  green  deep  and  lustrous.  Colombia. 
I.H.  24:291.-Engler  refers  this  plant  to  the  genus 
Philodendron. 

Beglna,  Bull.  Lvs.  oblong-elliptical,  greenish  white, 
mottled  and  blotched  with  alternate  light  and  green 
tints.    S.  Amer. 

K6x,  Hort.  Compact:  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  two 
sides  not  equal,  deep  green,  but  the  white  angular 
blotches  and  midrib  occupying  more  space  than  the 
green.    S.  Amer. 

splfindens,  Bull.  Stem  faintly  mottled  with  dark  and 
light  green:  lvs.  have  a  thick  ivory  white  midrib,  and 
the  ground  color  is  of  a  deep,  rich,  velvety  bottle  green, 
with  a  resplendent,  lustrous  surface,  freely  marked 
with  whitish  striate  blotches.    Colombia. 

triiimphans.  Bull.  Lvs.  dark  green,  ovate-lanceolate 
and  acuminate,  a  ft.  long,  irregularly  marked  with  angu- 
lar yellowish  blotches.   Colombia. 

Jared  G.  SmTH  and  G.  W.  Oliver. 

DIlLTTKA.    See  Dicentra. 

OIEBVtLLA  (after  Dierville,  a  French  surgeon,  who 
took  D.  Lonicera  to  Europe  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century).  Capri folidceie.  Weigela.  Shrubs  of  spread- 
ing habit,  with  more  or  less  arching  branches,  and,  es- 
pecially the  Asiatic  species,  with  very  showy  fls.  from 
pure  white  to  dark  crimson,  appearing  late  in  spring. 
Lvs.  opposite,  petioled,  serrate  :  fis.  in  1  to  several-fld. 
axillary  cymes,  often  panicled  at  the  end  of  the  branches, 
yellowish  white,  pink  or  crimson,  epigynous  ;  calyx  5- 
parted;  corolla  tubular  or  campanulate,  5-lobed,  some- 
times slightly  2-lipped  ;  stamens  5  :  fr.  a  slender,  2- 
celled  capsule,  with  numerous  minute  seeds.  About  10 
species  in  E.  Asia  and  N.  Amer.  They  thrive  in  any 
common  humid  garden  soil,  the  Amer.  species  pre- 
ferring moist  and  partly  shaded  positions.  The  Asiatic 
species  require  protection  north  during  the  winter,  or 
sheltered  positions.  Prop,  readily  by  greenwood  cut- 
tings or  hardwood  cuttings ;  the  Amer.  species  usually  by 
suckers  and  by  seeds  sown  in  spring. 

Index  of  species  {some  of  the  names  in  italics  were 
described  under  Weigela):  amabilis,  3;  arborea,  4; 
arborescens ,  6  ;  Canadensis,  1  ;  Coraeensis,  4  ;  flori- 
bunda,  6  ;  ilorida,  3  ;  grandiflora,  4  ;  Groenewegeni .  7; 
hortensis.  5;  hybrida,  7;  Japonica,5;  Lonicera,  1;  Mid- 
dendorfiana,  8  ;  muUiflora,  6;  rosea,  3;  sessilifolia,  2  ; 
SteUzneri,  7;  trifida,  1;    Van  Houttei,  7. 

A.    Fls.  yellow,  slightly  S-lipped,  small,  %-%  in.  long. 

I  iervilla  proper. 

1.  LonicSra.Mill.  (D.  trifida,  llceuch.  D.  Canadensis, 
Willd.).  Shrub,  to  3  ft.:  branchlets  nearly  terete, 
glabrous:  lvs.  distinctly  petioled,  ovate-oblong,  acumi- 
nate, serrate,  nearly  glabrous,  finely  ciliate,  3-4  in.  long: 
cymes  usually  3-fld.;  limb  nearly  equal  to  the  tube. 
June,  July.  Newfoundland  to  Saskatschewan,  south  to 
Ky.  and  N.  C.    B.M.  1796.    D.  44. 

2.  sessilUdlia,  Buckl.  Shrub,  to  5  ft.:  branchlets  quad- 
rangular :  lvs.  nearly  sessile,  ovate-lanceolafe,  serrate, 
nearly  glabrous,  of  firmer  texture,  3-6  in.  long:  cymes 
3-7-fld.,  often  crowded  into  dense,  terminal  panicles: 
limb  shorter  than  the  tube.  June,  July.  Carol,  and  Tenn. 
G.C.  III.  22:14.-Hardy  in  Canada. 


DIERVILLA 


483 


AA.    Fls.  showy,  white,  pink  or  crimson,  rarely 

yellowish. 

B.   Anthers  not  connected  with  each  other.   {Weigela.) 

r.    Calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  connate  at  the  base,  often  to 

the  middle;  stigma  S-lobed:  seeds  wingless. 

3.  fl6rida,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (  Weigela  rdsea,  Lindl.  IT. 
amabilis,  Hort.).  Shrub,  to  6  ft.:  branchlets  with  2 
hairy  stripes  :  lvs.  short-petioled,  elliptic  or  ovate-ob- 
long, serrate,  glabrous  above  except  at  the  midrib,  to- 
mentose  on  the  veins  beneath:  calyx  nearly  glabrous: 
ovary  slightly  hairy:  fls.  1-3,  pale  or  deep  rose,  IH  in. 
long;  corolla  broadly  funnel-shaped,  abruptly  narrowed 
below  the  middle.  May,  June.  N.  China.  B.M.  4396. 
F.S.  3:211.  B.H.  1:577.-This  is  one  of  the  most  culti- 
vated species,  very  free-flowering  and  rather  hardy. 
Var.  alba.  Fls.  white,  changing  to  light  pink.  R.H. 
1861:331.  Var.  Candida.  Fls.  pure  white.  Var.  IsoUne. 
Fls.  white  or  slightly  pink  outside,  with  yellowish  spot 
in  throat.  F.S.  14:144.5.  Var.  Kosteriina  variegata. 
Dwarf:  lvs.  bordered  yellow:  fls.  deep  rose.  Var.  Si6- 
boldi  alba-marginilta,  Lvs.  bordered  white  :  fls.  rose. 
Var.  nina  variegata.  Dwarf.  Lvs.  variegated  with 
white:  fis.  nearly  white. 

cc.    Calyx  lobes  linear,  divided  to  the  base:  seeds 
winged:  stigma  capitate. 
D.   Plant  nearly  glabrous. 

4.  grandiflora,  Sieb.  &  Zucc'  {D.  Coraeensis,  DC. 
D.  amabilis,  CsiTT.).  Shrub,  5-10  ft. :  lvs.  rather  large, 
obovate  or  elliptic,  abruptly  acuminate,  crenately  ser- 
rate, sparingly  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath  and  on  the 
petiol.-s  :  lis.  in  1-J-fld.,  peduncled  cymes  ;  corolla 
broadly  tunnel  form,  abruptly  narrowed  below  the  mid- 
dle, cl]:iiiging  from  whitish  or  pale  pink  to  carmine. 
May,  June.  Jap.  S.Z.  31.  F.S.  8:8.55.  — Vigorously  grow- 
ing shrub,  with  large  lvs.  and  fls.,  but  less  free-flower- 
ing, and  the  type  not  common  in  cultivation.  Var. 
arbdrea,  Hort.  (  W.  arbdrea  grandifldra,  Hort.).  Fls. 
yellowish  white,  changing  to  pale  rose  ;  of  vigorous 
growth. 

DD.    Plant  more  or  less  pubescent :  corolla  finely 
pubescent  outside. 

5.  Japdnica,  DC.  Shrub,  to  6  ft. :  lvs.  oblong-obovate 
or    elliptic,    acuminate-serrate,     sparingly    pubescent 


710     Diervilla  hybrida  ( 


above,  tomentose  beneath:  fls.  usually  in  3-fld.,  shori- 
peduncled  cymes,  often  crowded  at  the  end  of  short 
branchlets;  corolla  broadly  funnel  form,  narrowed  below 
the  middle,  whitish  at  first,  changing  to  carmine;  style 


484 


DIERVILLA 


sbmewhat  exserted.  May,  June.  Jap.,  China.  G.F. 
9:405.— Var.  horWnsis,  Rehder  (D.  hortinsis,  Sieb.  & 
Zucc).  Lvs.  nearly  glabrous  above,  densely  grayish 
tomentose  beneath  :  cymes  usually  rather  long-pe- 
Quncled:  fls.  white  or  carmine.  S.Z.  20,  .'!0.  Mon- tender 
and  slower-growing  than  the  type.  Offspring's  i.f  this 
variety  are  the  following:  Var.  gratissima.  Fls.  light 
pink.  Var.  nivea.  Pure  white  fls.  X-.vr.  Looyminsi 
ailrea,  with  yellow  lvs.:  of  slow  growth. 

G.  floribrinda,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (D.  multlfUra,  Leraaire). 
Shrub,  to  8  ft. :  lvs.  oblong-ovate  or  elliptic,  acuminate, 
serrate,  sparingly  pubescent  above,  more  densely  be- 
neath: tis.  1-3,  usually  sessile,  mostly  crowded  at  the 
end  of  short  branchlets;  corolla  rather  gradually  nar- 
rowing toward  the  base,  brownish  crimson  in  the  bud, 
changing  to  dark  or  bright  crimson ;  lobes  about  5  times 
shorter  than  the  tube ;  style  exserted.  May,  June.  Jap. 
S.Z.  32.  I.H.  10:383.  — Vigorously  growing  shrub,  with 
rather  small  but  abundant  tis.  Var.  ^andifldra,  Hort. 
(W.  arborfscens,  Hort.).  Fls.  rather  large,  brownish 
Var,  LavAllei,  Hort.  Fls.  bright,  deep  crim- 
r.  Var.  L6wei,  Hort.  Fls.  dull,  purplish 
a,  small.  Var.  yersicdlor,  Rehder  (D.  versicolor, 
Sieb.  &  Zucc).  Fls.  greenish  white  at  first,  changing 
to  crimson.    S.Z.  33. 

7.  hybrida,  Hoii.  i  i'i:-  7I'>  .  niay  be  used  as  a  collec- 
-tive  nauM-  U>r  tin     i      i       liMs  between  i>,  florida, 

floribiiii'la .  .hi I.,',  .  :  ^i /flora,  which  are  now 

.more   coniiiinnlv   rnin .1    ihun    the   typical   species. 

■Some  of  the  best  ami  iimsr  disimet  are  the  following: 
A.  CarrUre,  rose-carmine,  changing  to  red,  with  yellow 
spot  in  throat;  Congo,  of  vigorous  growth,  with  abun- 
dant large,  purplish  crimson  fls.;  Conqtiete,  very  large, 
deep  pink  fls,— the  largest  fls,  of  all  varieties ;  Desbolsi, 
fls.  deep  rose,  abundant;  £.  Andri,  fls,  very  dark, 
brownish  purple;  i'ra  Rathke,  fls,  deep  carmine-red, 
erect,  very  free-flowering,  R.B.  19:126;  Groenewegeiii, 
fls,  red  outside,  whitish  within,  somewhat  striped  with 
yellowish  r.-.l;  (/iisl.ir  Mullet,  fls.  light  pink,  bordered 
white;  Mml.  C'ul.ni  ,u  r,  yellowish  white,  changing  to 
pink;  Mml.  /..,/..//;.,  white,  with  delicate  blush, 
changing  to  ]>iiik:  Mml.  Tellier,  large  white  fls.,  with 
delicate  blush;  Othello,  fls.  carmine,  brownish  outside; 
P.  Vuchartre.  fls.  deep  amaranth,  very  dark,  free; 
P^cheur  fits,  fls.  violet-red,  abundant;  Van  Houttel,  fls. 
carmine,  P.S.  14:1447;  iVci^jKcrt,  fls.  dark  red, abundant. 

BB.  Anthers  connected  with  each  other.    (Cah/ptro- 
stigma.) 

8.  Middendorffiina,  Carr.  Shrub,  to  3  ft. :  lvs.  short- 
petioled,  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate, 
glabrous  at  length:  fls.  in  2-3-fld.  axillary  and  terminal 
clusters  ;  corolla  campanulate,  funnel  form,  yellowish 
white,  spotted  orange  or  purplish  inside  ;  calyx-teeth 
partially  connate.  May,  June.  E.  Siber.,  N.  China,  Jap. 
Gt.  0:183.  R.H.  1854:201.  P.S.  11:1137.  I.H.  4:113. 
•G.C.  III.  7:581. 

D.  arbdrea,  Hort.  =  D.  floribunda.—  D.  panciflbra.  Carr.  D. 
-aorida—O.  precox,  Lemoine.  Allied  to  D.  florida.  Pis.  large, 
pink,  with  yellow  in  throat;  early  and  free-flowering.  Jap. 
Gt.46:1441.— />.  riliMidrt's,  Gattinger.  Allied  to  D.  sessilifolia. 
Lvs.  and,  branchlets  pubescent;  tis.  in  large,  terminal  panicles. 
Georgia.  ALFRED  Rehder. 

DifiTES,    See  Moraa. 

DIGITALIS  (Latin,  digitus,  a&ager;  referring  to  the 
shape  of  the  flowers).  Scrophularidcem.  Foxglove. 
A  fine  genus,  numbering  several  species  and  some  hy- 
brids of  hardy  or  half-hardy  herbaceous  plants,  famous 
for  their  long  racemes  of  inflated  flowers,  which  suggest 
spires  or  towers  of  bells.  They  are  old-fashioned  and 
dignified,  clean  of  growth  and  wholesome  company  in 
the  choicest  garden.  The  strong,  vertical  lines  of  their 
flower-stalks,  rising  from  rich  and  luxuriant  masses  of 
cauline  leaves,  give  always  an  appearance  of  strength  to 
the  rambling  outlines  of  the  usual  herbaceous  border. 
The  genus  is  a  very  distinct  one,  its  nearest  ally  being 
Isoplexis,  which  contains  a  few  greenhouse  plants  rarely 
cultivated.  About  18  species,  natives  of  Europe  and 
middle  and  western  Asia.  The  flowers  are  corapanulate 
or  ventricose,  4-5-lobed;  calyx  5-parted :  seed  pod  ovate, 
5-valved;   seeds  numerous.    For  a  week  or  two  the  Pox- 


DIGITALIS 

gloves  usually  dominate  the  whole  border.  The  com- 
monest species  in  cultivation  is  D.  purpurea,  which  is 
one  of  the  commonest  English  wild  flowers.  The  name 
"Foxglove"  is  so  inapprofiriate  that  much  ingenious 
speculation  has  beiu  ;m..(i-.  i.  l.ni  iis  origin  is  lost  in 
antiquity.    The  wor.l  '  .    ,     ;ii.l  to  be  a  corrup- 

tion of  "folk,"  meaiiii:.  ■    I    ik"  or  fairies.    Un- 

fortnn.atelT.etvmnlciiii-.-  ..i  -<  i,  hm  i  ;,is  pretty  suggestion. 
In  t!i;-  rinu-  ^--t'nrr-^.  s.\,.-r,.l  i,i.;|.ai..iiuus  of  1). purpurea 
ai-i-  I  !  'I'l..  ■!!■(.  diuretic,  sedative,  narcotic.  For 
111.. I       I       !    I    :      .  -.   the    leaves  of  the   second   year's 

I'.i.  ;1  ..  :.:.  ..f  the  easiest  culture.  The  common 
species  and  hybrids  can  be  grown  as  biennials  from 
seed.  The  perennial  species  are  propagated  by  seeds  or 
by  division.  J.  B.  Keller  says:  "A  light,  well  enriched 
soil,  not  too  dry,  suits  them  admirably.  They  succeed 
in  partial  shade  or  in  open  places." 
A.  Middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  longer  than  the  others. 
B.    fls.  rusty  red. 

lemiglnea,  Linn.  {D.  aurea,  Llndl.).  Biennial,  4-G ft. 
high  :  stems  densely  leafy  :  lvs.  glabrous  or  ciliate  : 
racemes  long,  dense  :  fls.  rusty  yellow,  reticulate- 
marked,  downy  outside  ;  lower  lip  of  corolla  ovate,  en- 
tire, bearded.   July.    S.  En.    B.M.  1828. 

BB.    Fls.  gray  or  creamy  yellow. 

lanita,  Ehrh.  Perennial,  2-3  ft.  high  :  lvs.  oblong, 
ciliate:  fls.  rathersmall,  1-lK  in.  long,  grayi-sh  or  creamy 
yellow,  sometimes  whitish  or  purplish,  downy,  in  a 
dense,  many-fld,  raceme,  with  bracts  shorter  than  the  fls, 
July,  Aug,  Danube  river  and  Greece,  B.M.  1159  (poor 
figure). —A  fine  species. 


■^r\ 


711.  Digitalis  purpurea,  var.  eloxiniceflora. 

Sibirica,  Lindl.  Has  the  habit  of  D.  ambigua,  with  fls. 
like  those  of  D.  lanata.  Lvs.  downy,  ovate-lanceolate: 
fls.  ventricose,  villose  ;  calyx  segments  linear,  villose. 
Siberia.  -  This  is  a  rare  trade  name,  and  it  is  doubtful  it 
this  little  known  plant  is  really  in  cultivation. 


DIGITALIS 

EBB.    JFls.  purplish. 

Thapsi,  Linn.  Plant  much  like -D.  ;»(»•/)«/•«(.  Peren- 
nial, 2-4  ft.  high:  Its.  oblong,  rugose,  deourrent:  fls. 
purple,  throat  paler,  marked  with  red  dots.  June-Sept. 
Spain. 

AA.    Middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  shorter  or  hnrdUj 

longer  than  the  others. 

B.    Fls.yellou-ish. 

ambiffua,  Murr.  (i>.  grandifUra,  Lam.  V.  ochro- 
leuca,  Jacq.).  Perennial,  2-3  ft.  high:  Ivs.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  toothed,  sessile,  downy  below  :  Hs. 
large,  2  in.  long,  yellowish,  marked  with  brown; 
low  er  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  fls  Eu  W  Asia 
B  R    1    04 

BB     tU     uhite  to  piiiple,  !,eldom  yellonish 

purpurea,  Lmn  {D  tomentosa,  Link  &j 
Hoffmgg  )  Common  Fo-s.GLO\E  The  species  most 
conimonlj  cultivited  Mbstly  biennial  but  some 
times  peiennnl  Height  2-'!  ft  h  s  rugose  some 
whitduniiN       fls    lii^.     Jill    l.mf,    rim,ing  fT..in 


DIMORPHOTHECA 

stigma:  fr.  edible,  acid,  the  size  of  an  apple, 
and  many  ovuled.  Trop.  Asia.  B.M.  5011) 
Bibbertia  voUtbiUs). 


DIMORPHANTHUS.    Included  in  Aral 


Ho.V'"(/'     "/'/"   nu    ,1 

Hoit  )     I  1  II        1 

longer  i  i     i  i    i 

nearly     il 

variety 

punctatf 

and  spotted  varieties 

ptirea 

D    laciniata    Lmdl      Perenni 
Jigged  lis,  yellow  dowuv  witli 
much  shorter  thin  the  pedKf  1 
gata  Wildst  &  Kit    Perenni.  I 
late   ridicil  ones  Dbo\itelii 
yellow    Dinubeind  Cxreece  — /' 
very  dowii\   o\  ite  oblong    11     i 
D   monstroia    Hort      ininteits 
piirei     P  (t  4  111     Monstrositit 
Roth    Bieiinn 
spotted  at  th 


71  \  11  gloxmiaefldra 
ui  n  gin,  u, union, 
»f  more  robust  habit, 
^  which  open  widei 
sl>otted  though  a  sub 
is  offered  J>  alba  and 
presumabh  white 
alba,  fechrank  =  Z)  pm 


mouth    lower  1 


DILIVAKIA     See  Ai 


ntho 


DILL  \inethnin  graieohns,  Lunn  )  an  annual  or 
biennial  plant  of  the  Umbellitnte  Native  of  S  Eu 
the  seeds  of  which  aie  used  as  a  seasoning  as  seeds  of 
Caiawaj  and  Coriander  are  It  is  of  the  eisiest  culture 
from  seeds.  It  should  have  a  warm  position.  The  plant 
grows  2-3  ft.  high  :  the  Ivs.  are  cut  into  thread-like  di- 
visions: the  stem  is  very  smooth:  the  fls.  are  small  and 
yellowish,  the  little  petals  falling  early.  It  is  a  hardy 
plant.  The  foliage  is  sometimes  used  in  flavoring,  and 
medicinal  preparations  are  made  from  the  plant.  The 
seeds  are  very  flat  and  bitter-flavored. 

DILL£NIA  (named  by  Linnfeus  for  J.  J.  Dillenius, 
botanist  and  professor  at  Oxford).  Dillenidceep.  A  ge- 
nus of  handsome  East  Indian  trees,  thought  by  some  to 
be  as  showy  as  a  magnolia.  One  species  is  cult,  in  S. 
Pla.  and  S.  Calif.,  but  it  takes  too  much  room  and 
flowers  too  rarely  for  northern  conservatories.  It  has 
gorgeous  white  fls.  fully  9  in.  across.  Tall  tropical  trees 
from  Asia,  Indian  Archipelago  and  Australia.  Lvs. 
large,  with  pronounced  pinnate,  parallel  venation:  fls. 
white  or  yellow,  lateral,  solitary  or  clustered.  D.  Indica 
is  said  to  be  the  showiest  of  the  whole  order,  being  at- 
tractive in  foliage,  flower  and  fruit.  Dillenias  may  be 
grown  in  light,  sandy  loam.  Prop,  readily  by  seeds,  but 
with  difliculty  from  cuttings. 

Indica,  Linn.  (D.  specidsa,  Thunb.).  Trunk  stout, 
not  high:  branches  numerous,  spreading,  then  ascend- 
ing: lvs.  confined  to  the  ends  of  branches,  on  short, 
broad,  channelled  sheathing  petioles,  the  blade  6-12  in. 
long,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  strongly  serrate:  sepals  5,  thick,  fleshy,  en- 
larging and  inclosing  the  fr. ;  petals  obovate,  white;  sta- 
mens very  numerous,  forming  a  large  yellow  globe 
crowned  by  the  white,  slender,  spreading  rays  of  the 


712     Border  of  Foxgloves 

DIMOKPHOTHfiCA  ((,reek  In  i  i,t  I  ,  ,,ptacU, 
the  disk  florets  of  two  kinds)  (  oi i  ,1  i  \  charming 
genus  of  plmts  from  the  tape  <  1  i  d  II.  |  h  ^^hlch  is 
almost  totally  neglected  here,  Kirgely  because  the  cli- 
matic conditions  of  that  wonderful  region  are  not  gen- 
erally understood.  This  genus  contains  about  20  spe- 
cies,"some  of  which  rival  the  Paris  Daisy  and  others  vie 
with  Cinerarias.  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  even 
somewhat  sbniliby:  lvs  alternate  or  radical,  entire,, 
toothed,  or  incis. . 
rays  yellow,  cuai 
colors  except  wlii 
lendula,buthasst 
fls.  are  usually  s; 
unless  they  have 
a  variety  of  colori 
in.  across,  and  thf 


■.  'I'iii'  genus  is  closely  allied  to  Ca- 
iiigbt  instead  of  incurved  seeds.  The 
d  to  close  up,  like  those  of  Gazania, 
iinlight.  Their  backs  have  as  great 
g  as  their  faces.  The  fls.  are  often  3 
long,  slender  rays  (20  or  more)  give 


nd  charming  effect.  A  dozen  kinds  are  grown 
abroad,  representing  a  wide  range  of  colors  and  foliage. 
They  are  wintered  in  coolhouses  and  flowered  in  spring, 
or  else  transplanted  to  the  open,  where  they  flower  freely 
during  summer.  The  shrubby  kind,  D.  JScklonis,  has 
been  grown  at  Kew  as  a  summer  bedding  plant,  flower- 
ing from  July  to  frost,  and  was  a  surprising  success  a& 
a  coolhouse  plant,  making  a  much  branched  plant  3  ft. 
high,  and  flowering  freely  all  spring.  Monograph  by 
Harvey  and  Sonder,  Flora  Capensis  3:417  (1864-65). 
Sometimes  called  Cape  Marigolds. 

Annua,  Less.  {CetKiiditln  pliiriAlis,  Linn.).  This  is 
the  only  white-fld.  annual  kind  and  the  only  species 
sold  in  America  at  present.  Erect  or  diffuse,  simple  or 
branched,  rough  with  jointed  and  gland-tipped  hairs 
(seen  with  a  small  lens) :  lvs.  narrowly  oblo 
vate-oblong,  tapering 


base,  with  a  few  distant 


48C 


DIMOKPHOTHECA 


teetb,  pilose,  the  uppermost  smaller  and  narrower:  pe- 
duncles terminal,  nodding  in  fr. :  fls.  wbite  above,  pur- 
ple or  discolored  beneath.  Var.  liguldsa,  Voss  (Calen- 
dula Pdnr/ei,  Hort.|,  is  a  double  form  — the  heads  full  of 
rays— with  heads  white  on  upper  side  and  yellow  or 
violet  beneath. 

Seven  species  have  been  pictured  under  various 
names  in  the  Botanical  Magazine — all  perennials,  and 
worth  importation. 

J),  auraiitlaca,  DC.  Lvs.  slender,  entire:  fls.  yellow.  B.M. 
408.— i>.  Bdrberioi,  Haw.  Perennial:  fls.  purple  above,  paler  be- 
neath; disk  all  purple,  with  corollas  of  2forms.  B.M.  5:o7.— 
D.  chrysanthemifolia,  DC.  Lvs.  cut  like  a  Chrysanthemiira: 
fls.  yellow,  rovorsr.  rc.Wi-ih,  H,.-\r.  -ms-D.  cunedta.  DV.  Lvs. 
strongly  <ut    tls  s,,ii  l.-t  ,,r:iii:;.-,     1!  M    l:',i:i.— D.  Ecklonis,  DC. 


Differ 

strongly  Vfi 
/>.  nitdicuii 


pUsh. 


l.M.  laSL 


II  ii^  ^li[iiM.>  -t,tii  itiiil  branches,  and  is  per- 
iiirMi-in:,'  Hi  ;ill  TU  wliite,  violet-blue.  and 
II  til.'  I.,irk:  thr  .li.k  ;izure-bhie.  B.M.  7535.- 
,r,  ,,,,i,„„i,Mia.  Uaiv.  &  ,Sond.  Fls.  white, 
g  ;it  the  l';ise,  and  orange-brown  on  the  back, 
B.M.  r,-2r,i.-D.  Tragus.  DC.  Lvs.  narrower 
is,  linf.'tr:  fls.  white,  veined  purple,  the  rays 
base,  reverse  orange  purplish,  the  disk  pur- 
W.  M. 


DIOCLEA  (after  Diodes  Carytius,  said  to  be  second 
only  to  Hippocrates  amongr  the  ancients  for  his  knowl- 
edgeof  plants).  Legumhiosw,  About  16 species  of  tender 
shrubby  twiners,  mostly  tropical  American,  with  delicate 
trifoliolate  leaves  and  blue,  violet,  scarlet  or  white  fls., 
sometimes  nearly  an  inch  long,  and  borne  in  clusters 
which  have  been  roughly  compared  to  Wistaria.  Calyx 
bell-shaped,  4-(*iit,  '2  lobes  shorter  and  narrower,  stan- 
dard wider  than  long:  ovarv  nearly  sessile;  pod  wide, 
the  upper  sulnre  tliii-kciied  or  2-winged.  The  following 
species  is  cult,  in  S.  Ctilif.,  where  it  has  a  moderate 
growth,  shining  foliage,  and  clusters  of  10  or  more  hirge 
fls.  of  a  splendid  scarlet. 

glycinoldes,  DC,  from  Rio  de  la  Plata  basin,  is  prob- 
ably the  only  species  grown  in  European  gardens  and 
in  California.  Fls.  1  in.  long,  bright  scarlet,  in  racemes, 
somewhat  like  Wistaria:  will  stand  some  cold.  Propa- 
gated by  seeds,  cuttings,  or  suckers,  freely  produced 
on  grown  up  plants.  (Syn.  Camplosema  rtibicundum, 
Hook.  &  Am.)  F.  Pbanceschi  and  W.  M. 

DION.     SeeBino,,. 


plies.  If  kept  in  the  sun  the  leaves  take  on  a  reddish  tinge,  but 
when  grown  in  the  shade  they  are  always  green.  Flowers  will 
develop  about  the  middle  of  June,  but  they  should  he  nipped  oflf 
as  they  m<%ke  their  appearance,  for  they  are  apt  to  weaken  the 
plant. 

"The  Dionsea  has  been  grown  successfully  in  a  dwelling 
house  by  a  very  different  method.  The  plants  were  in  a  wide, 
shallow  dish,  without  any  drainage,  and  simply  placed,  not  too 


muscipula  (XX). 


firmly,  in  loose  live  sphagn 
Water  w:\s  given  ever>-  otli^-i 


DI0N21A  (an  unusual  name  for  Venus).  Drosericece. 
Venus'  Fly-trap.  This  insectivorous  plant  is  one  of 
the  wonders  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  See  Fig.  713. 
It  closes  its  trap  with  remarkable  quickness.  The  plant 
grows  wild  only  in  the  sandy  savannas  of  North  Carolina. 
It  is  a  perennial  lierb.tbe  lvs.  all  radical  and  in  a  rosette, 
the  spatulate  portion  being  regarded  as  petiole,  and  the 
trap  as  the  bliide:  t\s.  good  sized,  white,  in  a  bracted 
corymb,  borne  on  a  leafless  scape.  It  is  allied  to  the 
sundews,  other  famous  insectivorous  plants  which  are 
also  cultivated,  but  has  about  15  stamens,  a  columnar 
style,  and  seeds  at  the  base  of  the  pod.  Many  famous 
naturalists  have  studied  and  written  about  this  plant, 
and  it  has  a  large  special  literature.  At  times  it  is  sold 
widely  throughout  the  north,  often  at  high  prices,  but 
the  plants  are  soon  "worked  to  death."  It  is  difficult  to 
keep  it  more  than  a  year  in  the  north,  but  it  ought  to  be 
furnished  in  large  quantities  at  low  rates,  so  that  all  the 
school  children  may  see  it.  It  is  mostly  grown  in  con- 
servatories associated  with  botanical  institutions. 

"It  is  sf|,I()ni  fh;it  Ihiswondfrful  little  plant  is  seen  in  a  good 

St''*'' "t"  'iili  i\  ,ii  ;,,;i  ,11..  !,  iiu-iii  ,,r  r rifter  removal  from  its 

ti' ' '        ' "  ■  '■■ L-r.,-iihouse  is  usually  at- 

t'  I  ■   ■  iii^'to  uusmtable  condi- 

'1"'^  Ill      .  '         .  !,■  -ir  unfriendly  soil.    It 

<l<li-iii.    ill  .,  ,         .         ,      ,  ,y  humid    atmospliere. 

When  till.   ,.■,■  ■         ,:•    I,      ,      ,.     ,    ,,.    :    .|,,,,-|,l;,,il,,l  u;il „ 

siderablt.'  ni   '    ••  •     •  •         '.-,.:  ,.■■,  :  ■■  ,  •',,  ,;  i..  : '  ,    I.  il! 


pots,  then  smaller  piei'es,  and  the  upper  layer  is  yiute  tine. 
Some  chopped  fibrous  peat  is  placed  above  this,  when  the  plants 
are  bmlt  in,  \vith  live  sphagnum  moss  used  to  fill  the  spaces 
between  the  clumps,  .\rranged  in  this  way.  it  is  hardly  possible 
to  give  them  too  much  water,  and  they  revel  in  abundant  sup- 


muscipula,  Kilis.  li; 
785.  F.S.  -6:260.  Mu. 
species. 

DIdON  (Gi 


[described   above.    B.M. 
Lie   genus    has   only  one 
W.  M. 

and  egg;  each  scale  covers  two 
ovul.-  titi.l  till-  sci-ils  are  in  pairs).  Cycaddcece.  Hand- 
soiiir  t"li:i::i  phiiit^  suitable  for  warm  or  temperate  palm 
houses.  'I'lits  i.ii.,.  powerful  order  is  nownearly  extinct, 
and  til.'  fiw  nijuiiiiing  species  are  of  the  greatest  scien- 
tific interest  and  also  decorative  value.  J),  edule  has  a 
flat,  rigid  frond  which  is  more  easily  kept  free  from 
scale  insects  than  C'yeas  revoluta,  the  commonest  species 
of  the  order  in  cultivation.  A  specimen  at  Kew  had  a 
trunk  3-A  ft.  high  and  8-10  in.  thick,  the  crown  spread- 
ing 8-10  ft.  and  containing  50  fronds,  each  4-5  ft.  long 
and  6-9  in.  wide.  Both  sexes  make  cones  frequently, 
the  male  cone  being  9-12  in.  long  and  the  female  7-12  in. 
The  seeds,  which  are  about  the  size  of  Spanish  chest- 
nuts, are  eaten  by  the  Mexicans.  Many  Cycads  yield 
arrowroot.  This  genus  is  said  to  be  the  closest  to  the 
fossil  forms  of  any  living  representative  of  the  order. 
The  genus  has  the  cones  and  twin  seeds  of  Zamia  and 
i;ii.'i|ihal;irtus,  with  the  flat,  woolly  scales  of  Cycas,but 
uitliimt  the  marginal  seeds  and  loose  inflorescence  of 
till-  latti  r.    Prop,  by  seeds.    Culture  same  as  Cycas. 

§dule,  Lindl.  Lvs.  pilose  when  young,  finally  gla- 
brous, 3-5  ft.  long,  pinnatitid,  rigid,  narrowly  lanceolate 
segments,  about  100  on  each  side,  linear-lanceolate,  sharp- 
pointed,  widest  at  the  base,  rachis  flat  above,  convex 
beneath:  male  cones  cylindrical,  female  cones  ovoid. 
Mex.    B.  M.  6184.    Gn.  55,  p.  365.    Gt.  48.  p.  157.    Var. 


^ 


DIOON 

lanugindsum,  Hort.,  is  a  very  woolly  kind.  Gt.  48,  pp. 
154,  155.— A  variable  species.'  D.  tonientosum,  once  sold 
by  Pitcher  and  Manda,  was  probably  woollier  than  the 
type.  D.  spinulosum.  Dyer,  differs  mainly  in  having  the 
segments  margined  with  small  sharp  points.  Mex.  A. P. 
7:461.  W.  M. 

DIOSCOBfiA   ( Di6scorides,   the    Greek    naturalist). 
Bioscoredeece.    The   type    genus  of   a  small  family  (of 


DIOSMA 


487 


about  f 
of  151) 
them  ! 


Lvs.  broad, 


Tt  contains  upwards 

■i  L'li.ii-.  >i(  IN.  lu-rbaceous  and 
M-iit,  ii-uall\  1  r-iiii  a  large  tuber- 
•s  ),,.:,rin-  ml.,  r^  i,i  tlie  axils. 
etted-veinrii,  i-  ii-Lm  ,  iJimiate 
or    opposite,     sometimes    compnun         h    .  Fls. 

small;  calyx  0-parted,  anthers  6 ;  st .  :  i  "iiled 

and  calj-x  adherent  to  it.  Pr.  a  .l-w  ihl 'I  .  i;  -u  :.  .  Seeds 
winged.  The  great  subterranean tuliiTs  of  some-  species 
are  eaten  in  the  manner  of  potatoes.  Por  an  inquiry  into 
the  prehistoric  cultivation  of  Dioscoreas  in  America, 
see  Gray  &  Trumbull,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  25:250. 

A.  Sfems  stronghj  winged. 
aiata,  Linn.  Pig.  714.  Stem  4-winged  or  angular :  Ivs. 
opposite,  cordate-oblong  or  cordate-ovate,  with  a  deep, 
basal  sinus,  glabrous,  devoid  of  pellucid  dots,  7- 
nerved  (sometimes  9-nerved ),  with  the  outer  pair  united: 
stamiuate  spikes  compound,  special  ones  wborled,  short, 
flexuose  :  pistillate  spikes  simple  :  Hs.  distant,  anthers 
subglobose,  about  as  long  as  the  filament :  capsule 
leathery,  elliptical.  India  and  the  S.  Sea  Islands. 
—  Widely  cult,  in  the  tropics  under  many  vernacular 
names.  Tubers  reach  a  length  of  6-8  ft.,  and  some- 
times weigh  100  lbs.;  edible.  The  roots  continue  to 
grow  for  years.    Variable. 


Showing  foliage  ( 


small  tuber. 


AA.  Stems  terete  (cylindricul). 
B.  I/VS,  plain  green. 
divaricata,  Blanco.  {D.  Batatas,  Vleene.).  Yam.  Chi- 
nese Yam.  Chinese  Potato.  Cinnamon  Vine.  Very  tall 
climbing  (10-:J0  ft.),  the  Ivs.  7-9  ribbed,  cordate-ovate 
and  shining,  short-petioled,  bearing  small  clusters  of 
cinnamon-scented  white  fls.  in  the   axils:    root  tubers 


deep  iu  the  ground,  2-3  ft.  long,  usually  larger  at  the 
lower  end.  Philippines.  P.S.  10:971.  R.H.  1854,  p. 
247,  451-2.  — This  is  often  grown  in  the  tropics  for  its 
edible  tubers,  which,  however,  are  difficult  to  dig.  In 
this  country  the  word  Yam  is  commonly  applied  to  a 
tribe  of  sweet  potatoes  (see  Sweet  Potato).  The  Yam 
is  hardy.  The  root  will  remain  in  tlie  tjniiind  over 
winter  in  New  York,  and  sendup  handsonn-  t:ill,  twining 
shoots  in  the  spring.  The  plant  bears  little  tubers  in 
the  leaf -axils,  and  these  are  usually  planted  to  produce 
the  Cinnamon  Vine;  but  it  is  not  until  the  second  year 
that  plants  grown  from  these  tubercles  produce  the 
large  or  full  grown  Yams.  A  form  with  short  and  potato- 
like tubers  is    D.  VecaisneAna,  Carr.  (R.H.   1865:110). 


^ 


715    A  r  Potato— .«; 


shape  )    These  t  1 
They  aie  palatal  le 
tubers  are  usuall} 
villdsa  Lmn    Stei 


id  te  . 


bulb  fera  (X  4) 


1     I  nerved 

II    18  49  - 

t       tb       ei)   large 

■>tl      1       ze  and 

1    several  pounds 

flavor      The  root 

li  tte  1  lootstocks 
idte  9  11  ribbed 
tb  alt  u  te  oppo 
m  nate  i  irooping 
pie  racen  es    cap 


so  ue    h  t  1  ube     ent  or  1    vnj 

te  or  w boiled    fls    green    b   1 
panicles   the  pistillate  m  Iroop 

sules  very  strongly  winge  1  —  Oomm  n  in  th  ckets  from 
N  Eng  to  Fla  Perenn  al  Tw  nmg  8  10  or  even  Id  ft 
Offered  in  the  trade  as  a  hardj  bolder  and  art  or  plant. 
BB.   it's,  variously  marked  and  colored,  at  least  beneath. 

discolor,  Hort.  Lvs.  large,  cordate-ovate,  cuspidate, 
with  several  shades  of  green,  white-banded  along  the 
midrib  and  purplish  IteTieath;  fls.  greenish  and  incon- 
spicuous: rent  tnliereu^,  s.  AiHcr.  Lowe  54. — Useful 
for  the  eoiiserx  :(Im!\  .    su:::;estive  of  Cissus  discolor. 

multicolor,  Liml.  ct  Aiehe.  Probably  only  a  form  of 
the  last:  Ivs.  vaiiou.sly  iiiaiked  and  blotched  and  veined 
with  silvery  white,  red,  green  and  salmon.  S.  Amer. 
I.H.  18:53.— Very  decorative  glasshouse  plant. 

Other  species  are  cult,  in  the  Gulf  region.  One,  with  2- 
winged  stem  and  3-lobed  lvs,  (tlie  "Yampie"),  is  perhaps  Z>. 
tnbihn.  I. inn.     One  with  pricklycjiimlriral  stems  and  opposite 


apical  eul- 


ti\aleil  ^]]e<'ies,  and  the  name  slit  iiiM  lie  Wrepiieil  —  J'er  Japanese 
culti\ate(i  species,  see  Georgeson,-\.'i.  1:;;mi,  witii  iilustr.itions. 
L.  H.  B. 

DI6SMA  (Greek,  dijjiBeotJor).  Butctcece.  Small,  ten- 
der, heath-like  shrubs  from  southwestern  Africa.  Of 
the  228  species  described,  barely  a  dozen  now  remain  in 
this  genus,  the  rest  being  mostly  referred  to  allied 
genera,  especially  Adenandra,  Agathosma  and  Barosma. 
Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite,  linear-acute,  channeled,  ser- 
rulate or  sometimes  ciliate,  glandular  dotted:  fls.  white 
or  reddish,  terminal,  subsolitary  or  corymbose,  pedicel- 
late ;  calyx  5-parted;  hypogynous  disk,  5-sinuate,  5- 
plaited;  petals  5;  style  short ;  stigma  capitate.  Latest 
monograph  in  Flora  Capensis,  vol.  1  (1859-60).     -^^  jj_ 

Diosma  ericoides  is  more  or  less  well  known  in 
America,  and  is  put  to  various  uses  in  floral  decora- 
tions, in  spray,  or  branchlets  cut  to  the  required  length, 
and  stuck  in  formal  designs  as  a  setting  for  other  flow- 


488  DIOSMA 

ers  in  the  same  manner  and  for  the  same  purpose  as 
Stevia  is  used,  to  give  that  necessary  grace  and  artistic 
effect  to  the  whole.  Thisspecies.likemost  of  the  genus, 
has  an  agreeable  aromatic  fragrance  in  the  foliage.  It 
is  a  strong  grower,  loose  and  heath-like  in  habit  and 


DIOSPYROS 

and  even  in  a  different  subclass  of  the  Dicotyledons.  It 
is  a  heath-like  shrub  2-3  ft.  high,  with  erect  branches, 
and  somewhat  whorled,  mostly  clustered  branches:  Ivs. 
spirally  arranged, stalkless, overlapping,  linear,3-angled, 
roughish,  with  2  grooves  beneath;  fis.  crimson  (accord- 
ing to  Flora  Capensis ),  crowded  into  oblong,  spike-like, 
terminal  heads.  Generic  characters  are  calyx  adhering 
to  the  ovary,  5-cleft,  segments  large,  overlapping:  petals 
with  a  long,  2-keeled  claw,  and 
spreading,    roundish    limb  ; 


Jded: 
lled,cells2-. 


vary   half 


Kled. 


Pith 


included; 

allyth. 
large.    Ah' 


■e  Persimmon— 
Diospyros  VirEinian 


foliage,  as  the  specific  name  indicates ;  flowers  white  and 
small,  one  or  more  on  the  points  of  tiny  branchlets.  While 
Diosmas  undoubtedly  do  best  in  soifsuitable  for  heaths, 
that  is,  soil  composed  largely  of  fibrous  peat,  they  are  not 
nearly  so  exacting  in  their  requirements  in  this  respect, 
and  can  be  grown  in  good  fibrous  loam  and  leaf-mold  in 
equal  parts,  with  considerable  clean,  sharp  sand  added 
thereto. 

The  plants  should  be  cut  back  rather  severely  after 
flowering  to  keep  them  low  and  bushy;  this  refers  more 
particularly  to  the  above  species,  other  members  of  the 
genus  being  of  more  compact  growth  and  needing 
very  little  corrective  cutting  to  keep  them  in  shape. 
Viosma  eapilafa  (now  Ardoiiinia  cnpitata)  is  a  fine  ex- 
ample of  the  latter  class,  and  is  a  much  better  one  than 
jD.  cci'coirffs  for  exhibition  and  show  purposes;  flowers 
pinkish  lilac,  in  corymbs  of  many  flowers.  The  propa- 
gation of  Diosmas  by  cuttings  is  similar  to  that  of 
heaths,  but  much  easier  with  the  same  amount  of  care. 
The  best  material  for  cuttings  is  young  wood,  when  not 
too  soft  or  too  hard.  Kisx!  rii  I'im  ^^-..^• 

The  Biosmn  capitata  referred  i"  :i        ■  ,  ,  -    i  il.ed 

by  Linnaeus,  but  is  now  referred  t..    I  infn, 

Brongn.,  which  belongs  in  adiffei-t-m  ..:.!ri-   /:,„  „.,)rf(e) 


papilla-like  stigmas.  This  plant 
is  not  advertised  for  sale  in  America. 

ericoldes,  Linn.  Much-branched ;  branches 
and  twigs  quite  glabrous  :  Ivs.  alternate, 
crowded,  recurved-spreading,  oblong,  obtuse, 
keeled,  pointless,  glabrous  :  fls.  terminal, 
2-3  together,  with  very  short  pedicels;  calyx 
lobes  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  elliptic-oblong,  ob- 
B.M.  2:iH2  under  this   name  is  in  realty  J),  vut- 


D.   frdgrans,    Sims.  =  Adenandra    fragrans.—  D.  vulgaris, 

.Sehleeht.,  has  narrower  Ivs.  than  D.  erieoides,  and  they  are 

branchlets  minutely   pubescent:    Ivs.  scattered,  rarely 

opposite,  linear,   convex-carinate,  subulate-acuminate.    There 

W.  M. 


DIOSP'?EOS  {Dius.  .Jove's,  jnjros,  grain;  alluding  to 
I  edible  fruit).  Kbiiulreer.  Persimmon.  Ebonv. 
•ees  or  slinihv.  ^vitli  alternate,  rarely  opposite,  entire 

e  pistillate  (.It,  II  v(,!it,,rv.  yellowish  or  whitish;  calyx 
.Nil'  ;  l.ihed;  stamens  usually  8-16, 
I  berry,  1-10-seeded,  bearing 

It  the  base;  seed  flat,  rather 
■II  -[.•'■!•  -  ill  the  tropics,  few  in  colder 
few  cultivated  species  are  ornamental 
dsome,  lustrous  foliage,  rarely  attacked 
s  and  with  decorative  and  edible  fr.  The  only 
hich  is  tolerably  hardy  north  is/).  I'lrt/iniana, 
while  J}.  Kttki,  much  cultivated  in  Japan  for  its  large, 
edible  fruits,  is  hardy  only  in  the  southern  states. 
Most  species  have  valuable  hard  and  close-grained  wood, 
and  that  of  some  tropical  speciel  is  known  as  ebony. 
They  thrive  in  almost  any  soil,  but  require,  in  cooler 
climates,  sheltered  and  sunny  positions.  Prop,  by  seeds 
and  by  cuttings  of  half-ripened  wood  or  layers  ;  the 
tropical  species  by  cuttings  of  mature  wood  in  spring, 
with  bottom  heat;  the  fruit-bearing  varieties  are  usually 
grafted  or  budded  on  seedling  stock  of  />.  Vivffifnana. 
See  Persimmon. 

Virgini4na,  Linn.  Common  Persimmon.  Fig.  716. 
Tree,  to  50  ft.,  rarely  to  100  ft.,  with  round-topped  head 
and  spreading,  often  pendulous  branches:  Ivs.  ovate  or 
elliptic,  acuminate,  shining  above,  glabrous  at  length  or 
pubescent  beneath,  3-6  in.  long  :  fls.  short-stalked, 
greenish  yellow,  staminate  in  3's,  M  in.  long,  with  16 
stamens;  pistillate  solitary,  larger.with  4  2-lobed  styles, 
connate  at  the  base;  fr.  globose  or  obovate,  plum-like, 
with  the  enlarged  calyx  at  the  base,  1-1 J^  in.  in  diara., 
pale  orange,  often  with  red  cheek,  edible,  varying  in 
size,  color  and  flavor.  June.  Conn,  to  Fla.,  west  to 
Kans.  andTex.    S.S.  6:252,  253.    G.F.  8:265.    Mn.4:21. 

Ldtus,  Linn.  Round-headed  tree,  to  40  ft.:  Ivs.  ellip- 
tic or  oblong,  acuminate,  pubescent,  often  glabrous  above 
at  length,  3-5  in.  long:  fls.  reddish  white,  staminate  in 
3's,  with  16  stamens,  pistillate  solitary:  fr.  black  when 
ripe,  globular.  K-K  in.  in  diam.,  edible.  June.  W.Asia 
to  China.   A.G.  12:460. 

K4ki,  Linn.  f.  Kaki.  Fig.  717.  Tree,  to  40  ft.,  with 
round  head :  Ivs.  ovate-elliptic,  oblong-ovate  or  obovate, 
acuminate,  subcoriaceous,  glabrous  and  shining  above, 
sparingly  hairy  or  glabrous  beneath,  3-7  in.  long  :  fls. 
yellowish  white,  staminate  with  16-24  stamens,  pistil- 
late to  %  in.  long;  styles  divided  to  the  base,  pubescent: 
fr.  large,  1^-3  in.  across,  very  variable  in  shape  and 
size,  mostly  resembling  a  tomato.  .Tune.  Jap..  China. 
E.H.  1870,  pp.  412,  413  ;    1872,  pp.  254,255  (as  J).  Box- 


DIOSPYROS 

burghi). —  Va,r.  costata,  Mast.  Pr.  large,  depressed, 
globular,  orange-red,  with  i  furrows.  R.H.  1870:410. 
G.C.  11.4:777;  III.  9:171;  13:51.  Gn.  49,  p.  171.  Var. 
Haz61i,  Mouillef.  Fr.  orange-yellow,  with  8  furrows. 
R.H.  1874:70.  Other  varieties  are  floured  in  R.H. 
1872,  p.  254;  1878:470;  ISST::!-";  l-:-:i:n,  and  A.G. 
12:331-8,459-62.    A  very^L  !    '    autiful  fruit- 

bearing  tree  for  the  soutlur!        I.  r  a  number  of 

different  varieties  introdu..  .i ,  ,  ■■n-  cultivated, 

but  the  hardier  varieties  In.iii  iliciiuiiUof  Jap.  and 
China,  which  are  likely  to  be  hardy  north  to  New  England, 
seem  hitherto  not  to  have  been  introduced.  Fig.  715  is 
from  Georgeson's  articles  in  A.G.  1891. 

AA.    Zii'S.  small,  obtuse  or  emarginate  :   corolla  and 
cali/x  o-lobed. 

TexAna,  Scheele  {D.  MexicAna,  Scheele  MS.).  Small 
tree,  intricately  branched,  rarely  to  40  ft. :  Ivs.  cuneate, 
oblong  or  obovate,  pubescent  below,  1-2  in.  long:  fls. 
with  the  Ivs.,  pubescent,  on  branches  of  the  previous 
year,  staminate  with  16  stamens,  pistillate  with  4  pu- 
bescent stvles,  connate  at  the  base:  fr.  black,  %-l  in. 
indiam.    SpriiiL'     T.  \  .  N.  Mex.    S.S.  0:254. 

D.Elif  II If         I  ,       I  1.1     to  50  ft.:    Ivs.   elliptic-oblong, 

bluntly  .11  Us.  white,  staminate.  in  short  ra- 

cemes.   L    I         1  1  I  lilt,  in  hothouses  or  tropical  cli- 

mates. Thi-^i<i  1     1    -  111  1 1)  yield  the  best  ebony. 

Alfred  Rehder. 


DIPCADI  (meaning  uncertain).  Zilidce<r.  Tender 
bulbous  plants  of  minor  importance,  allied  to  Galtonia, 
with  radical,  thickish,  narrowly  linear  Ivs.  and  loose 
racemes  of  odd-colored  fls.  on  leafless  scapes.  About  20 
species  in  southern  Europe,  tropical  and  south  Africa 
and  India.  During  the  winter,  their  resting  time,  the 
bulbs  should  be  kept  dry.  A  compost  of  light,  sandy 
loam  and  leaf -mold  has  been  recommended.  Latest  mon- 
ograph in  Latin,  1871,  by  J.  G.  Baker,  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  11:395:  the  South  African  species  in  English  by 
Baker,  in  Flora  Capensis,  vol.  f,  (1896-7). 


A.    All  perianth-segments  equalli/  long.    [Tricha 


is.) 
a,  Medio.  Lvs.  5-G,  fleshy-herbaceous,  gla- 
brous, narrowly  linear,  6-12  in.  long,  2-3  lines  wide  near 
the  base,  channeled  on  the  face:  scape  4-12  in.  long:  ra- 
ceme loose,  4— 12-fld.:  bracts  lanceolate,  4-6  lines  long, 
longer  than  the  pedicels:  perianth  greenish  brown,  5-6 
lines  long:  ovary  sessile  or  subsessile.  S.  Eu.,  N.  Afr. 
B.M.  859. 


DIPLADENIA  4»y 

AA.  Outer  perianth-segments  longer  tint n  the  inner  and 
tailed. 

filamentdsum.  Medic.  {D.  vlride,  Mceuch).  Lvs.  5-6, 
fleshy-herbaceous,  narrowly  linear,  glabrous,  1  ft.  long, 
1^2-3  lines  wide  near  the  base  :  scape  1-2  ft.  high: 
raceme  loose,  6-15-Hd. :  bracts  linear-acuminate.  4-0  lines 
long:  perianth  green,  12-15  lines  long,  outer  »ei;n,ents 
4-6  lines  longer  than  the  inner:  capsule  sessile.  S.  Afr. 
W.  M. 

DIPHYLLfilA  (Greek,  double  leaf}.  Berberidctcem- 
Umbrella  Leaf.  An  interesting  hardy  perennial  herb 
with  thick,  creeping,  jointed,  knotty  rootstocks,  send- 
ing up  each  either  a  huge  peltatf,  lut-lobed,  umbrella- 
like,  radical  leaf  on  a  stout  sfiil!-.  i-  :i  fn;.;,.ring  stem 
bearing  two  similar  (but  smalii  i I  -  '  .  Ii  ft)  alter- 
nate  lvs.,  which   are  peltati-    ii         ,i    lIii,  and   a 

terminal  cyme  of  white  fls. :  m  [   li     '  .  ;  iis:  petals 

and  stamens  6:  ovules  5  or  G:  IjMin  -  ^l"Liuse,  few- 
seeded.  This  is  one  of  many  gi-nera  having  only  2  spe- 
cies, one  of  which  is  found  in  N.  E.  North  America,  the 
other  in  Japan.  There  is  awonderful  similarity  between 
the  floras  of  these  2  regions,  and  few  areas  have  pro- 
duced so  many  plants  esteemed  in  cultivation. 

cymosa,  Michx.  Root-lvs.  1-2  ft.  across,  2-cleft,  each 
division  5-7-Iobed;  lobes  toothed:  berries  blue.  May. 
Wet  or  springy  places  in  Alleghanies  from  \'a.  south. 
B.M.  1(306. -Int.  into  general  trade  by  H.  P.  Kelsey. 
Grows  readily  in  dry  soil  under  cultivation,  but  is  dwarf. 

DIPLADfiNIA  (Greek,  double  gland,  referring  to  the 
glands  of  the  ovary,  which  distinguish  this  genus 
from  Echites).  Apocynhcece.  A 
charming  genus  of  coolhouse  twiners, 
mostly  from  Brazil,  with  large,  showy 
more  or  less  funnel-shaped  fls.  having 
a  remarkable  range  of  color,  rarely 
white  or  dark  red,  but  especiallv  rich 
m  rosy  shades  and  witli  thruats"otten 
brilliautlv   col. .rid  with    v. -How.     The 


It     garden    inii-n-st     are    Echites, 
t^  J       I  mtadenia,  Mandevilla  and  Urechites. 
^  1       ^niiie     species     are      naturally    erect 
I  ushes,    at    least    when    young,    and 
many    can    be    trained    to    the    bush 
form.     The  group  is  a  most  tempting 
one  to  the  hybridizer.    An  all-yellow- 
flowered  kind  is  desirable.  Many  names 
appear   in    European    catalogues,    but 
y^  they  are  l.a.lly    miM-i,    ..-    tlie  genus 

greatly  ne.-.l-  ;■  '      '  n.i.ical  re- 

vision.  Verv  I,  I      :  ,        are  found 

in  the  Eur(.|..-..ii  l.m  ■ :.  n.i  n  :.l  periodi- 
t  of  Kaki  "*'^-  Severalprizesf.irAmcrican  seed- 

lings have  been  taken  at  Boston, by  Geo. 
^^^  McWilliam,  Whitinsville,  Mass..  who 

has  given  a  full  account  of  his  cultural 
methods  in  Gardening,  5:18  (1890). 
W.  M. 
Although  Dipladenias  are  natives  of  the  tropics,  they 
grow  at  high  altitudes,  and  it  is  a  mistake  to  keep  them 
in  close,  steaming  hothouses,  as  many  gardeners  do  in 
the  Old  World.  The  writer  has  kept  them  in  a  house 
whose  temperature  was  never  above  50°  P.,  and  fre- 
quently went  down  to  40°  on  winter  niglits.  Cuttings 
should  be  rooted  in  winter,  and  the  youiiL'  I'laiito  ,,];,„tr.ri 
outdoors  during  the  summer,  being  cat.  1 1  I  "   '    i-  Kury 

the  crowns  deep  in  the  soil.     They  can -^ 

of  frost  without  losing  their  foliag.-,  1  . 
degrees  of  frost  and  complete  loss  of  ('..liiy.  ,  iIm-  i  lants 
have  been  lifted,  brought  into  the  greeidiouse,  and 
flowered  with  success.  A  good  specimen  will  have 
50-80  open  fls.  at  one  time.  Tufts  of  fern  root  are  ex- 
cellent for  potting  soil,  with  some  sharp  sand  added,  A 
fine  specimen  may  be  grown  in  a  pan  2  ft.  across  and 
9  in.  deep.  Plants  never  need  shading.  In  late  fall,  as 
the  nights  get  cooler,  the  water  supply  maybe  gradually 
reduced  until  the  middle  of  November,  when  water  Is 


DIPLADENIA 


DIPLADENIA 


usefl  spariug-ly  until  it  is  ile 
fresh  growth.  B'or  point: 
pruning,  consult  Gn.  5:18. 


•t  the  plants  into 
g  training  and 
McWiLi-IAM. 


Few  tropical  plants  excel  the  Diplaeienias  as  green- 
house twining  plants,  their  hamlsome  sprays  of  flowers 
being  produced  in  profusion  from  May  to  November, 
when  well  grown.  The  usual  method  of  propagation  is 
by  1-  or  2-jointed  cuttings  of  the  well  ripened  growths 
inserted  in  sand  with  brisk  bottom  heat,  when  they  will 
usually  root  very  readily.  Seeds  are  not  often  produced 
in  this  genus,  though  occasionally  well  grown  plants 
will  produce  seeds,  which  should  be  sown  as  soon  as  ripe, 
in  pans  of  light,  peaty  soil,  with  a  goodly  proportion  of 
silver  sand  mixed  with  it,  and  the  pans  placed  in  a 
warm,  moist  atmosphere.  If  given  good  attention  the 
seedlings  will  flower  the  first  year.  Dipladenias  thrive 
best  when  potted  in  fern  or  kalmia  root  fiber  only.  The 
potting  should  be  attended  to  in  early  spring,  just  before 
active  growth  commences.  Care  must  be  taken  not  to 
injure  their  tuberous  roots,  as  this  will  result  in  weak- 
ening very  materially  the  vitality  of  the  plants.  Great 
care  must  also  he  exercised  in  watering  until  the  plants 
are  in  active  growth,  when  they  will  require  an  abun- 
dance of  water  at  the  roots;  they  are  also  greatly  bene- 
fited by  an  occasional  watering  of  clear  liquid  cow-  or 
sheep-manure  water.  Frequent  spraying  of  the  foliage 
will  also  be  necessary  to  keep  down  the  attacks  of  in- 
sects. Dipladenias  do  best  when  grown  in  full  sunlight, 
the  roof  of  an  unshaded  greenhouse  being  well  suited 
to  them.  The  pots  should  be  covered  with  some  non- 
conducting material,  however,  such  as  sphagnum  moss, 
to  prevent  injury  to  the  roots  by  the  heat  of  the  sun. 
As  soon  as  the  season  of  blossoming  is  past,  the  plants 
should  be  cut  back,  and  allowed  to  rest  by  gradually 
withholding  the  water,  keeping  them  rlurini  tho  winter 
almost  dry  in  a  temp,  of  55°,        EitwMh.T    'xnmnc 

The  following  kinds  sold  in  Ain.-rh-,,  :,,.■  pr.  -numbly 
horticultural  varieties  which  h:ive  Ihih  in-ulliciently 
described: 

D.  amdbilis.  Lvs.  short-stalked,  oblong,  acute:  fls.  rosy  crim- 
son, 4-5_in.  across;  corolla  lobes  yerj-  round  and  stiff.    See  Gn. 

pink' at  t-  '."'■''''•'■'''''  ■   '■  •  ■ " '.',''':,,;'  ■'',., '.' ','.':  "',■' "-1  ^' 

226.-7I,   .:.:-,,..  ■,/..•         .    -       I,         ,,,,^... 

StOUt'gnnMi,_:'     |m:i:,:;..    -!,■„:,:;     )'-     ,..-1     |.  irpL 

A.  >7s.  dark  purple. 
atropurpdrea,  DC.  Glabrous,  Iv.s,  ovate,  acute:  ra- 
cemes axillary,  2-fld. :  peduncles  a  little  longer  than  the 
lvs.;  pedicels  twisted,  bracted;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate- 
acuminate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  pedicel,  and  a  third 
as  long  as  the  cylindrical  part  of  the  corolla;  corolla 
tube  funnel-shaped  above  the  middle;  lobes  triangular, 
wavy,  spreading,  shorter  than  the  dilated  part  of  the 
tube.  Brazil.  B.R.  29:27.  Gn.  44:937.  I. H.  42:33.  Gt. 
43.  p.  548.  — Lvs.  about  2  in.  long,  acute  at  the  very  base: 
petiole  K  in.  long;  corolla  dark  purple  inside  and  out; 
tube  2  in.  long.  None  of  the  pictures  cited  above  show 
the  fleshy,  spreading,  scale-like  stipules  nearly  as  long 
as  the  petioles  which  De  CandoUe  says  are  characteristic 
of  the  subgenus  Micradenia.  F.S.  1  :.'S3  is  said  to  be  D. 
afroviolacea  of  the  .subgenus  Eudipladenia,  in  which  the 
stipules  are  absent  or  else  small  and  erect.  The  plate 
shows  a  strongly  ribbed  corolla-tube  and  lvs.  cordate  at 
the  base. 


ris. 


nside. 


fhite:  throat  yello 
Bolivi^nsis,  Hook.  Glabrous:  stems  slender:  lvs.  pe- 
tioled.  2-3  K  in.  long,  oblong,  acuminate,  acute  at  base, 
bright  green  and  glossy  above,  pale  beneath;  stipules 
none:  racemes  axillary,  3^-fld. :  peduncles  much  shorter 
than  the  lvs.,  about  as  long  as  petioles  and  pedicels: 
bracts  minute  at  the  base  of  the  twisted  pedicels:  calyx 
lobes  ovate,  acuminate,  3  lines  long:  corolla  almost  sal- 
ver-shaped, tube  and  throat  slender  and  cvlindrical,  the 
former  %  in.  long,  the  latter  twice  as  long  and  half  as 
broad  again:  limb  1%  in.  across;  lobes  broadly  ovate. 
,more  acuminate  than  in  D.  atropitrpnrea.  Bolivia. 
B.M.  5783.    Gn.-44:922,    Gng.  7:342. 


Fls 


thr 


vhitish  i 


ide. 


■purpi 


ithi. 


splfendens,  DC.  Fig.  718.  Stem  glabrous:  lvs.  sub- 
sessile,  elliptic-acuminate,  cordate  at  the  base,  wavy, 
pubescent,  especially  beneath,  veins  elevated,  numer- 
ous: racemes  axillary,  longer  than  the  lvs.,  4-a-fld.: 
calyx  lobes  red-tipped,  awl-shaped,  as  long  as  the  cylin- 
drical part  of  the  corolla  tube,  which  Is  half  the  length 
of  the  funnel-shaped  portion  :  lobes  of  the  limb  rotund, 
subacute,  almost  as  long  as  the  tube.  Brazil.  Lvs.  4-8 
in.  long,  lK-3  in.  wide,  pedicels  J-i-l  in.  long:  corolla 
tube  1  %  in.  long,  white  outside,  lobes  rosv,  throat 
deeper,  almost  purple.  Brazil.  B.M.  3976.  F.S.  1:34 
shows  a  yellow  throated  form.  Var.  profitsa.  Rod.  {D. 
profusa,  Hort. ).  has  larger  and  brighter  rosy  fls.,  lined 
with  yellow  inside,  the  outside  of  the  tube  rosy  except 


-H 


u 


%5 


'■''  -v- 


?-: 


Z>.  crassinoda  andZ>.  splendens 

12-fld.  raceme  with  exceptionally  bright  red  1 

AAAA.    Fls.  salmon-colored:  throat  yello 


uiophylla.  Hook.  Named  for  the  long,  narrow  apex  of 
the  leaf.  Glabrous,  erect  bush,  not  a  vine  :  branches 
numerous,  swollen  at  the  joints:  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  ob- 
tuse at  the  base,  suddenly  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  a 
narrow  point  %  in.  long;  peduncles  long,  drooping,  flex- 
uose:  racemes  axillary,  4-6-fld.:  calyx  segments  awl- 
shaped:  corolla  dull  yellow  outside,  deeper  and  brighter 
yellow  within;  tube  cylindrical  in  lower  third,  then 
swelling  into  an  almost  bell-.shaped  throat;  lobes  of  the 
limb  salmon  inclined  to  purple,  acute.  Brazil.  B.M. 
4414.    P.M.  1C:G6.    F.S.  5:425. 

D.  cras.-^hioda.  DC.     GI:il)ious:    stem  niuoli  branched,   with 


"     '   1  i'.i    !..    ;  -h;iped  ,ibove 

■    II       I  I"-  .i: I-  ilie  oriKin.il 

'■  :M.l-  th:,t  111..  1^,,  :,r(-  3-:ikin. 

111.-  jihuit  pi.tur.-a  in  B.R.  3o':(>i 
..■jLi;tirf<lu'ii,v  ti-rit-s  pilose  stera 
LuUl-  :iulkoritiu6  rulLer  B.R.  30:64 


DIPLADENIA 


DIPSACUS 


491 


tt    t-n  -.1  nil  W    M 

DIPLAKKHfiNA(Otreek  iuoanihtu  the  third  being 
imperfect)  Iiidicew  Only  2  species  of  tender  plants 
trora  Australia  and  Tasmania  They  belong  to  the  same 
subtribe  with  our  native  Blue-eyed  Grass,  Sisyrinchium. 
Rhizomes  short:  stems  terminal,  erect,  simple  or  some- 
what branched:  Its.  in  a  tuft,  narrow,  rigid,  acuminate, 
equitant:  spatheterminal,  rigid,  acuminate:  fls.  whitish; 
perianth  without  any  tube  over  the  ovary;  segments  un- 
equal, inner  ones  shorter,  coiiniveut:  upper  stamen  im- 
perfect. This  plant  is  advertised  in  the  American  edi- 
tion of  a  Dutch  bulb  dealer's  catalogue. 

MoTsa,  Labill.  Stems  VA-2  ft.  long,  with  a  single 
terminal  cluster,  and  several  sheathing  bracts :  Ivs.  6-8 
in  a  tuft,  1-1 V^  ft.  long,  H-K  in.  wide:  spathes  cylindri- 
cal, 2-3  fld.,  2  in.  long. 

DIPLAZIUM  (Greek,  doubled).  PohjpodiHeea-.  A 
genus  of  rather  large,  coarse  ferns  allied  to  Asplenium, 
but  with  the  indusia  often  double,  extending  to  both 
sides  of  some  of  the  veins,  which  are  unconnected. 
Eighty  or  more  species  are  found,  mostly  in  the  warmer 
portions  of  the  world.  For  culture,  see  Ferns. 
A.    Lis.  simple:  low  plants. 

Unceum,  Thunb.  Lvs.  6-9  in.  long,  H-1  in.  wide, 
narrowed  upward  and  downward,  the  margin  mostly  en- 
tire: sori  reaching  nearer  to  the  edge  than  the  midrib. 
India,  China,  Japan. 

AA.   Jjvs.  pinnate,  witji.  the  pinnm  deeply  lobed:  rootstock 
not  rising  to  form  a  trunk. 

arbdreum,  Willd.    Lvs.  12-18  in.  long,  6-8  in.  wide, 
with  a  distinct  auricle  or  lobe  at  the  base.    The  habit  is 
not  arboreous,  as  originally  supposed,  and  as  thi 
would  indicate;  quite  near  the  next,  but  less  deeply  cut. 
West  Indies  and  Venezuela. 

ShSpherdi,  Spreng.  {Aspli him,,  Sl,,',ij,,i-di,  Spreng.). 
Lvs.  12-18  in.  long,  6-9  in.  >t',:„\.  ,1,  ,.|,|y  lohed,  the  lobes 
at  the  base  sometimes  rL-ai-lmii;  .lown  to  ilii-  racliis,  some- 
what toothed  and  often  S  in.  Inoail  ;    sori  

long-linear.    Cuba  and  Mexico  to  Brazil. 
AAA.    ics.  bipinnate:  trunk  somewhat 


mum  which  IS  found  along  the  coast  of  Brazil,  is  but  10 
feet  m  height  when  f  ullj  de\  eloped.  This  genus  is  with- 
out spines  the  lei\eb  being  pinnate,  very  dark  green  on 
the  upper  side  ind  usualh  co\ered  with  white  tomentum 
on  the  under  side  the  pinna  being  clustered  along  the 
midrib  in  lujst  instances  In  i  very  young  plant  of  this 
genus  the  ultim  ite  cbaiiLtei  is  not  at  all  apparent  from 
the  f  ict  that  the  seedling  plants  h  ive  undivided  or  simple 
leaves  this  ch-ii  icteustic  fiequently  obtaining  in  the 
use  ot  /'  I  (  (  s  (Hi  until  the  plant  is  strong  enough 
t5  produie  lea^es  4  or  5  feet  long  A  warm  greenhouse, 
ri  b  s  il  md  a  plentiful  supplj  of  water  are  among  the 
hief  requisites  for  the  successful  culture  of  Diplothe- 
miums  D  (  tudi  n  is  the  1  est  known  of  the  genus, 
and  wheie  space  11  \  I  I  it  i  iis  free  development  it 
IS  one  of  the  hand  I  .■iiltivation. 

oaudfiscens,  Jlait  n-r„m,  Hort.).     Wax 

Palm  btem  12  _(  1  I  i  I  lii  in.  thick,  remotely 
ringed  often  swollen  it  the  lui  I  lie:  lvs.  9-12  ft.,  short 
petioled,  segments  7U-9U  on  each  side,  ensiform,  densely 
waxy  white  below,  the  middle  ones  2-4-28  in.  long,  15^ 
in.  wide,  the  upper  and  lower  ones  shorter  and  narrower, 
all  obtuse  at  the  apex.    Brazil.    R.H.  1876,  p.  23.5. 

Jared  G.  Smith  and  W.  H.  Taplin. 

DlFSACUS  (to  thirst,  from  the  Greek:  the  bases  of 
the  connate  lvs.  in  some  species  hold  water).  Dipsdeeff. 
Teasel.    Perhaps  15  species  of  tall,  stout  biennial  or 


latifdlium,  Moore  {Asplenium  latifolium, 
Don).  Caudex  erect,  somewhat  arborescent: 
lvs.  .3-4  ft.  long,  12-18  in.  wide,  with  about 
12  pinna}  on  either  side.    India,  China  and  the  Phil 
P'°^*-  L.  M.  Underwood. 

DIPLOTHfiMIUM  (Greek,  double  sheathed).  Pal- 
m&ceie,  tribe  Cocoinew.  Spineless  palms,  low  or  stem- 
les.s,  or  often  with  ringed,  stout,  solitary  or  fa.scicled 
trunks.  Lvs.  terminal,  pinnatisect;  segments  crowded, 
lanceolate  or  ensiform,  acuminate,  glaucous  or  silvery 
beneath,  margins  recurved  at  the  base,  midnerve  promi- 
nent :  rachis  2-faced,  strongly  laterally  compressed  ; 
petiole  concave  above:  sheath  fibrous,  open:  spadices 
erect,  long  or  short-peduncled,  strict,  thickish:  spathes 
2,  the  lower  coriaceous,  the  upper  cymbiform,  beaked, 
ventr.ally  dehiscent:  bracts  short,  coriaceous:  fls.  rather 
large,  cream  colored  or  vellow:  fr.  ovoid  or  oboroid, 
small.    Species  5.    Brazil. 

Diplothemium  is  a  small  genus  of  very  handsome 
palms.  In  size  the  members  of  this  genus  seem  to  vary 
as  much  as  those  included  in  the  Cocos  group.  D.  maritl- 


719.   Fuller's  Teasel— Dipsacus 


perennial  herbs  of  the  Old  World.  The  fls.  are  small 
and  in  dense  heads,  like  those  of  compositous  plants, 
but  the  anthers  are  njt  Qnited  (or  syngenesious)  as  they 
are  in  the  Compositfp.  One  species,  D.  syli-e'stris. 
Mill.,  is  an  introduced  weed  along  roadsides  in  the 
northeastern  states  and  Ohio  valley.  It  is  biennial, 
the  stem  arising  the  second  year  and  reaching  a  height 
of  5  or  6  ft.  It  is  said  to  be  a  good  bee  plant.  The  Fuller's 
Teasel,  i).  Fullonum.  Linn.  (Fig.  719),  is  probably  de- 
rived from  the  former,  and  differs  from  it  chiefly  in  the 
very  strong  and  hooked  floral  .scales.  These  scales  give 
the  head  its  value  for  the  teasing  or  raising  the  nap  on 
woolen  cloth,  for  which  no  machinery  is  so  elBcient.  This 
plant  is  grown  commercially  in  a  limited  area  in  central 
New  York.  l.  h.  B. 


492  DIRCA 

DtECA  (Greek,  from  dirke,  a  fountain;  referring  to 
the  plant  as  growing  in  moist  places).  Thymelaciuea;. 
Two  species  of  North  American  shrubs,  with  tough, 
fibrous  barls,  alternate,  thin,  short,  entire,  petiolate,  de- 
ciduous lvs.,apetalous  perfect  lis.  in  peduncled  fascicles 
of  the  previous  season's  growth,  the  branches  develop- 
ing subsequently  from  the  same  nodes :  calyx  coroUa-lilse, 
yellowish,  campanulate,  undulately  obscurely  4-toothed, 
bearing  twice  as  many  exserted  stamens  as  its  lobes 
(usually  8) :  ovary  nearly  sessile,  free,  1-loculed,  with  a 
single  hanging  ovule;  style  exserted,  filiform:  fr.  berry- 
like,  oval-oblong.  Hardy  deciduous  branching  shrubs, 
often  with  the  habit  of  miniature  trees.  Bark  of  inter- 
laced, strong  fibers,  and  branches  so  tough  and  flexible 
that  they  may  be  bent  into  hoops  and  thongs  without 
breaking.  So  used  by  the  Indians  and  early  settlers. 
The  Leatherwood  is  not  one  of  the  showiest  of  hardy 
shrubs,  but  its  small,  yellowish  flowers  are  abundant 
enough  to  make  it  attractive,  and  it  deserves  cultivation 
especially  for  the  earliness  of  its  bloom  in  spring.  It  is 
of  slow  growth,  and,  when  planted  singly,  makes  a  com- 
pact miniature  tree;  planted  in  masses  or  under  shade 
it  assumes  a  straggling  habit.  It  thrives  in  any  moist 
loam.  Prop,  by  .seeds,  which  are  abundant  and  germi- 
nate readily;  also  by  layers. 


720.    Leatherwood— Dirca  palustris  ( 


paliiBtris,  Linn.  Leatherwood.  Moosewood.  Fig. 
720.  A  shrub,  '2-G  ft.  high,  with  numerous  branches 
having  scars  which  make  them  appear  as  if  jointed,  at 
the  beginning  of  each  annual  growth,  and  with  yellow- 
brown  glabrous  twigs:  Ivs.  oval  or  obovate,  with  obtuse 
apex,  2-3  in.  long,  green  and  smooth  above,  whitish  and 
downy  below,  becoming  smooth,  the  base  of  the  petiole 
covering  buds  of  the  next  season:  fls.  yellowish,  abun- 
dant enough  to  be  attractive,  nearly  sessile,  Jiin.  long, 
falling  as  the  Ivs.  expand:  fr.  hidden  by  the  abundant 
foliage,  egg- or  top-shaped,  J^  In.  long,  reddish  or  pale 
green.  Woods  and  thickets,  mostly  in  wet  soil  N.  and  S. 
B.R.  4: 292. -Common. 

D.  occidentdlis.  A.  Gray.  A  similar  species  found  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  differs  mainly  in  the  Tdeeper  calyx-lobes,  lower  insertion 
of  the  stamens,  sessile  flowers,  and  white  involucre.  Not  in  the 
trade,  but  worthy  of  cult.  a.  Phelps  Wtman. 

DtSA  (origin  of  name  unknown).  OrchiclAcece,  tribe 
Ophrt'idew.  One  hundred  or  more  terrestrial  orchids, 
mostly  S.  African,  of  which  several  are  known  to  fan- 
ciers, but  only  one  of  which  is  in  the  Araer.  trade. 
Sepals  free,  spreading,  upper  one  galeate,  produced  in  a 
horn  or  spur  at  the  base;  petals  inconspicuous,  small, 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column.  The  species  described 
below  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  known 
orchids,  but  as  yet  difficult  to  manage  under  artificial 
conditions. 

gn^andifldra,  Linn.  Flower  of  the  Gods.  Rootstock 
tuberous:  stems  1  ft.  or  more  high,  unbranched:  Ivs. 
dark  green:  fls.  several;  upper  sepal  hood-like  or  gale- 
ate,  3  in.  long,  rose-color,  with  branching  crimson  veins; 
lateral  sepals  slightly  shorter,  brilliant  carmine-red; 
petals  and  labellum  orange,  inconspicuous.  S.  Afr. 
B.M.4073.   G.C.II.  18:521;  111.9:365.      Oakes  Ames. 


DISEASES 

William  Watson,  in  Garden  and  Forest  9:  284,  says  of 
Disa :  "They  all  require  cool-greenhouse  treatment, 
plenty  of  water,  an  open,  peaty  soil  and  shade  from  direct 
sunshine.  As  soon  as  the  plants  have  flowered,  tbev  are 
shaken  out  of  the  soil,  the  suckers  taken  off,  an. I  parted 
singly  in  small  pots  and  watered  iiljerally.  In  NoviniI.er 
they  are  again  potted  into  :t-!in'li  imi-.  in  whirh  iticv 
remain  until  they  flower.  They  in.iki- a  .li-iilay  ..i  t|.,w.  i-s 
for  about  two  months.'"  In  tr.l-'.  7  :  :;:.'  I,  Wai^-in  w  iiirs  uf 
D.Kewense:    "This  is  a  iH-autiful   h>  linM.  whi.l,   i-  a^ 

itself  by  means  of  olT^.i-  wiih  all  tli-  |.r...lii::ilii v  <.f 
Couch  Grass.  Many  (•<.iini.N-,,.urv  drrlai-.- it  i-iln'  lust 
of  all  Disas.  *  •  »"  D.  i'i_-it,-li, '  \<  .i  n  IN  i  [..i  •  n:.\ 
almost  &s  free  Rs  -D.  Kewen-st.    I  wmhIi  ,i|1 

growers  of  orchids  to  procure  t"'tli  ari    i  m 

as  rapidly  as  possible.  *  *  *  Tlir  Ki  .  i  i.,;.;  i^  m 
4-inch  pots,  and  each  bears  a  spike  l5  imln  ■,  hi^h  uiih 
from  10  to  20  flowers,  each  2  inches  across."  For  portrait 
of  D.  Kewense,  see  G.C.  III.  18:  273. 


Hiilhos,  flower; 

''''"•".    Shrub, 

:  'I  Ivs.:  fls. 


DISANTHUS  (Greek,  dis,  ti- 
the fls.  bein^'  i;i  J  iM  IichI-  ■.  / 
with  alteniaii       ■    ■  .    .     : 

similar  to  il ; !  n  i    i  "  i    •    i;i   pairs  on 

sule  2-celled,  wirh  s.-veral  seeds  ]ii  earh  cell.  The  only 
species,  D.  cercidifblius,  Maxim.,  is  a  slu-ub.  with  slender 
branches,  8-10  ft.  high:  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  palmately 
nerved,  3-1  in.  long:  fls.  dark  purple,  in  October.  G.F. 
6:215.  Hardy  ornamental  shrub  of  elegant  habit,  with 
distinct,  handsome  foliage,  turning  to  a  beautiful  claret- 
red  or  red  and  orange  in  fall.  Prop,  by  seeds,  germi- 
nating very  slowly,  and  by  layers  ;  probably  also  by 
grafting  on  Hamamelis.  Alfred  Rehder.  ' 

DISEASES  of  plants  are  of  many  classes.  The  word 
disease  as  applied  to  plants  is  commonly  associated  with 
those  manifestations  which  are  the  result  of  seriously 
disturbed  nutrition,  rather  than  with  mere  attacks  of 
devouring  insects.  We  might  classify  diseases,  for  hor- 
ticultural purposes,  as  those  due  to  parasitic  fungi  (or 
fungous  diseases),  those  due  to  bacteria  or  germs,  those 
due  to  nematodes  or  eel  worms,  and  those  which  are  as- 
sociated with  disturbed  or  imperfect  nutrition.  To 
these  four  classes  we  shall  now  give  our  attention: 

FfNoous  Diseases  are  those  that  are  due  to  the  inva- 
sion of  tissue  by  fungi  (see  Fungus).  All  crop  plants 
are  more  or  less  subject  to  the  attack  of  these  insidious 
foes,  and  the  havoc  they  bring  is  rarely  fully  appre- 
ciated. 

The  chief  lines  of  treatment  with  plants  subject  to 
injury  from  fungi  are,  first,  to  reduce  the  number  of 
spores  to  a  minimum,  and,  secondly,  to  surround  the 
plants  with  conditions  unfavorable  for  their  develop- 
ment and  yet  not  to  interfere  with  the  growth  of  the  plant 
itself.  Fungi  as  a  rule  are  fond  of  moisture  and,  there- 
fore, dry  weather  is  an  ally  of  the  cultivator,  while  a  sea- 
son with  high  humidity  and  a  large  rainfall  is  asso- 
ciated with  an  abundance  of  plant  diseases.  So  long, 
therefore,  as  the  weather  is  without  man's  control  there 
will  be  an  uncertain  quantity  in  the  problem  of  plant 
healthfulness. 

The  growing  season  for  crop  plants  is  practically  the 
same  as  that  for  fungi,  and  during  the  winter  inactivity 
prevails  for  both  host  and  parasite.  In  other  words, 
there  are  several  months  of  the  year  when  the  fungi  are 
either  inactive  in  the  host  plant  or  lying  dormant  out- 
side of  it,  ready  to  l.cijin  their  destructive  work.    When 


nial,  and  every  knot,  unless  the  branch  is  dead,  is  the  di- 
rect starting  point  for  new  growth.  Along  with  this 
fact  is  the  equally  important  one  that  in  the  hard,  black 
crust  of  the  excrescence  there  are  innumerable  spheri- 
cal pits  in  which  countless  spores  pass  the  winter,  and 
are  ready  to  spread  the  disease  to  new,  healthy  twigs  as 
the  knot  breaks  up  and  fresh  growth  starts  in  the  tree 
in  spring.  In  the  light  of  the  above  tacts,  there  are 
many  reasons  for  destroying  the  knots  upon  a  plum  or 


DISEASI 


493 


duiM    tipe      Tin    iiuihs    iffetteil  are  practically  worth- 

I  I   i  „  them  the  disease  is  kept  from 

l>iancli  and  the  forming  spores 

I       1  \   have  an  opportunity  of  get- 

1 1  tlie  h  )i  tK  uitunst  iiiuierstands  the  methods  of  growth 
anil  propagation  of  a  destructive  fungus,  he  is  better 
able  to  take  the  step  that  may  lead  to  the  eradication  of 
the  pest.  Let  another  example 
be  taken,  namely,  the  apple- 
leaf  rust,  which  in  some  parts 
of  the  country  is  a  serious 
menace  to  the  orchardist.  It 
is  recognized  as  yellow 
blotches  upon  the  foliage,  fol- 
lowed by  groups  of  deep  cups 
in  the  under  half  of  the  leaf 
tissue,  where  orange-colored 
spores  aro  pr-i^Iiii-.   I   in   great 


■■•'^-,.^:v 


the    CO 


NatiiTil  size  '''"^e    Upo 

Natural  size.  ^^^^^  ^^^  .^  ^^^^  ^^^^  .^  .^^^^^^ 

the  apple  tree.  Upon  the  cedar  the  fungus,  forms  galls 
of  a  chocolate  color  half  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter, 
which  during  the  spring  rains  become  swollen  and  have 
a  gelatinous  exterior.  In  this  .ielly  the  spores  are  pro- 
duced that  find  their  way  to  the  apple  tree  and  there 
form,  after  vegetating  for  a  few  days,  the  destructive 
rust.  It  is  seen  that  in  a  case  like  this  the  most  impor- 
tant thing  is  to  destroy  the  cedar-galls,  for  in  them  the 
fungus  passes  the  winter;  and  this  can  be  done 
by  picking  and  burning.  To  those  who  do  not 
set  a  high  value  upon  their  cedar  trees,  the  end 
mav  be  accomplished  by  removing  the  cedar 
trees  that  stand  at  all  near  the  infested 
orchard. 

But  there  are  many  destructive  fungi 

that    piss    tliiii     whole    life    upon    the 

sinie  III  ml    and  the  method  men 

tinntd  tc  I  the  apple  lUst  would  not 


'  1  ,..od 

III    Jill     liiiii.,i~both 

:af  and  tht  fruit,  caus 

ing  irregular  blotches  upon 


722.    Peaches  of  last  year's  crop   still  hanging  on  the  tree, 
by  monilia  (X  K). 
The  branch  is  dead  from  the  effects  of  the  fungus. 

both,  and  frequently  destroying  the  crop.  Many  ex- 
periments have  demonstrated  that  this  scab-produc- 
ing fungus  can  be  kept  down  by  the  use  of  the  Bordeaux 
mixture  and  various  other  similar  substances.   The  fun- 


gus thrives  below  the  skin  of  the  fruit  and  the  epider- 
mis of  the  leaf,  producing  spores  in  abundance  upon  the 
surface.  The  fungicide,  when  left  in  a  thin  film  upon  the 
susceptible  surface,  prevents  the  germination  of  the 
spores  and  the  extrance  of  the  fungus.  It  likewise  may 
kill  the  spores  in  the  places  where  they  are  formed  and 
before  they  have  been  transplanted  to  another  part  of 
the  plant.'  The  fungicide  cannot  act  as  a  cure  in  the 
sense  of  replacing  the  diseased, by  healthy  tissue,  but 
may.  by  destroying  the  spores, so  prevent  the  spread  that 
the  healthy  parts  may  predominate.  In  the  case  of  foli- 
age, the  spraying  is  chiefly  preventive  and  should  be 
particularly  directed  to  the  younger  leaves  the  older 
ones,  with  "the  fungus  ilready  established  m  them,  in 
time  falling  away.    \\  itli  the  ordmai\  fruits  there  is  no 


723.   Effects  of  the  leaf 


K). 


h  apple 


such  succession,  and   the  aim  is 
pear  coated  with  the  fungicide. 

As  a  rule  a  fungus  that  attacks  the  fruit  also  infests  the 
leaves,  and  may  likewise  thrive  in  the  stems.  From  this 
it  is  gathered  that  the  spray  should  be  very  thoroughly 
applied  to  all  parts  of  the  plant,  in  order  that  the  foliage 
may  be  kept  in  vigor  and  make  the  required  food  sub- 
.staiices  for  the  growth  of  the  fruit,  and  the  latter  saved 
from  decay  due  to  direct  attack  of  the  fungous  germs. 
But  this  is  not  enough.  From  what  has  been  remarked 
concerning  the  hibernation  of  fungi,  it  goes  without  long 
argument  that  much  can  be  done  by  thorough  sanitation 
in  the  orchard  and  fruit  garden  when  the  crop  is  off  and 
the  plants  are  at  rest.  In  short,  the  foliage  of  a  blighted 
orchard  or  vineyard  is  too  important  to  be  overlooked 
in  considering  the  subject  of  fungous  diseases.  The  pear 
leaves,  for  example,  may  be  infested  with  the  leaf-spot, 
Eiitoinosporhim  HmciiZa^Hm,  and  spraying  may  have  kept 
them  from  falling  prematurely  and  a  good  crop  saved 
thereby,  but  the  old  leaves,  as  they  drop  in  autumn,  are 
more  or  less  infested  with  the  disease,  and,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, should  be  destroyed  before  the  winds  have  scat- 
tered them.  In  the  same  way  the  black-rot  of  the  grape 
(Livstadia  BidwiUii)  maybe  carried  over  in  the  foli- 
age and  the  mummy  berries  that  are  left  upon  the  vines. 
Here,  again,  the  spray  pumps  can.be  largely  supple- 
mented bv  picking,  pruning  and  burning.  In  the  winter 
care  of  vineyards  we  can  take  a  lesson  from  the  grape 
growers  of  Europe,  where  much  care  is  taken  to  clean 
up  after  every  crop.  They  do  not  stop  with  the  gather- 
ing of  the  refuse,  but  spray  the  leafless  vines  in  win- 
ter, and  the  trellises  as  well,  with  Bordeaux  or  plain 
solution  of  cupric  sulfate.  The  subject  of  remedies  for 
fungous  diseases  would  be  slighted  were  not  emphatic 
words  used  iu  this  connection.    It  is  folly  to  delay  the 


DISEASES 


494 

use  of  remedial  measures  until  after  the  f^^l^'i  nre  in 
evidence.  With  many  quiek-actinir  il [■-.-ii^.-s  ir  is  tlien 
too  late,  andiu  fact  with  some  the  spr:iv  |.uii]|  ,  »  lnii  the 
trees  are  in  full  leaf  and  fruit,  is  .if  -.r.m.laiy  luipor- 
tance.  The  fruit-rot  or  gray  mold  {Jfn,nli,i  fni.-li,j,iia) 
of  the  cherry,  plum  and  peach  is  of  this  type.  To  eradi- 
cate this  pest,  it  is  not  enough  to  wait  until  the  disease 
is  in  the  trees,  for  then,  if  the  weather  is  warm  and 
moist,  the  crop  is  destroyed.  Here,  again,  the  work  of 
preveiiti.iii  -Ii.inl-l  l.iL-iii"  tlie  winter  before;  by  destroy- 
ing all  iiiu'  >!  !i  I'i::.  722)  and  blighted  branches 
the  dis.  :i-c    i         :      :  .   i  :.i  its  weakest  point. 

Anotijtr  1 1  i  (1 1  -  '  I'liiiection  that  must  be  kept  in 

mind  is  the  Kthci..!  licalth  of  the  plant.  Every  tree  or 
shrub  should  be  well  nourished  and  come  to  its  ap- 
pointed task  in  good  health.  This  means  the  best 
form  of  the  plant  for  the  purposes  intended,  obtained 
by  the  use  of  the  pruning  knife  or  other  means.  Fungi 
do  not  love  the  sunshine  half  as  well  as  the  shade,  and 
an  open-topped  tree  needs  less  spraying  than  one  with 
the  branches  crowded.  This  will  also  obviate  in  some 
measure  another  point  of  weakness,  namely,  overload- 
e  attempting  to  carry  a  double  comple- 
1  breed  more  decayed  fruit  aud  foliage 
.re  not  overloaded.  Thinning,  in  other 
I  essential  to  healthfulness  as  spraying, 
soil  and  situation  are  more  important 
I  either.  Naturally,  the  question  of  remedies  for  fun- 
gous diseases  comes  in  only  after  all  the  conditions  for 
the  best  growth  of  the  plants  have  been  met. 

The  number  of  fungi  injurious  to  the  horticulturist  is 
large,  and  spacepermits  of  the  iiieutidii  of  l.ut  a  fi-w 
under  the  several  crops.  Apples:  A~.)'\r  fi"i:i  iIm-  rust 
and  scab  used  above  for  general  illu-traihiii.  tin n-  are 
the  ripe-rot  {Glceoxporium  fnictig,  hh „,  \  pi.u.l.rv  mil- 
dew {Podosphwra  Oxittirmilh.,  i,  au.l  iIm-  liv.-l.litrh't  {Ba- 
cillus amylovonts) .  Tlie  lii-r  nt'  tli--  tln'-'-  grows  also 
upon  the  grape,  and  the  lin-  lili-lit  :(ti  nk-  the  pear  and 
the  quince,  upon  the  fi.Dm  r  h. m-  a  -i  i  i-us  , n.-mv.  In 
this  fire-blight  we  ha\-..  a  liartni  ,1  '  ^.  ,^,.  in  |.)a7its, 
that  resides  durinL' th.- V,  int. ■!■  Ill  i!m    ■      .        ,•    I     .  .-..n- 

veyed  to  flowers  l.y  ill-.. t-  w  III. 'li  ^  I-  /.-of 

cracked,  blighted  st. m^  in   -inin:.  -  ,  .  :i~ed 

branches     should     havi'     1..  ■  n      p.  i      ,.,\..il. 

Quinces:     The   black-rot    .  ^    ,   .  ,  ,„„| 

rust     (Rcestella     auraiilii  ,.ii\,-. 

Plums,  in  addition  to  tli.-  i    .  i     I  :   Mi^'ht 

(GylindrosporiumPadi),  whil.-  tli.  .Ii.  rr>  1.  .-  ili.' 'sh.it- 
hole"  fungus  { Septoria  eerusiiu:].  Peaches  arc  some- 
times much  afflicted  with  the  \e&t-c\iT\[ExoaitCitii  deform- 
ans, Pig.  723),  and  the  scab  or  "gray  back"  (Cladospo- 


ing.  A  peach  tre 
ment  of  fruit  wil 
than  many  that  a 
words,  is  often  as 
and  a  congenial 


724.  Currant 


cdby 


DISEASES 

The  afliected  trees  produce  tufts  of  small  branches  upon 
the  older  branches,  with  slender  leaves,  known  as  "Pen- 
nyroyal sprouts"  or  "willow  shoots."  Trees  with  these 
"bushes"  are  fit  subjects  for  the  burn  heap. 

Of  the  small  fruits,  the  grape  leads  in  the  number  of 
fungi,  the  black-rot  and  ripe-rot  previously  mentioned 
being  among  the  chief,  while  the  anthracnoae  (i 


rium  carpophiliim).  The  most  obscure  disease  of  the 
peach  is  the  "yellows,"  a  name  given  to  a  contagious 
disorder  that  manifests  itself  in  a  premature  ripening  of 
thefruit,  which  takes  on  au  unnatural  spotting  of  red  or 
purple,  with   the   flesh   streaked  and  the  taste  insipid. 


lotna  atnpelinum)  and  downy  mildew  {Phtsmopara  viti- 
cola)  are  quite  destructive.  Blackberries  and  raspber- 
rise  suffer  from  similar  diseases,  the  leading  ones  be- 
ing the  rust  {Puccinia  Peckian  a),  requiring  the  destruc- 
tion, root  aud  branch,  of  the  infested  plants,  and  the  an- 
thracnose  (Glceosporhim  wnc^im  I,  amenable  to  spray- 
ing. Currants  and  gooseberries  are  similarly  akin,  and 
have  nearly  the  same  fungi  ,asleaf-.spot(  Septoria  Hibis, 
Fig.  724)  and  anthracnose  {Glceosporium  liihis),  in  ad- 
dition to  which  the  gooseberry  is  badly  troubled  with  a 
mildew  {Sphwrothi-ca  3fors-L'i-(t],  that  may  be  kept  off 
by  sulfide  of  potassium,  one  ounce  to  two  gallons  of 
water,  as  a  spray.  Strawberries  have  the  leaf-blight 
{SplKerelhi  Fragariw,  Fig.  725)  as  the  leading  fungous 
trouble,  and  this  sometimes  requires  heroic  treatment, 
even  to  the  burning  over  of  the  bed  in  autumn  to  de- 
stroy the  infested  leaves  and  the  germs  they  contain. 

Annual  Plants.  In  the  previous  discussion,  peren- 
nial crop  plants  only  have  been  considered.  With  the 
annuals  the  treatment  is  in  large  part  the  same,  except 
that  there  are  no  live  plants  in  winter  to  be  considered, 
no  stems  and  branches  to  be  cleansed,  and  there  is  the 
very  important  difference  that  it  is  possible  to  grow  the 
annuals  upon  new  ground  each  season.  While  it  is  im- 
possible to  move  the  vineyard  or  fruit  garden,  it  should 
be  the  rule  not  to  grow  an  annual  upon  the  same  piece 
of  soil  continuously.  In  one  sense  the  grower  can  move 
away  from  his  troubles  by  practicing  a  judicious  rota- 
tion of  crops.  However,  the  truck  grower  and  the  gar- 
dener in  a  small  way  should  not  trust  entirely  to  this 
itinerancy,  but  instead  should  place  the  spraying  ma- 
chine upon  the  same  footing  as  the  plow  or  planter  as  a 
necessary  implement;  and  as  insects  compete  with  fungi 
for  the  possession  of  his  crops  he  should  spray  for  both, 
and  usually  this  can  be  done  at  the  same  time.     The 


DISEASES 

spraying  of  crops  like  potatoes,  beans,  egg-plants  and 
celery,  can  be  done  with  great  rapidity  with  the  cart 
machines. 

With  the  atmual  crops  the  idea  of  cleaning  up  and 
burning  the  rubbish  should  be  enforced  as  thoroughly 
as  with  the  tree  crops.  The  burn  heap  is  a  successful 
ally  of  the  spray  pump,  and  with  the  rotation  suggested, 
growers  of  vegetables  and  vegetable  fruits  should  hope 
to  be  exempt  from  serious  fungous  attacks,  except  when 
the  weather  is  unusually  favorable  for  the  excessive  de- 
velopment of  blights  and  rots. 

Some  of  the  leading  fungous  enemies  upon  the  vege- 
table fruit  plants  are  the  anthracnose  (Oolletotrichum 
Lagenarium)  and  bacteriosis  {Bacillus  Plmseoli)  of  the 
bean,  both  held  in  check  by  Bordeaux;  the  leaf-spot 
(Asi-OL-kijta  Pisi)  and  mildew  (Enjxiphe  Marlii)  of  tlir 
pea;  leaf-spot  (Septoria  Ai/co/JO-.siti ),  biai'k-rot  (  J/m  ■ 
rosporiitm  Tomato)  and  bacteriosis  {Barilhis  ^'>"l<i)n-'- 
arum)oi  the  tomato;  leaf-spot  (PltijUostUta  hoilDium) 
and  stem-rot  (Nectria  Ipomoea)  of  the  egg-plant;  and 
anthracnose  (Colletotrichum  Lagenarium)  of  melons  and 

Among  vegetables  strictly  so-called,  there  is  the  leaf- 
blight  (Ceirospoca  Apii)  au'l  111.  !,!],. ^1-  ,.(  celery;  mil- 
dew (Peronospora  effnuu]  "\  :i  .  ,  -  i;r  (  Crocffstis 
Ceptihe)  ot  onions;  Tust  { l'"  i    ,     -     ;.)  of  aspara- 

gus; club-root  {Pahmoilioi,h.,,-.f  /.■.<..,,,  i  of  cabbage, 
and  mildew  (Bremia  Lactxar)  of  lettuce. 

The  root  crops  have  their  subterranean  fungous  ene- 
mies, and  for  these  a  soil  treatment  is  necessary.  For 
the  club-root  of  turnips  and  cabbage,  named  above,  and 
allied  plants,  lime  is  a  preventive  when  added  to  the 
soil,  35  bushels  per  acre;  while  the  scab  (Oospora 
scabies)  of  the  round  potato  is  checked  by  soaking  the 
seed  in  a  weak  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate,  or  by 
flowers  of  sulfur  added  to  the  soil,  300  pounds  per 
acre.  The  same  treatment  is  effective  for  onion  smut 
and  the  fungous  diseases  of  the  sweet  potato.  Use  a 
new  field  each  year  whenever  possible.  In  short,  feed 
and  care  for  the  crops  well,  so  that  the  plants  will  be 
perfectly  at  home  in  the  place  assigned  them,  and  then 
use  fungicides  as  an  enlightened  judgment  dictates, 
not  forgetting  to  destroy  the  autumn  rubbish,  the  win- 
ter hiding  places  of  the  insidious  germs  of  disease.  See 
Pungkide^ 

Bacterial  Diseases.  — There  is  much  damage  done 
to  higher  plants  by  infesting  bacteria.  These  low  or- 
ganisms may  fiourish  in  leaf,  stem  or  root,  and  with 
some  crops  they  are  widespread  and  destructive.  One 
of  the  most  prominent  of  the  bacterial  diseases  is  the 
iire-blight  of  the  pear,  apple  and  quince,  due  to  the 
Bacillus  amylovoriis,the  germs  of  which  multijily  in 
the  nectar  of  the  blooms  with  great  rapidity,  and  are 
carried  from  one  flower  to  another  by  insects,  and  in 
this  way  an  orchard  may  become  infected.  From  the 
blossoms  the  disease  extends  downward  into  the 
branches  or  runs  in  from  lateral  fruit-spurs  and  girdles 
the  limbs.  The  blight  also  enters  through  the  tips  of 
growing  branches,  as  in  the  nursery  when  plants  are  too 
young  to  bear  flowers.  This  is  "twig-blight,"  as  dis- 
tinguished from  "flower-blight,"  while  a  third  form  is 
a  "body-blight,"  where  the  germs  attack  the  main 
stem  of  the  tree  through  the  buds  that  may  be  found 
there.  Warm,  moist  weather,  with  frequent  showers, 
favor  the  spread  of  the  disease,  and  with  opposite  con- 
ditions the  germs  may  die  out,  even  when  in  the  cam- 
bium and  protected  by  the  bark.  The  germs,  when  they 
live  over  winter  in  the  branch,  may  reach  the  surface  as 
ooze  from  the  blighted  parts  in  spring  and  be  carried 
by  insects  to  the  flower  and  other  buds.  As  yet  there  is 
nothing  better  for  a  remedy  than  the  removal  of  the 
blighted  twigs,  cutting  well  below  where  the  dead  ad- 
joins the  living  bark.  Trees  highly  fertilized  with  ni- 
trogenous manures  are  especially  subject  to  blight  and, 
therefore,  over-stimulation  with  manure  is  to  be  avoided, 
and  upon  very  rich  soil  an  orchard  may  do  better  in  sod. 

The  above  is  a  fair  type  of  the  bacterial  diseases  of 
ligneous  plants.  Among  the  many  upon  herbs,  there  is 
one  that  is  very  destructive  to  tomatoes,  the  Bacillus 
solanacearnm,  which  is  recognized  by  a  sudden  wilting 
of  the  foliage,  followed  by  a  yellow  or  brown  color. 
Here,  again,  the  germs  are  transmitted  by  insects  as 
Colorado  and  flea  beetles.    One  of  the  chief  preventive 


DISEASES 


495 


,  therefore,  is  to  protect  the  tomatoes  by  insec- 
ticides, and  when  any  plant  is  diseased  it  shouhi  be  de- 
stroyed. Other  plants  allied  to  the  tomato,  as  potato, 
egg-plant,  petunias  and  the  common  weeds,  as  James- 
town weed,  nightshade  aud  ground  cherry,  are  affected 
with  the  same  disease;  and,  therefore,  clean  culture  i» 
demanded,  and  also  a  wi<le  rotation  of  crops  upon  soil 
liable  to  bear  infected  plants. 

A  similar  bacterial  disease  is  met  with  in  sweet  corn, 
due  to  Pseudomoiias  Steirarti;  while  other  species  at- 
tack sorghum  and  a  long  list  of  field  and  garden  crops, 
particularly  the  roots  like  beet,  carrot,  turnip  and  simi- 
lar plants,  as  the  bean,  onion  and  celery.  Sprays  do  not 
seem  to  materially  check  these  diseases,  and  the  chief 
means  of  combating  them  are  through  soil  sanitation 
and  a  judicious  rotation. 

Xi;maT(>i>es.  — There  are  many  troubles  experienced 
by  plants  tliat  are  due  to  animals.  None  of  these  are 
more  al->undant  and  destructive  than  the  nematodes, 
namely,  microscopic  worms,  that  infest  various  parts  of 
plants,  but  the  roots  in  particnhir,  when  they  cause  en- 
largements known  as  root-galls.  As  the  conditions  of 
continued  warmth  and  moisture  favor  these  eel  worms, 
they  are  more  frequently  found  in  destructive  numbers 
in  the  plant  house.  Roses  are  particularly  subject  to 
nematodes,  which  upon  their  roots  cause  a  multitude 
of  small  swellings.  The  same  is  true  of  violets,  with 
which  they  have  been  very  serious  at  times.  Cucumber, 
tomato,  cyclamen,  coleus  (see  Fig.  518,  p.  351),  and 
other  plants  are  likewise  attacked. 

It  is  thought  that  lime  added  to  the  soil  has  been  bene- 
ficial, but  the  most  effective  method  of  exterminating 
these  pests  is  by  heating  the  soil  by  steam  up  to  at  least 
180°-212°F.for  one  hour  or  more  before  being  used  in 
the  pots  or  benches.  The  nematodes  are  killed  by  freez- 
ing, and  probably  on  this  account  the  number  of  these 
worms  in  field  crops  is  kept  within  bounds  at  the  north, 
while  they  are  a  menace  to  field  crops  at  the  south.  In 
greenhouse  work,  take  care  that  no  soil  is  used  which 
has  not  been  thoroughly  frozen  since  it  bore  a  crop  of 
indoor  stuff. 

IMPEEFECT  Nutrition.  — There  are  doubtless  many 
ills  of  plants  due  directly  to  lack  of  proper  physical  con- 
ditions.   Some  are  overfed,  others  are  starved,  some  are 


nV/ 


\:r/ 


Sits 


726.  Disease  of  Cucumber  leaf  (X  K). 

The  dying  margin  indicates  that  the  trouble  is  due  to  some 
interference  with  the  food  supply. 

drowned,  and  many  perish  from  protracted  thirst.  Aside 
from  all  this,  plants  will  sicken  even  when  the  ordinary 
conditions  seem  satisfactory.  For  some  reason  not 
easily  assigned,  a  change  will  come  over  the  plant,  the 
activities  of  growth  are  checked  or  cease,  and  the  plant 
dies  and  without  any  cause  that  falls  under  the  previous 
heads.  Some  physiological  defect  is  charged  with  the 
cause,  and  various  terms  have  been  used  to  conceal  the 
manifest  ignorance.   The  "yellows"  of  the  peach  seems. 


496  DISEASES 

to  be  one  of  this  class,  and  is  as  interesting  to  the  vege- 
table pathologist  as  it  is  destructive  to  the  orohardist. 
The  latest  view  o£  this  particular  form  of  disorder  is 
that  of  the  unorganized  ferment,  which  by  causing  cer- 
tain chemical  changes  in  the  substances  of  the  cells  brings 
about  the  peculiar  and  well  marked  malady  of  the  "yel- 
lows." If  we  start  with  the  premise  that  there  is  a  cer- 
tain small  amount  of  chemical  ferment  in  all  plants,  it 
is  only  necessary  to  have  this  increased  to  get  the  re- 
sults in  question;  and  how  to  prevent  this  augmentation 
is  the  practical  point  at  issue.  This  ferment  in  active 
form  might  be  communicated  f  ri.ni  one  plant  to  another 
by  budding  or  grafting,  and.  instead  of  introducing  liv- 
ing germs,  it  is  a  transmission  of  a  gerraless  ferment 
like  diastase,  that  is  found  in  seeds,  and  does  its  ap- 
pointed work  as  a  solvent,  in  the  period  of  germination. 
There  are  other  disorders  that  are  called  "  CEdema,"  or 
a  dropsical  form  of  disease.  The  tomato  is  subject  to 
this,  and  pelargoniums  likewise.  Tumors  are  formed,  or 
the  leaves  bear  translucent  dots  along  the  veins.  This 
trouble  is  most  apt  to  appear  with  greenhouse  plants  in 
early  spring,  and  may  be  favored  by  lack  of  sun- 
shine, especially  if  the  warm  soil  is  wet  and  root  action 
is  excessive.    The  remedy  lies  in  furnishing,  so  far  as 


DISPORUM 

possible,  the  conditions  opposite  to  those  above  named. 

In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  diseases  which  are 
due  to  germs  or  to  malnutrition  show  the  disorder 
more  or  less  generally  spread  over  the  plant,  rather  than 
confined  to  local  areas.  For  example,  if  the  foliage 
shows  a  general  wilting,  it  is  evident  that  the  trouble 
lies  farther  back  than  the  leaves  themselves.  If  one 
leaf  begins  to  die  all  around  the  edge  (as  in  Fig.  72G),  it 
is  indication  that  the  trouble  is  a  cutting  off  of  food 
supply  in  the  entire  leaf;  the  trouble  may  be  near  the 
base  of  the  leaf,  or  farther  back.  After  a  time,  the  leaf 
becomes  dry  and  brittle,  and  the  winds  break  it.  In  Fig. 
727  it  is  evident  that  the  trouble  is  in  the  whole  branch. 
Btron  D.  Hai.sted. 

DISHCLOTH  GOUED.     See  Luffa. 

LiUAcea.  Per- 
our  much-loved 
iiii^iiished  by  an 

a   .'apsule   that 


.  'W: 


Pel 


nth 


ely  cot  date  at  base    stigma  S-cleft. 
et  1/  broad  and  unequally  rounded  t 
the  base 


M^nziesu,  Nicholson  (P  Menzie  ii  Don).  More  or 
le^s  woolly  pubescent  stem  2-J  ft  long  forking,  arch- 
mg  above  Ivs  ovate  to  ovate  lam  (  olate  narrowly  acu- 
mraate  or  the  lowe  t  acute  e  ile  2-3  in.  long,  often 
resin  dotted  fls  l~i  greeni  h  from  the  topmost  axils, 
nodding  7-9  lines  lon^  peditels  puberulous;  perianth 
segments  nearly  erect  acute  6-11  lines  long;  stamens 
a  third  shorter  anthers  included  lH-2  times  shorter 
than  the  filaments  berry  3-fa  seeded  cells  1-2-seeded : 
fr    oblong  obovate    narrowed   to   a  short  beak.     Calif. 


i     Pcnanthnatiouandii 
lanugindsum    Nicholson 


jieuedge  shaped  at  the  base. 
Wooll>  pubescent:  Ivs.  ob- 
inin  ite    peiiauth-segnients 


S-,  pubescent  stem  1-1  Htt  higB,  forking, 
U  tolia^e  on  the  upper  half  Ivs  ovate  to  oblong-lan- 
latt  acute  or  rarely  acuminate  2-4  in  long :  pedicels 
use     perianth  segments  whitish    slightly  spreading, 

I  re  nai  rowlr  oblanceolate  than  in  J)   Memiesii,  acute, 
I  I    lint      1  ni,    al  out    as  lcn„    as    the    stamens:    berry 

II         11       -I  1    1     tr  broadly  obovate,  ob- 

II         I      [I      It     1    ]    [  ill  Saskatchewan  to 

\\      /         )       tl  J         J  if      lamping. 
Oreganum    {P    Oitgaua     h    Wats  )     More   or    less 
woolU  pubescent    Ivs  o^  ate  to  oblong  lanceolate,  long- 
acuminate     perianth   segments   spreading,    acute,   nar- 
I   wtd  below  very  distinctly  net  vemed   5-7  lines  long, 
1   11^     I     or   shorter  than    the    stamens  :    fr.   ovate, 
iti  1         mewhat  pubescent    cells  1-2  seeded.    Oreg. 
I  I  I  ih    to  B  C 
[  1      1    II      mt,  kind     tre    nit  abroad    D  Sohkeri,  Nicholson 

II  II      k     1    B  ker)      Betore  D.  Oregannni  in 
'     short,  usnally 


robust  form  of 


DISPORLTM 

D.  lanuginoKura,  less  pubenilous.  with  Ivs.  wider,  more  deeply 
cordate  at  the  base,  and  clasping  the  branches.— -D.  Leschenaut- 
tianum,  D.  Don.  differs  from  the  others  here  described  by  hav- 
ing white  fls.  India,  Ceylon.  B.M.  6935.— D.  puUum,  Salisb. 
Readily  told  from  American  forms  by  its  browu  or  purplish 


DODECATHEON 


497 


green  lis 


Indi: 


,M.  910. 


W. 


DiSTICHLIS  ( Greek,  ^co-i-aHtcrf).  Gramineoe.  Salt- 
grass.  Marsh  Spike-gbass.  D.  spicAta,  Greene,  is  an 
upright,  wiry  grass,  10-20  in.  high,  with  strong,  exten- 
•     •  ...  .    "alt-grass  found  on  the 

lirivis  cM-n  in  ground 
tlhiNali-.    Prospectors 

l.iii.liiiu'  luuse  sands  or 
P.  B.  Kennedy. 


heavily  crusted  with  alkali 
and  miners  consider  its  pr 
near  the  surface.  Good  gra 
soils  subject  to  wash.   Not  ( 


DISTtLIUM:( Greek,  two  styles}.  HamamelidAcea. 
An  oriental  genus  of  two  species  of  evergreen  trees,  one 
of  which  has  variegated  foliage,  and  is  used  for  hedges 
in  China  and  Japan.  The  genus  is  very  unlike  our  Witch 
Hazel,  as  it  has  no  petals,  a  superior  ovary  and  2-8 
stamens.  Lvs.  alternate,  thick,  leathery,  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  entire  :  fls.  small,  polygamous.  Seeds  and 
young  plants  of  D.  racemdsum,  Sieb.  &  Zucc,  may  be 
obtained  through  dealers  in  Japanese  plants. 

DITTANY  is  an  old  English  word  which  in  England 
often  means -Dic^J »■)'"*■  '»^'"'',  n  jilnnf  .>f  tlu'  ru.-  funnily. 
The  name  is  supp"- -i  t,  ,  i„.  j,  ,-,,  ,  ,|  r,-,,,,,  \|i  iii.i...iii 
Crete,  where  the  aih      ■      I '    ■  i  i  .   t   : .  I  lir- 

tany  is  supposed  i"  i      '  .  ,"  I      n;  ,,f 

the  mint  family,  ami  "r  tin-  -jm^-  -i  mu-  wiih  il;>'  wild 
marjoram.  The  plant  comni(.nl>  ■•:dli-(l  Dittany  in  the 
eastern  U.  S.  is  Cunila  Mariana,  Linn.  (C  origa- 
noides,  Britton),  another  mint.  It  has  been  used  as  a 
substitute  for  tea,  and  is  a  gentle  aromatic  stimulant. 
All  these  plants  yield  an  oil  used  as  a  mild  tonic. 

DOCK.  A  name  applied  to  various  species  of  Rumex 
(of  the  Poli/gonAcea).  The  commonest  species  — grow- 
ing in  fields  and  yards  — are  the  Curled  or  Narrow-leaved 
Dock(i?.  crispits,  Linn.  1 .  and  the  Bitter  or  Broad-leaved 


Belleville  are  amongst  the  best  kinds.  The  former 
( Fig.  72b )  is  the  better  of  the  two,  perhaps,  and  it  has 
the  ail>  iiiiai;-  "1  1m  ing  a  Week  or  10  days  earlier.  The 
cri>i>i        '  ■■'.'   I  tt.  long)  appearearly  in  April,  when 

I  n  to  be  had  in  the  open,  and  they 


can  1 u.  r..;i:i,n"H.uMvforamoutho 

rmore.    This  Dock 

is  the  Herb  Patience  iff«»„.r  n,i:.„ 

llu.  Linn.),    it  has 

long  been  an  inhabitant  ..f  uai'lrn-;,  ; 

lid  it  has  sparingly 

run  wild  in  some  part^  mT  tin.  ,mumii 

V.    It  is  a  native  of 

Europe.    The   Bellpvill.    i  Ki-.   7l'" 

s   also  a  European 

plant,  and    is  v.-aM-  a   s-aa-  1   i  /,'  •,   . 

.■  .l^./o.s-rt,  Linn.). 

It  has  als..  1 -:.■  ■ -    -i  - 

ana  of  the  eastern 

portions  of  1 1             i             1 

ncr,  lighter  green 

and  longer-sia        :    . 

lanage  Dock,  with 

spear-like  h.ii.  -  ai  iL.    Im^,  .      11,.    I 

ios  tire  very  sour, 

and  will  probably  not  prove  t"  1"    -.i 

.a,„.,ally  agreeable 

as  those  of  the  Spinage  Dock  ;    l.ut 

ilav  afa  later,  and 

afford  a  succession.    In  some  .a.uni  i  i 

si  Ills  Sorrel  yields 

oxalic    acid    sutficient    far   ami ,a 

al    la.i-poses.     The 

round-leaved   ..r  tna-   Fr.  ,„■!,    Sarial 

/.'„,„.  J-    .Kriifatns, 

Linn  )  would    ln-aLal-lv  I.,-    iirrfn  al.l, 

1"    laost    parsons. 

All  these  Dorks    ala    laan^    |..,a„„,. 

ceptable  plants  to  il,osa  «  la.  ai.^  lo„ 

of  aafl\- "greens." 

DOCKMACKIE.     I', 
DODDER.    See  Cus 


ceous  plants,  with  fluwa 
the  first  sight.  Shoot  i 
flowers  have  been  com 
for  they  are  pendulous 
(see  Fig.  730).  The  st: 
em  species  come  to  a  ^ 
ing  ahead,  while  the  p 


•r  forgotten  after 
lital  name.  The 
uitive  cyclamen, 
e  full  of  motion 


of 


et.     The  lis 


white,  through  lil 


Spinage  Dock. 


Belleville  Dock. 


Dock  (i?.  ohtiisifoJius,  Linn.).    These  are  introduced 
from  the  Old  World.    Several  species  are  native. 

Various  species  of  Docks  and  Sorrels  have  long  been 
cultivated  as  pot-herbs.  Some  of  them  are  very  desir- 
able additions  to  the  garden  because  they  yield  a  pleas- 
ant food  very  early  in  spring,  and,  once  planted,  they 
remain  for  years.     The  Spinage  Dock  and  the  Large 


all  one  species,  because  niunutypic  genera  are  con- 
sidered, as  a  rule,  to  be  comparatively  inflexible  or 
invariable.  Dodecatheon  belongs  to  the  same  order 
with  Primula  and  Cyclamen,  but  in  a  different  tribe 
from  the  latter,  while  its  reflexed  corolla  lobes  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  10  other  genera  of  its  own  tribe. 
For  the  honor  of  American  horticulture,  it  is  a 
pity  that  the  improvement  of  these  chai-ming  Ameri- 
can plants  should  have  been  left  to  English  and 
French  horticulturi.sts.  An  Important  era  in  their 
amelioration  was  probably  begun  with  the  introduction 
of  the  D.  Jeffrcyi  from  the  Rocky  Mts.,  first  pictured 
rniiger-eri-owiiig  than  the  oora- 


ire  of  the  most  advanced 
ther  pictures,  see  B.M.  12. 
.■29.').    Mn.4:f.5. 
■r  says  :  "All  tliay  require 
ot  too  ,|r\-,  an. I  inoderately 


about  1860.,  whic 

mr 

n  or  Atlaiiti.. 

en 

wded  in  a  tiat 

of 

them.     Til.     i 

types  : 
Gn.  10 


bord.a-  tin:-  lis.  aiv  of  short  ,lurali..n.  Tlir  ro.-kary  with 
a  nortlioru  or  eastern  aspect  suits  thi-m  to  a  dot.  They 
are  prop,  by  division  of  the  crowns,  or  by  seeds,  the 
latter  method  being  rather  slow."  J.  W.  Manning  ad- 
vises a  cool    spot    in    rich   loam.     The    lvs.  disappear 


498 


DODECATHEON 


after  flowering  and  do  not  appear  again  until  the  next 
spring.  Shooting  Stars  are  said  to  be  easily  forced.  The 
best  varieties  at  present  are  obtained  from  Europe. 

The  genus  Dodecatheon  is  much  confused  :  that  is, 
it  is  differently  understood  by  different  authors.  In 
the  Synoptical  Flora,  1878,  Gray  accepted  but  one  spe- 
cies, D.  Meadia,  and  referred  all  the  known  forms  to 


DODECATHEON 

EBB.    Capsule  obtuse,  thin,   more  or  less   cylindrical, 
surpassing  the   calyx,  dehiscent   by  a  circutri' 

HenderBoni,  Gray.  About  a  foot  high:  Ivs.  small,  obo 
vate:  Hs.  like  those  of  D.  ellipticum.  Idaho  to  Calif. 
and  north. 

AA.    Anthers  seemingly  sessile,  the  very  short  filaments 
inserted  below  the  orifice  of  the  corolla. 

frigidum,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  (D.  Meadia,  var. 
Irigidum,  Gray).  Lvs.  oboTate  to  oblong,  very  ob- 
tuse, mostly  entire  :  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  tube  : 
capsule  oblong.  Behring  straits  to  Rockies  and  Sierras. 
B.M.5871. 

Var.  dentitum,  Gray  (Z>.  rfenYddon,  Hook.  D.  Meadia, 
var.  liitilobum,  Gray).  Larger:  lvs.  with  blade  1-1  in. 
long,  oval  or  ovate  to  oblong,  repand  or  sparingly  den- 
tate, abruptly  contracted  into  long  winged  petioles. 
Utah,  west  and  north. 


six  varieties  of  it.     Later  (Botanical  Gazette  11:2.11)  he 
revised  Ills  view  of  the  genus,  and  recognized  five  spe- 
eies.     .V  synopsis  of  this  latter  view  is  here  given,  and 
it  is  followed  by  a  conspectus  of  the  latest  view  of  the 
genus  by  Professor  Greene.     Various  garden  names  are 
not  accounted  for  in  either  sketch,  nor  is  it  possible  to 
refer  them  to  their  proper  places  without  studying  the 
plants  themselves;  and  these  forms  are  Old  World  pro- 
ductions, and  are  not  known  to  be  in  the  American  trade. 
A.    Anthers  on  evident   filaments,  the  latter  being  in- 
serted at  the  very  orifice  of  the  short  corolla-tube 
and  distinctly  monadelphous:   lvs.  with  tnperina 
base. 
B.    Capsule  acute,  opening  at  the  apex  by  valves. 

Meadia,  Linn.  Common  or  Eastern  Shooting  Star. 
Roots  tilr..,;-  :  iv^  <  fl  in.  long,  crowded  on  a  thickish 
crown.  -1'  iii|i  I,  ..I, I.., ..J  ,,r  oblanceolate,  entire  or  nearly 
so,  S"iie      I     .  I     I  .ilituse,  below  tapering  into  more 

or  less  _        i  petiole:  scape  9-21  in.  high :  fls. 

fewtn  111111%  111  111  iii!il"-l.  Penna.  south  and  west.— /). 
integnfiiliiim,  Miehx.  (B.M.  3622)  is  regarded  by  Grayas 
probably  synonymous,  but  in  European  horticulture  it 
seems  to  be  loosely  used  to  distinguish  an  entire-lvd. 
from  a  dentate  form. 

BB.    Capsule  obfttse,  opening  at  or  from  the  apex  by 
valve's. 

Jfiifreyi,  Moore.  Large  :  lvs.  from  narrowly  or  elon- 
gated to  obovate-spatulate :  capsule  oblong  or  cylindri- 
cal, usually  much  surpassing  the  calyx.  Pacific  coast. 
P.S.  16:1662,  which  represents  a  strong  plant  with  erect 
root-lvs.  1  ft.  long,  and  purplish  red  fls.  twice  as  large 
as  any  cultivated  before  1865-7.  The  name  is  sometimes 
spelled  Jeffrayi  and  Jeffreyanum.  To  this  species. 
Gray  provisionally  referred  his  vars.  alplnum  and 
frigidum.  The  former  appears  to  be  the  Z>.  alpinum, 
Hort. 

elUpticum,  Nutt.  (Z>.  Meadia,  var.  brevifdlium,  Gray). 
Distinguished  by  its  globular  or  short-ovoid  capsule, 
barely  equaling  or  slightly  surpassing  the  calyx  ;  also 
by  the  short  and  blunt  anthers  :  lvs.  short,  obovate  or 
oval,  with  cuueate  base.    Cal.  and  north. 


r;ir  the  base: 


W  .  _M. 


another  trart  of  roiinii         I    ,        :■      i    - 
Erythe.i,  3:40  (IKO.-.i       I       :  .  ;   i.. 

F.  H.  Horsford  in  Iwi:.. 

Another  View  of  DoDECATHEo.v.-The  speeies  fall 
into  two  well-marked  groups  :  lowland  species,  which 
flower  in  winter  and  rest  during  the  long,  dry  summer; 
and  subalpine  species,  which  rest  in  winter  and  flower 
in  the  subalpine  spring  of  July  and  August.  Species  of 
the  lowland  group  propagate  by  bulblets  formed  on  the 
crown  of  the  root.  In  the  following  notes,  only  some  of 
the  leading  species  of  different  regions  are  taken  up. 
They  are  not  all  in  commerce. 

A.   Ijvs.,  roots  and  scapes  from  a  short,  vertica  I  crown. 

B.   Anthers  long,  sharp,  convergent;  capsules  ralvately 

oiHuiiitj  from  Ihr  top. 


ir  spatulate-oblong, 
regularly,  of  a  light 
11  pinkish.    Ranges 


els.  equally 


M§adia,  I. inn.    l,i-.iiM:u 

6-9  in.  li.n-    i  i       ■ 

green:    IK-  . 

from  Maine  i.,  [..  rh  .,-    i 
The  Allegheny  in..ui,t:nii  iii; 
B.  integrifolium  of  .Mieii\. 

cren4tum,  Raf.  St  ut.i. 
than  the  last  ;  f,.Iia-e  ili  .  , 
dentate:  fls.  incie  nunuriii 
riable  in  (-..Icr.  liili:il.it-  i 
woodland  imnlei-  .if  tlie  iiii]i.r  Mississippi  prairie 
region. 

cord&tum.  Rat'.  Very  light  green,  thin  foliage,  each 
leaf  made  up  of  broad,  subcordate,  crenate  blade  and 
distinct  though  broad  petiole  twice  the  length  of  the 
blade  :  fls.  very  few  in  the  umbel,  pale  pink  or  white, 
but  with  very  dark  purple  ring  at  base.  Cult,  at  Phila- 
delphia early  in  the  nineteenth  century,  and  named  and 
described  by  Raflnesque,  the  habitat  not  then  known, 
but  it  is  now  known  to  inhabit  the  limestone  region  of 
southern  Illinois  and  ad.iacent  Missouri,  along  with  a 
few  other  equally  rare  and  local  plants.  A  most  distinct 
species  by  its  foliage. 

BB.   Anthers  obtuse,  forming  a  column  [not  convergent). 

c.    Capsules  opening  valvately  :   alpine  species,  or  at 

least  subalpine,  blooming  in   summer,  resting  in 

paucifldrum,  Greene.  Fig.  730.  Variable  in  size,  6-18  in. 
high,  but  slender;  hairs  oblanceolate,  entire,  suberect, 


DODECATHEON 

3-5  in.  Inni;:  fls.  often  few  in  the  umbel,  sometimes  many, 
h;iii    III.  -i   i  "1  1 1 1,  ise  of  i>.  .Jf cad  j«,  usually  deep  purple: 

til I'litfd  into  a  slender  tube  ;    column  of 

111  I       III  III     'I     iiively  short.    Exclusively  of  the  Rocky 
m  MiKiiim  fi  _'iiiii  rinil  subalpine. 

alpinum,  Greene.  .Smaller  than  the  last,  but  with  fls. 
twice  as  large  and  always  with  parts  in  I's;  filaments 
very  short,  wholly  disconnected :  Ivs.  narrowly  ob- 
lanoeolate  or  almost  linear:  corolla  of  a  rich,  dark  pur- 
ple.   Peculiar  to  the  high  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascades. 

JSflreyi,  Moore.  Lvs.  oblanceolate,  erect,  entire,  mu- 
cronate,  5-10 in.  long:  scape  I-IK  ft.  high:  fls.  4-merous; 
pedicels  and  calyx  hairy  and  glandular  :  segments  of 
the  large  corolla  dark  purple;  stamens  disconnected, 
dark  p\irple  :  capsule  not  exceeding  the  calyx.  High 
Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascades. 

CO.  Capsules  eiretimscissile  at  top,  this  part  falling  off 
as  a  lid.  Californian  lowland,  winter-blooming 
species,  with  broad,  depressed  lvs.  except  in  D. 
Cleveland  I. 


.  very  obtuse,  entire, 
^  .'i-12  in.  high:  seg- 


H6ndersoni,  Gray, 
depressed,  thick  unc 
ments  of  corolla  i" 


length  of  the  cal)  \.    i    i  ,  i  olumbia. 

cruciitum,  Greene.  i"ili.it;e  as  in  the  last:  scapes 
taller,  more  slender,  few-dd. ;  parts  of  fl.  in  4's;  corolla 
of  a  darker  purple  ;  anthers  more  elongated  ;  capsule 
longer.    Coast  Range  of  Calif. 

p4tulum,  Greene.  Lvs.  a^  in  tlv  f  1 1  .r  i  i  '  ii  il\ 
liut  stout   scapes  (.nlv  .;-7  in    hi  Ji       i  ' 

roon  purple:  autlii  rs  m  r\    s|,,,it    n    I    i|  .     i     1     j. 

blue-purple:  capsul.  sul._li.l..is,  ImhIK  -hi  p  issmg  ihc 
calyx.    Plains  of  tin-  iiiii  I  H'l  I'l    nn  Mli    '    ilit 

These  three  spci' s  li  u,  mi  u  _  .  iIm  i  j..  i-uliarities, 
that  of  propagating;  l.\  tin  ir  mi.ts  i;,i  li  root,  after 
flowering  time,  thickens  and  short)  iis,  detaches  itself 
from  the  ground  and  forms  a  bud  at  the  end,  thus  be- 
coming a  new  plant. 

ClSvelandi,   Gi-.-ene.     Lxs.    more    elons;ati-,l.    not    d. 


-M 


like 


DOGBANE  is  Apocgniim. 
DOG'S-TAIL  GRASS.     Eleiisine  ludi- 


DOGTOOTH  VIOLET.     See  Er;ilU> 


DOGWOOD.     Co 


DdLICHOS  I. 
from  Phaseolu- 
roUa  narrow  an 
distinctly  coilr.l 
is  terminal;  si  i 
perhaps  40-50  .s 
in   this   count 


but  not  propagating  by  root-metamorphosis. 
AA.    Lv.  anil  srapes  from   a  horizontal   rootstock,  tin  , 
rooting  from  beneath.    Ji^ar  northwestern  species. 

dentatum,  Hooker.  Pale  green,  white-fld.  species, 
with  broad,  subcordate  lvs.  as  in  D.  cordatum  of  the 
southeastern  states,  but  anthers  blunt :  lvs.  coarsely 
dentate,  but  the  horizontal  rootstock  must,  as  well  as 
the  blunt  stamens,  prevent  its  being  confused  with  I). 
cordatum.  Washington  and  Brit.  Columbia.  — Appa- 
rently rare. 

frigidum,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.,  is  a  similarly  rhizoma- 
tous  species,  but  with  purple  fls.,  from  the  shores  of 
Behring  sea.    Is  net  in  cult.,  nor  likely  to  be. 

viviparum,  Greene,  is  a  very  large  and  handsome, 
purple-fld.  species  ;  subalpine  on  Mt.  Rainier.  In  the 
axils  of  the  lvs.,  along  the  thick  rootstock,  bulblets  are 
produced,  by  which  it  propagates.  Its  capsule  opens  by 
a  lid,  as  in  many  far-western  species,     e.  L.  Greene. 

DODONaiA  ffi-on,  thn  Cvih  Tinrnn  nf  n  f-niinn,  oraole 


Australia.     Lvs.  alt.-rnai.-.  ■,>  /  ., ,,.,         Min|i|r   or 

abruptly  piuuate,  ilicousiiicuiiii-,  .-"lUar;,  .  ..a-  in  raft-mcs, 
corymbs  or  panicles.  Reasoner  Bros.,  Oueco,  Fla.,  in- 
troduced D.  remotiflora  and  D.  divia.  Switch  Sorrel,  from 
Australia,  in  18S9.  These  names  are  not  found  in  Index 
Kewensis. 


it.,,  .A    .Wil.li  ill.:,!    ioiui.,  .ue    iUCult. 

D.  Japunicas,  a  most  worthy  orna- 
mental vine,  will  be  found  under  Pueraria.  For  the 
Velvet  or  Banana  Bean,  D.  multiflorus,  see  Mucttna. 
For  D.  unguiculatus,  see  Vigna. 

Ldblab,  Linn.  (D.cwltrcitus, Ihunh. 
D.  purpiireus,  Lindl.).  Hyacikth 
Bean.  Tall-twining  (often  reaching 
10-20  ft.):  leattets  broad-ovate, 
rounded  below  and  cuspidate-pointed 
at  the  apex,  often  crinkly  :  fls.  pur- 
ple, rather  large,  2-A  at  the  nodes,  in 
a  long,  erect  raceme  :  pods  small 
(2-3  in.  long)  and  flat,  usually 
smooth,  conspicuously  tipped  with 
the  persistent  stvle  ;  seed  black, 
small.  Tropics.  B.  M.  890.  B.  R. 
10 :830.  A.  G.  14 :  84.  -  Cult,  in  this 
country  as  an  ornamental  climbing 
bean,  but  in  the  tropics  the  seeds 
are  eaten.  Annual.  It  is  easily 
grown  in  any  good  garden  soil.  Like 
common  beans,  it  will  not  endure 
frost.  It  is  very  variable.  A  form 
with  white  fls.  and  seeds  is  D.  albus, 
Hort.  A  form  of  very  large  growth, 
also  white-fld.,  is  D.giganteus,  Hort. 
(Fig.  731).  A  perennial  form  (per- 
haps a  distinct  species)  is  D.  lig- 
ndsus,  Linn.,  the  Australian  Pea. 
.M.  380. 

sesquipedalis,    Linn.      Asparagus 

BAN.     French  Yakd-Long.    Tau- 

KOK.       Fig.  194.      Long- 

vtiinMintr  or  twining  an- 

'iiiil  [ila'it,  wiih  (leltoid- 

■  I    .;i  lioi.l-oblong 

;..iiiiti.l    leaflets: 

Tlio  a.xils,  the  peduncles 
elongating   and   bearing 
■    the   pods  at   their  sum- 
mits :    pods  compressed 

III-   lie:n-Iv    tel-ete,    slCUder 

II. Mi  Mryli.,i:iiiiften2ft.) 
;       anil^-.i,„eti,i,i.,,.,iriously 

,  '        lung,  more  or  less  trun- 

x^wU'  cato   or   squared    at   the 

^*^  ends,  usually  reddish  or 

dim-colored.    S.  Amer.— 


I 


r 


Lablab  (form 


Cult. 


oth« 


and  dry  beans  being  eaten.    As  easily  grown   as 
r  beans.  L.  H.  B. 


D6MBEYA  (after  Joseph  Dombey,  (1742-1793), 
French  botanist  and  companion  of  Ruiz  and  Pavon  in 
Peru  and  Chile).  Sterculi&cea;.  About  24  species  of 
shrubs  or  small  trees  of  minor  importance  from  Africa  or 
Madagascar:  lvs.  often  cordate,  palniately  nerved:  fls. 
rosy  or  white,  numerous,  in  loose  axillary  or  terminal 
cymes  or  crowded  into  dense  heads;  calyx  ."i -parted,  per- 
sistent ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  1.5-20,  5  sterile,  the  rest 
shorter:  ovary  3-5-celled. 

Hatal6nsis,  S..1I.1.  PisfinL'uisli.il  l.y  iis  r.mlate,  acute 
lvs.  and  the  iiarnnvix  ii\\  l-slnq-.M  liail.ts  ..<  the  invo- 
lucre. Lvs.  Ion;;,  ]i..ti.il.-.l,  s.iiii.wliiii  aii;,'iil;(r,  toothed, 
with  minute  stellate  imbesr.-nc..,  r.-7  rilil.e.l  :  umbels 
4-8-fld.  Natal. -Cult,  in  S.  Fla.  and  north  under  glass. 
"  Very  rapid  growing,  foliage  poplar-like :  fls.  pure  white, 
large,  sweet-scented  ;  a  very  good  winter  blooming 
plant."— -Francescfti. 


500 


DOODIA  (after  Samuel  Doody).  Poli/podidceic.  A 
small  genus  of  greenhouse  ferns  from  Ceylon,  Malaya 
and  New  Zealand.  Sori  curved,  placed  in  one  or  more 
rows  between  the  midribs  and  the  margins  of  the  pinnse. 


4spera,    R.  Br. 

pinnatifid,  the  lowe 
sori  in  1  or  2  rows, 
cultivation. 


•Lvs.  6-18  in.  long,  2-4  in.  wide, 
r  pinnae  gradually  becoming  smaller: 
Australia.  Crested  varieties  occur  in 


/;.,  I., 


hair. 


mSdia,  R.  Br.    I.        i.    i-         I  >  i-.  with  pinniB  1-2  in. 

long,  the  lowi-r  ■     '  -mdlir.     Australia  and 

New  Zealand.  //.  /i  -.  »/ A  -  .  »  < ,  i  iiiKl.,  frnni  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  has  close  rfiitnd  jiinnip.  I).  stipfrba,RoTt.,ix 
a  larger  garden  form. 

cauda.ta,  K.  Br.  Lvs.  G-12  in.  long,  with  pinna;  about 
an  inch  long,  the  spore-bearing  ones  shorter;  apex  often 
terminating  in  a  long  point.  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 
L.  M.  Un'derwood. 

According  to  Schneider's  Book  of  Choice  Perns,  all 
Doodias,  except  />.  bleehnoides,  are  of  dwarf  habit,  and 
are  useful  for  fern-cases  and  for  edgings  of  window 
boxes,  especially  for  northern  aspects,  where  flowering 
plants  do  not  prosper.  Cool  and  intermediate  tempera- 
tures are  best.  They  iire  i-xi-i-Ilent  for  forming  an  under- 
growth in  cool  li.'M-.  .,  .1 ,  li:.  1   ,ir.    ~.  M..i,i  iiit.-sti'd  with 


liidoes.    They 
id  do  not  like 


ids.  They  lose  the  bright  tint  much  more 
I  lowed  to  get  too  dry.  Being  of  slender 
ould  be  taken  not  to  over-pot.  They  like 
nold  and  peat  in  the  compost,  and  good 


DOOK-WEED.     Poli/rjonii 
DOEONICUM  (1 


ila, 


inized  Arabic  name).  CompisUce. 
Leoi-aki>s  Hank,  llurdy  herbaceous  plants,  1-2  ft. 
hi^'h.  with  vlIIcu-  tluwurs,  mostly  one  on  a  stem  and 2-3 
in.  acru.ss,  borne-  high  above  the  basal  crown  of  foliage, 
from  April  to  June.  Prom  10-24  species,  natives  of 
Europe  and  temperate  Asia.  Stems  little  branched  or 
not  at  all :  lvs.  alternate,  radical  ones  long-stalked,  stem- 
Ivs.  distant,  often  clasping  the  stem.  The  genus  is  al- 
lied to  Arnica.and  distinguished  by  the  alternate  lvs.  and 
by  the  style.  The  plants  are  of  easy  culture  in  rich  loam. 
The  flowers  are  numerous  and  good  for  cutting.  Doroiii- 
cums  have  been  strongly  rfc-ummended  for  forcing. 


tthe 


long.  : 
round  i 
about 


■  "I-  oval,  wavy- 
'T  ones  narrowed 

•  ■ues  sessile,  ob- 
it i/.ume  tuberous, 
■f  the  root-lvs. 

high.    G.C.  III. 


DORSTENIA 

17:229.  Var.  excfelsum,  Hort.  {D.  excilsum,  Hort.  D. 
"ffarpur  Crewe,"  Hort.),  is  more  robust,  grows  about 
5  ft.  high  and  is  probably  more  cult,  than  any  other 
kind  of  Doronicum.  Pis.  sometimes  4  in.  across.  Gn. 
47,  p.  209,  and  28:,J1S.    G.C.  II.  20:297. 

Clilsii,  Tail,  li,  \.\-  "v:it(-  or  oblong;  stem-lvs.  half 
clasping,  w  i  :  '  ■  ili  or  many  small  ones.    One 

subvarict\  I,  inii-s  on  its  lvs.,  while  another 

has  none.  >\'.  i—  uni  Ai.  i  niui  Alps.  — "Soft,  downy  foli- 
age," J.  \V.  .Manniii-.  i/irows  2  ft.  high,"  Woolson. 
"Larger  and  later  fls.  than  O.  Caucasicum,"  Ellwanger 
and  Barry. 

AA.    Hoof-Irs.  notched  at  the  base,  heart-shaped. 
B.    Boot  tuberous. 

Pardali4nches,  Linn.  Hairy :  lvs.  toothed ;  lower  stem- 
lvs.  eared  at  the  base  of  the  stalk,  sub-ovate,  upper  ones 
spatulate-cordate,  highest  ones  cordate-clasping,  acute. 
Woods  of  lower  mts.  of  Eu.— While  all  species  are  typi- 
cally 1-fld.,  any  of  them  may  have  now  and  then  more 
than  1  fl.  on  a  stem,  and  this  species  particularly  may 
have  1-5  fls. 

BB.    Soot  not  tuberous. 

Cauc&sicum,  Bieb.  Glabrous  except  as  noted  above: 
lvs.  crenate-dentate,  lower  stem-lvs.  eared  at  the  base 
of  the  stalk,  the  blade  subcordate,  highest  ones  cordate 
to  half-clasping.  Shady  woods  of  Caucasus,  Sicily,  etc. 
B.M.  3143,  which  shows  stems  with  1  fl.  and  1  If.-Fls. 
2  in.  across. 

Austrlaciiin.Jacq.  A  trifle  hairy:  lvs.  minutely  toothed, 
lower  stem-lvs.  spatulate-ovate,  abruptly  narrowed  at 
the  base,  half-clasping,  highest  ones  cordate-clasping, 
lanceolate.    Subalpine  woods.  Eu.  w.  M. 


732.  Dorstenia  Contrajerva  (XM). 

D0BST£NIA  (an  early  German  botanist,  Theodor 
Dorsten).  i'rlictlceir  (or  Mordcea).  Between  40  and 
50  tropical  herbs,  remarkable  for  the  dilated  receptacle 


DORS'reXIA 

in  which  the  unisexual  fls.  are  borne.  The  plants  are 
not  in  the  Amer.  trade,  but  they  are  often  grown  in 
botanical  establishments  to  illustrate  morphology.  The 
fig  is  a  hollow  receptacle;  the  Dorstenla  bears  a  flattened 
or  cup-like  receptacle,  and  is  an  Intermediate  stage  be- 
tween the  tig  and  other  plants.  One  of  the  common  spe- 
cies is  D.  Contrnjerva,  Linn.  (Pig.  732),  which  is  native 
to  trop.  Amer.  Both  staniinate  and  pistillate  tls.  are 
without  perianth  ;  stamens  1  or  2  :  ovary  1-loculed  ; 
stigma  2-lobed.  Dorstenias  are  easily  grown  in  warm, 
shady  glasshouses.  L.  H.  B. 

DOBYANTHES  (Greek,  spear-flower;  the  flowering 
stem  8-25  ft.  high,  crowned  by  a  spike  of  fls.  3  ft.  high ) . 
AmurylUddcece.  A  genus  of  4  species  of  gigantic  desert 
plants  from  Australia,  with  100  or  more  Ivs.  6  ft.  long 
when  full  grown.  Franceschi,  Santa  Barbara,  Calif., 
writi-s,"Thev  are  iniin-essive  plants  for  large  oon'serva- 
toiii^.  ,11-  r.ii"i.|"  n  -I  iuii'l  ill  the  South,  where  they  will 
.;i:r    i      '     '      I  "    'V'vv  lielong  to  the  same  family 

«];:  I  ,  :i,id  are  the  only  ones  in  the 

tiiii     '",  .'1 The  roots  are  fibrous   and 

clii.-l.  red.  Ilic  ui  uK  „  aiul  seeds,  thontrli  in«frtr.,l  i„  two 
series,  are  so  placed  above  one  an..tlM  i  :i^  i-  i-mh  .m,. 
row  in  each  cell.    The  Ivs.  have  a  cm  !■  lUu- 

tip,  which  is  especially  long  in  P.  I' '  i       '  lii 

says,"!).  Gicilfoylei  a,ni  V.  La, -kii,: .  ■■..  .  ihIn  ,|..„ii1..,1 
from  Queensland,  are  yet  to  be  introduced  to  this  coun- 
try." A  plant  of  i?.  J'ndHO-i  remained  at  Kew  16  years 
before  flowering.  Plants  of  Doryanthes  are  prop,  by 
suckers,  which  are  produced  only  after  flowering.  The 
process  is  very  slow.  The  young  plants  must  be  repotted 
for  several  years  until  they  have  attained  a  large  size. 
They  are  said  to  do  best  in  a  compost 
mold  in  equal  parts. 

A.    Lis.  not  ribbed. 

excelsa,  Correa.  Lvs.  sword-shaped,  smooth,  entire, 
with  a  very  narrow  cartilaginous  margin,  lower  ones  re- 
ourved. others  erect:  scape  clothed  with  lanceolate  lvs., 
whioh  sheath  the  stem  at  their  base :  fls.  in  a  globular 
head,  deep  crimson  or  maroon  inside  and  out.  B.M.  1685. 
R.H.  1865, pp.  466,471  ;  1891,  p.  548.  6.0.11.11:339. 
AA.   IJi's.  sUglitJy  ribbed. 

F&lmeri,  W.  Hill.  Even  more  gigantic  than  D.  excelsa, 
lvs.  longer  and  broader,  and  a  longer  brown  point:  fis. 
in  a  thyrsoid  panicle,  bright  scarlet  outside,  whitish 
within.  B.M.  6665.  F. 8.20:2097.  R.H.  1891:548.  G.C. 
II.  17:409.— "This  has  been  flowering  and  fruiting  sev- 
eral times  in  southern  California."— fVnitcesc/ti. 


DOWNING 


501 


W.  M. 


Pnh/poditicew. 
iiliouse  ferns, 
i'Misly  anas- 
-.  which  .see 


DOKYOPTEEIS  (Greek.  ln,,e 
A  genus  of  small  sagittate  lii   [i 
with    continuous    marginal 
tomosing  veins.    Sometim.-^ 
for  culture.    Not  to  be  coufu^^   l  v  n  n  I  in  ..|ii.-ris. 

palmita,  J.  Sm.  Lvs.  4-9  in.  ench  war,  with  5  or  more 
triangular  lobes  or  the  fertile  still  more  divided;  ribs 
black.   West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

n6bilis,  J.  Sra.  Larger:  lvs.  sometimes  1  ft.  long,  pe- 
dately  bipinnatifid;  ribs  chestnut.    South  Brazil. 

D.  deelpiens.  with  lvs.  resembling  ^  ger.-minm  le.-if .  3-6  in.  each 
way,  is  sometimes  eiiltivate<b  :is  is  I),  ih'n^m.  witli  more  divided 
lvs.    Both  are  natives  of  the  Hawaiiiiu  Ishmds. 

L.  M.  Underwood. 

DOSSlNIA  ( E.  P.  Dossin,  Belgian  botanist,  1777-1852) . 
Orcli  iddcece.  A  genus  of  2  species  of  terrestrial  orchids, 
allied  to  Anoectochilus,  but  lacking  the  bearded  fringe 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  labellum.  The  species  described 
below  may  possibly  be  cult,  by  a  few  amateurs  who 
are  skilled  in  the  cultivation  of  dwarf  warmhouse  foli- 
age plants. 

D.  viarmordta,  C.  Jlorr.  (Ancectochilus  Lowei,  Hort.).  Lvs. 
golden-veined  or  marbled.  4-5  in.  long,  elliptic;  scape  pubescent, 
10  in.  high:  spike  5  in.  long,  with  many  white,  pubescent  lis. 
Java.  P. S.  4:370.— There  is  a  stronger-growing  var.,  with 
foliage  better  colored. 

DOITGLASIA  (after  D.avid  Douglas,  the  tireless  Scotch 
botanist,  who  explored  California.  Oregon  and  British 
Columbia  in  1823  and  1829.  introduced  many  splendid 
plants   to  cultivation,   and  perished   in  the  Hawaiian 


Islands,  at  the  age  of  34,  by  falling  into  a  pitfall  made  for 
wild  animals).  Primtil&ceiv.  Five  species  of  tiny  prim- 
rose-like plants,  one  of  which  has  yellow  fls.  and  dwells 
in  the  mountains  of  middle  Europe;  the  rest  have  rosy 
purple  fls.  and  are  found  in  the  Rocky  mountains  and 
the  shores  of  the  Arctic  ocean.  The  genus  is  closely 
allied  to  Androsace  and  Primula,  but  in  those  two  genera 
all  the  lvs.  come  from  the  root,  while  Douglasia  has 
branches,  though  very  short  ones,  which  are  densely 
clothed  with  lvs.  Donelasia  has  a  corolla-tube  longer 
than  the  calyx,  and  ihr  (  m|imi1i'  is  1-2-seeded.  Androsace 
has  a  corolla  luln  ,in  Inn-  as  ,,r  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
and  its  capsiil.-  hi:i\  liav.  i.w  or  many  seeds.  Primula 
is  usually  loiiir  nil,  .1,  al\.;..  -  many-seeded.  The  secret 
in  the  culture  ni  alinii.-  plants  is  a  steady  supply  of 
moisture.  "Likn  all  tin-  haialy  PrimulaceiE,"  writes  J.  B. 
Keller,  "Dou^'la>ia  iaa|uiris  half  shade  and  a  certain 
amount  of  nmi-iur.-  .Ihimil;  tin'  hot  summer  months. 
Frequent  and  •■'•\.\.',r~  ■.:■.,■,  in;;,  mflit  he  administered. 
A  light  mul'li      I'l    i  1  ■  the  ground  from 

drying  outt^n  ;    ^  nm  of  evergreen 

boughsisindi   I i  ,n   i    ,:,     a  r^  prop,  by  division 

or  by  seed."  Smm-  ui  ihn  AniLiicau  species  can  be  ob- 
tained of  forei:;ii  dealers. 

Vitaliana,  Bcntb.  and  Hook.  (Aretia  rttaiidno,  Willd. 
Grtijuriii  r/''(/i.)mi.  Dnby).    Height2in.:  stems  numer- 

Ivs.'al  :...  ,la,i  ;,i  i ' ,  ,■  i  1  n  -  ,■  1 ,  a  !n  ,  1  v.  r  1 1  - '  -rlapping, 

line.aT ,  1  .  solitary, 

yell.n'.     ■■    !     I    .    '■  -'      ■■■,,  ,;  ,,      ,!,,    •;  .  ,:.,m.s  longer 

than  I alvx.n.a  .hlanM  ai  iln'  1 1- r.  iai ,  1 1,-  l^  .1  .as  ovate- 

lancec.l:H.-.  ..htu-.-.    Alps,  Pvrenees. 


1  leaf-  DOUGLAS  SPRUCE.   Pseiidotsuga  Dourjtusii. 

DOWNING,  ANDREW  JACKSON  (  Plate  III .  the  first 
great  landscape  gardein  r  of  .Vnnrica.  «;.s  hum  at  New- 
burg,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  30,  bsi.".,  aii-l  pnnslnal  hv.lruivningjuly 
28,  1852,  at  the  early  at.-n  nf  :;7.  .\s  a  l,.,y.  In  w:,s  quiet, 
sensitive,  and  much  ainn.'  wii  h  liinisrif  anil  Tmture.  The 
Catskills.the  1 1  n.l->  n,  m  ;  !, .  -  I  aiher's  nursery  had  much 
todowithliis,!  :,  ;m  .  ,  ,  I  Ins  "Treatise  on  the  Theory 
and  Practirn  '  i    I.  i  nirileniug,"published  1841, 

when  he  w:is  i  ;  ■      ,       ,1.  is.  in  many  respects,  a 

unique  proihn  I  i  lii-i.an,!  i-  n,  ,la\  one  of 

thebestAmmn- an  i    ,  .  ^.a,  ,:,.     :;',■,■      a    ;  ;,,^  .  xerteda 

greater  in  flu.  an  a.        ■     n  is  said, 

than  anvotbi-r  .         ...    i;      ai    ■    .    ,    1.-11. also 

had  gre;it  p(i]Hiniri,\ .  In  i  - 1;,  apiLaia,!  sin,.,,ianeously 
in  London  and  Ni^w  \  ni  L  thn  lirst  ndn  i.m  nf  •'  Fruits  and 
Fruit  Trees  of  Anmriaa.-  an.l  in  Isp;  In-  fnumled,  at  Al- 
bany, "The  Ilnriiaulinrisi."  nhiah  |i,.  ,alit.al  from  hls 
home  .at  Newhuri;  until  liis  nniinnh  draih  His  edi- 
torials in  this  excellent  perin.ln  ad  na;  ,,  .  :.  .nted  in 
succession  by  American  Gar.l.  I  n  ihlished 

after  his  death,  with  a  letter  tn  I    -  i  :  I'lcderika 

thetitle'of  "Knial  Ts-a'.  -  ]'"■..,.>  l.s.-,n  that 
he  had  an  opp..  ..f  Eng- 
land,and  to  -a.  in  harden- 
ing of  EurO]ir.     .  hi    nn;  I  .  a  n  ni   ni   n-a  i  .    Iir  u  a  ~   i  liaagedtO 

lay  out  the  groul.a^,  u.-ar  iln  C.ipn.jl,  W  lute  Ihmse,  and 
Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington.  On  July  28, 
1852.  he  left  Newburgon  the  steamer  Henry  Clay  for  New 
York.  The  Clay  took  Are  near  Yonkers,  while  it  was 
racing,  and  Downing's  life  was  lost  in  an  attempt  to 
save  others.  It  would  be  difficult  to  overestimate  the 
influence  of  Downing.  He  created  American  landscape 
gardening.  His  only  predecessor,  Andrg  Parmentier,  is 
little  known,  and  his  influence  was  not  of  a  national 
character.  Downing's  quickuninu  ualan  a  ;i:i,,i,,i 
country  life  in  its  every  aspect.    II.  ;    .       .         i    .    . 

natural,    and    permanent   as   ..pi     -    I    .. 
artificial,  and  ephemeral.    H.- \.  i    a  ,i,..,a 

can  practitioner  of  what  it  l;i..  ii.ai,iiM-a| 

literature  as  the  Entrli   I    ar  n;ai..  .     i    lau.iscape 

gardening  in  distini-i  i-.      :    .    .    :        .  h.iols,  as 

the  Italian  and  Dutch.    I'    _  iir.ny,and 

his  spirit  still  lives.     Ha  ;,'a.      ...  i  la-derick 

Law  Olmsted,  our  next  great  a.  a  a  m  .  .  i  .ajie  gar- 
dening, who,  by  his  early  w.n  1;  •  ink.  New 
York.aroused  that  papular  entlii:  a-aulrai- 
nated  in  the  American  idea  of  ^.t.  ai  niam   ipai  |iar!i  sys- 


terns,  as  opposed  i 
sive  pleasure  kim 
books  have  hail  li 
editions.  His  inii 


Old  World  idea  of  exclu- 
\ate  parks.  Downing's 
li.i\'e  gone  through  many 
^s.ir  iu  his  purely  pomo- 
rii;irles,   whose    modest 


they  do  iiul  ci,;>if  pru^ru.^s.  l\-vv  of  our  horticultural 
hooks  areepoch-makiug.  Downing's  writings,  however, 
started  a  great  popular  mo-rement  in  America  toward 
beautiful  homes  and  home  grounds.  By  many  persons, 
Andrew  Jackson  Downing  is  considered  the  greatest 
single  figure  in  the  history  of  American  horticulture, 
and  one  of  the  few  persons  who  can  be  said  to  have  had 
real  genius.  An  appreciation  of  Downing's  personality 
will  be  found  in  Prederika  Bremer's  "Homes  of  the 
New  World."  (See  Powningia,  for  the  genus  of  plants 
named  after  him.)  -^    jj 

DOWNING,  CHAELES  (Plate  H),  distinguished  po- 
mologist  and  elder  brother  of  Andrew  Jackson  Downing, 
the  landscape  gardener,  was  born  at  Newburg,  N.  Y., 
July  9,  1802.  He  was  educated  at  the  local  academy, 
and  from  the  age  of  13  to  18  worked  part  of  the  time  in 
his  father's  nursery.  At  the  age  of  20  he  started  in  the 
nursery  business  on  his  own  account.  From  1834  to 
1839  his  brother  Andrew  was  a  partner  in  this  busi- 
ness. About  1850,  he  sold  out  his  nursery  business  and 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  varieties  of  fruits,  on 
which  subject  he  was  the  leading-  ,iiiili..i  II  \  until  his 
death.  The  Fruits  and  Fruit  Tr..  -■(  \im  m  ,.  is  the 
monumental  American  work  on  ^:l(     ■  !   ■    :  i  -.    The 

book  was  projected  by  Andrew,  but  :  ..   j i,,,;^..fthe 

work  was  done  by  clKn-b-s  in  c-.intniuiiii,'  ainl  in  miiigit. 

His  test  orchari 

rieties  of  appb 

portion.    In  18b'. 

Downing  was  v« 

make  a  public  s 


■  ■!  ti.  ,  s  and  grafts  of  1,800  va- 
i"l  other  fruits  in  pro- 
put  through  it.  Charles 
I  irnl  ntiring.  Hewouldnever 
lut  he  wrote  many  pomological 
articles  over  the  signature  "CD."  All  his  work  is  marked 
by  conscientious  accuracy.  He  was  married,  but,  like  his 
brother,  had  no  children.    He  died  Jan.  18, 1885. 

W.  M. 
DOWNINGIA  (after  Andrew  Jack.son  Downing,  of 
whom  a  sk.t.h  is  f;iven  above).  LobeUhcem.  Three 
species  I. f  annual  herbs,  2  from  western  America,  1  from 
Chile,  much  branched,  diffuse,  with  pretty  and  charac- 
teristic fls.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  passing  above  into 
bracts  :  fls.  blue  or  violet,  marked  with  yellow  and 
white;  corolla 2-lipped,  the  upper  lobes  much  narrower 
than  the  3  lower  ones ;  tube  of  stamens  free  from  the  co- 
rolla: seeds  numerous,  small,  oblong  to  spindle-shaped. 
This  genus  has  no  near  allies  of  much  garden  value.  It  is 
still  known  to  the  trade  as  Clintonia.  David  Douglas 
(see  Dnn,,h,sia)  named  it  after  DeWitt  Clinton  in  1829, 
but  iu  I'sIS  I  -,  iin-  ..f  (he  lily  family  had  been  named 
after  tli.     <  !.  i  ;  ,.■.   1  '  -.\  rrnor  of  New  York  and  projector 


of  the  I 
In  l.s. 

J),ilch.  I 

of  re.-., 
that  it  . 
est,  f.T 
ble  plat 


: .  .  ill  the  Botanical  Register,  of  C. 
IS  little  plant  more  for  the  sake 
-I.  iiee  than  from  any  expectation 
.1.  an  object  of  horticultural  inter- 
'  > .  a  far  hardier  and  more  cultiva- 
-  .1  I  .  i.i.  d.  there  can  be  little  hope  that 
■;  it  is,  will  be  preserved."  Nevertheless, 
pulchella  is  still  cultivated,  while  elegaus  is  unknown  to 
the  American  trade.  In  Lindley's  time,  pulchella  was 
grown  in  a  fl.iwer  pi.t  and  treated  as  a  tender  plant. 
Nowacla>v  if  i,  ,  1  --.i,  i-,.,l  perfectly  hardy,  the  seed  be- 
ing s..\mi  I,  I  jiv.und.  The  credit  of  simplifying 
theeiilii  ■  lit  is  given  to  Haage  &  Schmidt, 

Erfurt,   M.ii    have   fixed  varieties   that   are 

chieHy  I.Ku  au.i  .In.  ily  violet,  though  in  each  case  the  3 
lower  lobes  of  the  corolla  have  a  3-lobed  spot  of  white 
iu  the  middle,  and  a  3-lobed  spot  of  yellow  at  the  base. 
The  plants  grow  about  (>  in.  high,  and  have  been  recom- 
mended for  edgings.  For  culture,  see  Annxials. 
K.    Fls.  large,  nilh  a  3-lobed  spot  of  yellow  :  les.  obtuse. 


DRABA 

divisions  of  the  upper  lip  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  and 
strongly  diverging.  Calif.  B.R.  22:1909.  R.H.  1861:  171. 
R.H.  1895,  p.  19,  shows  its  straggling  habit  as  a  pot-plant. 
Many  of  the  branches  fall  below  the  top  of  the  pot. 
AA.    Fls.  half  as  laryr  as  tlir  ahnre,  and  no  yellow  spot  : 


§legans,  Torr.  ('. . 
I'eolate;  the  broad  li|. 
[»f  the  smaller  lip  la 
white,  but  no  yellow 


■J,  fron 


l.s.  without  bract 


e  of  the  lvs.). 

I.    iii.ist  impor- 

-.1    the  alpine 

.  .1    genus  of 


aall,  white. 


'-.  I^..UL^1.    Lvs.  ovate  to  Ian- 
rat. ly  ;:-!.. bed;  the  2  divisions 
ate.  parallel;  lower  lip  with  a 
IV  spot;.    Calif.    B.E.  15:1241. 

W.  M. 
DEABA  (Greek,  a 
Crueiferw.  WmrL-'V 
tant  groups  of  s|.ii' 
garden.  It  is  a  l:.i 
tufted,  hardy  herl.-. 
rosette,  mostly  uneut 
cemes  short  or  long 
yellow,  rosy  or  purple. 

Drabas  are  very  pretty,  dwarf,  compact  alpine  plants, 
with  small  but  numerous  fls. ;  admirably  adapted  for  the 
rockery  or  front  part  of  a  sunny  border.  They  require 
a  sunny  position  and  an  open  soil.  It  is  important 
that  they  be  well  matured  by  the  autumn  sun.  The 
plant  forms  a  dense  little  rosette  of  lvs.,  and  has  a  neat 
appearance  at  all  times.  In  spring,  Drabas  are  thickly 
covered  with  their  little  fls.,  and  when  planted  in  masses 
are  decidedly  effective.  Prop,  chiefly  by  division;  also 
by  seed,  which  may  be  sown  in  the  fall  "if  desired. 

Cult,  by  J.  B.  Keller. 
Of  the  species  described  below,  only  the  first,  second, 
fourth  and  sixth  are  advertised  in  Amer.  at  present. 
The  rest  are  worth  introduction,  and  can  be  procured 
abroad  under  their  names  or  synonyms. 
A.    Flowers  yellow. 
B.    Lfs.  rigid,  keeled,  ciliate. 
c.    Scape  not  hairy. 
D.    Style  as  long  as  the  pod  is  wide. 
aizoides,  Linn.    About  2-3  In.  high  :    lvs.  lanceolate- 
linear  :    stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals.   March. 
Eu.    B.M.  170. 

DD.    Style  half  as  long  us  the  pod  is  wide. 
Alzoon,  Wahl.    About  3  in.  high  :    lvs.  linear.    April. 
Europe. 

cc.    Scape  hairy  {rillons  or  pubescent). 
D.   Pod  lanceolate,  bristly. 
cuspidjtta,  Bieb.     Lvs.  linear  :   style  a  little   shorter 
than  the  pod.   Asia  Minor. 

DD.    Pod  oval,  ptibescent. 
Olympica,  Sibth.  {D.  briiniafdlia.  Stev.). 
high :   lvs.  linear,  a  trifle  keeled :  petals  twi 
the  calyx  and  stamens :  style  very  short.   Jc 
Orient. 

BB.    lAis.  not  rigid  or  keeled. 

hiapida,  Willd.  (P.  /,,.?.,.'/,/.,  Hfi.  About  3  in. 
high:  lvs.  obovafe.  iiarr..\i .  I  int..  ,i  L.tn'  petiole,  ob- 
scurely 3-toothed  at  tin-  a)..  \.  ~..ni.  what  bristly:  pods 
oblong,  not  hairy.    Scotland,  e  autasus. 

cc.   Scape  more  or  less  hairy. 
D.    Hairs  long,  soft  and  slender,  i.e.,  pilose. 
alplna,  Linn.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  flat:  pods  oblong:  style 
very  short.   April.   Arctic  regions. 

DD.    Hairs  short,  soft  and  downy,  i.e.,  pubescent. 
ai^ea,  Vahl.    Doubtfully  perennial   or  biennial:  lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  remotely  serrate  :    pods  ob- 
long-lanceolate.   Arctic  regions.    B.M.  2934. 
AA.    Flowers  white. 
B.    Plants  biennial  or  annual. 
cinirea,  Adams.   Lvs.  oblong-linear:  pods  oblong,  pu- 
bescent, shorter  than  the  pedicel.    Early  spring.  Siberia. 
—  Closely  related  to  />.  conftisa.  but  has  a  looser,  weaker, 
less  leafy  stem,  the  stejn-lvs.  5-6,  scattered,  entire. 


About  4  in. 
te  as  long  as 
ne.    Greece, 


DRAC^NA 


503 


BB.    PliuUs  ])ireiiniiil. 
c.    Leaves  rigid. 

M&wii,  Hook.  Forming  low,  densely  tufted,  bright 
green  patches  :  stem  much  branched,  densely  clothed 
with  spreading,  rosulate  Ivs. :  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, bristly ,  with  a  prominent  midrib  below :  scape  very 
short,  woolly,  2— 4-fld.,  very  short-pedicelled  :  petals 
thrice  as  large  as  the  sepals,  obcordate,  white :  pods  el- 
lipsoid, compressed.  Spain.  B.BI.  6186. 
cc.   lyvs.  not  rigid. 

Fladnizfinsis,  Wulf  (i>.  nivdlis,  DC.  X).  Lappdnica, 
Willd.).  Lvs.  oblong-linear  to  lanceolate,  ciliate:  pods 
elliptic-oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  not  hairy.  Arctic  re- 
gions.—According  to  De  CandoUe,  these  three  names 
were  distinct  species. 

AAA.   Fls.  rose  or  purple. 

Pyreniica,  Linn.  Height 2-3  in. :  lvs.  inversely  wedge- 
shaped,  3-lobed  at  apex:  fls.  white  at  first,  changing  to 
rosy  pink.  May.  Pyrenees.  B.M.  713. -Said  to  be 
easily  prop,  by  cuttings. 

violicea,  DC.  Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  equally 
woolly  on  both  sides  :  scapes  leafy:  petals  obovate, 
dark  purple.    Andes  of  Equador  at  elevations  of  13,000- 


15,000  ft. 


5650. 


W.  M. 


DRAC^NA  {female  dragon;  the  dried  juice  supposed 


11     clus 
spread  i 


a        Ih    D     „ 

IS    0  ft   1  gh 

So    e  A  ner 


T  e  to 
bo  1   Drac 
Lv 


It      e  f    I 

r  heal     f,r  1  wl  te    r    el 

■  form  or  corapanulite      lobes 

a  3  eel  e  1 1  err       D  ffers  from 

fl  1  n  t  ad  of 

ntal 

eB  ker 


I  s  See  Cord  J 
s  art  ole  also  for 
ably  Co  dj!  tie  Neo 


2-3}^ft.bylK-2i 
hraculifera. . 
Green,  costa  obscure,  3-4  ft.  by 
13-18  lines.    C.  australis. 
white-pellucid.    1).  Boolt- 


AA.  Lvs.  oblanceolate,  broadly  petioled  or  sessile. 

B.  3^  in.  by  lK-2  in.,  opposite  or  whorled.    D. 

Godseffiana . 

BB.  12-15  in.  by  18-21  lines,  alternate.    C.  rubra. 

BBB.  1)4-3  ft.  by  %ii-i  in.,  alternate.  D.  fragrans. 

L4.A.  Lvs.  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  elliptical,  petioles  narrow. 

Lvs.  4-8  in.  by  2-23^  in.,  oblong-falcate,  green. 

C.  Haageana. 
Lvs.  7-8  in.  by  4-5  in.,  oblong,  white-spotted. 

V.  Goldieana. 
Lvs.  7-10  in.  by  K-1'4   in.,  lanceolate,  white- 

raareined.    D.  Sanderiann. 
Lvs.  111-18  in.  by  1-3K  in.,  elliptical.    C.  termi- 

The  following  Dracaenas  are  in  the  American  trade: 


Boerhavii,  1;  Draco,  1;  fragrans,  4;  Godseffiana,  7; 
Goldieana,  5;  Hookeriana,  3;  Knerkii,  4;  latifolia,  3; 
Lindeni,  4;  Massangeana,  4;  Rothiana,  4;  Sanderiana,  6; 
umbraculifera,  2. 

1.  Draco,  Linn.  Dragon  Tree.  Arborescent  (60  ft. 
high),  branched  :  lvs.  very  numerous,  crowded,  sword- 
shaped,  erect  or  the  outer  recurved  (1^2-2  ft.  x  1.5-21  in. ) , 
scarcely  narrowed  below,  long-attenuate  at  the  apex, 
glaucous-green:  pedicels  .3-6  lines  long:  bracts  minute, 
lanceolate  :  perianth  4  lines  long,  greenish;  filaments 
flat:  berries  orange.  Canary  Isl.  B.M.  4571.  R.H. 
1869,  p.  416;  1880,  p.  196.  G.C.  U.  14:749.-Fine  forcon- 
servatory.  D.  Boerhavii,  Tenore,  is  a  garden  form, 
with  elongated  lvs.  all  recurved. 

2.  umbraculifera,  Jacq.  Arborescent  (3-10  ft.  high), 
simple  :  lvs.  very  numerous,  crowded,  sword-shaped 
(2-3K  ft.  X  lK-2  in. ) ,  outer  recurved,  all  green  and  shin- 
ing, attenuate  at  the  apes,  scarcely  narrowed  toward  the 
conspicuously  undulate  base,  costa  distinct  on  both 
faces:  pedicels  4-6  in.  long:  bracts  minute,  deltoid: 
perianth  large,  2  in.  long,  white,  tinged  with  red;  fila- 
ments filiform.    Mauritius.    L.B.C.  3:289. 

3.  Hookeriana,  Koch.  Trunk  3-6  ft.  high,  sometimes 
branched  :  lvs.  numerous,  densely  clustered,  sword- 
shaped  (2-2M  ft.xlK-2  in.),  outer  reflexed,  all  long  at- 
tenuate at  the  apex,  scarcely  narrowed  below,  margin 
white-pellucid,  lower  face  concave,  indistinctly  costate 
'      ea"      '  ri    s  "'  3    n    'ong   wh'e     je"  els  3-4  in. 

f,  p  r  jn  h  green  hi  Id  n  1  nf,  f  laments  fili- 
for  er    e    orinf,o     Cape  Cood   Hop        D.  latifdlia, 

R  s  a  1  o     cul     ral    var    tv    w    h    1     .  3-3K    in. 

V  do  C  C  '0  30  ar  a  da  B  M  4  9  as  Cordy- 
IneB      ,1  ^ 

4    fragrans  Ker  G  wl    (ill       frdj  Linn.   San-^ 

f  S.     ore     ent      0  ft.  high  or 

ore  1       3  ft  x2K-4  in.), 

e      1  prea  1  ng  or  recurved, 

fli      i   gr  e     n  1    t  nctly  costate  : 

rac        u  p  d  1  IK  in.  long: 


733.   Dracaena  fragrai 


fls.  glomerate  ;  perianth  0-8  in.  long,  yellow  :  berry 
orange-red.  Guinea.  B.M.  1081.  A.G.  18:389.  F.R, 
4:189.  — Much  used  for  erpenhoii5;p  and  table  decoration. 
D.  Knerkii,  Hort.  F"rm  v  iM,  -'.--v  li-bt  green,  less 
pendulous  lvs.  D.Hothi  a  in  ii.M,  \  _.:,nl.  n  f..nii.  I.H. 
43,p.  97.   R.H.  1877.  ji.'  Li ,    !•  in,  I  l-n  .  i /'.  Ain- 

deni,  Son.).    Fig.  7:;:;  ;    i  r:i\ .  r^id  from 

base  to  apex  by  creaim   '   li  t-    t   :;  •;-.     \'t  r\-  dicorative. 
I.H.  27:384.    F.R.  4:191.     Var.  Massangeana,  Hort.  (Z).  t 
Massangedna,  Hort.).     A   broad,  yellow   stripe    along 
the    center   of  the  leaf  throughout   its    entire  length 
F.B.  4:193. 


DRAC^XA 


tant.    spr.  :Ml,r  :.    ll,;.':,    .-M..i,:j     ,7-,-    iii.   x    I   ■ ',    i,,.     ,    .Mi,,ii- 

dately  i--,  .!■    ',  i •  ...'     -.    ,  .••    :         .-.  ,  jh.,vv 

green,  r ■..  "    .      ,,,:,,,   ,..,1,1- 

Ivs.  i.rtr,,  I,,,,,  ■,  -,,nh  I.-;:  ]...,,. .1,  -  .  r,.,'i  j  ,,  11, .  |..iii.'i, 
deeplv  Ki'"n.-.l:  il>.  unkiiuMi  I  J],  W.  ir.ji..  Air.  B.M. 
6630.  R.H.  1878,  p.  15.  I. H.  25:300;  i2,  p.  257.  G.C.  II. 
17:49.-A  fine  foliage  plant. 
^^G.  Sanderiana,  Hort.  (Z>.  thaloldes,  var.  rariefidfa, 
Hort.  ?).  Slender:  Ivs.  distant,  alternate,  spreading  or 
recurved  { 7-10  in.  x  K-IH  in. ) ,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, on  rather  broad  petioles  (1-3  in.  long),  glossy- 
green,  broadly  margined  with  white.  Congo.  A. P.  8; 
1281;  11:235.  I.H.  40:175.  G.C.  III.  13:445.-Int.  bv 
Sander  &  Co.  in  1893. 

7.  Godseffi&na,  Hort.  Woody.  I.ut  viiy  -;Uii.l(  r.  niilif-r 
diffuse:  Ivs.  at  many  nodes  small,  .-i-.-.t.  scali-Iiki-  ami 
lanceolate,  the  others  opposite  or  in  whurls  of  3,  ohluiig 
or  obovate,  spreading,  cuspidate,  sessile  (3—1  in.  x  i;-2-2 
in.),  firm,  green,  with  copious  white  spots  :  raceme 
short-peduncled ;  bracts  small:  fr.  globular,  greenish 
yellow  or  red,  nearly  1  in.  in  diam.  Congo.  G.C.  III. 
21:347.  Gn.50,p.27e;51:111.5,andp.299.  A.F.13:1340. 
F.E.  10,  supp.  2:12.  Gng.  6:294.-Int.  by  Sander  &  Co. 
Fine  for  decorative  purposes. 

B.  arblirea.  Link.  Lvs.  f;ri.-c>ii,  swonl-shaped.  ilense.  sessile. 
Gt.46,  II. -J-i;  ,.,.!  11::^:      !)   /:;.„■,,„.-;,  ^,^■  II,, n     ,1  TI  TTT  n:!:541. 

G.C.III    ■-•"  ■■■<■'-     ■•     ■'■'    -/• |.''  I,'       ,.M;,nceo- 

late.gi 1:,  [-1'  |.  ■-.',,..       .  .  ,     ^,1    iiI;IS64. 

-D.ri//.,r,:    .   •,  I.,  .  I  ,  ,        ,  .    ,.,.  lanceo- 

late, l)riu-i  I     "    ,  ■ 

(var.  in:i 

veined  with  r.-il.— i/,  ;«./// 
nioldes.  Hook.     Lvs.  poti*. 

ceous,  spotted  with  yeUowisIi  \\liii-    1-  I    ",1..">352. 

— D.  r««(!a;o,  Lam.   Lvs.lan.-.-..lat..,i^  m.  .con- 

tracted into  a  petiole.— /)..>;«;„-.».•/,„,/,  ,  1:,  _•,  :  I.,  -word- 
shapfed,  crowded, green.  Gt.  70,'t.— />.  Snuifm,  l-iaKcr.  i^vs.  large, 
narrowly  sword-shaped,  crowded  bright  grten.  B.M.  U169. 

K.  M.  WiEGAND. 

Draoienas  should  be  divided  into  two  sections  or 
types  for  practical  purposes : 

(1)  The  Tropical  type:  This  includes  the  colored  fo- 
liage sorts  and  the  garden  hybrids,  all  of  which  can  be 
propagated  from  both  root  and  stem-cuttings  or  joints. 
All  of  them  require  a  stove  or  warmhouse  temperature, 
and  must  be  grown  quick,  and  never  allowed  to  get  pot- 
bound  until  they  are  as  large  as  required;  then  they  can 
be  allowed  to  get  pot-bound,  and  with  liquid  or  other 
stimulant  and  plenty  of  light  will  color  well. 

(2)  The  Conlylii r  Sul.rr(i|,ical  or  Australian  type: 

This  enitirai'i  .^  liir  kimK  known  to  gardeners  as  a«»- 
iralis,  iinlirix.i.  I, in, 'I,,.  .'iiHiiiinea,  atiren -striata, 
Doucetiinia.,imh,;u',il,i,  n: .  l,'"M/ihii.  Nearly  all  of  these 
are  propaijatid  Iroin  seeds,  and  require  a  cooler  tem- 
perature. 

Following  are  some  popular  current  Dracffinas:  San- 
deriana makes  not  only  a  perfect  center  plant  for  table 

makes  a  flue  Ian;.'  .l.T..r:n '-,  -  i,|:in;  !,',■  miti  in  _- fmni  :■;- 
5  in  a  4-5  in.  jiot,  ami  |,  1  n  _  •  ,  ,  ■  1  .  ■  ,  !'  poi- 
bound  until  each  |ii,inl  lln'  -  1:  ,  ..;,•,  I.:,,,.; 
then  repot,  and  .■in-  will  lia\ .  a  iin<  .  lai--.'  -jm  •■nu.  II  in  a 
short  time.  Godseffiana  is  a  valuable  plant  for  a  hang- 
ing basket,  easily  propagated  from  top  shoots.  Other 
popular  kinds  are:  Iforwoodiensis,  ulbo-marginata, 
terminalis  alba,  Gladstonei  (one  of  the  most  brilliantly 
colored  of  the  broad-leaved  type),  Guilfoijlei,  Aner- 
leyensis,  Scottii,  hybrida,  '  "' 
iana,  Victori<B  - Beginir , 
gracilis. 

DBACOCfiPHALUM  (T, 
wide-open  mouths  of  1 : 
genus  contains  a  few  liar- 
of  the  mint  familv.  of  • 
portance.  The  whorls  of  il 
spikes  or  heads,  the  colors 

pie.    The  genus  has  altogether  about  30  species,  from 
Europe,  especially  the  Mediterranean  region;  also  As 
outside  the  tropics.   All  the  species  described  below  ai 


DRACOCEPHALUJI 

otliers  are  diffuse  :   up] 

1-  r.Mhn-cl  to  l,i-a.-lN.    Y, 


metallic 

a. 

fer>-ea,  De-Smet 

Sandei 

mj 

Godseffiana 

n 

A 

SlEBKECHT. 

■  some  shade  of  pur 


Euyaohiinum,  Linn.  Stems  slightly  pubescent:  lvs. 
linear-lanceolate,  glabrous:  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  en- 
tire; whorls  in  somewhat  interrupted  spikes:  fls.  1  in. 
long,  purplish  blue  or  purple;  anthers  villous.  Siberia. 
Var.  JapAnicom,  Hort.,  has  white  fls.  shaded  with  blue, 
and  is  a  distinct  improvement.  G.C.  II.  12:167.  — Ac- 
cording to  Vilmorin,  this  species  has  been  sold  as  D. 
Altaiense  (see  J>.  grandiflorum). 

AA.    Lvs.  deeply  S-5-cleft. 

Austriacum,  Linn.,  has  the  habit  of  the  above,  and  be- 
lon:.-v  t,,  the  same  subgenus  Ruyschiana,  but  the  lvs. 
arc  .li\  mIciI  and  more  distinctly  revolute  at  the  margin. 
Aljuut  1-1^ ft.  high:  fls.  blue,  IX in.  long  and  more. 
July,  Aug.  Eu.,  Caucasus. 

AAA.   Lvs.  cut  only  at  the  margin,  mostly  crenate. 

B.    117ioWs  crowded  together  into  spikes  or  lieads. 

e.    Color  of  fls.  blue:  lvs.  not  wrinlled. 

grandiflbrum,  Linn.  {D.  Altaiinse,  Laxm.,  but  plants 
in  trade  under  this  name  are  said  to  be  D.  Ruyschiana), 
.\bout  I  ft.  high.  Root-lvs.  long-stalked,  oblong,  notches 
at  base:  stem-lvs.  few,  short-stalked,  ovate,  not  notched 
at  base,  the  uppermost  still  more  rounded:  whorls  in 
s|iikes  2-3  in.  long,  the  lowest  whorl  usually  at  some  dis- 
tance: fls.  2  in.  long.  June,  July.  Siberia.  B.M.  1009. 
P.M.  13:51. 


ce.    Color 


'  fls.  purple 


inkled. 


DRACOCEPHALUJI 

broadly  heart-shaped,  and  all  Ivs.  pubescent  beneath  in- 
stead of  nearly  glabrous:  fls.  purplish  to  deep  purple. 
June,  July.     Himalayas.    B.M.  62S1. 

B.    Whorls  distant,  hi  long  racemes. 

C.    I'^lowcrs  erect, 

Moldavicum,   Linu.     Lvs.   lanceolate,    inciso-crenate, 

the  floral  ones  narrower  and  saw-toothed  at  the  base. 


DRAINAGE 


505 


]u„  N.  As 
Raprechtu,  Kegel.     Lvs. 


-lanceolate, 


ad  toothed:  fls.  rosy  purple  or  lilac,  about  1  in. 
long,  in  axillary  clusters.    Turkestan.    Gt.  1018. 
cc.    Fls.  someivliat  nodding, 

niitans,  Linn.  Lvs.  ovate,  crenate,  the  floral  ones  ob- 
long-lanceolate and  more  nearly  entire:  fls.  blue.  May- 
July.  N.Asia.  Mn.  4:137.  B.R.  10:811. -Vai-.  alpina, 
Hoi-t.,  is  commoner. 

D.  Tiraimdnnm.  Linn.  See  Physostegia.— Z).  Canadense  of 
Bridgeman's  Catalogue  is  a  misprint  (or  D.  Canariense=Ce- 
droneUa  triphylla.  j.  B.  KELLER  and  W.  M. 

lillle  dragon).  Ardcece. 
l.irtured  'in  Fig.  734.  It 
has  uncanny,  iliau-"ii  liiiu'ri-.M  h  s.  and  a  terrifying  odor 
when  in  Howrr.  It^  iuIm  rs  ar--  ~''[t\  by  bulb  dealers  tin- 
der the  nail 1'  -I  lain  I  irttrmnnliis.  "The  latest  monog- 
rapher of  this  ..i-,l,  1-  (  Kn-ltr.  in  DC.  Jlon.  Phan.,  vol. 
2,  1879)  put-  till-  jilauf  into  tiie  genus  Dracuneulus  be- 
cause the  n\  111.-  ail'  attarlied  to  the  base  of  the  ovary, 
while  in  Arum  tin  y  an-  attached  to  the  side.  The  lvs. 
of  the  true  Arums  are  always  arrow-shaped,  while  in  Dra- 
cuneulus they  are  sometimes  cut  into  finger-like  lobes. 
For  culture,  see  Arum. 

There  are  only  2  species.  The  common  one  is  an  en- 
tertaining, not  to  say  exciting,  plant.  When  it  flowered 
in  the  forcing-houses  at  Cunirll  Iniv.  r-ity,  iimoi-eut 
visitors  thought  there  must  1..   a  .1.  a. I  in  malri  tlir  tlunr. 

It  is  well  worth  growing  fur  tin-  .xii.  i  i tliin-li   its 

stench  is  not  quite  as  bad  as  tliai  ot  a  I  lili."-iafros, 
sold  as  Arum  erinifum.  which  maki-s  any  house  un- 
bearable in  which  it  flowers.  Nearly  all  Arums  are  ill- 
smelling. 

vulgaris,  Schott.  Fig.  734.  Sheath  of  Ivs.  livid,  spot- 
ted': stalks  green:  blades  with  10  finiror-  prnjr-i'tiii:^ 
from  a  bow-shaped  base:  tube  of  spathr  strcakiil  witli 
purple  except  at  the  bottom:  spatlie  ;iiiipli-  all  i>\iv  ami 
much  darker  along  the  wavy  bonlir.  .^lidinrraiaaji 
regions.  -^y.  jj. 

DRAGON  PLANTS.  The  Dragon  Arum,  Dragon  Root 
or  Green  Dragon,  is  the  native  Arisiemii  Dracontium. 
The  Dragon  Plant  of  Europe  is  Dntcuneutus  vulgaris. 
The  Dragon's  Head  is  not  an  Aroid,  but  a  Dracocepha- 
lum,  a  genus  of  mints.  False  Dragon's  Head  is  Physo- 
stegia.    The  Dragon's  Blood  of  commerce  is  a  dark  red, 


astringent,  resinous  secretion  of  the  fruits  of  a  palm, 
Diimonorops  Draco.  Other  kinds  of  Dragon's  Blood 
are  jirodiiced  by  Dracwna  Draco  and  Ecastaphyllum 
Moniltiriii,  "Sticks,"  "reeds,"  "tears"  and  "lumps"  of 
Dragon's  Blood  are  known  to  commerce.  The  resin  is 
used  in  coloring  varnishes,  dyeing  horn  in  Imitation  of 
tortoise  shell,  and  n  the  composition  of  tooth-powders 
and  various  tinctures. 


—/--DRAINAGE.    Underground  or  sub-drains  ser 
ly     I  lieve  the  land  of  free  water,  which  is  harmful 


plants  if  left  to  stagnate  in  the  surface  soil  or  subsoil. 
They  serve  not  only  to  dry  the  land  in  early  spring,  but  in- 
directly to  warm  it,  for  if  the  water  is  removed  the  sun's 
heat  warms  the  soil  instead  of  cooling  it  by  evaporating 


r" 


the  surplus  water.  Tenacious  lands  devoted  to  garden- 
ing and  small  fruits  are  made  more  productive,  warmer 
and  earlier  by  sub-drainage.  Drains  promote  nitrifica- 
tion, assist  in  liberating  mineral  plant-food  and  cheapen 
tillage.  They  serve  not  only  to  remove  deleterious  stag- 
nant water,  but  they  promote  aeration  as  well,  and  this 
hastens  beneficial  chemical  changes  in  the  soil.  Drainage 
promotes  the  vigor,  healthfulness 
plants.  Tenacious  soils  aremadru 
thereby  giving  easier  access  t"  | 
percolation  through  the  soil  of  i-i 
some  plant-food,  is  hastened.  K' a 
is  warmer  than  the  soil;  in  nii.l-  . 
the  soil:  therefore,  percolation  mi 
soil  in  the  spring  and  cools  it  in 
Drains  serve  not  only  to  relic■^  •  i 
they  impart  to  it  power  to  hold  ailoi 
ture,  which  materially  benefits  |ila 
Drainage  is  of  two  kinds,  surta 
On  land  on  which  large  outlav-  " 
pendo.l.    as    i"    liortionltural    I'laii 


.litfulness  of 
.Ir  l)v  drains, 
t-,  while  the 


the 


ivrather. 
itor,  but 
•  le  mois- 
roughts. 
rainage. 
to  be  ex- 


greater  depth  of  (Irainod  feo.lii 
ture  the  planting  may  often  pre 
10  vears,  while  with  many  farn 
lows  the  planting  in  a  few  mon 
loses  one  crop,  an  annual,  by  ]> 
loss  is  not  great,  but  if  the  orclu 
of  labor  by  planting  on  undi- 
mistake  is  discov 


^rim:. 

1 ', 

1 

'  ^^"^ 

o 

Son 


be  1 


far  asnial.  v  n-  il"  r.^-  -  -i'  ; ;-  -  are  to  be 
placed.  Btit  it  is  only  rarely  that  surface 
drainage  fully  prevents  serious  damage 
from  surplus  moisture.    Surface  drainage 


may  t 
porari 
tions. 
Fig.  7 


cheap  way  of  tem- 


the 


Sub-drainage  consists  in  placing  con- 
duits of  tile  or  other  material  in  the 
irrounil  at  dopths  varying  from  2H-4  feet, 

■     I    :         I     a   ,::-.:il      ■  -  ajsirt   aSWlll  SCrve  tO 

:. -I. -terious  Stagnant 
-i.nies  are  at  hand 
'  ,  ,,  ^,,ni  iiiM  -  ii-i-il  instead  of  tile 
for  forming  drainage  conduits.  If  such 
use  is  made  of  them,  the  drains  should  be 
somewhat  deeper  than  tile  drains,  since 
the  stones  which  form  the  drain  occupy 


50C 


DRAINAGE 


foot  of   tlie  depth  r.f  tbr-  ditch 


the  Slirf:irr,  iIkui   :ir.-  til--     '■.    ■■  I''-    ■!■-,•      -r   'ii..-ii- 

ingS  of    -l"IH'  .lr:i)ri-  ,ir.     :-  :    -      .  ,   .    i..   .     Ohis,.  ,.|' 

tile  drains  ;lit  mjiciIIi  a:i.;  .i,.|..|i!i  i;.  ■.,.,  :.i;M  an-, 
thereforu,  most  doll-abk.  \-.a-  n-'j.  Min-.i-  llatbot- 
tomed  tiles  (Kig.  7:ili)  wen-  used,  but  the  <.iily  style  in 
general  use  at  present  is  the  cylindrical  unglazed  tile 
shown  in  Fig.  737. 

In  some  sections  drains  are  placed  200  to  300  feet  apart, 
and  serve  their  purpose  well.  In  others  they  should  not 
be  placed  farther  apart  than  from  20  to  30  feet.  Where- 
ever  the  subsoil  is  composed  of  tenacious,  fine  clay, 
through  which  the  water  mores  upwards  or  downwards 
with  difSculty,  the  narrower  in- 
tervals are  necessary.  In  some 
instances  the  surplus  water  in 
the  subsoil  is  underpressure  by 
reason  of  water  which  finds  its 
way  into  it  from  higher  levels, 
and  if  this  is  not  removed,  the 
water  has  a  constant  tendency 
to  rise  to  the  surface.  In  many 
such  cases  drains  placed  at  wide 
intervals  may  serve  to  relieve 
the  pressure  and  drain  the  land. 
Since  sub-drains  are  designed 
to  be  permanent,  are  expensive 
to  construct  and  difticult  to  re- 
pair, the  principles  of  drainage 
should  be  well  understood,  and 
the  work  shnulil  li.>  undertaken 
only  afti-ra  III.. -r  .ar.  r\il  inspec- 
tion of  til.'  Ian. I  an.l  after  the 
fundaTin-.ital  |.ini.ii.l.  s  of  the 
subjei-t  liavi-  111.  n  mastered. 


be  avoided  so  far  as  possible, 
since  they  greatly  increase  cost, 
tend  to  become  obstructed,  and 
are  often  unnecessary.  The 
three  long  mains  in  Fig.  738  are 
not    drains,   strictly    speaking. 


lie  :  and  a  scoop  for 
the  tile. 

since  the  land  may  be  as  fully  drained  without  them,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  739  ;  therefore,  they  only  serve  to  conduct 
the  water  of  the  drains  proper.  Tiles  of  3  to  4  and  5  inches 
diameter  should  be  used  when  the  drains  are  infrequent 
and  the  flow  of  water  considerable.  Smaller  ones,  2  to  3 
inches  in  diameter,  will  suffice  when  the  intervals  be- 
tween the  drains  are  narrow.  Drains  should  have  as 
uniform  a  fall  as  possible,  and  no  abrupt  lateral  curves 
or  sharp  angles  should  occur  as  are  seen  in  many  places 
in  Fig.  738.  If  the  drain  has  a  rapid  fall  in  its  upper 
reaches,  as  is  often  the  case,  and  but  slight  fall  in  the 
lower,  a  silt  basin  should  be  constructed  at  the  point 
at  which  the  rapid  changes  into  the  slight  fall,  if  obstruct- 
ing silt  is  present.  All  drains  which  may  be  necessary 
should  be  placed  before  the  planting  occurs.  Orchard 
lands  may  be  drained  in  the  spring,  fallowed  in  the  sum- 
mer, and  planted  in  the  fall  or  the  following  spring. 
Drains  placed  at  frequent  intervals  because  of  the  te- 
nacity of  the  soil  should  be  comparatively  shallow,  for 
if  placed  deep  or  at  wide  intervals,  the  water  will  be  too 
long  reaching  them.  If  drains  are  placed  at  wide  inter- 
vals they  should  be  at  least  3M  feet  deep  to  be  most  effi- 
cient.   If  the  parallel  system  is  adopted  (Fig.  739),  there 


may  be  more  outlets  to  construct  and  maintain  than  is 
desirable;  if  so,  the  system  might  be  modified  by  con- 
structing a  sub-main,  one  side  of  which  will  serve  also 


738.  Improper  method  of  draining 


as  a  drain,  and  but  one  outlet  will  be  required  (Fig.  7-10). 
Drains  through  which  water  runs  for  the  greater  part 
of  the  year  are  likely  to  become  obstructed  by  roots,  if 
water-loving  trees,  such  as  the  willow,  soft  maple  and 
elm,  are  allowed  to  grow  near  them.  If  floating  silt  is 
present  the  joints  of  the  tiles  should  be  protected  for 
two-thirds  of  their  upper  circumferences  by  a  narrow 
strip  of  tarred  building  paper,  or  collars  should  be  used. 
Stone  drains  should  receive  a  liberal  covering  of  straw 
before  they  are  filled.  i.  p.  Roberts. 

DBEER,  HENRY  A.  Seedsman,  and  founder  of  one 
of  the  (ddest  American  horticultural  establishments; 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Aug.  24, 1818,  and  died  there 
Dec.  22,  1873,  at  the  age  of  fifty-five.  His  parents  were 
Frederick  Dreer,  of  Hanover,  and  Fredericka  Augusta 
Nolthenius,  of  Grossakenheim,  Germany.  They  were 
married  in  America.  The  Nolthenius  family  emigrated 
to  the  United  States  in  the  Last  decade  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  and  were  closely  coimected  with  the 
Lutheran  Church.  Henry  A.  Dreer's  education  was 
largely  in  German,  and  obtamed  in  Philadelphia.  He  was 
fond  of  gathering  seeds  and  plants  in  the  country,  and 
would  bring  them  home  to  cultivate.  He  was  trained  in 
hisfather'sbusiness,  that  of  a  cabinet-maker.  In  1838,  at 
the  solicitation  of  a  friend,  he  began  as  a  florist  in  a 
small  way,  near  Front  and  Chester  Sts.  About  1870  be 
removed  to  Seventh  and  Chestnut.  In  1869  he  enjoyed 
a  5  months'  trip  to  Europe,  where  he  met  business  cor- 
respondents of  30  years'  standing.  He  was  married 
.lune  22.  1847.  to    M"arv    Leavenworth,  of  Reading.  Pa., 


739.  Best  method  of  draining  a  field. 


DREER 

and  had  six  children.  Of  the  two  sons,  one  died  in  infancy, 
and  the  other,  William  F.  Dreer,  conducts,  at  7U  Chest- 
nut street,  the  business  which  is  incorporated  in  the 
name  of  his  father.  Henry  A.  Dreer  died  of  a  nervous  af- 
fection of  the  heart.  He  was  of  modest  temperament 
and  frail  constitution,  and  confined  himself  to  business 
rather  closely.  He  was  liberal  in  public  matters,  but 
always  kept  out  of  political  life.  He  compiled  several 
small  works  in  connection  with  the  business,  and  wrote 
frequently  for  the  Weekly  Saturday  Evening  Post,  of 
Philadelphia,  and  for  Godev's  Ladies'  Magazine. 

W.  .M. 


DRYMOPHLCEUS 


507 


DB6SEKA  (Greek,  dew;  referring  to  the  dew-like 
drops  on  the  glandular  leaves).  Droserdcew.  SxTSDEvr. 
Dew  Plaxt.  A  very  interesting  group  of  insectivorous 
plants.  About  100  species  scattered  throughout  the 
world,  except  the  Pacific  islands,  and  most  common  in 
Australia  outside  the  tropics.  Perennial  bog  herbs  with 
basal  Ivs.  clothed  with  glandular  hairs,  which  secrete  a 
fluid  that  holds  insects  fast.  Foliage  and  inflorescence 
differ  widelv.  The  3  species  described  below  may  be  ob- 
tained through  dealers  in  native  plants.  For  culture, 
see  DarUnglonia. 

A.    Lvs.   thread-like,    ii-itli    no    distinct    stalk:  petals 
purple. 
Hlifarmis,  Rafin.    Lvs.  6-15  in.  long,  glandular-pubes 
cent  throughout,   at  the   very   base   woolly  with  brown 
hairs:  racemes  1-sided,  10-30-fld. : 
fls.   4-12    lines    broad.     July-Sep. 
Wet  sand  near  the  coast.    Mass.  to 
Fla. 
AA.    Lvs.  with  an  oblong  blade  : 

petals  white. 
longrifdiia,  Linn.  Lvs.  longpet- 
ioled;  blade  8-15  lines  long,  1  !i-2 
lines  wide,  the  petiole  glabrous. 
Summer.  Bogs,  northern  and  arc- 
tic regions. 

AAA.     Lvs.    with    a    blade   that    is 
wider  than  long:  petals  white. 
rotundifdlia,  Linn.  Fig.  741.  Lvs. 
with   a  blade  3-6  lines  long,  glan- 
dular above,  petiole   ^._;-2  in.  long, 
pubescent  but  not   glandular  :    ra- 
cemes   4-12-fld. :   fls.  about  2    lines 
broad,  opening   in   sun- 
shine. July,  Aug.  Bogs, 
Labrador    to    Alaska, 
south  to  Fla.  and  Ala., 
and    in   the   Sierra  Ne- 
vada to  Calif. 

Other  Droseras  are  to  be 
expected  in  fine  collections, 
and  some  of  them  are  more 
showy  than  those  men- 
tioned above.  Some  of  the 
best  are  as  follows:  X).  bi- 
ndta,   Labill.,    of  Aostral. 


DKtA5 


Prunus    there 

ovules,  but  usually  only 

one  matures. 


and  X.  Zeal.,  with  lvs.  deeply  parted  into  2  long,  linear  lobes. 
Prop,  by  root-cuttings.  B..M.  ■.m-2.-l>.  Capensis,  Lmn.,  of  S. 
A£r.,  has  linear  or  str:,i>-sliai..-  l,:il  lil;i.l.s  ms  long  as  the  petiole, 
and  large  (1  in.  in  .li;ii.i.  i,  v.^y  ■•■■l  iN  I'i"I>-  hy  root-cuttmgs. 
B.M.  65.'*3.-/'  ,/,.•;„./,.,„..  II... t  !■  l.in;ita.-Z).  tiveans 
Goldie.  Lake  Sui..ri..i-  :.n.l  W..  li..-  I.i,..;ir  ..l.tuse  lvs.  on  naked, 
erect  petioles  aii.l  ;Mir].l.-  rl^.— />.  sfithulata,  Labill. ,  ,\ustral., 
N.  Zeal.,  has  short,  olilong-sp.itulate  lvs.  in  a  rosette,  narrowed 
into  short  petioles,  and  purpUsh  fls.    G.C.  1881, 16:852 

DETTPE.   A  fleshy  fruit  containing  a  single  seed  with 

a  bony  covering  or  "stone," 
as  a  plum.  Fig.  742.  A  Drupe 
resembles  an  akene  in  being 
1-sided,  aud  not  splitting,  but 
an  5kene  is  dry  instead  of 
pulpy  or  fleshy.  The  most 
important  drupaceous  or  stone 
fruits  are  peaches,  plums, 
apricots,  cherries  and  rasp- 
berries. Each  of  the  fleshy  742  Young  dn 
parts  of  a  raspberry  is  a  cots),  cut  in  two,  show- 
drupelet,  ing  ovules.  Nat.  size, 
drupes  of  the  genu 
genus  of 

2..r  :  -^ :  .      ,.,f.  hardy, 

til  It.    ;     -     .    _  -..mewhat 

slinii.!..  i;.;;-  .  ith  oblong  lvs.  half  an  inch  long, 
recurve. I  iir  Tin-  margins,  shining  above,  snowy  white 
beneath,  and  large  white  or  yellow  fls.  borne  singly  on 
slender  scapes :  cah-x  glandular-hairy  :  petals  8-9, 
broadlv  ohovate:  stamens  many.  The  genus  is  close  to 
Geura.but  the  species  of  Geum  are  herbs  with  deeply 
cut  foliage.  J.  W.  Manning  recommends  a  soil  well 
furnished  with  peat. 

Lrijas  octopetala  requires  a  well  drained,  porous  soil,  a 
sunny  but  not  dry  position.  It  is  well  to  sliade  the  foli- 
age from  bright  sun  during  tlio  wiiit.r  months  with 
evergreen  branches  to  prevent  tin-  f..li;iLO.  ir. .in  having  a 
scorched  appearance.  A  capit:il  ].l:iiit  l'..r  tin-  rockery. 
Prop,  by  cuttings,  division,  or  l.y  ><■.-. 1. 

octopetala.  Linn.  Lvs.  oblong,  deeply  and  regularly 
crenate,  downy  beneath:  scapes  2-3  in.  long:  fls.  white: 
seeds  with  a  feathered  awn  over  1  in.  long.  North  tem- 
perate and  arctic  regions.  j.  B.  Keller. 

DKTMOGLfiSSTTM.  A  genus  of  small  ferns  from 
Japan,  with  wide  creeping  rootstalks,  and  small,  entire 
leaves  :  sori  resembling  those  of  Polypoditim.  None 
are  advertised  in  America  Three  or  four  kinds  are 
cult    abroad  L,   M    Uxderwood. 

DEYMOPHLCEUS    (Gieek   words    meanmg    oak    and 

smooth    inner   biik)      Piilmm  eir     tribe     41*^?*      This 

genus  (  outams  a  tropu  il  p  iliii  w  itli  m  i  \  <li-tnRt  wedge- 

■      -  ■  '  •    *    iits    borne 

high,  and 

ti.ect,  the 
li.iue,  sub- 

i-ins  re- 
I  Ith  long: 
luanches  : 
jpecies  12. 

V  known  to 


spathes  2  or  mdn>    the  lower  one  2  tie 
Australasia  and  the  Paciflc  islands 
The  <  hancps  are  that  most  of  the  pla 

the    \m    ri,    ,,   t,  ,le    1^    /»        /    .   .f.n.n- 


f.nmi  IS  .xi.lmiMl  in  P  "*1  72(12  H(  adds  'Like 
all  the  pUms  ot  this  section  of  the  order,  Drymophloeus 
reipiires  a  tropu  d  moist  house  with  abundance  of  water 
It  \\\  times  Thi  plant  figured  was  about  14  years  old, 
3  ft  high  with  lvs  about  3  ft  long  The  plant  takes 
about  SIX  months  to  mature  its  fruits 

appendiculata,  Sc  heff  \.Aieea  giacilis,  Guseke,  not 
Roxh  or  Thou  )  Leaflets  wedge  shaped  raggedly  cut, 
serrate    Moluccas    New  Guinea    B  M  7202     G  F  4  331. 

D  oluwformis    Mart    has  narrower  leaflets  than  the  above, 
and  the  fruit  half  immersed  in  the  greatly  enlarged  perianth. 
Jaked  G.  Smith  and  W.  M. 


vein 

spur  1 
querciJol 
'  3  ft    I 
bw    (/ 

111  the  A 


tidl  k    - 
h  b     the 


ipuie  1  eiiing 

nest   species      D    rigidula 

Br  )    a   similar    but    largei 

u  also  appeared  at  one  time 

tl  e  'ii  ecies  are  seldom  seen 

1  c  lit  V  tl  n  in  tl       c      iti         D    muiwfdlia  is  oeca 

n  1I\      pe        n    tii  e       11     t  where   it    is   grown 

It       t    k     t,  1 1      t  1    g:e     w  hich    reminds    one 

t  tl  e  B  1  1      Ne  t  r     n  (Tl  amnopteris)     It  is  reallv  a 

1   I     1     1 1       1     h  s      f  1    iLstription 

L  M  Underwood 

DKY6PTERIS     (     r  ek       oth.fe>n)       Poljpod  tcea; 

^  I  \        I   1      li  tributed  genus  of  hand  ome 

II  I   t   1  age  and   bearing  round   son 

I         !    1  I     t  H  1  or  reniform  ludusia    which 

1  tl  e    m         The  veins 

1  II  1      \  consider 

1  ng  to  this 

I    own  under 

1   m      Other 


Poly  I 
Amen 
te>>6 


rth 


I  m  U     i    It 

A     T  ems  enttielj  f  ee 

B     /  I  bed  less  than  ot  e  third  to  n    1    t 

lurtipes   K  11  tze  ( 'Vephiddium  hhtipes, Hook  )     Lvs 

2-3  ft.  long,  8-l()  in.  broad,  on  stalks  clothed  with  dense 

black  scales  ;  pinn*  with  broad,  blunt  lobes,  the  lower 

ones  not  reduced  in  size  :  sori  medial  on  the  lobes.    In- 

BB.    Piniiip  cleft  nearly  to  midrib,  or  h\i.  bipinnnle 

or  tripinnatifid. 

c.    Texture  thin,  membranous  ;  reins  simple  or  once 

forked. 

D.    Loic,  r  p'liiinr  ijr.nUially  reduced  to  mere  lobes. 

NoYeborac6nsis,(;ray(,l.s'pWiHm  NoveboracSnse,  Sw.). 

Lvs.  soiuiwhat  ilustiii-a  from  creeping  rootstocks,  pale 

green,  1-2  ft.  long,  tav>priug  both  ways  from  the  middle. 

Canada  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 

Fischeri,  Mett  (Lastria  opdea,  Mett).  Lvs.  6-8  in. 
long,  2-3  in.  wide,  bipinnatifld,  cut  into  close,  entire 
lobes,  the  lowest  much  reduced;  surfaces  smooth.  Braz. 

DD.    Lower  pinncB  scarcely  smaller  than  those  above. 
E.     Veins  forked. 

Thelypteris,  <ir:iy  t  As,,;, Hum  Thelypteris,  Sw.  1. 
Marsh  Fern.  i-\s.  ->  at;^  ni  ,,ii  wide  creeping  black 
rootstocks,  1-2  ft.  Inni;  :  ihm^ho  of  the  spore-bearing 
pinnse  often  stroiiu'ly  .(.iiv.ilui.  :  sori  10-12  to  each  seg- 
ment.   Canada  to  Fla.  and  Tp-\. 

EE.     Veins  simple. 

simul&ta,  Dav.  Lvs.  scattered  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock,  8-20  in.  Inns:.  2-7  in.  wide,  with  12-20  pairs  of 
lanceolate  pinnie  :  ^"ii  lailn  i-  large,  somewhat  distant, 
4-10  to  each  segiii.  nt.  Xati..  iii  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.. 
where  it  is  often  ii^ul  ii-,  .1  -.miIi  I}.  Thelypteris.  G.F. 
9:485. 

p4tens,  Kuntze.  Lvs.  clustered  at  the  end  of  a  thick 
rootstock,  2-3  ft.  long,  4-10  in.  wide,  soft-hairy  be- 
neath ;  pinnfe  cut  three-fourths  to  the  midrib,  the  basal 
segments  usually  longer.  Fla.  to  Tex.  and  Trop.  Amer. 
A.G.  20:25. 


cc     Textu 


:  2-i  times 


DRYOPTERIS 

are  much  wider  at  base.  Var.  Clintonijlna  is  larger, 
with  pinna!  4-B  in.  long,  and  with  the  sori  rather  near 
the  midvein.  Canada  to  Ark.;  also  in  N.  Eu.  Hybrids 
are  described  with  I),  marginalis.    G.F.  9:445. 

GoUiekna,  Gray  (Aspldi urn  Goldieinum,  Sw.).  Lvs. 
growing  in  large  crowns,  2-4  ft.  long,  12-18  in.  wide,  the 
pinnee  broadest  at  the  middle  :  indusia  very  large. 
Canada  to  Ky.  — One  of  our  largest  and  most  stately  na- 
tive species. 

DD.    lyvs.  mostlij  bipinnate:   indusia  convex,  rather 
firm. 

Filix-mAs,  Scbott  (Aspidium  FMix-mds,  Sw.).  Male 
Fern.  Lvs.  growing  in  crowns,  1-3  ft.  long,  sori  near 
the  midvein.  Used  as  a  vermifuge,  as  is  also  the  next 
species.     N.  Eu.,  Canada  and  Colo. 


743.  Dryopteris  marginalis. 

marginilis.  Gray  {Aspidium  maryindle,  Sw.).  Fig. 
743.  Lvs.  6  in.  to  2  ft.  long,  growing  in  crowns,  mostly 
in  rocky  places:  sori  close  to  the  margin.  Canada  and 
southward.— One  of  our  commonest  ferns. 


E.   Zeaf-slalks  naked,  polished. 

viridfiscens,  Kuntze.  Lvs.  18-24  in.  long,  on  stalks 
two-thirds  as  long;  lower  pinnae  largest:  sori  near  the 
midribs.   Japan. 

EE.   Leaf-stalks  scaly. 

spinuldsa,  Kuntze  {Aspidium  spinutdsum,  Sw.). 
Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  with  a  few  pale,  deciduous  scales 
at  the  base:  indusia  smooth,  without  marginal  glands. 
Var.  intenn^dia,  Underw.,  has  more  persistent  scales, 
with  a  brown  center,  and  the  margins  of  the  indusia 
with  stalked  glands.  One  of  our  commonest  wood  ferns 
in  the  northern  states.— Var.  dilat&ta,  Underw.,  has 
similar  scales  to  the  last  and  tripinnate  lvs.  In  woods, 
from  Canada  to  Ore. ;  also  in  Europe. 

Bodttii,  Underw.  (Aspidium  Bodttii,  Tuckm.).  Lvs. 
elongate-lanc.i.Iatr,  Willi  l.ro.adly  oblong  pinnules:  in- 
dusia minui.  I.   :;l:iii.liilai-.     (.'anada,  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng. 


I'le.  4-i-pinnatifid. 
t   ft.  long,  2  ft.  or  more  wide, 
short,  creeping  rootstocks  : 
ifteri  without  indusia.    Cuba 


eHusa,  Kiiiii  .1  .    I 
with  polishiil    ~i.  Ill 

to  Brazil. 

diss^cta,  Kunt/..'  [Lastr'ea  membranifdlia,  Hort.). 
Lvs.  1-5  ft.  long,  1-3  ft.  wide,  membranous,  decompound ; 
segments  broad  and  blunt;  surfaces  nearly  naked:  sori 
near  the  margin,  abundant.  India  and  Madagascar  to 
Australia. 

AA.    Veins  not  entirely  free,  the  lower  reinlets  of  adjoin- 
ing segments  united. 

Ot&ria,  Kuntze  (ias^j-^a  aristAta,  Hort.).  Lvs.  1  ft. 
long,  with  a  long  terminal  pinnas  an  inch  or  more  wide, 
with  lanceolate  lobes,  and  6-12  similar  lateral  pinnse; 
texture  thin  ;  surfaces  naked  ;  veins  united  half  way 
from  the  midrib  to  the  edge.  Ceylon  to  the  Philippines. 
—Good  for  table  ferneries,  but  slow  of  growth. 


DRYOPTERIS 

mdllis,  Kuntze.  Lvs.  1-2  ft.  long,  S-12  in.  wide,  bipin- 
natiad,  the  pinnaj  cut  into  bluut  lobes;  lower  piuniB  dis- 
tant from  the  others  aud  somewhat  shorter  ;  surfaces 
Hnely  villose.  Trop.  regions  of  both  hemisplieres. 
Probably  several  species  are  confused  under  this  name. 

PUUppinfiiisis,  Baker.  Lvs.  2-3  ft.  long,  12-18  in.  wide, 
bipinnatifld,  smooth,  with  a  naked  raehis;  lower  pinnaa 
scarcely  smaller:  sori  midway  from  midrib  to  margin, 
with  firm,  smooth  indusla.    Philippines. 

L.  M.  Underwood. 

DUCHfiSNEA.    See  Fragaria. 

DUCK-WEED,    Lemna. 


DUCKWHEAT.  Some  years  a«o,  as 
a  man  in  New  England  shot  a  wild  du^ 
crop  found  strange  seeds.  These  seeds 
and  the  flour  from  the  grain  was  found 
pancakes.  He  increased  his  st."k  t.. 
busliels.  The  grain  was  offri,  .1  1:,  -.■..'.- 
wheat.    It  seems  not  to  h;n(    I      1      i      i 


the  : 


tlogU 


Itt 


Tartarian  buckwbuai.  J' ■./.:/. i/hiul  l\i!,i,uinii. 
an  Asian  grain,  which  has  been  known  in  this  country 
for  some  time.  It  is  earlier  than  buckwheat,  but  is  very 
similar  to  it.    See  JBuckivheat  and  Fagopyrnm. 

DDDAIM  MELON.    .S.  <  Cucumis.  ^'  ^'  ^' 

DUFOUR,  JOHN  JAMES.  A  Swiss  vigneron,  who  was 
at  tlu'  lit-:ul  of  ;i  ('..l.,iiy  to  grow  the  wine  grape  in  Ken- 
tucky. :nid  til,-  :iiitli,,i-  .,1  "Vine  Dresser's  Guide,"  pub- 
lislieil  in  (  iiM  iii!i:i:i  ::i  \-:i\.  The  Kentucky  experiment 
failed,  :uhl  :  ,.    .     j  .i  settled  in  southern  Indiana, 

onthel.:ii,l  river;  and  this  settlement  is 

nowthrrii     ..  ilireDufour  died  in  1827.    This 

l)Hli!t   I  I  i-lit    out    the    merits    of    the 

A  I'  ,  aud  thereby  did  much  to  es- 

tai  ,      ,  iilture.     For  detailed  account 

ol  i[H  i'l;  '  11-  Ml  I  i;  r  associates,  and  the  results  of 
their  Hoik.  Me  iiaiky,  Evolution  of  our  Native  Fruits, 

DUGUfiTIA  (prob.ably  made  from  a  personal  name). 
Anoiificew.  A  dozen  South  American  trees  differing 
from  Auona  in  technical  characters,  particularly  in  the 
imbricated  petals,  which  are  wi(le-s|. reading  in  flower 
(in  AiK.ua  the  petals  arc  valvate).  D.  longiJ61ia,  Baill. 
(AniDvi  lomiifuli,! .  Aubl.),  is  a  small  tnc:  lvs.  oblong- 
acuMiiuate,  uuicr"uate  anil  smooth  :  lis.  axillary  and 
stalked,  the  2  s,.rirs  ,,f  p.-tals  murl,  .ali!;,- :  inti.roM'pnce 


uuthe 


t,  but 


DULICHHTM  (old  Latin  name).  Cyperdcece.  One 
perennial  species  (D.  SpathAcenm,  Pers.),  in  eastern 
N  Amer  Grass-like  with  terete  leafy  culms  '>  3  ft, 
till  gro  vs  u  ponds  ind  swale  Has  been  offere  1  by 
oUecto      a    a  1  og  plant 

DUKANTA  (ifter  Castor  D  rante  phvs  c  an  and 
bota      till       )       I      /  About  10  spe    es  of 


trot      I 

11        km  Is  are  cul  i- 

i        11     n  a    and   u  a  few 

tl                                     1 

1        vn  k  nd  has  long 

!     1 

11         1  bj  yellow  berr  es 

1                                                      1 

1               U    1            d  fo    orna- 

u  r 

0           SI      1          lal  rous  or 

1  wth 

11          1             1        oppo    te 

or  t 

tl     1                     1          and  ter- 

u       \         1           u  1  as  U 

fl             11      1         I  el  celled 

m  th      X     of  ■>,  s  nail  br 

t            11    1                  I   ead  ng 

obi  que  or  equal  lobes    st 

A     <?/  m 

//                  / 

Plumer     T      , 

L  L        Uk    H      Sh      1      O-lo  ft. 

11               1           11 

1       llou      1         ppo    te  ell  p- 

t 

1    and  unequ  lly    aw  toothed 

1        1         mill 

1  lue  or  1  lac   w  tl       purple 

St       1       1             1            11! 

f    he       n  aller  and  narrower 

11          Th      1           1          1 

t          B  R   3  '44   where 

It          a  d  tl    t           1       1  1 

It  vated   wh  eh  1  ad 

Ion    1  n  eoHte  1               1    1 

1      1          aw  teeth  and  green 

branches     There            1 

til           et 

DYPSIS  509 

AA.  stems  with  a  few  pricklt's  or  spines. 
ElUsla,  Jacq,  This  is  at  least  horticulturally  distinct 
from  the  above  by  reason  of  the  lighter  color  of  its  fls,, 
but  it  has  been  lately  referred  to  B.  Plumieri.  B.M. 
1759  shows  the  lower  half  of  each  lobe  white,  and  a  few 
short  spines  on  the  stem.  It  adds,  "two  kinds  [of 
Durauta],  one  with  thorns  and  one  constantly  without, , 
are  *  ■''  *  cultivated.  The  lvs.  of  the  smooth  are  larger 
and  more  coarsely  serrated,  and-  the  branches  more 
rounded  than  in  the  prickly  Duranta."  \y_  jj_ 

aria  ;  also  species 


DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES.     Dicentra  CucuUaria. 

DUTCHMAN'S  PIPE  is  AristolocJtia. 

DUVAUA.    A  synonym  of  Sehinus. 

D'i'CKIA  (after  Prince  Salm-Dyck,  German  botanist, 
aud  author  of  a  great  work  on  succulent  plants). 
Broineliih-ea-.     About    '>7    spei-ies    of    succulent   plants 

from    S--111I1     Aniiri-a.    - -aL.iI      r-i-.-nililini,-     century 

plant-.  1  :'-     ■  I    "    -  il.  ,  aiMl  lluwering 

regnia-  ,  '  .        . ,  .  :,i,,i  ihr  |vs.  form 

rarely  culii-.alc.l  in  l'l..n.la  au.i  ( '..Uluiliia,  aud  iuafew 
northern  collections.  The  fullowiug  have  showy  yellow 
fls.  Latest  monograph  in  Latin  by  C.  Jlez  in  DC. 
Monogr.  Phan.  vol.  9  (189C1. 

A.     r..:''-'--  .--'  ..'-   ..,.,,,■',  '-,-,'-.'  '..  !  ;,■  panieUd. 

altis.-i;:ii,   1.    .         1.         -  ■    margin:    floral 

bran-  :  I  ii-au  the  fls.    Braz, 

Bakc-i-  -   I-    III   --!   Ill-   'I, III.    ,-  i.ii      />.  encholirioides, 

i-li--,i   lis   uir  liiaments.    Beyond 

I,  11,1-  If.-.-  /',  „/^,-,-s!»m,  while  in 

t;i-..wii  t..u.-tlii-r  about  a  twelfth 

lie  i.lituM-  in  Liudley's plant,  but 


Mez.  which  IS  ili-iiii-ui-l,.- 
the  tube  they  an-  tr.-,-  m  1I, 
Baker's  plant.  tle-\-  an-  t,M-' 
of  an  inch.  The  .-Jpals  an-  . 
acute  in  Mez's. 

AA.   Inflorescence  not  branched,  a  raceme  or  spike. 

B.    Fls.  with  scarcely  any  pedicel;  filaments  forming 

a  tube. 

rarifldra,  Schult.  Lvs.  with  small  spines  on  the  mar- 
gin, shorter  than  in  D.  altissima  :  sepals  not  emargi- 
nate  at  the  apex  :  upper  sheaths  of  the  scape  shorter 
than  the  internodes.    Braz.    B.M.  3449,    B,R,  21:1782, 


c,    Fls.  loosely  disposed,  erect. 

gemellaria,  Morr,  This  is  the  plant  which  Baker  calls 
1>.  siilphiirea,  not  Koch's  plant. 

cc.    Fls.  more  densely  disposed,  spreading. 

sulphiirea,  C.  Koch,  not  Baker.  Lvs.  with  small  spines 
at  the  margin:  sheaths  of  the  scape  longer  than  the  in- 
ternodes, the  higher  ones  entire:  bracts  lanceolate,  the 
lowest  conspicuously  longer  than  the  pedicelled  fls. : 
blades  of  the  petals  wide  and  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Brazil.  -w.  M. 

DYER'S  -WEED.     Bcseda  Luteolu. 

DtPSIS    (obscure    name).     Pa  I  iinln,,..   trilie   Arecete. 

Perliai--  liiill'  ;i  -i--  'I'll  ■  i-iTi,  -  .(  M.-HJii-.i-rar  l-alms  that 
have  I-'    .  :--  --.:,-•,-    I    :i-      i.  -  Ml.    They 

areall  -    ' -''■■    .  ,  h  •,  : .  -  .    i  1    -    ■   -  111-.    Lvs. 

ones  confluent:  sheath  short:  spadices  long,  loosely  fid. : 
fruit  small,  oblong  or  ovoid,  straight  or  curved,  oblique 
at  the  base. 

No  species  of  Dypsis  are  common  in  cultivation,  as 
they  possess  but  "little  beauty.  They  are  among  the 
easiest  and  quickest  to  germinate.  All  of  them  require 
a  stove  temperature.  J).  Madagascarifusis,  Nicholson, 
is  also  known  as  Areca  Mndagnscarii^nsis,  Mart.  D. 
pinnatifrons.  Mart.  (.4.  gracilis,  Thou.),  is  one  of  sev- 
eral plants  that  have  been  known  as  Areca  gracilis.  It 
is  a  pretty  palm,  now  grown  in  large  quantities  by  some 
dealers.  Jared  G.  Smith  and  G.  W.  Olives, 


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